Sackett Knossosgreekcity 1992

KNOSSOS: FROM GREEK CITY TO ROMAN COLONY.
Excavations at the Unexplored

Mansion II. TEXT
Author(s): L. H. SACKETT, K. BRANIGAN, P. J. CALLAGHAN, H. W. CATLING, E. A.
CATLING, J. N. COLDSTREAM, R. A. HIGGINS, M. R. POPHAM, J. PRICE, M. J. PRICE
and G. B. WAYWELL
Source: The British School at Athens. Supplementary Volumes , 1992, No. 21, KNOSSOS:
FROM GREEK CITY TO ROMAN COLONY. Excavations at the Unexplored Mansion II.
TEXT (1992), pp. iii-xiv, 1-498
Published by: British School at Athens
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KNOSSOS
FROM GREEK CITY TO
ROMAN COLONY
Excavations at
the Unexplored Mansion II

TEXT
BY
L. H. SACKETT
WITH
K. BRANIGAN
P. J. CALLAGHAN
H. W. and E. A. CATLING
J. N. COLDSTREAM
R. A. HIGGINS
M. R. POPHAM
J. PRICE
M. J. PRICE
G. B. WAYWELL
and others
THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS
THAMES AND HUDSON
1992

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© The British School of Archaeology at Athens
and individual authors 1992
ISBN 0 0904887 081
Typeset by Oxbow Books

at Oxford University Computing Service
Printed in Great Britain at the Alden Press, Oxford

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Contents
Page
Preface vii
Introduction: Layout, Stratigraphy, Nomenclature, Abbreviations xi

1. Excavation and Architecture by L.H. Sackett with J.E. Jones 1
2. Sub-Minoan Pottery by M.R. Popham 59
3. Early Hellenic Pottery by J.N. Coldstream 67
4. Archaic to Hellenistic Pottery by PJ. Callaghan 89
5. Stamped Amphora handles, Sigillata Stamps and Graffiti by L.H
with V. Grace and others 137
6. Roman Pottery by L.H. Sackett 147

7. The Lamps by H.W. and E.A. Catling 257
8. The Coins by MJ. Price 323
9. Plaster Sculptures by G.B. Waywell 333
10. Terracotta Figurines and Other Objects by R.A. Higgins 351
11. Metal Objects and Metallurgical Debris by K. Branigan 363
12. Objects in Bone and Bone Working by L.H. Sackett 379
13. Other Finds in Stone, Clay and Faience by L.H. Sackett with Jane Co
and others 391
14. Glass Vessels and Other Objects by J. Price 415

15. Summary and Conclusions 463
NOTES to Sections 1-15 469
Appendices
1. The Animal Bones by O. Bed win 491
2. Recent and Fossil Marine Invertebrates by D.S Reese 493
3. A Note on the Roman Pigments by R.E. Jones 497

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Preface
The excavation site was chosen, in consultation with Mervyn Popham, primarily with a view to
uncovering the complete area of the Minoan 'Unexplored Mansion', whose east facade had
been revealed by Evans and remained open at the west side of the Little Palace excavation. The
Minoan Mansion has dimensions of 14.5 x 24.5m., but the total area excavated in the four
main seasons measured 16m. in width, based on a good estimate of the width of the Minoan
building, and 3 1.5-33. 5m. in length, to include at the north end the full extent of the Roman
North House. This building had already been revealed in outline by German excavations of
1942 and was bounded at the north by a strong stone-built aqueduct, which is on a different
alignment from the Minoan building. This aqueduct formed a convenient northern limit to the
excavation.
It was recognised from the start that extensive post-Minoan remains overlay the Minoan
building and could give important new information on the later history of Knossos. Th
overlay of soil on the east side of this sloping site, where numerous wall stubs were visibl
protruding from a cut section, measured up to 6.0 metres in depth from surface to Minoan floor
and already promised useful, if complicated stratigraphy. As yet no detailed information was
available on Classical, Hellenistic or Roman settlement in this part of Knossos, an
comparatively little had been published from any part of the post-Minoan town. Thus, though
limited by principles chiefly to do with Minoan architecture, the excavation was undertake
with high expectations of useful stratigraphical results, and this hope has been fulfiled by
good series of finds including numerous destruction and other deposits from almost ever
period from Sub-Minoan to the early 3rd century A.D.
The work was initiated by Mervyn Popham, then Assistant Director of the British School at
Athens with the strong and active support of the Director, A.H.S. Megaw, and of the School's
Managing Committee, and proceeded during the summers of 1967-8 and 1971-3, wit
supplementary work in 1977. The post-Minoan work came under the direction of L.H. Sackett,
assisted in 1967 by Gerald Cadogan, then Macmillan Student, and in 1971 by J. Ellis Jone
Mervyn Popham directed the seasons primarily devoted to Minoan work, in 1968 and 1972-
the results of which are now published in two volumes as 'The Minoan Unexplored Mansion
(henceforth MUM), and has contributed the section on Sub-Minoan pottery to this volum
He also carried out the supplementary work in 1977 in a south extension over the 'South
Platform' whose results included substantial Roman remains. His advice and expertise hav
been invaluable throughout. Also gratefully acknowledged are the skill and patience of Ke
MacFadzean, architect and surveyor during the four main seasons, and of David Smyth wh
succeeded him in 1977, and worked during the following years of study in drawing up the fina
revisions of all plans and sections, and adding a number of new ones, as needed.
Special thanks are due to Stylianos Alexiou, Ephor of Antiquities at Heraklion during the
excavation, both for official support and for personal interest and encouragement, as also to hi
successor, Angeliki Lebesis. A.H.S. Megaw as Director of the British School, not only helpe
initiate the project, but gave valuable advice and administrative help in the first year. In this h
was followed by P.M. Fraser and by H.W. Catling who provided every facility for study an
vii

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viii PREFACE
who with Elizabeth

Among other major
have shown particu
difficult and scattere
Knossos, sorting, m
deposits, and making
important and origi
John Hayes who spe
Roman pottery, and
process of understan
more laborious and
writing up a partic
substantially to the
Other major contribu
Reynold Higgins, M
Geoffrey Waywell ha
revisions over an exte
of the catalogue of l
Watrous for readin
improvement.
Richard Jones, Bed
technical contributions.
Acknowledgement is made in the preface to the plates volume to the many people who in
drawing or photography helped put together some 350 pages of illustrations which accompany
this text.
The following were the members of the excavation staff in the successive years at Knossos:
Excavation supervisors Gerald Cadogan (1967), Chris Bottomley (1967), J. Ellis Jones (1967,
1971, 1973), Roger Howell, Elizabeth and Geoffrey Waywell (1967, 1971), Cressida Ridley
(1967), Ken Wardle (1967), Jill Carington Smith (1971), Richard Heyhoe (1971), Katie
Heywood (1971), Kerrin Hope (1971), Ian Sanders (1971), Andrew Stewart (1971), John
Younger (1971), Tony Spawforth (1973). Apotheke staff Oliver Dickinson (1967), John
Raymond (1967), Susan Sherwin White (1967), Susan Bird (1971), Janet Blaker (1971),
Miranda Buchanan (1971), Paul Cartledge (1971), Penelope Mountjoy (1971), Sarah Paton
(1971), Angela Wales (1971), Renee Jones (1973). Assistants Ian Buist (1967), Lawrence
Churchill (1967), Stuart Thorne (1967), Olivia Johnstone (1971), Mark Magowan (1971),
Charles Coolidge (1973), David Erhart (1973).
In addition many of those who worked primarily on the Minoan excavation in the 1968,
1972 and 1977 seasons and whose contributions are acknowledged in the preface to the MUM
volume, also devoted considerable time to post-Minoan work in those years.
Because a basic purpose of the excavation was to free the area above the Minoan building for
subsequent excavation, the work itself demanded a wide range of skills, from careful
stratigraphical cleaning to the heavy task of removing substantial masses of Roman masonry.
These tasks were ably and efficiently carried out under the supervision of Antoni Zidianakis
who began as foreman in 1967, and who gathered an experienced and varied team of up to
sixteen workmen, as remarkable for their skill and devotion as for their strength and toughness.
Throughout the excavation and the later years of study Petro Petrakis, along with his wife
Eleni, cleaned, mended and restored the finds, first in the confined area of the building now

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PREFACE ix
used as the Tave

Stratigraphical M
Since this was a Sc
study was borne by
Fund, the Evans F
the Dillon Fund of
spend considerable
and other finds t
editorial work.
Previously published accounts of the excavations include preliminary reports in Archaeological
Reports for 1972-3, as well as short notices in the relevant issues of Bulletin de Correspondance
Hellénique and Archaiologikon Deltion. An account of the House of the Diamond Frescoes with
illustrations in colour appeared in Archaeology 32 (2) 1979 pp. 18-27. A study of the
metallurgical debris by E. Photos, SJ. Filippakis and C J. Salter was presented in the British
Museum Occasional Paper No. 48 for 1985, pp. 187-197. An Orientalizing deposit of pottery
was published in the Annual of the British School at Athens 73, 1978, pp. 49-80. A number of
individual objects have also been illustrated and discussed elsewhere: the Magenta Ware flask
(TC55) in British Museum Yearbook i 1975 p. 27; the lead-glazed cup A2,32 (see catalogue
entry); and some Roman terra sigillata ware forms, selected by J.W. Hayes as type examples,
e.g. D3,3 (E sig B Form 60).
L.H. Sackett
British School at Athens

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Introduction
The Course of the Excavations and their Layout

New trenches were laid out at the surface level during the two main seasons devoted to post-
Minoan work, 1967 and 1971, with an additional south extension in 1977.
Excavation of the north half of the site was started in 1967, and completed in 1968 when t
Minoan work began. Since some wall lines of the North House had already been revealed
the German excavation of 1942, which had reached a depth of about 1.50m., it was decid
after preliminary cleaning to excavate as far as possible by rooms, rather than by a formal g
of trenches. Thus the first areas excavated were North House, Rooms I- V (see the trench plan
plate 1). Room V was divided into north and south sectors, and comprised what later beca
Rooms V and VI (the number VI having been reserved during field-work for the area of
street).
A broad strip across the south side showed no surface walls, and the area was accordingly
divided into three trenches, VII (or SE) at the southeast, VIII (or SW) at the southwest and
IX (or SA) at the small central south area (plate 1). When wall features were reached, the
central street (VI) took up much of the area SA, while Trench VII covered much of the East
House, and Trench VIII most of the North House southern yard ('Room' VII). All the
original trench areas (I-IX) continued in use throughout the excavation of the lower (pre-
Roman) levels, after the removal of the later wall features.
The north sector was completed down to the Minoan levels in the periods June 19 -July 25
1967, and May 23 -June 5 1968. There followed a period when attention was diverted away
from Knossos to urgent work in the Lefkandi cemeteries (1969-70), begun in Spring 1968.
The south half of the site was excavated in 1971. After the removal by machine of a metre of
topsoil and wash levels, as they had been recorded in the 1967 section (Section C, no. 1), a
simple grid of six trenches (X-XV), measuring 6 x 4.50m., was laid out in an area which
eventually measured 16m. from north to south and 14m. from east to west. Work in 1971 lasted
from June 9 to July 26, with final cleaning in 1972 from June 18-23.
In 1973 a season was devoted to the excavation of outstanding wells. Well 5 (Classical,
abortive), and Well 14 (3rd century B.C., unfinished due to collapse) were excavated by Tony
Spawforth; Well 8a (6th B.C. unfinished due to collapse) was excavated by Nicolas
Coldstream; Well 12, a cistern of Hellenistic construction with final fill of Hadrianic date, set
directly above an Orientalizing well, was excavated by Hugh Sackett and John Ellis Jones.
Finally, in 1977 Mervyn Popham extended the excavation at the southwest corner of the
excavation, primarily for Minoan tests outside the walls of the Minoan building, (see plate 1
for the location and area). An important result of this work was the recovery of the south wing
(Room IV) of the House of Diamond Frescoes.
Stratigraphy: the location and value of drawn sections

The sloping character of the site and its intensive occupation over a long period have resulted
in a stratigraphy that is both complex and informative. While in places 2nd century A.D. walls
xi

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xii INTRODUCTION
were founded directly on

sequences of Dark Age (Trenches III, XIII, XIV), Classical (Trenches I, XII, XIII),
Hellenistic (Trenches VII, XII, XIII, XIV) and 1st century A.D. Roman (Trenches X, XI,
XIII, XIV) were found. In general, though, the earlier periods were more scantily
represented, except by pits, and the Roman had richer deposits.
It happened that the nature of the northern half of the site was radically different from that
of the southern half (as was also true of the Minoan periods). North of the street, which marks
the central dividing line, was found a useful sequence of the 2nd-3rd centuries A.D., in and
below the North House. Beneath this, scanty 1st A.D. remains overlay a more substantial
sequence of Classical and Hellenistic, and a series of Early Iron Age and later pits and wash
levels. These are recorded stratigraphically in the major east-west sections Sections C and D,
with the supplementary Section F (plates 8, 9 and 12; location on plate 1, trench plan).
At Section D, a central baulk was left running from east to west across the North House,
Rooms I, V and IV, and was maintained throughout the excavation of earlier levels below. A
corresponding north-south section originally left across Rooms II, V and VI, and recorded in
1967-8, was later abandoned as more divisive than informative. However, at Section F a
temporary baulk was left at right angles across the street, on a different orientation, and
provides a useful record of the 1st and 2nd A.D. construction over Hellenistic here. This shows
the relative position of the following deposits at this spot: Classical (H7), Early Hellenistic
(HI 3), Neronian (Nl), Hadrianic (Dl-2) and Severan (S2). The central east-west Section C
(plate 8), drawn at the end of the 1967 and 1968 seasons, cut across the street at an oblique
angle, recording part of the north sector (at west) and part of the south sector, notably the East
House and its Hellenistic predecessor at the east.
South of the street the House of Diamond Frescoes was the only major late Roman building.
It was however isolated both in plan and stratigraphically from the rest of the excavation, since
its foundations cut right down to the Minoan, and were terraced back through and removed
almost all traces of the intermediate periods. Hence its stratigraphical context is quite simple, in
that it provides a terminus ante quern for all associated levels and structures except the upper wash
levels (see Sections A, B, E and E'). The major part of the south sector provided a rich sequence
of 1st A.D. Roman deposits, conveniently complementary to the later sequence of the north
sector, an important but complex and, in places, scant Classical and Hellenistic sequence, and
some Early Iron Age occupation levels, pits and even wall traces. These are recorded
stratigraphically in Sections A, B, E and E'. A number of pits, in both north and south sectors,
which do not appear in any section, are recorded solely on the pit plan, plate 5. Other special
sections are provided for Well 12 (Roman cistern) at plate 12b, the cist soak-away beneath the
paved street surface at plate 12c, and a pit sequence north of the street at the west side
(Section J at plate 14, showing Deposits H 18, H27, FI and Tl).
The Excavation Reference System and the Recording of Proveniences

As far as possible, proveniences for all classes of objects are given notations which refer to dated
deposits, architectural units or other specific features (e.g. Deposit H 13, North House, Well 14,
Pit 31). Most objects, including the bulk of the Roman pottery, were marked with the original
excavation level numbers; many were selected for cataloguing during excavation and were
marked with site, year and serial number, a P- number being reserved for pottery (e.g.
UM/67/P35 for a vase, but UM/7 1/502 for a bronze nail). These numbers are included in the
catalogue. When published fragments do not have original excavation numbers, they have

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INTRODUCTION xiii
been marked with the publis

of its original trench and lev
reference can easily be mad
unpublished sherd material
Again, numerous objects of
site, which lie outside or b
these cases the original exc
pottery, rather than an unac
imply an unstratified or oth
Trench X, level 2, basket #
half, basket #0858, remova
To clarify the significance
follows a brief account of th
Trenches are as follows (s
V(N) and (S), VI (street), V
area or SA); (in 1971) X, X
Excavated levels were given
practice), and each zembil or
number over 3,000 and are
Museum at Knossos, with sug
trench where they were fou
single trench, letters were
the order they appeared as e
a series of 186 walls in all. P
level number, but are here
All finds published in this v
(e.g. H 16, for 2nd B.C. Hel
for coin, L for lamp, M fo
alphabetical order:
Catalogue Identification
A 1-2 Augustan deposits (inclu
Bl-2 Tiberian deposits
C Coins
Cl-2 Claudian deposits (mid 1st A.D.)
D 1-6 Hadrianic deposits
E Objects in bone
Fl-2 Flavian deposits (late 1st A.D.)
G Glass
GA-GH Protogeometric, Geometric and Orient
H 1-35 Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic deposits
IG North Italian Grey Ware
J Clay tiles
K Objects in clay
L Lamps
M Metal objects
Nl-3 Neronian deposits
P Plaster sculptures
Rl-3 Aurelian/Antonine deposits (later 2nd A.D.)

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xiv INTRODUCTION
S Objects in stone
S 1-2 Severan deposits (late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.)
Tl-3 Trajanic deposits
TC Terracotta figurines
U Upper levels pottery deposits (late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. and later)
V Faience
W Clay loomweights and spindle whorls etc.
X Stamped amphora handles and graffiti
Y Sigillata stamps
ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations occur in catalogue entries:

D = diameter fr(s). = fragment(s)
H = height c. = circa
Th = thickness c }
W = = width thickness c centi=CentUry }
Wt = weight bg = black glaze
L = length bf = black figure
max = maximum rf = red figure
près = preserved rs = red slip
est = estimated us = unstratified
ext = extant
Measurements are in centimetres except where otherwise in

Abbreviations to bibliographical references are given at the beg
Section.

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Section 1
Excavation and Architecture
(PLATES 1-41)
L. H. SACKETT with J. E.JONES and OTHERS1
Page
The Early Periods: a Summary of Results 1
Introduction 1
Sub-Minoan 2
Protogeometric 3
Geometric 4
Orientalizing 5
Archaic 6
Classical 7
The Hellenistic Period: Stratigraphy and Structures 8

Introduction 8
The Northwest Sector: the Sequence in Trenches I and II 9
The Northeast Sector: Building 'al'/'ak' 10
The Central West Sector 10
The Southeast Sector: the Sequence in Trench XII 1 1
The Southwest Sector: Quarrying pits and New Construction 13
Summary of the Hellenistic Evidence in Chronological Sequence 16
The Roman Houses: Construction, History and Final Occupation 17
The Southwest House 19
The Southeast House 25
The East House 34
The House of the Diamond Frescoes 37
The North House 47
The Street 54
The North Aqueduct 57
THE EARLY PERIODS: A SUMMARY OF RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
While clear indication has been found of the presence of human activity o
the Early Iron Age, little can be said of the quality of habitation, since no

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2 EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE
found, due to continuous and sometimes

(Walls 'bl/bk', 'fy' and 'gc') can be dated
evidence for all periods prior to the Hellenis
and isolated patches of earth floor which w
That one major early use of the area was as
plan at plate 5. The Minoan mansion was
should be noted that the features shown at
likely that a trackway crossed the area fr
Roman Street, below), and that there had in
and earth floor fragments which do su
Orientalizing period. A number of pits
occupation, rather than solely robbing pits.
THE SUB-MINOAN PERIOD
No structures or clear occupation levels of the Sub-Minoan period were foun

existed on or close to the site, however, is indicated by a substantial dep
Minoan material which had accumulated within the northeast corner of the
filling a large hollow left after deep robbing to floor level in earlier (LM III
C no. 22; plan at plate 5, no. 51; and cf. MUM pl. 11, level 1). Altho
horizon was found, and indeed most excavated lots were in part corrupted b
irregular Geometric pit cuttings which delimited the entire deposit on each
group of material was collected and is published in Section 2 by Mervyn
The Context of the Sub-Minoan Deposit

Re-occupation in the final Late Minoan phases within the Unexplored Mansio
extensive in its NE sector, and it was here that the principal levels with Sub
were found at depth c. 1 1.00-12. 50m., in part stratified above LM III
above no. 24) . These layers consisted of compact grey to brown earth i
pebble stroses and thin layers of yellow clay and seem to represent the grad
large robbing pit, perhaps begun in LM IIIC, when the E facade of the b
been razed to ground level, and continued in Sub-Minoan times when th
IIIB wall at the W. side of Room C seems to have been robbed out in its turn
W. side of level 22). The lower levels here have been interpreted as a com
earth floors and wash levels in the Minoan Corridor E, as well as in Room
north {MUM pp. 7-13); the succeeding layers next above these which con
material seem rather to have consisted of deliberate fill brought in from
pottery, though fragmentary, did not have the worn appearance of hillside
These levels were excavated in 1968 as VII 47, 47a and 48-9 (= VII P
surface over most of the area of this trench, continuing for more than one
11. 00-1 2. 50m. They had been cut from above by a series of later pits, prim
including Pits 27, 32 and 47-8 (see plan at plate 5; Section E' no. 17 cutti
has meant that while much of the Sub-Minoan pottery is distinctive in
recovered was found to be contaminated by Geometric and later intrusi
excavation of similar layers continued in Pit 52 deeper down the slope towar

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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE 3
the UM to depth 10.25/ 10.50m. (excavat

with an apparently uncontaminated Sub-M
pit, open ended at the east where it ran out
western edge (see plan at plate 5, Pit 52;
The 'Main Deposit' to which the mater
principally from the excavated level VII 51,
53 (Pit 32) and from VII 49. Other minor oc
as follows: in a mixed context of Trench
earth floor near the south section, and
(EG/MG), see Section A no. 17/18; and at
overlying the Minoan North Platform (Se
wash level which overlay the top of LM 1 1
later sequence. The level may well have exte
was a thin strip c. 1.25m. wide, at depth
Other objects found in association with Sub
contamination, are the following: a pierce
(both VII 52), a bronze ring bezel Mil
'gc' foundations), K3-4 (V E #1048, below
This evidence for a Sub-Minoan presenc
perhaps stone robbing, helps toward showin
the Early Iron Age and supplements
Stratigraphical Museum Excavations (P.M
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC PERIOD
The North Sector
There is evidence, albeit quite scanty, for continued occupation in the Protogeometric p
The best stratified sequence comes in a series of occupation levels in a narrow strip alon
edge of the Little Palace cutting, at its north end, Section D, nos. 24-26. Here, in a seque
five superimposed occupation levels above an LM IIIB pit (level no. 28) and Sub-mino
layer (level no. 27), are two successive EPG levels, the lower a trodden earth level (no. 26
upper a floor of hard white plaster (no. 25) running up against a fragment of mud brick
sequence above these are gravel stroses, with sherds of MPG/LPG character (level
beneath a yellow clay floor of LG/EO date (late 8th century B.C.). The sherd sequ
illustrated at plate 25d, and discussed in more detail in Section 3 below.
The area is too confined to make it possible to evaluate the nature of the occupati
These are narrow strips of floor lying directly beneath the preserved lines of Hellenist
Roman paved street levels here (Section D, nos. 8, 9, 22), and for this reason the suggest
made earlier that this was part of a very long-lived section of roadway (AR 1972-3,
latest floor (LG/EO) runs up against a substantial wall (Wall {bP or the lowest courses of
on plan at plate 2), a wall which forms the upper line of the later East Street, to
running south along the east edge of the excavated area, before turning uphill to the so
However, the quality of the earlier floor surfaces does not seem very appropriate for a ro
and the better documented lower (or south) line of the street seems not to predate
century B.C., at least in its stone wall construction (see discussion of the Hellenist
below) .

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It is better then to leave the question of

Nonetheless, the finds here do indicate an a
the 10th, 9th and 8th centuries B.C.
The principal finds from the Protogeom
isolated deposits, GA, GB and GC, all in th
description of their stratigraphie contex
deposit, but it may be well to summarize th
These deposits represent occupation deb
architectural features. Deposit GA consist
area of earth floor (possibly even the botto
at the north end of the excavation. Two
containing a stone tool (S3), were found on
(plate 38d). This had perhaps belonged to
Minoan wall still surviving above surface
right).
The two other deposits, GB and GC, are pit fills, and represent rubbish or redeposited
destruction debris, found in pits over the north end of the Minoan building. Deposit GB, later
9th century (LPG/PGB), was found in the fill of Pit 44, dug into the Minoan storeroom, Room
B (MUM pl. 1), and appears to represent normal occupation rubbish. Deposit GC, late 9th
century (PGB/EGI) is perhaps part of a once larger lot, redeposited into the massive robbing
pit at the northwest corner of the Minoan building.
The South Sector
Scrappy Protogeometric material (EPG and LPG) occurred in two areas excavated i
the top of the Minoan levels (MUM Areas A and B). The most substantial lots occurred
the back (western) wall of the Minoan Room H was robbed (plate 5, Pit no. 20A).
excavation numbers for the large robbing pit here are as follows: MUM A Pit 1, M
15, 17, 21-25, 37; XI 35, 36, 44, 56. But the area is so disturbed by later activity
coherent pattern can be made out. An illustrative example of isolated Protogeometric m
is the LPG skyphos GH3, found intact among basically Minoan material beneath an
floor at the southwest of the area (see Section E, no. 18).
THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD
Early Geometric is found only with PGB in Deposit GC, referred to a
Middle Geometric
The early-mid 8th century is best represented by the fill of Pit 27 at the c
excavation, Deposit GD (see plan, plate 5, Section C, no. 21). Disconnected are
floor, both nearby (VII 29) and further south (XV 18) are associated by joinin
suggest that there was a substantial and quite level area of occupation here in the
B.C. Two wall fragments survive, one a mere scrap beneath the 2nd A.D. floor of
Diamond Frescoes (no. 18 on plan at plate 5; Section B, no. 9), the other a subs
wall constructed of re-used Minoan blocks, at the south end of the excavated a

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
plan at plate 5; Section A, no. 17). This wall

earth floor ran up against it at the section line
preserved on its downhill eastern side, runnin
plate 2). Here another paved area of uncerta
the upper, west side, and there appears to hav
the western door jamb is part of a rebuild laid
incorporated into the foundation of the South
fragment of foundations preserved on the nor
confused by the occurrence of several Archaic
7; see plan at plate 5). These features distu
occupation here, and effectively isolated this s
further north, which is in direct associatio
Both floors are at depth c. 12. 30-12. 55m. The
the original excavation levels are the follow
fill); XII 23, 24, *46 (pit fill), 1972 #55,
MUM B 3, 11, *17, 17A. Maximum dimensio
In addition compacted wash levels contain
Minoan building as fill in the PG robbin
Disturbed material from this area was also fou
robbing pit (plate 5, Pit 22); see further disc
Late Geometric
The later 8th century is best represented by the fill of Pit 41 (Deposit GE), du
northwest corner of the Minoan building (plate 5, no. 41), as a robbing pit for the sou
of the small Minoan compartment here (MUM pl. 1, Room A). This pit however i
stratigraphically, and all associated occupation levels must have been removed b
Classical and Hellenistic, construction in this area.
The nearest level of contemporary date is a wash level at the west baulk, running f
10m. to the south (Section C, no. 19), excavated as XI 25, and overlying MG wash
34). From both of these levels material was later extracted, probably in the 1st centur
when firm fill was needed to close the top of the adjacent Hellenistic robbing pit (pla
22), no doubt to provide a firm base for the foundations of the Southeast House. Henc
a Late Geometric fill here, above the Hellenistic and below the Roman foundati
#2632).
Other Late Geometric material occurs sporadically, often as residual material, all over the
site, in the following excavation levels: VI 12-15 below road surface, VIII 30, XI 22, 23, 24, 25,
42, 45, 49, 53, 54; XII 54, XIII #2721, 30; XIV 34, 36, Floor III #2766, and MUM II 8,
MUM V Room 10, 4 and 5. But most of these contexts are not of great significance, or where
they are, the material runs a little later (to LG/EO) and is discussed in the following section.
THE ORIENTALIZING PERIOD
The early seventh century is best represented by an interesting group fou

Deposit GF, in the centre of the excavated area (see plan at plate 5, no
This represents domestic rubbish, but the occupation level from which it

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little trace and does not appear in the sectio

ran to the south some 40cms. higher than t
Section E' (level no. 16). But there may
throughout the seventh century, for a later
the fill of Well 12, though isolated stratig
local habitation here of some quality (plan
published at BSA 73, 1978, 49, is further
relation to other Knossian deposits. Traces o
at the south in the excavated levels XIV 3
Another occurred in the narrow strip beside
above Protogeometric and below Hellenis
layer some 35-40cms. deep, overlying a y
occurrence of an intermediate trodden e
continuous use.
THE ARCHAIC PERIOD
A break in the sequence of evidence for continued occupation at Knossos h

much of the 6th century B.C., a period not enriched by tomb finds, since the
come to an end with the closing of the old family chamber tombs by the late 7 t
be found in those settlement contexts which have so far been investigated
factors are discussed below by N. Coldstream in relationship to Deposit GG, a w
may go some way towards filling the gap. However, this is a small group, poss
wide chronological spread, and we must await further excavation for a m
deposit.
Apart from this, our series of Archaic deposits falls late in the period (late 6th/early 5th B.C.)
and five of the six contexts selected by PJ. Callaghan as of chronological value derive from pit
fills, for we are again obliged to rely mainly on this type of evidence, due to a total lack of built
features datable to this period. One context only, Deposit HI (A), consists of a small area of
occupation debris left intact in a much disturbed area beside Well 14, towards the south of the
excavation. Usefully, one element in this disturbance was the digging of Pit 8, containing the
later Archaic deposit H3, and thus providing us with a clear stratigraphie sequence. The other
pits concerned are a partially excavated pit at the west baulk of the 1977 excavation in Area
XVI, Deposit H1(B); a small rubbish-filled pit dug at the north end of the Minoan mansion
containing Deposit HI (C), Pit 53; and two larger pits at the south, Pits 15 (Deposit H2) and 5
(Deposit H6). For the location of these, see the plan of pits at plate 5.
The nature of these deposits, all except two stratigraphically isolated, is described in fuller
detail in the introductory remarks to the pottery deposits at Section 4 below.
Other Archaic material occurred sporadically in a fairly wide scatter over the site, in mixed
deposits or residual in Classical and later contexts. The original excavation numbers of these
contexts are as follows: I(S) 33; I(N) 24; III(E) # 1080b, East Street, trodden layer with wall
cbk' upper courses; V #0605 walls 'an' and cj' content; VI 7 #0909, 8 #0697, 12-13; VII 31
#0734; IX Pit 5 #0910; XI 51; XII 27-29 (mixed fill); XIII #2716; XIV 32-3, 46-9 and 51;
MUM D 1 A. These contexts include Pits 6, 9, 11-12 and 24, which can be found along with
those from which material is published (Pits 5, 8, 15 and 53), on plan at plate 5.

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Miscellaneous finds from such contexts ar

Hll.
Since many of these pits, especially those in the south sector, appear to hav
dispose of rubbish, a hypothesis may be formed that a fairly even occupation leve
there during the Archaic period at a little over 13.00m, the ground level fro
digging was made (12.90m. for Pit 5, 13.25m. for Pit 15). This would have run
higher than the MG earth floor recorded in this area (c. 12. 30-12. 55m.), and
up against the natural rock ledge where it rises at the west side of the cutting fo
terraced Minoan building (Section A, west side, at c. 13.40m.). But there is i
evidence to enable one to reconstruct the contours of the original Archaic gro
little beyond the domestic pottery to indicate the character of occupation.
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
The nature of the evidence for the Classical period is similar to that for the p
six Classical contexts chosen for their stratigraphical value, four consist o
(Deposits H5-6, 8, 10), while the other two represent superimposed occupat
north sector of the site (H7 and 9). Here, in Trench I, although no built
identifiable, there was at this time a fairly extensive levelled area, and
sequence can be established relating successive earth floors (H7 and 9) to p
later features, both Hellenistic floors and a 3rd century B.C. well (Well 1 c
H14). This sequence is shown stratigraphically at Section D, nos. 11-16.
Our Classical deposits (H5-10) range from the late 5th century to the end of
B.C. (H9 being virtually early Hellenistic), but earlier 5th century material con
(Deposit H6) does indicate early Classical occupation in the adjacent area (
that deposit). Additional 5th century material was found in some of the le
contexts, - see HI 1,2-5, and the list of such Classical contexts below.
Associated with the occupation deposits H7 (c. 410-360 B.C.) and H9 (lat
two stretches of walling which run from north to south, wall cbk' on earlier
street line to the east, and V which had a long history of later rebuilding, to
plate 2). Possibly some of the other wall stubs surviving in the intermedia
northern limit of the excavation may have been associated; but there are insuf
warrant any attempt at reconstruction, other than to say that an extended pe
occupation seems likely in the area. Though the Classical well was abortive,
used, it too must indicate local habitation and the desire to avoid water car
another well was in use only some 6.0m. away during the next century (W
Pit fills include part of a massive deposit at the northwest corner of the UM
Pits 57 and 60) containing Deposit H8 of c. 375-350 B.C. Apparently Pit 57 (
cut through and partially overlay the earlier Classical occupation layer h
become compacted and the ground levelled right across the excavation site to t
time when the later Classical occupation level (H9) was laid down.
Thus the Classical sequence in Trench I consists of (i) earth floor (I(S) 33)
late 5th/early 4th B.C. occupation (Deposit H7), (ii) the digging of a pit at
cutting through this floor and then being refilled with material of c. 375
H8), (iii) the laying of a new earth floor above both these (I(S) 31) whose u
300 B.C. (Deposit H9). There follows a later sequence in which (iv) Well 1 (

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through a continuation of this occupation

overlaid by packing material including muc
floor (I(S) 23 'floor 4') of later Hellenistic date
better represented further north, in Tre
below.
Pit fills in other areas do not fit the stratigraphical sequence in this useful way: Pit 23
(Deposit H5) to the south is comparatively isolated, see plan at plate 5, no. 23, though it can
be associated, along with Pit 16 (Deposit H 10) with the general Archaic/Classical occupation
horizon in this sector, - see discussion above in connection with the Archaic period. Other near
contemporary features of this sector are Pits 4, 17 and 24, along with a fragment of floor, and a
clay-built hearth with ash fill (plan at plates 2, 5 no. 7; view at plate 25b). Again domestic
occupation, cooking and the disposal of rubbish, is indicated, continuing here from the Archaic
through the Classical period, but no further definition is possible.
Wall fragments which can be dated to the Classical period are also found in the central east
sector (Trenches VII and XII). These are listed here, but in view of the quite intensive
Hellenistic occupation which followed on, are best discussed below in relation to this. The
stratigraphy is complicated; the walls are scrappy and some may have been no more than small
terrace walls, so that no conclusion may be drawn beyond stating the bare possibility that the
Hellenistic houses which were terraced up the slope here, may have had some Classical
predecessors. The wall fragments in question are 'be', 'bd', 'be', 'bm' (plan at plate 2, Sections
C and F), 'fg5 and 'fu' (plan at plate 13 with Section G).
Sixty seven loomweights from Classical contexts confirm the impression that the site was
used for local domestic activities, including weaving, as do some eleven terracotta figurines
(TC15-25) and a number of metal objects, including some simple weapons (M28), tools and
other implements (M31, 38, 46, 53, 57, 80, 83, 89) and personal objects (M48, 50, 86). Just one
fragment of furnace lining suggests that metal-working, better documented in later periods,
was already a local industry somewhere in the area.
In summary, evidence for Classical occupation is found all over the site, best preserved in a
stratigraphical sequence at the north, but also found in the south and east-central sectors; only
very tentative suggestions are possible as to the original nature and quality of this occupation.
THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD: STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION
A much fuller record of the Hellenistic period at this site was recovered, ev
severe disturbance by Roman builders has made the evidence discont
process of recovery far more difficult and complex. A sequence of 26 dat
been selected by P. J. Callaghan to illustrate this period, as compared with
and Classical combined, and of these some 18 represent floor deposits, flo
wall features, while the other six comprise two wells and four pits. M
including wells and pits, constitute links in one of several closely studied st
a number of locations within the excavated area, and many can be related
albeit fragmentary. This sequence of stratified Hellenistic contexts has en
to establish a datable type series for the local Hellenistic pottery, and
significant contribution of the UM excavation to Hellenistic studies.

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A short list of these deposits in chronological

pottery in Section 4 below, but it may be
locations within the excavation, before p
stratigraphical contexts in more detail. Th
plates 1, 2 and 5):
(i) Trenches I(N) and II, overlying or cut
beneath the Roman North House court
Hellenistic) and H14 (3rd B.C. well).
(ii) Trench VII, at the east edge of the excav
over earlier Hellenistic and Classical terrace walls and beneath the Roman East House:
Deposit H13 (3rd B.C.)
(iii) Trench VIII at the central west sector, with occupation debris and pit fills close ab
disturbed Minoan fill, in a 2nd B.C. terraced area beneath the Roman North House yard:
Deposits H15-16 (1st half 2nd B.C.), H18 (2nd B.C.) and H37 (1st B.C.)
(iv) Trench XII at the east edge in a building of several construction phases, situated ov
Classical terrace walls and beneath the Roman Southeast House: a sequence of depos
H 19-27, running from 3rd to 1st centuries B.C.
(v) Trenches XI and XIII. A series of pit fills and occupation layers in the southwest sector o
the excavation; these included robbing pits dug into Minoan levels and early occupat
levels beneath the Roman Southwest and Southeast Houses, in some cases associated w
their lowest courses or foundations.
A description is given here of these local contexts and the stratigraphie sequences involved,
followed by a brief chronological summary of the overall developments on the site during the
3rd to 1st centuries B.C.
THE NORTHWEST SECTOR: THE SEQUENCE IN TRENCHES I AND II

Little can be said of the surviving structures in this area. The wall fragments of Trench I(S),
shown on plan at plate 2 with views at plate 35d, e (Walls aa-ab, am-an, au-av and bn-bo),
belong in the late Hellenistic to early Roman period, but are in a disturbed context and not
associated with any satisfactory pottery deposits. Although scrappy, they do fit the pattern of
evidence for a continuity of occupation through the Hellenistic period, which is provided by the
stratigraphie sequence elsewhere in Trenches I- II.
Following the 4th B.C. sequence in Trench I(S) was a phase to which Well 1 (1st half 3rd
B.C.) belonged, but of which no trace survives on the ground due to later construction. Later
builders must have terraced the ground back here, removing well top and associated floors and
buildings. A possible reason for this may be found in the traces of a 3rd B.C. destruction by fire,
indicated by a quantity of burnt material contained in the well fill (Deposit H 14). After the
abandonment and filling in of the well, stone packing was placed over the resulting hollow to
support the new earth floors which followed (Section D nos. 1 1-13). These, however, are better
preserved and have useful associated deposits (H33-36) a little further to the north (excavation
nos: Trench I(N) 15, 18 and pit 5; II 7 #0146, 7a #0299, 8).
Deposit H33, the floor deposit at II 7 with associated packing, cannot be associated with any
built structure, since it was cut on all sides by later, Roman, foundation trenches. Deposits
H34- 6 show a sequence of floor packing, floor deposit and later pit fill which belong to the

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latest Hellenistic on the site, down to th

unfortunately not directly associated with sur
deposit (H35) is confirmed by the presence
B.C.), which brings us down virtually to the
continuity in building plans from late Hellen
south sector of the UM site, also obtained h
has disturbed all relevant remains, leaving on
35c).
THE NORTHEAST SECTOR (TRENCH VII): BUILDING 'al'/'ak'

Plan at plate 2, Section F.
Two walls set at right angles near the eastern edge of the excavation are all that survive of a 3rd
century B.C. building, which had been terraced back into the hillside here. Wall 'al', the longer
stretch running along the contour approximately NE-SW was preserved c. 40-60cms. high in
small stone construction. It was founded close over a nearly parallel Classical wall ('be') and
was backed close against the surviving top of a massive Minoan wall on its upper, west side
(Section F nos. Il, 16, 20), so that it formed one of a series of successive terrace walls which
appear to fan out at different periods as they support the changing line of the trackway and
later street above (plate 39a, b). The return wall (cak5) stood rather higher (up to eight
courses) but was preserved running for a stretch of only about 3.5m., before being cut short at
the scarp of the Little Palace cutting. The two walls protected a triangular area of trodden
earth floor, on which was found the floor deposit HI 3 (late 3rd B.C.) The room of which this
formed a part seems to have been substantial (7 x 3.5m. preserved) but an insufficient
proportion remains to make restoration possible. The pottery deposit gives no indication of a
function other than domestic, but the discovery here of a homogeneous group of furnace
bottoms from a smithing foundry (M167- 174) does indicate contemporary metalwork in the
vicinity. No metallurgical installation or other indication of this industry was found within this
building however, and this material may have been introduced from elsewhere, though it is
hard to see why it would have been transported any great distance. Very similar material from
later periods (Section 1 1 below, nos. M551- 600) adds support to the hypothesis that the
metallurgical processes were being carried out in the immediate vicinity.
It is not possible to connect Building 'al'/'ak' stratigraphically with any other. Though
approximately contemporary with the nearly adjacent Trench XII Hellenistic Phase I
building (the Tm' complex discussed below), there is no structural connection and the
intermediate stratigraphy is unclear. The one direct physical connection, Wall 'be', which is
overridden by 'ak' and evidently cut and overridden by 'bh'/'fm', seems to be earlier than
either building.
THE CENTRAL WEST SECTOR (TRENCH VIII)

Plan at plate 5 (Pits 39-40, 43). Section at plate 14b.
No structures were found in this area, but rather a series of pits (dated 2nd B.C., 2nd quarter)
cutting through an earlier Hellenistic occupation level (VIII 33 with Deposit H 15, dated 2nd

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EXCAVATION AND ARCHITECTURE 1 1
B.C., 1st quarter) and into a series of earlier

Stratified above the primary fill of Pit 39 was
quarter) constituting a secondary fill.
The occupation layer containing Deposit H
sherd-packed earth overlying a floor composed
(see Section C, no. 14); it was traced only in the
which were missed by the series of later pits. T
However, in general terms it may be connected
southeast and southwest sectors, which include
construction of a massive stone terrace wall run
later street here, and a subsequent building pro
of the southeast and southwest sectors below).
Whether the later Hellenistic pit diggers wh
their purpose the extraction of Minoan bloc
Minoan building had already been robbed out
have seemed potentially productive. Whatever t
Geometric to Classical pit fill (Pits 38, 41, 44), a
to Minoan masonry further south (at Pits 1, 2,
to the mid 2nd century B.C. were left in a stros
13.
The pits were refilled with contemporary rubbish but some evidence for the quality of the
Hellenistic occupation was also provided by the 2nd B.C. deposits of Pits 39-40 and 43
(primary fill) which included re-deposited destruction material (see discussion of the pottery
groups in Section 4 below). Much later Hellenistic material (Deposit H37 in Pit 39, dated 1st
B.C., 3rd quarter) was found stratified above the 2nd B.C. material of Pit 39 in a layer of grey
earth with cooking wares, and constitutes a secondary fill. It may constitute deliberate levelling
due to settling of the earlier pit fill, and this evidently implies contemporary occupation in the
area. It was sealed by an early Roman occupation level showing Augustan build-up beneath
an earth floor with Tiberian destruction deposit (Bl). Although no trace of architectural
structures survived for either of these periods, due to later building activities, the sequence
seems to fit the pattern of 1st B.C. /Ist A.D. continuity seen elsewhere on the site.
THE SOUTHEAST SECTOR: THE SEQUENCE IN TRENCH XII (EAST)

Two phases of construction, Building complexes Tm' and 'fF/Te'. Plan and section at plate 13.
As noted above there was a broadly levelled area here in the Geometric period, and there is
evidence for later occupation in the Orientalizing period (at Well 12) and the Classical period
(Walls cfg' and Tu'). Subsequent activities left a complex series of small stratified deposits
ranging from the 3rd to the 1st centuries B.C., which constitute an important sequence, studied
by P. J. Callaghan and described in greater detail in connection with the pottery contexts in
Section 4 below. The summary given here is based on this study. The pottery groups in
question are Deposits H 19-27. Pottery deposits on the Roman courtyard floor above were
principally 2nd A.D. (see Deposit D5).
The walls which survive from the Classical period (Tg' and Tu') are not sufficient to enable
one to assess the nature of the buildings to which they belonged, although one (Tu') does
preserve part of a return wall running west at right angles (see plan at plate 13); there was

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however sufficient disturbed Classical material in the fill found behind the Hellenistic terrace
wall 'fm' (Section G no. 14) and in the fabric of the walls to suggest that there had been local
occupation at that time. These walls, then, may have belonged to houses of the Classical
period, built here on the eastern facing slopes. They will have been razed to below their original
floor level, when the Hellenistic Phase I buildings were constructed.
Building Phase I, the cfm5 complex

A number of wall fragments survive from the first Hellenistic phase with associated floor levels.
The principal wall Tm' is a strongly built terrace wall running north-south and is preserved
some seven courses high in small stone masonry (plan at plate 13, Section G no. 13); it has a
return wall 'fn' at the north end which forms an angle greater than 90%, but is preserved only
for a stretch of c. 1.5m. Two other connecting walls on the east side are almost entirely lost,
truncated by the Little Palace cutting, although sufficient remains of 'fv' and 'fn' to show a
tightly constructed 'dog-leg', possibly the support for internal steps. Two other wall fragments
of this phase are found a little distance up the slope ('ffi' and 'fi"), one running closely parallel,
the second a little out of line, and these constitute all the surviving structures.
Section G shows no floor level surviving on the west, uphill side of Wall 'fm', due to the
construction which took place there in the second Hellenistic phase; but a little further north
traces of floor were found between Walls 'fm' and 'fh', - possibly part of an open area. Deposit
H22 represents the occupation material from above this floor, and a date running down to 1 75
B.C. is suggested. Fragments of other floor levels survive, some 50cms. lower, on the east side
(Section G nos. 1 1 and 12), the second of these a cobbled floor representing the main period of
occupation. The pottery found sealed beneath this floor (Deposit H21) gives a construction
date for the building phase in the last quarter of the 3rd century B.C. This fits with the latest
evidence from the terrace fill behind Wall 'fm' and from the fabric of the walls themselves
(Deposit H20).
Thus we have a first building phase, not well preserved architecturally but yielding sufficient
evidence to show construction in the years following 225 B.C., followed by a period of
occupation reaching to about 175 B.C., and the natural interpretation of these remains is that
they represent houses terraced into a gentle east-facing slope which linked the higher platform
of the UM area with the lower level then existing over the Little Palace.
Building Phase II, the 'fF/'fe' complex

In a later phase of building Wall 'fm' was levelled, new fill was laid down, Walls 'fF, 'fe', 'fj' and
'fs'/'fr' were built on a slightly different alignment (plan at plate 13) and Wall 'fF replaced
'fm' as a terrace wall whose floors on its west side were some 50cms. higher than those on the
east (Section G, no. 7). Floors on the east, downhill, side are now shown preserved running east
for a greater length before they are lost to the Little Palace cutting, due to the fact that 'fF is set
back a little further west (Section G nos. 5-6). On the other hand later (Augustan) robbing and
new construction on the west, uphill, side removed the Phase II structures down to foundation
level at least to the south of Wall 'fe', the area recorded at Section G (Section G nos. 3.) Pottery
from a better preserved area with surviving floor on the north side of Wall 'fe' is published as
Deposit H25, while material from the packing fills and construction of the Phase II complex is
given at Deposit H24 (see Section G, nos. 8-10). It is suggested that the occupation of this
phase lasted down into the 1st century B.C.

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An important feature of this area is the ce

below in connection with the Roman Sou
Orientalizing well (Well 12 proper), it was
(Deposit D4), but there is evidence that it wa
use through the 1st century A.D. The potter
H26-7, which are associated with a series of str
of use and re-use of the cistern. A photogra
The cistern cap is aligned with a Phase II w
('fm') ran partially over the old disused well-sh
subsidence of the Orientalizing fill may have p
any rate its re-opening, sealing off at depth
bottle cistern seems to have occurred soon afte
The earliest arrangement at the cistern he
penetrating the upper stone-built shaft at th
north side (plate 29a). The flagstone floor p
('fm') and from this floor and the earth ben
In a second structural phase this washing ar
covered by a good plaster layer which turned u
Wall ;ff and also coated a small basin into w
12b nos. 2-3; 29b). The later Hellenistic pot
plaster basin.
A final phase of use was marked by the levell
the basin. The fill was closed by the placing of
stone drain ran out to the east, although th
millstone and drain, see plate 29c, d). Deposit H
of use (1st B.C.), and was found on this flo
foundations of the Southeast House immedia
A probable connection of this area with conte
wide levelled area to the west and of generous
H26 (here) and H30 (at the west). This is disc
southwest sector below, and also with the pre-
(and Southwest) Houses; a possible reconstructi
lines at plate 2, incorporating the Phase II
In summary, the scrappy and complex remain
of Hellenistic deposits running from the 3rd t
as deriving from houses, beginning like their
into the hillside slope, but by the end of the 2
a wider new plan which covered all the levelled
central feature of the area was the cement-
needed the extensive catchment area thus pr
THE SOUTHWEST SECTOR (TRENCHES X/XI AND XIII)

Quarrying pits followed by a period of major construction. Pits 1-3 and 22 (on plan at plate 5);
Walls 'el', 'em', 'fa', 'fb', 'fc' and others shown in dotted lines on plan at plate 2. Pottery Deposits
HI 7 and 28-32.

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Quarrying pits
Stone robbing took place on a large scal
Stratigraphy and pottery finds establish the
pit containing pottery of c. 175-150 B.C. (D
mid 2nd B.C. pottery (along with earlier mat
with both Pit 2 and Pit 22 (Deposit H28). O
occupation levels, - Deposit H29, floor pack
the latest floors (Deposit H26) in the Buildi
Overlying Pits 1 and 2 are other late Hellen
structures - Deposits H29, floor packing, and
The pits concerned robbed out the dressed r
pillar room, and massive blocks of the exteri
parts of the internal and upper story walls. I
in the construction of the street terrace w
blocks (plan at plate 2; Section C no. 7, fo
directly on the surviving Minoan west w
occupation level to the north and west of thi
central west sector (see Deposit H 15, 200-175
B.C. pits (Pits 39-40, 43, Deposit H 16). These
the west side of the UM site during the early
with any greater precision to the subsequen
Late Hellenistic Construction
The major terrace wall ('el') referred to above provided strong foundations for t
street which ran obliquely uphill across the site, a line which was to remain e
unchanged, through various phases of rebuilding, for some 300 years (see discus
Roman street below) . A number of walls, essentially Roman but apparently on
Hellenistic plan, abutt against this wall on its lower, south side. These are shown in
at plate 2. In two areas Hellenistic pottery deposits and related fragmentary stru
been recovered, and these are discussed in this section; elsewhere the evidence is culled
detailed examination of the Roman foundations (see discussion of Southwest an
Houses below). But although the evidence thus collected is discontinuous and fragme
of some importance for our understanding of urban development at Knossos, since i
the conclusion that basic property lines were laid out and house planning was develo
the 2nd century B.C. in this area, and that these remained in their essentials
through various vicissitudes (including earthquake destructions) until the major
programme of the later 2nd century A.D., with the construction of the House of th
Frescoes.
The first area where late Hellenistic deposits occurred is at the western end of the Southeast
House (at Trench X/XI), probably part of the same building which also covered the various
features of Trench XII described above. In the triangular area which later formed the west
workroom of the Roman Southeast House (plan at plate 17a, view at plate 30f) was found a
level of earth packing (XI 30) which covered the mid 2nd B.C. robbing pit (Pit 22) and
supported a late Hellenistic earth floor (XI 27). Pottery groups deriving from these two
contexts are Deposits H29 (packing) and H30 (floor). These bring us down into the 1st century

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
B.C., and can be associated with the terrace w

at the east, though the southern dividing
shown at plate 30d with re-used olive pres
resting on this floor at plate 30e; this latter
the sole remnant of an earlier Hellenistic pha
(plate 30e at top right). This whole sequence w
in for the succeeding Roman floors, possibly
subsidence (plate 39f) . The connection of t
Trench XII (Deposit H27) has been referred
add to the impression that a wide levelled are
at this time.
The second area where traces of late Hellenistic structures and occupation were found is at
the west side of Trench XIII, associated with Walls ceP, 'em', 'da' and 'fa' to 'fc'. Although less
exiguous than those of the context just described, the remains are still slight and the
interpretation tentative. A plan is given at plate 2, and the stratigraphy recorded at plate
14a, Section H (for whose precise location, see plate 1). The pottery evidence from this area is
assembled at Deposit H32, and it illustrates a 1st B.C. Hellenistic sequence preceding the early
Roman occupation of the Southwest House area.
Running over the mid 2nd B.C. robbing pits in this area (Pit 2, Deposit H28) was found a
cobbled floor (Section H no. 16), which ran up against the lowest courses of Wall 'da' (the
Southwest House north wall), and evidently belonged to a pre-Roman 1st B.C. courtyard. This
and traces of other contemporary floors beneath the Southwest House (Section A nos. 12, 12a)
combine to show that this major wall line was pre-Roman. It may be suggested that it, too,
belongs to a major late 2nd or early 1st B.C. plan of urban renewal here following on the strong
stone construction of the street at the west (on to which it abutted), a plan on broad alignment
with the contemporary walls of the Southeast House.
The structural remains are poor due to intensive Augustan and later re-occupation inside the
Southwest House, and to razing followed by abandonment in the area on its north side, leaving
only foundations. These remains constitute a rectangular structure enclosed by Walls 'da', 'fa',
'fc' and 'el' (plan at plate 2; view at plate 26b, d), which contained a small clay-lined
compartment or tank(?) at the southeast, cobbled area at the southwest, then a central clay
partition wall ('em') with plaster face and an area of earth floor on the north side, with raised
mud-brick platform in the corner adjacent to the clay-lined 'tank'. Taking into consideration
the details of a better preserved similar structure in the upper village of Knossos, interpreted as
a Hellenistic winery by J. Carington Smith (AR 1976-7, 61 and fig. 106), it is tentatively
suggested that this installation may have served the same function. Agricultural production of
this nature is likely to have been an unchanging occupation of Knossians.
In summary, this southwest area of the site preserves evidence for early Hellenistic
occupation only in residual material (e.g. in pit fills), and the stratified sequence begins in the
2nd century B.C. with a series of large robbing pits for building material. An extensive building
plan follows, probably later in the 2nd century B.C., including the massive foundations of the
central street line. Traces of continuing occupation, both floors and fragmentary structures
take us on through the 1st century B.C., and it is suggested, albeit on fragmentary evidence,
that that main property lines seen in the Roman buildings go back to an original 2nd century
B.C. development.

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SUMMARY OF THE HELLENISTIC EVIDENCE IN CHRONOLOGICAL

SEQUENCE
The 3rd Century B.C.
The earlier Hellenistic phase fared a little better than the preceding periods in terms of
preserved structures. Parts of two buildings were preserved on the eastern slopes at Trenches
VII and XII, Building 'ak'/'aP to the north and the 'fm' complex to the south, the former
destroyed late in the century, the latter constructed at around the same time (4th quarter).
That occupation extended more widely over the excavated area, however, is indicated by the
presence of 3rd century material in pit fills and especially in two wells, Well 14 to the south, and
Well 1 to the north. The fill of Well 14 shows occupation in the first half century, that of Well 1
in the second half, though neither was fully excavated down to its primary deposit.
The 2nd Century B.C.

During this century major structural changes took place in the southeast buildings at Trench
XII, where occupation of the earlier structures ended by c. 175 B.C., and the later building
phase was set on a different alignment and now incorporated a cement-lined bottle cistern at
Well 12. The new structures here may have formed part of a major building development
which eventually covered most of the southern half of the excavation, following a series of large
quarrying pits dug in the early to mid 2nd century B.C. along the west side of the area, and the
terracing up of the central street line in heavy stone construction. A date in the later 2nd
century B.C. is suggested for this building activity. The street followed the line of an earlier
trackway, as shown for instance by the orientation of Building 'al'/'ak' and Wall cbk' further
north, and although its Hellenistic construction above foundation level is lost to later Roman
re-building, small patches of early stone cobbling do survive in places where they served to
support a Roman wall (plate 39b-d).
The 1st Century B.C.

Clearance of some late 2nd/early 1st B.C. occupation levels by later inhabitants is suggested by
material found in the mixed fill of Pit 65, which included stamped amphora handles of this date
(see Section 5 below). No good floor deposits of the period are found. But mid and 3rd quarter
1st B.C. occupation levels are found, in small, fragmentary contexts in north, central and south
sectors. They are in buildings some of whose walls can be traced back to the late 2nd B.C.
building programme. It is suggested that these buildings continued in use after these early
periods of occupation, and that they were repaired and repeatedly reconstructed following a
series of destructions in the early Roman period. The intensive later occupation accounts for
the scanty nature of the 1st B.C. remains, but the impression is gained that far from suffering
widespread destruction followed by urban renewal at this time, the Knossos of our area shows a
pattern of continuing occupation through the 1st century of the same buildings with the same
property lines.

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THE ROMAN HOUSES: CONSTRUCTION, HISTORY AND FINAL

OCCUPATION
Page
Introductory 17
The Southwest House 19
The 1st century B.C. (L
The Claudian Period
The Severan Period
Historical Summary
The Southeast House 25
The Hellenistic Precursor to the Southeast House
Roman Phase I
Roman Phase II
The Bottle Cistern
Historical Summary
The East House 34
Layout and constru
The Destruction Fills
Function
Chronology
The House of the Diamond Frescoes 37
Plan
Size
Construction
Walls
Floors
Frescoes
Occupation and History
Dating Evidence
The North House 47
The North House: Fir
Late Roman Phase
The Street 54
The Pre-Roman Street
The Roman Paved Street
The Late Roman Phase
The North Aqueduct 57
INTRODUCTORY
The steep slope of the ground was a determining factor, in two imp
character of architectural construction on this site and for the state of the remains as we find
them: first, buildings were very often terraced into the hill, cutting away earlier structures and
fill (as for instance with the House of Diamond Frescoes); and second, buildings at a single

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period may have floors terraced up at differen

Thus difficulties inevitably arise in interpretin
with the natural slope of the associated silt lev
It should also be noted that the area of ex
specifically by an educated guess as to the widt
to the limits of Hellenistic or Roman buildings
history at Knossos. For this reason we are dealin
may continue in the unexcavated areas to west,
by earlier excavation on the east side.
Thus the interpretation and presentatio
supposi tious; even the description of sub-units
complete rooms are available.
One exception to this generalisation is at the n
of the acqueduct wall was taken as the boundar
North House.
Another helpful factor is the presence of a paved street running across the centre of the area
This starts from the northeast corner, then extends along part of the east edge until it (or a
branch road) turns obliquely to the southwest. Here at the western limit it begins to ve
southwards. This road performs a double service: first as a line of communication betwe
discrete areas, but second as a clear dividing line between houses. On the north side is th
architectural complex referred to here as the North House; on the south side are buildin
referred to as the Southwest, the Southeast and the East Houses.
The street seems to have had a very long history. The earliest construction in stone appears
to be Hellenistic (2nd century B.C.) at the west, perhaps earlier at the east. But the remarkabl
superior state of preservation of the Minoan remains themselves under the line of the street m
suggest that along much the same line there was an earlier trackway which was respected by
those who at different periods dug pits on either side of it to extract building material. Thus it
along this line that the Minoan walls stand to their maximum preserved heights (see plate 39a
lower centre; 39b stone at left; 39e Hellenistic build directly on Minoan; for fuller discussion,
see below under The Street).
Since the street is pre-Roman in its layout, and shows an oblique and somewhat meandering
plan, it seems clear that in this area of Knossos no attempt was made to form a new town pla
or to redevelop, for instance on a grid system. So, too, the plans of living units on either side o
the street are likely not to be regular in formation, but to have grown up on an cad hoc' basi
following an earlier Greek pattern.
Although the street did have this slight predetermining influence on architectural layout, it
noticeable that none of the walls of the adjacent house units on either side run at right angles t
the street. This is no doubt the result of a compromise between the demands of a site which
slopes down to the east and the oblique line of the street, which runs up in a southwest directio
across the area.
Generally on the north side of the street wall lines run on an approximately north-south
orientation, forming oblique angles with the main leg of the street, but lining up more closely
with the direction of the northeast leg of the street. But on the south side of the street the main
dividing lines run approximately east-west, again forming oblique angles with the street.
These factors also cause the sub-units (or individual rooms) to be of trapezoidal shape, even
when separated from the street line (e.g. in the Southeast House courtyard, and East Hous
Room III).

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A further point can be made with reference

street, namely that the public and private c
different periods. Originally having a partly c
and earlier periods, it developed in its main
street, and also served at this time both as a pu
on either side. There was at this time a drai
northwest emitted through a culvert into a gu
below the paving which served a house on th
later period the street seems to have ceased
ends of the excavated section were found block
indicates that lengths of the street had bec
adjacent houses (plate 4).
This suggests that some change took place i
excavated, and the adjacent area, during the Ro
of the street were buried and the surface of t
trodden earth.
Some of the architectural units re-used and built up earlier ones, using them as foundations,
which indicates some continuity of basic lines of layout in houses as well as in the line of the
street itself, though this does not necessarily make for easy definition of those earlier houses.
So it follows that the architectural discussion of houses which follows can give a much fuller
and more satisfactory account of the Roman houses which are better preserved, than is possible
in the case of their Hellenistic and earlier predecessors.
A second reason for this is that in the Roman period very generous use was made of stone for
building material. Though mudbrick was often used in the construction of upper stories, the
ground floor was generally built in stone. Furthermore comparatively little stone-robbing
occurred here after the houses were abandoned, and in many places stone-built walls survived
standing up to a height of from one to two metres, occasionally almost to three metres.
One further factor affecting the interpretation of the late phase of occupation in the north
half of the site is that the uppermost structures there had been uncovered by German military
excavation in 1943 and left exposed since then; in the 24 years intervening between then and
the 1967 excavations the exposed remains may have suffered some erosion (for instance of the
latest earth floors on the east or downhill side), although in general the area became covered to
varying depths by new silt washed down from the hillside above. A column base and stubs of
wall remained in view.
THE SOUTHWEST HOUSE

See plans at plate 15, Sections A and H; plates 26c-e, 27a-f.
The building defined as the Southwest House lies in the extreme sou
excavated area. It comprises a range of three rooms, oriented east to w
stone construction at the west, but robbed and eroded to foundation level
this building on the north side lies an open area, with surviving traces of a
structure on its west side, adjacent to the street terrace wall (see perio
convenience these remains, devoid of contents, but probably associate
(now lost) are also included in the discussion of the Southwest House.
The Southwest House plot appears to have been occupied continuous

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short interruptions, from the late Hellenistic to

discussed under three separate headings, the 1
A.D. (Claudian), and early 3rd A.D. (Severan) -
evidence is available, due to destructions and
The 1st Century B.C. (Late Hellenistic and

plates 3, 15, 27c-f.
Layout and Construction
From the first main period of its occupation we
the southern limit of the excavation, from the
None is fully revealed by excavation, but a go
Rooms I and II, and one measurement for
contemporary rooms in the adjacent space to th
considered along with the Southwest House of
Rooms I- III have a common north wall, 60cm
before being eroded away at the east. This is we
2m. (including probable later rebuild), but
abandonment in the Augustan period was fina
and thus have a common length, or north-south
ROOM I By the Augustan period Room I h
preserved to a good height on all sides and whic
measures 4.10m. from north to south and pro
west side has not yet been revealed by excava
against the road terrace wall here. If one extend
gives approximately the east-west dimension
measures only 3.70m. from east to west.). An or
was found blocked, so that by the end of the
interconnected at ground level.
ROOM II is a smaller unit, measuring 4.10 x
on north, south and west sides, although its nor
northeast corner. At this point a small stone
bedding stones which had been laid very leve
removed from here. Thus the room would have
The partition wall with Room III at the east side
mud brick c. 25cms. thick, on a slightly wid
constructed of small stones to a height of c.
foundations, (see Section A, no. 12 at centre).
ROOM III was of the same length, 4.10m. from
unknown due to early robbing, erosion and f
Frescoes on the east, downhill side. The entranc
at the north, possibly at the northwest corne
regular stone set at right angles through the m
represents a doorjamb. The floor was of earth, a
wall at the north, eroded further south (Sect
segment of contemporary floor outside the room

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a well laid layer of orange clay, thus suggestin

or at least a covered portico.
The final occupation and abandonment of
1st century B.C. Augustan period, contempor
At the time of this Augustan destruction, t
the blocking of the original doorway, Room
north and Room III entered either from n
formed part of one unit at this period, at lea
originally formed a single unit, however,
rooms had the same strong outer wall on the
and Rooms II and III, divided only by a ligh
space at the north. This first layout should b
of this phase (Deposit Al) which runs up ag
dated early in the Augustan period.
At this point it may be worth reviewing in
of this house plot:
The Evidence for Pre-Augustan Occupation and St

The following factors must be considered i
earliest phase of use of the Southwest Hous
First, the building was constructed over the
on plan at plate 5, Section A, no. 15) which
the Minoan building, and it must postdate th
late 2nd B.C. (Deposit H28).
Second, a first period of use of the north w
running up against its outer face on the nort
I (Wall 'da') is very deeply founded. Its nor
building (Minoan Room M, east wall) and is
plan at plate 2 with wall complex including
be interpreted as the yard of a late Helleni
beneath an Augustan floor outside Room I
the north wall, the major line on which the
during a phase preceding the early August
Third, traces of an early 1st B.C. occupation
the building (Section A no. 12; Section E, no.
relationship with the wall foundations of Ro
the foundation trench for the partition w
also have run up against the lowest course of
of mudbrick (Section E, nos. 12 and 9). It seem
west beneath Room I east wall, and perhaps e
soft fill here prevents certainty. However, a
the second point above, is that there was wid
levelled area of generous proportions, consi
have been based on an expansive new architec
B.C., if we take the area of the neighbouring
seems to have been inherited in its essentia
Fourth, the partition wall of Rooms I and

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level (Section A, bottom of level no. 11) which

floor of Room I (Section A, no. 9). The construct
was in use, is of small stones carefully set, quite
parallel wall dividing Rooms II and III further
blocking, and plate 26c); they may then be co
Fifth, the blocking wall in the doorway lies
above this primary floor. This suggests that a s
before it became necessary to reconstruct the w
part of a major rebuild. Perhaps this wall was or
socle like the east wall of Room II and the north
a stronger stone reconstruction in masonry of
with the door blocking (plate 26e, upper cour
an outside wall. It was against this rebuild th
Thus a reconstruction of the early history of
least of the north wall of Room I, for which
century B.C. may be suggested. This would fit th
the terraced road on to which the Southwest Ho
and for the neighbouring house plots to the
Rooms II and III, though not clearly associate
occupation existed here; but they predate the
Room II was built, its foundation dug down th
floor laid c. 25 cms. higher. It is suggested that it
afterwards, to divide off Rooms I and II, but le
thicker wall whose foundations rested on top of
elapsed before another reconstruction became n
structural weakness. This final change involved
and the door blocking which closed off Room I
period and thereafter. Again, little time coul
about the beginning of the last quarter of the 1
II and III; after this only Room I continued in u
slope should have a long history, while the inte
the line of the slope should continually need reb
of good resistance to seismic shock of walls of th
the latter. This pattern is repeated elsewhere, f
and the North House.
In summary, then, an early phase of building and occupation now basically lost, m
construction (partly using late Hellenistic walling), earth accumulation on the floor, re
and final destruction must all have taken place during the 1st century B.C., or at least aft
sealing of the mid 2nd B.C. robbing pits and before the Augustan period was far adva
We cannot be sure what the function or the quality of this building was in its earliest p
since so few traces remain. It is a fair presumption, however, that here was an ord
residential house, entered from the south side of the street, one comparable to its successo
the Roman period, and to those which have left slightly less exiguous traces beneat
Southeast House a little to the east. If we may identify the poor remains found in the adja
space to the north (Deposit H32) as part of a winery, then it would be possible to reconstru
least one of the occupants' activities as agricultural, and to see the household as quite simila
several of those occupying the nearby modern village.

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The Augustan Period (to the last quarter of the 1st

The early history of the building, with its vari
B.C., has been outlined above. It remains to give
the structure as it existed at the time of its firs
an isolated unit; the earlier connecting door at
level was much lower (by c. 2m.) than the adjace
interpret this as a basement room entered by w
room formed part of a house entered from t
functioned as a kitchen storeroom or wine
opened to the north, and Room ìli may have do
room had an earth floor on which early A
undisturbed destruction level in the case of Roo
in Rooms II and III since these were soon after r
contrast the rooms in the adjacent area to t
remained on the floors. The only part of the So
north to be re-occupied during the 1st century
up of Augustan debris of varying depth accumu
A.D. material (see Section A, no. 10, Section
Thus the Southwest House (as so far excava
Augustan period, for the other rooms were aba
This circumstance may be relevant to an inte
period, and to the question as to whether there
Rooms I, II and III at that time. There certain
of the destruction fill had fallen from above (p
basement. However, there was no trace of upper
strongly built wall recently constructed to d
wall, and Room II was either a separate unit o
-one more easily sacrificed and razed after th
Room II were marble pestle and mortar (plate
amphora (A2, 97; plate 27f). A considerable ar
appears to be the remains of a fire, or fires, wh
plan at plate 3). Since no fireplace could have
life of the building especially if there were an up
this was a partly open work area. Alternatively t
after the Augustan destruction but before t
(Augustan) rubbish layers over this whole are
Room III will have been associated with Roo
discussion of its plan or possible upper story fr
nineteen loomweights, which could equally well
the ground level. The loomweights cluster alo
plan at plate 15a), but they may have fallen
shaped structure in mudbrick a little to the
themselves constitute the convincing remains of
are to restore a doorway at this point, they are
Little evidence remains for the decoration or o
mud brick dividing wall of Rooms II/III and
undoubtedly plastered. In the razed rooms to th

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were found with plaster face preserved on bo

to the north from Room I, and another very
this at right angles (see plan at plate 3; Sectio
measuring 2.80 north-south by c. 3.0m. east-
and a good trodden clay floor. The adjacent
plaster, and one of its walls used Pompeian re
in position on the west wall (the terrace wall
wall). To judge from numerous other frag
commonly used also on other walls of this pe
The Claudian Period
After the late 1st B.C. destruction only Room I continued in use, and the ar
west were allowed to silt up, or deliberately used as dumps for destruction debr
no. 10; Section H, no. 8). Perhaps some cleaning took place inside Room I, bu
disturb the Augustan destruction deposit which remained intact to a depth of 1
floor and which became trodden down beneath a scatter of tile fragments. The
in use, bringing a gradual accumulation of more earth layers containing la
Tiberian sherds (excavated as levels XIII 35, 36 at depth c. 13.95-14.10; see S
top). Confirmation of the pottery date is provided by the occurrence of the coi
and Octavia) in level XIII 36.
At depth c. 14.10 a new clay floor was laid, perhaps towards the end of the 1s
1st century A.D. After this a further period of continued use had already d
build up of some 10- 20cms., when a second major destruction brought the buil
the mid 1st century A.D. Again an earthquake has been suggested as the caus
of Deposit Cl). This deposit lay some 60- 70cms. deep over all the room, and
upper floor collapse. Part of the east wall was found tilted at an angle where it
come to rest against the loose fill of the interior of the room (Section A, no. 8)
It is not clear how much of the stone build of Room I was added during the 1st
century A.D., since the build is quite homogeneous all the way up from the bloc
earlier reconstruction of the Augustan period. It shows the same mixed constru
stones and large re-used ashlar blocks (plates 26e, 27a, d). It is worth noting
there is a considerable spread of masons' stone chips outside the building to the
top of the redeposited Augustan debris and associated with early 1st A.D.
destruction) sherds (Section A, at top of level no. 10). So we may infer that the
at the same time that the new floor was laid, or about 25 A.D.
Little can be said of the succeeding periods in terms of architectural chan
trace of a rebuild of the east wall of Room I, on a slightly different line, survi
with a relaid floor of the end of the 1st century A.D. (Section A, floor at the bot
6), but thereafter only accumulated silt of the 2nd century A.D.
The Severan Period

PLATE 15c.
Only a small part of this house at its latest period of re-use survives within the excavated area. A
section of poor plaster floor was preserved at the upper, west, side at depth 15.60m. (or only
some 70cms. below surface) along with a small protruding stretch of the north and south walls,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
preserved c. 30cms. above floor level. Both floo

where the slope dropped away. New is the use
which numbers were found in the fill over the fl
edge of the floor, perhaps as patching or prote
27b).
It is probable that there were other contemporary rooms of this or an adjacent house on the
north side, but no architectural remains survive. There is only a second sunk amphora base,
parallel to no. U132 in the Southwest House, probably also set centrally in the floor of a room
(see plan at plate 4), along with traces of earth floors both in the adjacent area and in other
places further to the northeast. These contained deposits of pottery in Trenches VII, VIII and
IX which are discussed as Deposit S2 (see also Section C, level no. 2).
The pottery fragments from the level above the floor (XIII 3 and 29) are Severan, and
belong with this 'Deposit' or group. But it is likely that the remains of the building continued to
be accessible for some length of time, since two 4th century A.D. coins (C174 and C190) were
found close above the floor level, and the earth layer next above (XIII 2 and 28) contained
pottery of the 3rd and 4th centuries A.D.
Historical Summary
The first period for which we have substantial evidence for occupation in the Southwest House
is the mid to late 1st century B.C., though parts of the building construction are earlier. This
period is one of continuous occupation and is marked by internal structural changes and one
major reconstruction, but it came to an end in a severe destruction, quite possibly caused by an
earth tremor. The pottery date for this destruction is quite early in the Augustan period (see
discussion of Deposit Al). The material from this deposit is homogeneous with that found in a
wide spread of destruction debris redeposited above the abandoned Augustan floors of Rooms
II and III and the adjacent areas to the north (see Deposit A2), so it evidently was part of a
wider destruction. To be noted also is a Magenta Ware flask (TC55) found in the Augustan
destruction deposit of Room I and deriving from Campania, and so possibly to be associated
with early settlers from this region.
Whoever it was that had reconstructed this building, these latest occupants did not enjoy its
use for a long period. After the destruction the whole area was abandoned except for Room I.
Here earth floors accumulated above the destruction debris during the succeeding half century,
terminating in another major destruction in the mid 1st century A.D., perhaps also due to an
earthquake. This second destruction deposit from Room I ('Claudian' Deposit Cl) is a
substantial one. Like the earlier deposit, it too is homogeneous with a spread of contemporary
destruction material redeposited in the surrounding area and stratified above the earlier 1st
A.D. layers.
Again floors in Room I were relaid and occupation continued, leaving traces of intermediate
reconstruction, until abandonment in the late 2nd or early 3rd century A.D. (see Severan
Deposit S2). This is the date suggested for the general abandonment of the site as a whole.
THE SOUTHEAST HOUSE

For plans see plates 13 and 17, for general views plates 26a and 28a.
The building complex found in Trenches X-XII in 1971 at the centre and e

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named the Southeast House. As preserved it cons

entrance from the street, and room or cover
terrace wall. There may have been other rooms
south sides. Nothing survives at the east, where
east wall of the courtyard. Beyond the court
Frescoes replaced any structures which may hav
while adjacent to the west half there appears to
least in an early phase) backed up against the ro
may have communicated with this area, wher
(see discussion in connection with the Southw
Two architectural phases can be distinguish
appears to have re-used in part a late Hellenis
The Hellenistic Precursor to the Southeast House
The complex early history of the eastern half of this house plot, where a su
fragmentary Classical and Hellenistic structures survived on what had previo
sloping hillside, is discussed above (see the Hellenistic Southeast Sector). These buildin
level up the ground here and so to provide a flat space measuring 5- 6m. north
10-1 1.50m. east to west, much of which became a flagstone courtyard. One import
survived to link the Hellenistic Phase II building (plate 13, wall complex 'ff- T
Roman Phase I building, and this was the bottle cistern (named 'Well 12') in th
corner of the yard. This cistern was a valuable amenity and once constructed s
been kept in continuous use through the late Hellenistic into the Roman per
evidence for continued occupation in the court area into the 1st century B.C. (level
beneath the paving of the first Roman floor, see Deposit H25). The major boundary
north was deeply founded and had a first period of use, marked by a late Hellenist
layer, albeit an unsatisfactory and disturbed one, running up against the north fac
Neronian floor (see Section E', nos. 11 and 15). 3
Similar evidence comes from the other end of the house plot beneath a smal
room, where a 2nd century B.C. robbing pit (Pit 22) had been covered with stone p
an earth floor laid down above this, at about the late 2nd/early 1st century B.C. (le
and 30; Deposits H29 and 30). This occupation layer extended up to the boundar
house plot at the street to the west. This may suggest that this whole area was occ
late 2nd and early 1st century B.C., with perhaps a house plot of similar plan to that
Roman phase. The excavated structure, however, is a late 1st B.C. and 1st A.D. b
of whose elements derived from a Hellenistic predecessor, and it is more convenien
discussion of a possible original layout in the section which follows.
Roman Phase I
Plan at plate 17a; view at plate 28a-b.
Layout, Construction and First Occupation

The central feature of the building in this phase is the large, partly paved courtyard oriented on
an east-west axis and entered from the street at the northwest, having an enclosed triangular
space at the west, possibly a working or cooking area, and the well-head of the bottle cistern in

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the southeast corner. The position of the

original layout and extent of this house p
building, that is immediately adjacent to the
the line of the new cross wall which formed
over the top of the 2nd century B.C. plastere
associated with the cistern in its earlier ph
raised and refurbished well-head.
From its position in relation to each of the successive walls, the Hellenistic Wall 'ff and th
east wall of the Roman courtyard, it is clear that the cistern was accessible to those approach
to draw water from outside the courtyard at its east side. Thus, it seems to have served both t
area to its west, here designated the Southeast House, and also another area (now lost) to
east, which may have been part of the same building complex. If it was a separate unit,
water supply will have been a shared amenity between neighbours. In either case there w
connected area to the southeast, possibly with one or more ranges of rooms on the south or
east sides, or both. The East House, adjacent to the north, could also have been connec
indirectly on the east side, but is treated as a separate unit, due to the lack of any surviv
connection, and to its very different history.
The construction date for the first Roman building phase is close to, perhaps the same
that of the Southwest House: later 1st B.C. or early Augustan, but with some re-use of earlie
walling or wall lines. The evidence for this is as follows: the latest sherds from beneath the sto
paving slabs (at Section G, level no. 2, = XII 18) belong to the 1st century B.C., as do tho
found in the build of the small rectangular cistern 'eq' at the northwest corner of the courtya
The next levels below the court paving and its packing (XII 19, 20) were referred to above and
represent an earlier phase of occupation in the late 2nd to early 1st century B.C. Sherds from
the first occupation levels of the court are Augustan (see discussion of date and occupat
below). At some time during the intervening period, in the 1st century B.C., the Helleni
Phase II walls beneath the east end of the courtyard were robbed out (Section G, no. 3) and th
material re-used in a new building phase. Such re-use of large blocks was also characteristic o
the early Augustan build of the Southwest House. In the same way the major walls of b
houses seem to have used earlier lines. The surviving remains of the long south wall of
courtyard have the same orientation as the north wall of the Southwest House, probably firs
constructed in the later 2nd or early 1st century B.C. However this courtyard wall was
badly preserved to provide any stratigraphie evidence for early construction, and indeed
much of its length can only be restored in plan with dotted lines (plate 2), where no physica
remains survived at all on the ground. The north wall of the courtyard, however, was m
better preserved and appears to have been a rebuild on a previous Hellenistic line, as indicated
above.
Since the Southeast and Southwest Houses were built at about the same time in the 1st
century B.C., and both seem to depend on an earlier plan for their orientation, it
considering the layout of this area as a whole. At the time of construction there was p
very considerable flat area here, at least 16 x 12m., laid out on a rectangular pla
included these two house plots and that of the fragmentary rooms between at the
orientation of these three units is the same. The major walls are of about the same str
60- 65cms. thick, and the floor levels are approximately the same.5 Thus it seems prob
the area was laid out systematically at the same time, whether as one or more house pl
unfortunate that the surviving walls are so fragmentary, especially in the critical cent
which includes the south side of the Southeast House, much of the north wall of the S

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House and the east front of the intermediate buildin

doorways is very weak. Furthermore, no floor depo
outside the Southwest House much of which was abandoned at that time, whereas the
Southeast House continued in use. These factors, and the close limits of the excavation at south
and east, make it impossible to be sure if and how the buildings might have been linked in the
1st centuries B.C. /A.D. and a fortiori it is even more difficult to restore in plan a putative pre-
Roman phase of the late 2nd/early 1st century B.C. The outline for a possible reconstruction of
such a building is represented by dotted lines in plate 2.
The use of the courtyard floor was marked, particularly in areas lacking paving slabs, by
successive trodden layers of clay and ash, not productive in finds nor easily separated from one
another in digging, but best distinguished during excavation in the careful removal of a small
north-south baulk left temporarily across the centre of the trench. Sherd content in the lowest
layer was late 1st B.C./early 1st A.D. (XI 14 #2265-6, baulk 23), and above this later 1st A.D.
(XI baulk 16). In addition one coin of the early empire (C140 Crassus) was found near the
entrance at the northwest, trodden into the floor build-up (level XI 19, see discussion of the
courtyard below).
The Buildings and Other Features

The first Roman phase of the Southeast House, then, may be assigned dates of construction and
use which fall within the 1st centuries B.C. and A.D. with partial re-use of earlier features. The
significant features of the building during this first phase may be enumerated as the following
six, which will be described in order: 1 . a small triangular entryway, with steps down from the
street at the north; 2. the central courtyard; 3. a work area at the west side of the court with
floor basin or mixing bowl sunk into the earth floor; 4. a square stone-built cistern in the
northwest corner, connected with the drainage system of the street; 5. the small triangular
workroom at the west; and 6. the bottle cistern ('Well 12') at the southeast corner of the yard
(for this see Roman Phase II, to which its contents belong).
1. The entrance way

A small triangular area at the northwest contains an upper step at 13.97 and a bottom step at
13.64. There may have been an intermediate step,6 now lost, or possibly just a cobbled ramp
linking the two. In the first build there is likely to have been an outer threshold on the street
front, where the paving was found eroded, since the drain level here is 14.16, or 19cms. higher
than the top step or inner threshold, and the street paving will have been 10-20cms. higher
than this. In its original concept this small entrance could have been like that of modern village
houses nearby, a welcoming approach adorned with vine or potted plants, but we may imagine
that it was allowed to run down, paving eroded, steps robbed, and finally taken out of use, for
the door was blocked and a new entrance built slightly further west. These changes took place
during the 1st century A.D., and could well be connected with the 1st A.D. destructions which
befell the Southwest and East Houses (the neighbours on each side), although no comparable
destruction deposit was found in this area.
2. The courtyard
The main architectural element of the Southeast House unit, as surviving, is the large
rectangular courtyard, measuring c. 7.90m. from east to west walls, and 5.0-5.70 from north to
south. The south wall survives only in isolated stretches of foundation, being in places preserved

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for incorporation into the Phase II rebuilding, b

end to a point some 2m. short of the well-head.
and to the major north and south walls of th
The walls which survive on the other sides are o
coursing, except where an occasional large
60-65cms. Examples of re-used blocks are a m
well-head (plates 17a and 29e), an olive press
room, and long blocks midway along the north
well paved. At its east end the floor level, at 13
of the well-head (now provided with a raised
and flagstones some 4.75m. further west at dep
no. 11). The paving was best preserved in the
flagstones survived against the north wall, an
smaller slabs had been used. Elsewhere the stone
successive trodden layers of clay and ash. St
eastern half of the yard, but there had probabl
end. Here the floor was originally level with the
course of time to c. 13.50 near the stepped entr
layers here (excavated as XI 19, 29 and 31 in
arising from a period of continuous use dur
described in association with the west sector flo
3. The west sector of the court

Part of the west sector of the yard, though not
area and may have been roofed over to form
ovoid basin, measuring 49-44cms. in diameter at
found set into the earliest floor level (XI 31),
fragments encased in cement and bedded under
rough, of grey-brown material packed with
1.5-4.0cms. Originally it may well have stood m
water container.7
The sequence of floor levels was as follows:
Level XI 31, dated by a decorated jar (71/P184) to pre-Augustan 1st B.C., consisted of a hard
trodden earth layer with some stones and sherds lying flat; on it were found hammerstone, dog
figurine fragment (uncat.), two disc loomweights, one stamped (W49), clay disc bead (K33)
and clay sealing (K68).
Level XI 29, a similar hard packed earth floor, with some 5-10cms. build-up beneath its
surface, contained hammerstone, two disc loomweights and a pyramidal loomweight.
Level XI 19 was a hard trodden earth layer with patches of yellow clay, tile fragments and
carbon flecks, with top surface at c. 13.50, over some 25cms. of build-up. This level contained
Augustan sherds, three disc loomweights and three pyramidal, a stone tool, carnelian ringstone
(S89), bronze hook (uncat.) and a coin of the early empire (C140, Crassus).
At this first stage in the life of the courtyard there seems to have been a doorway in the west
wall leading out into the small triangular compartment on that side. One door jamb is
preserved at the south side of flat-bedded stones which resemble a threshold (or threshold
bedding). The north jamb was evidently destroyed by the construction of a rectangular cistern
here, at some time later in the same building phase.

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4. The west room
The small triangular room at the west had as its main feature a small hearth or oven of
rectangular form. This was built in the angle of the west wall and the street terrace wall, and
had a small clay surround (plan at plate 17; view at plate 28b). There was a trodden earth
floor. The room seems to have been a working or cooking area, perhaps open to the sky or only
partly roofed. The construction here was comparatively weak, presumably in mudbrick or pisé,
and perhaps the room was partly open to the south. If there had been a fine stone wall here in a
previous period, as the generous overall plan argues, it must have been quarried out earlier,
since apart from a high wall stub at the west which afforded protection to the fireplace, little
but the line was left in the Augustan period. Earth floor, oven, stone wall stub and foundations
were widely covered by a fill of grey earth, fallen mud brick, tile and stones (levels XI 14-18, all
Augustan). Nearby on the earth floor of the adjacent area to the south, which was probably
connected (and was excavated as one unit, being covered with the same fill), was found an
early Roman coin dated 39 B.C. or later (C83, Lollius; on plan at plate 3); this confirms the
chronology suggested by the pottery evidence.
5. The rectangular cistern

This was preserved some eleven courses deep, and was part of a water system which was
connected to the street by a culvert running northeast inside the porch wall and then channeled
under the street wall, directly into the very similar cistern or soak-away beneath the street
paving (see discussion of the street below). The house cistern (given the notation 4eq')
measured 80cms. square internally, and was preserved to a depth of c. 1.30m., so that its
bottom at 12.30 was virtually level with that of the street soak-away (see section at plate 12c).
The construction too was similar, with vertical internal facing of well laid courses of fairly small
stones levelled up with clay. It may have functioned as a water closet at the end of the yard; if so
no doubt the drain running through the entrance would have been covered. As noted above,
the cistern postdates the first construction of the courtyard west wall and its doorway, but it
was itself already out of use and built over by a clay oven in the second phase of the courtyard.
The period of use is given by mid-late 1st B.C. sherds in the construction and the fill, whereas
the later steps and clay oven built above are associated with early 1st A.D. sherds. The street
soak-away however continued in use longer, and was found clogged with material of Claudian
date (see remarks under Deposit C2).
6. The bottle cistern (Well 12)

For this feature, which seems to have continued in use over a long period, see discussion under
Roman Phase II.
Roman Phase II
Plan at plate 17b, views at plates 28c-e, 29e.
The principal features of this phase are the construction of a new stepped porch at the west, a
clay lined oven beside this, and two new dividing walls.8 These combine to form a new, larger
rectangular entrance room, but restrict the courtyard to little more than half its original size.
Here levels of silt had accumulated, the paving stones were now buried and the yard had a
plain earth floor. The bottle cistern at the southwest continued in use, and was provided with a
makeshift water channel constructed of stones and tiles set on edge (plate 29e), part surviving

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on the extreme south edge, but part removed b

Diamond Frescoes. This may have brought wat
buttress wall surviving here could be interprete
else is lost here.
To the southwest there seems to have been an open area. In the early 1st century A.D. a
pebbled floor covered the buried remains of the early Augustan buildings further south (see
Section H, level 7), to be gradually buried during the 1st century A.D. by successive layers of
earth accumulation with redeposited destruction material, until at the end of the century the
ground had risen some 1.70m. almost up to the level of the paved street (Section H, levels 3 to
6).
At the triangular room on the west side, floor, walls, hearth and cistern were now buried.
The earth floor sloped up more steeply to the west than before, and a new flight of steps was
built giving access to the street. These built steps are clearly preserved and give a rise of c.
90cms. from earth floor to street paving, in five intervals of nearly 20cms. each.9 Signs of wear
on these steps suggest that they were in use for some considerable time. Several small structural
alterations took place here during this phase, as evidenced by the existence of two successive
swivel holes for the door, the first set back into the line of the street wall, the second out on the
surviving top step itself (plates 28c, 1 7b); the line of small stones shown on plan running across
the top step seems likely to be a later addition placed there after the removal of a finer original
threshold. The steps were constructed partly over the masonry of the square cistern ceq', which
had been filled in and was now covered by a clay built oven, lined with tiles. The oven was
found filled with and surrounded by whitish-grey ash. Fragments of plain white plaster, fallen
among mudbrick and tile fragments onto the earth floor suggest that the main build here was of
mudbrick, plastered and protected with whitewash.
Sherd evidence indicates that the life of the entrance room in its second form covered the mid
to late 1st century A.D. The floor level at the bottom of the steps, contemporary with the early
use of the oven, contained mid 1st A.D. sherds (level XI 10). But the room itself, the new
dividing wall at the south, the steps and the oven were covered by a deep layer of fill with tiles,
building rubble and pottery of Trajanic date (levels XI 5-9), plate 28e.
The Bottle Cistern (Well 12)

Views at plate 29, Section at plate 12b.
The well-head was discovered in 1971 at the time of the excavation of the Roman courtyard,
and subsequent investigation demonstrated its connection also with earlier, Hellenistic
structures, but the contents were not cleared until the spring of 1973, after the upper shaft had
been removed down to the level of the Late Minoan floor. l ° The following account is based on
a report originally prepared for separate publication by J. Ellis Jones, who helped with the
excavation and at the same time undertook the study of the very large quantity of pottery
deriving from the fill (Deposit D4).1 1
Excavation
Excavation of the cistern was carried out in three stages. Its existence was first revealed in 1971
in the Roman levels of Trench XII almost by accident, when the thick crust of earth which had
formed over its mouth collapsed into the open shaft and revealed the capstone. In this season
the capstone and uppermost part of the shaft were examined and removed; as the shaft was
hollow for some way down, work involved demolition rather than clearance of fill, and material

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collected derived principally from the fabric an

second section of the shaft was dismantled and
These two stages had removed the upper two-th
down from the capstone. A further short season
part of the plaster-lined shaft which remained
into which it opened out further down, a total f
arbitrary levels of 50cms. except where a chan
was cleared to the floor, all but for a column of
chamber, to a height of c. 1.25m., to buttress it
that, whereas the plaster lining adhered well to t
out-sloping roof of the chamber and brought lu
brown clayish earth with stones, tiles, plaster
earth becoming whiter or grey-brown silt nearer
both in upper and lower levels, though most cam
be a homogeneous, and basically one period fill a
third of the 2nd century A.D. for convenien
discussion under Deposit D4).
Since the contents were purely Roman, but
(Hellenistic) phases of use, a test was cut through
unsurfaced well-shaft directly under that of
kouskouras rock. This lower well-shaft was also
denoted as Well 12 showed two obvious structur
to the ancient water level, used for some time an
been re-used, re-fashioned, extended out at the
make a bottle-shaped cistern, one indeed whic
Construction
The capstone was a large square slab, 0.92 x 0.97m. in length and breadth and 0.25m. in
height, having in its centre a square opening, 0.40 x 0.40m. in size, with slightly rounded
corners, each of which had a finger-sized indentation cut at the top (plate 29a-b). The
opening was just large enough to admit a bucket or similar sized vessel into the shaft while the
indentations could have been cut to secure a frame and lid over the mouth or to raise over it a
framework for a winch or other lifting apparatus. The surface of the stone bore two grooves
extending from the opening to the outer edge - on the east side, a very narrow straight-sided
groove, and on the north a deeper and broader runnel, rather funnel-shaped with the narrow
end to the opening and the wider to the outside. Along the top outer edges of the capstone,
surviving only on two sides, there ran a low kerb moulded in plaster (plate 29b, d). Plaster was
used also on the sides of the capstone and in a neat packing of stones, 0.25m. deep, underneath
it; incorporated in the latter, under the line of the wider runnel just noted, was an upturned
cover tile of rounded Laconian type which extended right through from the outer edge into the
shaft and was probably set there as a drain to let in the water which was to be stored in the
cistern (plate 29a).
Below the capstone the shaft was seen to be quite narrow, ovoid rather than perfectly round
with a larger diameter of 0.6m. It was lined with pink hydraulic plaster c. 5cms. thick, laid
against the neatly fitted small stones of the shaft lining. The round to ovoid section was
maintained, but the shaft gradually widened all the way down, so that at 4.0m. below the top
of the capstone, it measured 1.0m. in diameter. Below that, the sides sloped away more sharply

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and the shaft opened out into a round chamber,

walls curving in to a floor which was nearly fla
maximum depth of the cistern from the surface
7.25m. Its form was one common among ancien
of a modern conical flask. * 3 The interior wa
noted at the top of the shaft; of varying thick
higher up, and lower down to the grey-yell
fragments with some kouskouras still adhering f
excavation. The total capacity of the cistern can
12,600 litres.
Use and history

First it may be convenient to summarise the history of the well complex as a whole, giving the
dates assigned to the associated pottery. We may distinguish three periods of use: (1) a deep
well dug, used, abandoned and refilled in the Archaic period (late 7th century B.C.), and from
which the material has already been published (BSA 73 1978, 49); (2) a cistern fashioned out of
the refilled well-shaft in the 2nd century B.C., and to be related to Deposit H23 (construction
and first phase, c. 175-150 B.C.) and Deposit H26 (reconstruction and second phase of use, late
2nd/early 1st B.C.); (3) the same cistern cleaned out, re-used (with only minor modifications at
the very top to the well-head and its surrounds), and again abandoned and refilled in the
Roman imperial period (see Deposit D4, early 2nd century A.D.).
The Hellenistic and Roman use of the cistern may have been continuous. Hellenistic sherds
were conspicuous by their absence from the fill of the well-shaft and that of the cistern, and by
their presence in the fill of those external plaster-lined basins and channels adjacent to the
cistern-head, which had (although replaced and overlain by secondary structures) formed part
with the cistern of the same, and original, arrangement for the storage, use and disposal of rain-
water; their presence there guarantees an early date for the construction of the cistern, their
absence from the cistern itself only that it had been cleaned out thoroughly and refurbished for
later use. The same consideration applies to those intervening periods (1st B.C./ 1st A.D.) for
which there is ample evidence for continued occupation in the area, but none from the fill of the
cistern itself. As the Roman fill was fairly homogeneous in character, and belonged within the
first third of the 2nd century A.D., the evidence points to a final cleaning, re-use and refill at the
beginning of this period. * 4 Some sherds from the cistern join with others from the final Roman
deposits in the courtyard (Deposit D5), providing evidence that cistern and yard went out of
use at about the same time. Both were abandoned and buried at about the time when the
neighbouring House of Diamond Frescoes was constructed.
Historical Summary
The Southeast House plot seems to have been laid out in general plan, perhaps in conjun
with the Southwest House and the intermediate buildings, in the 2nd century B.C. A
terminus post quern is provided at the west end by the deep 2nd B.C. robbing pit (Pit 22, De
H28). Probably to be associated with the first building is evidence for late Hellen
construction both to the east at the cistern complex (Deposit H26, level XII 26) and to the w
beneath the triangular room (Deposit H29, level XI 30). The interconnection of the t
deposits is shown by joining sherds. There follow scant traces of pre- Augustan 1st

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occupation beneath the Roman floors, Deposit

(level XI 27) and level XI 31 at the west.
The paved court and associated buildings as w
B.C. (Augustan) build, re-using earlier wall lines
series of three) was found at the west side of th
area during the 1st century B.C. Continued
indicated by the sherd material which accumula
east end was kept comparatively clean and level,
bottle cistern. Structural alterations to the west
century A.D. and life and work continued here
area was abandoned. The western part of the
Trajanic date, whereas above the courtyard floor
found a mass of redeposited destruction materia
the first destruction of the North House across t
finally abandoned. Rebuilding took place at t
adjacent plot to the south (the House of the D
found above the Southeast House itself.
THE EAST HOUSE

Plan at plates 3, 16b; views at plate 31; Sections C and F.
Layout and Construction

The East House is a building in the east central area of the excavation an
complete rooms, and parts of two others preserved on the very edge of the L
The greater part of the building was excavated in 1967 (Trench VII) an
portion completed in 1971 (Trench XII); it is cut by the central east-west
On the northwest side the house is delimited by the oblique line of the street
south by the line of the Southeast House, while on the east it was c
excavation (plate 31c). The internal dividing walls are oriented approxim
parallel with the line of the south wall. Thus we have an approximatel
containing two trapezoidal rooms, and the diagonally cut halves of two other
interconnected, Room I with Rooms II and III, and Room II also with the
but a change during the life of the building caused the doorway between Ro
blocked, thus making the corner room less accessible. After the doorway wa
entrance into Room I was from the north side, passing through Room II. Th
into Room II from the north is not well preserved; but although we have no
the survival of a door socket at the extreme northeast stretch of walling here
there was an entrance.
From the surviving portion of the building it is not possible to reconstruct the overall pla
nor to estimate its original size. The principal means of access may have been from the stree
level above, or from a lower level further east. Evidence for this is now lost, as is that for a
possible connection with the neighbouring Southeast House, of which little more than
courtyard was preserved. We can say that the rooms lie at the western edge of the building
that they probably opened out onto more spacious units further east. The nature of th
contents shows that they were storerooms and workrooms.

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The walls of the surviving structure were pres

the south wall and the west wall of Room III,
are bonded and seem to represent an original bu
the flimsier and thinner partition walls at no
build at least one doorway, that connecting
threshold block and doorjambs (plate 31b). A stu
its north wall, which also constitutes the East H
Hellenistic foundations. Since the west wall of Room III is bonded in, it should be
contemporary, at least with the main (Augustan) build. However no trace of occupation levels
as early as Augustan were found in the East House. Close beneath the final floors, which were
Neronian, were found the scant remains of a Hellenistic building, with destruction deposit
partly preserved (Deposit H 13), but disturbed by the construction of the East House, to judge
by the occurrence of Hellenistic sherds and coins (C20, 90, 91, 97) in the fabric of the East
House walls, and by others found in the fill (C3, 40, 48, 59, 64, 84). Three other considerations
suggest that the building as we have it is a post- Augustan reconstruction using some Augustan
walls. First, the subsidiary walls (Room II north wall, Room I north and west walls) abutt
onto, and should therefore be later than the Augustan lines already mentioned and also later
than the street terrace wall, which seems to have been built in the early 1st century A.D. (see
discussion of the Street). Secondly, there was no build up of earth floors from the intermediate
periods during the life of the building (the 1st half of the 1st century A.D.), as there was in the
Southwest House (Room I). This would suggest a major clean-up or a new phase of
reconstruction during this period. Thirdly, the closure of the connecting doorway between
Rooms I and III by a stone-built blocking wall shows that some replanning did take place.
In the final build the upper courses of the walls were constructed of mudbrick, some of which
was found in the fill where it had fallen in over the collapsed roof. Fragments of white plaster
backing were found in position on the south wall of Room III, and other fragments in the fill,
coloured red, pink and blue. From this evidence we should reconstruct an upper floor above
Room III, but there was no evidence from the fill that such a floor also extended above Rooms
I and II.
The roof was of Laconian tiles, patched or sealed with white plaster, and appar
weighted down in places by large flat stones, which lay among the tile fall. 1 5
The Destruction Fills
The East House was destroyed violently, perhaps by earthquake, when its tile
brick walling collapsed and sealed over the contents of its rooms. The destruction
found intact on a yellow clay floor at depth 12. 95-13. 35m. (sloping up to the we
roof tiles lying thickly over it (plate 31a, c- d).
The lower fill consisted of loose brown earth among the tiles, changing to a loo
consistency beneath. In Room I there was an area of orange-red mudbrick in
corner, elsewhere dark earth down to a fine yellow clay floor, with some ash
base, no. 12 on plan, contained a pure grey ashy substance, whose purpose is
discussion in the following section). In Room II there was a spread of pale grey as
of the floor, thickly concentrated in a patch near the northeast corner, an
semicircular feature of white clay, evidently a poorly constructed hearth, on the e
room. Though there were flecks of carbon trodden into the clay floor of this room
there were no instances of charred wood on the floor to suggest destruction by fir

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
burning on tiles or stones. The fill in the adjace

Room II, ashy fill over a yellow clay floor (S
In Room I was found the skeleton of a large do
destruction of the building and struck by fallen
the skeleton was provided by Shelagh Wall, w
the details of the drawing (no. 7 on plan).
"The skeleton of a dog found in this deposit
animal. The right femur had a healed fracture i
have caused some degree of lameness to the
estimated from measurements of the long bone
would have stood to 49.5cms. at the shoulder."
Function
The content of Rooms I and III show that they were used principally for storage. In
four complete or near complete amphorae (Nl,43-44, two as Nl,45) lay on the floor; i
III the base of one was found set upright in a rectangular stand constructed beside the so
wall, and two others (Nl,51, Nl,45) were found in association with a built compartm
rack at the north side (see plan at plate 16b: Room I nos. 2, 4, 6, 15; Room III nos. 1
Another five amphorae from the fill bring the total to twelve. The presence of a lar
presumably a watch-dog, in Room I suggests that the contents of the room were con
worth guarding.
A secondary function may have been cooking, to judge from the cookpots also found o
floor (nos. 1, 5, 8 and 13 on plan). Room II did not contain any storage facilities, but the
set against the east wall indicates that it served for cooking or baking. It is not clear whet
ash piled against the south and west walls was merely the clearings from the hearth awa
disposal or was to be retained for some purpose. As mentioned above, one amphora b
into the floor in the adjacent room (no. 12 on plan) contained a grey ashy substance simi
that found in quantity in Room II. 1 7 It could have been set into the floor with hot ash f
nearby fire for use as a warming device. Suggestions can be made concerning other p
domestic or industrial uses for collecting fine ash and these might include the following: 1
an additive/adulterate in baking (as sometimes today, both in bread and Greek honey
such as the melomakarona or finikia); for the clarifying of wine; or as a polishing agent for
(with lemon juice).
From the close similarity of the finds from Rooms I and III, it seems likely that al
rooms were part of a single unit and served the combined function of storage and
preparation. The blocking of the doorway between Rooms I and III might have been inten
to provide greater security for Room I, or to protect Room III against smoke or fumes fro
fireplace of Room II, for the fireplace was barely a metre from the blocked doorway. Th
rooms were still linked and part of one unit is also suggested by the finding in Room III
lid (Nl,29) which belongs to the ring-handled cookpot (Nl,31) of Room I (nos. 5 and
plan).
Chronology
As suggested above, two of the major walls of this building were probably built during the
Augustan period. An occupation period of sufficient length to warrant some internal

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restructuring is suggested by the blocking wall

The make-up of the floor contained one Nero
while the fill which lay in the triangular spa
Nero and Octavia). This evidence is consistent
finds 3rd quarter 1st century A.D. parallels from
for the destruction deposit is provided by a coi
later silt which had accumulated over the surviv
deposit was some later 1st century A.D. silt, and,
there, was an early 2nd century A.D. occupati
part of a disturbed and mostly perhaps redepos
5).
In summary, then, we have elements of a building constructed at least in part in the
Augustan period (like the Southeast House), but whose final floors effectively cleared away
earlier occupation levels, since they were laid closely over a late 3rd B.C. destruction level
(Deposit H13). Its occupation was brought to a violent end in the 3rd quarter of the 1st century
A.D. The resultant destruction deposit (Deposit Nl ) was found intact beneath later 1st century
A.D. silt, and partly sealed beneath a disturbed early 2nd century A.D. occupation level. This
deposit along with other contemporary material is described as 'Neronian' following the
evidence of the coins, and it may be suggested, with some reservation, that an earthquake
recorded for Knossos in Nero's thirteenth year - 67 A.D.20 - was the occasion of the
destruction.
THE HOUSE OF THE DIAMOND FRESCOES

Plan at plate 20; Sections B and E; views at plate 24b, 32-3; frescoes at plates 2
The latest house constructed on the site of the Unexplored Mansion wa

southeast corner of the excavated area. Its existence had been briefly no
Evans; above the south end of the ashlar facade of the Mansion, near the brid
the Little Palace, he came across the remains of 'a Graeco-Roman house
decorative wall-paintings showing upright marbled bands of green and r
that the remains were set only 'about a metre higher than the Minoan f
workmen removed most of the structure of the house, but left those w
extended back beyond the facade of the Mansion and the limits of his excava
the wall-painting surviving on these remaining walls that this house was nam
the Diamond Frescoes'.
Plan The remains found 'in situ' represented four westerly rooms of a larger complex
20). Room I in the northwest corner of the house was that set furthest back into the hillsid
as found was defined on all four sides by standing walls. Room II lay in line with the east
Room I, but only the partition wall and very short stubs of the adjoining walls survived. R
III, further south, preserved the west wall, parts of the adjacent walls and a metre- wide str
its floor. The southernmost room located, Room IV, was represented again by its west
and parts of its north and east walls. Rooms I- III, already much disturbed by the earlier w
were cleared in 1971; their remains were recorded and later in 1972 removed to expose par
the Minoan building. Room IV was excavated in two stages in 1977; its south edge lies b
the limits of the latest excavation.22

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Size The overall dimensions, as recovered, ar

excavation, and 10.60m. east-west from the buil
end of Room IV. At least one secure measurem
3.45m. north-south and 5. 80-5. 90m. east-we
was 4.95m. north-south; and Room IV was 7.4
and the others suggests that the 4.75m. north-so
not be far short of the full width. Similarly if o
the building, Room III would be 7.0m. long ea
would make it considerably smaller than all the
the complex extended some way further east, d
The nature of the surviving structure carries s
Room I had walls standing to a considerable heig
west, where they backed up against the accum
periods from Minoan to mid-empire. In detail
E) show that the west wall, as preserved, stood
above the adjacent floor (with a high point of 3
and south walls were 2.74m. and 2.45m. high (2.5
wall stood to a height of 1.20m. So the floor lay
earlier Roman houses situated to the west, an
window. The same was true of the west ends
were not preserved so high: a section across R
west wall retained only 1.15m. of its inner face a
As Evans had previously noted, this house lay v
Minoan building, and indeed in 1971 and 197
were found to lie in places directly on Minoan w
basement room, and Rooms III and IV were at
sloping ground. It is likely therefore that other
the east of them. Again it is possible that either
and IV, or a set of upper rooms, which could ha
otherwise tiled roofs laid over Rooms I, III an
would have reached down close to ground leve
Construction The construction of the house

were of coursed rubble and re-used building
pieces of architectural and other stone featu
incorporated a whole course of segments of bro
seven, set at 1.70m. above the floor on the inne
side. Again, high up in the surviving stonework,
strengthened by three courses of re-used re
Otherwise the exterior of the outer walls ofthat room and the west walls of Rooms III and IV
are not given a built face, but constructed against the back of a terrace cut into the slope,
whereas the inner faces had been rendered smooth with a thick layer of lime mortar and faced
with plaster. A number of putlog holes were noted in the course of excavation and final
demolition of the walls, but these would have been sealed behind the plastered face. Demolition
also revealed some very large blocks re-used as foundations for the west and south walls of
Room I, including fine rectangular blocks and slabs perhaps salvaged from a Minoan building.

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Walls The walls varied considerably in thick

thick (72-74cms. with the plaster face), the n
face), the south wall 62-66cms. thick and the ea
40cms. thick, but might have been c. 50cms. th
Room III had an overall thickness of 1.10-1. 28m., and that of Room IV was similar at
1.1 0-1. 20m., whereas its east wall was only 50cms. thick.
The house walls preserve clear evidence of structural damage and subsequent repair,
involving also minor changes of plan. The south wall of Room I showed a vertical break in the
stonework in line with the northwest corner of Room III (plate 33d), perhaps caused by
subsidence but more probably resulting from the same causes which required major repairs in
the latter room. In Room III itself the thick west wall revealed during demolition two distinct
phases of build (Section A, plate 32d). It incorporated in its lowest part the levelled stub
(50-60cms. high) of an earlier, thinner retaining wall, only 50-56cms. thick, but neatly built,
and with a plastered face to the room; the early wall had tilted and bulged out of line and so
was reduced to a safe height. Repair involved adding a new front, 60cms. thick, built with
deeper foundations and larger stones (including a re-used moulded base), and then continuing
upwards at the combined thickness, with squarish facing stones backed by rubble. The earlier
wall had been bonded at base with the south wall of Room I, (the repair only butted against it
there, and cut across its line higher up). Furthermore, the plastered face of the earlier wall was
in line with the west end of Room IV, and represented the original layout. The rebuild had
involved not merely the slight reduction in length of Room III but also the blocking of a
doorway between that room and Room IV set at the innermost corner. The blocked doorway
was only found when Room IV was investigated; it was 55cms. wide and had a slightly jutting
west jamb with a hard mortared face, apparently unpainted, but little damaged by the rubble
and mortar packing in the doorway (plates 20, 32c, e). The blocking was sealed with plaster,
completely hidden behind the painted frescoes which belonged to the final phase of the house.
The discovery in 1977 of this blocked doorway in the southwest corner corner of Room III
raised the question whether a similar doorway had existed in the corresponding northern
corner, also blocked by the same repair. The vertical break in the south wall of Room I might
mark the east jamb of such a doorway, or else a deliberate break in the wall made to allow the
masonry of the repair to be mortared for strength into the west end of the south wall, which was
also a retaining wall; certainly during demolition in 1971 no other break in the south wall had
been noted which might correspond to another jamb.
That Room I was entered from the adjacent Room III is quite clear, and indeed there is an
obvious doorway in its southeast corner, in line with Evans' exploratory trench. The condition
of the stonework, especially on the east side, made it impossible to measure its true width
(80cms. at least, perhaps even 1.0m.), or to decide whether this was the original entrance or a
replacement for a narrower doorway midway along the length of Room I, rather than in its
corner.
One other doorway is to be considered, a door set in the east w

along from its north end, and close to the limit of excavation. Larg
threshold and a step down on the outside, and their width indic
wide. The evidence is not conclusive, but the very size of the stone
intended main entry into the room, and that it was an origin
replacement for the blocked narrow doorway in the innermost cor
III and IV together.

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Floors The floors of the house likewise provide

repair. The total area of floor surface which surviv
In Room I the west half of the floor was protected
had been dug away by Evans' workmen. In Room
the partition wall between it and Room I. In R
made floor remained between the west wall and t
Room IV, although more of the level area of the r
hardly any trace of a prepared floor. The contrasts
Room I seemed to be made of a layer of pale pink
to be of hard trodden clay with large pieces of pl
and the floor in places lay directly on crumbled m
on the attenuated post-Minoan but early layers, m
they levelled the ground for this house (Section
III, the floor level was represented by a layer of fl
obviously associated with the repair of the wes
packed stone layer, was an earlier floor of har
associated with the original, narrower west
foundations of the repair had cut right through it
rough cobbling, seemed rather to be the bottomin
itself, yet upon it in confusion lay many fragmen
fallen from the wall, pieces of tile, and, most
sculpture, representing perhaps unfinished bu
278-293). Room IV also preserved some few patche
(roughly level with the lower earlier floor of R
floor), but there was no well defined floor, merel
east end; and below that various lengths of earlier
up to the level of the bottom of the frescoed wal
found many pieces of elaborate cornice and fragm
(see Section 9 below). Similarly, outside the east th
earth was found, without trace of laid gravel o
bottoming for other material. In general the cr
floors throughout the house provide a significa
painted walls, and this point is discussed below.
Frescoes (plates 21, 33-4) The most notable dis

preserved evidence of its frescoed decoration. In o
painted wall or ceiling plaster had been found
adhering to the wall surface. In this latest phase p
three rooms reasonably well preserved (Rooms I, I
to make possible a general reconstruction of t
adoption of the name of the House of Diamon
account with coloured illustrations of the house u
The painted plaster of the three rooms will be de
Room I had both the largest area of preserved
with a fairly continuous strip running along the
large pieces rising unbroken to head height in
colour traceable even at heights of 2. 0-2. 50m. up

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room the lower wall had been painted wit

narrower panels of yellow marbled with oo
wider panels marbled with zigzag or meander
preserved dado on the west wall had an ax
35cms. wide, the others 38cms. wide, with gr
green panels 45 and 40 cms. at the corners. T
from the northwest corner with a green pan
yellow design, 38-40cms. wide, alternating
green. These widths would have allowed fiv
into the north wall dado. The south wall also
and then continued with alternating red-on
70-74cms. wide; four red and five green pane
doorway. All the dado panels were edge
continuous dark green band, 6cms. wide, al
upper zone of the decoration and from it
separated the series of high panels on the up
with narrower ones, only 16-18cms. acros
diamond or lozenge, bordered with a blue o
of the diamond panels was an alternation o
diamonds on yellow; the yellow of both diam
streaks, in a different marble effect from th
pink, more heavily marbled with black lines.
seemed to be centred above a red-on-yellow
So the series can be schematically reconstru
four on the south, and five on the north; th
its decoration mirrored that of the west wal
single panel was preserved to its full heigh
height of 1.45-1. 50m. for this zone of dec
below, by a dark green band. Further up only
west and north walls, at 2. 25-2. 50m. abov
frieze of green, plain or marbled in the style
adopts a minimal height). The next eleme
entirely from numerous fallen fragments of
projecting cornice, 1 lcms. high with a projec
and-yellow style of the dado; several fragm
another frieze of undefined height, which
projection, and plain white in colour (plat
retained in places the trough-like impression
fix the cornice itself to the wall, or the sh
fragments of the lower cornice were spatter
from the frieze above it, and some of the up
suggested that there was a blue frieze at th
pieces of blue plaster on the floor provided s
In Room II painted plaster was found in posi
more on the west than on the south wall,
40cms. of the preserved height of 50-55c
described (plates 2 Id, 32b-c). On the west

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
marbled panel, 23cms. wide, a red-on-yellow

panel, at least 46cms. wide. The south wall disp
green panel, 84cms. across, and part of a red-o
and top by a black edging, 2cms. wide, with
top. The next element was a horizontal band,
or flaked in places, which sent up equally wide
zone. One such panel was just traceable on t
mottled ochre-yellow, and preserved the lowes
the red-and-yellow panel of the dado below. On
and diamond were outlined with thin red lines
vertical border came right into the corner, allo
south wall only a fragment, at most 58cms. wi
on the other wall, the lowest element was the
but with the usual blue-green traceable in plac
at the very corner. Within the dark border ca
second border rather than a solid panel, for a s
band while the marbling rose higher at the cor
a patch of pale indeterminate, probably fad
oolitic border was preserved, it follows that th
colour scheme from the narrow pink marbled
Room I. Too little plaster survives to make it p
this room with any confidence. However it i
wide, and one marbled panel, c. 50cms. wide
surviving length of the north wall, between th
length of the west wall itself could accomm
diamond panel at its north end, just as was f
marbled panels, again with dark vertical bands
panels had an alternating colour scheme of r
red. Fallen fragments suggested that two corn
an upper cornice of the same profile as those i
marbled face and the upper again white, but h
the base of the cornice, and a red frieze above.
start of a raking cornice, as for a pediment set
some other moulded embellishment.
Room IV was the third room which preserved some painted plaster, on its west and north
walls, but as no great height of face had survived, very little above the now familiar marbled
dado was found. Here again was an alternation of red-on-yellow oolitic panels and wider green
marbled panels, with their colours so vivid that the patterning seemed crude and brash. In
contrast to the sequence found in Rooms I and II, here it was a red-on-yellow panel which
occupied the corner position on both west and north walls. The layout on the west wall can be
reconstructed from plastering still adhering to it and from fragments pieced together during
study. An oolitic panel, 49cms. wide, occupied the north end, and then came a long green
panel, 90cms. wide, and another oolitic panel; further south, near the limit of excavation, was a
complete oolitic panel, 39cms. wide, flanked by incomplete green panels, one disappearing into
the south baulk (plate 32b). The exposed length of the west wall (4.75m.) would
accommodate four such oolitic panels with three green panels in between; if the green panels
were all of comparable length and the sequence required another red oolitic panel in the

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
southern corner to balance that found at the no

length of 5.90m. for the west wall. The north w
only 15cms. wide) at the west corner, with
plasterwork covered the blocked doorway bet
accounted for the result - a total length of 64cm
Room IV displayed other differences in its c
plaster above the dado in the northwest corn
black lines at sides and top, but above them cam
4cms. wide, also black edged; above that ano
marbled with regular oblique streaks of red,
wide and ochre edged; the three with their vari
16cms. high, over the dado. Above that, part of
a vertical band, 9cms. wide, on each of the adjo
meander zigzag pattern, and then a wider ba
coloured dark green or brown, and overpainted
the panels. Many other fragments of painted pla
all from its walls or ceiling. A variety of mu
borders; e.g. parallel red lines on blue, next to b
black bordered on two sides by red-on-yellow o
black, red and green. They present no clear pict
preserve no evidence for diamond panels, such
tending against a scheme close to that of Roo
are centred over the narrow red-on-yellow pane
the very corner of Room IV makes it improbab
the lozenge painted partly on the west and part
other mouldings adorned the upper wall: 14 coll
flat-topped cornice, in height and projection
moulded profile its upper cornice; they preserv
of red-on-yellow oolitic marbling, and then the
indistinct traces of red marbling. Two fragmen
recorded. Most impressive was a heavy plaster p
with the lower and the raking cornices, sugg
feature might have embellished a doorway in th
(plate 34c).
The decorative schemes of the frescoed rooms
the veneering of walls in panels and bands; non
scenes or of formalised floral or animal motifs
the juxtaposition of marbles of contrasting colo
and the imitation marbling of this house ado
banded green panels of the dado probably im
from near Larissa, while the red-on-yellow ooli
Numidicum' from Chemtou in North Africa. Various kinds of 'marmor scritto' or whitish or
pale marbles with veining in a scribble pattern are seen in the pink-on-black panels and in red-
on-white borders. The dark red diamonds, panels and borders may have imitated loca
material, the dark red stone of Mt Dikte, and it is possible that other Cretan marbles were also
simulated by some of the panels and borders.24 Whereas in this house only imitation marbling
was used in the dado, diamond panels, borders and cornices, both similar imitation marblin

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
and real marble veneers were used in the Villa Dion

situated 350m. to the northwest.25 Fragments of s
'verde antico', 'giallo antico', 'marmor scritto', the
found in Roman levels within the 'Unexplored man
veneering in houses much closer than the Villa D
Occupation and History

There are two oddities about the House of Diamond
the nature of its occupation and history. One is the
between, on the one hand, the house walls with th
and plaster, their elaborate frescoes, cornices and m
of earth and plaster mix, rough cobbling , or plain
of the discovery of many fragments of plaster scu
these crude floors, but the lack of any proper she
and abandonment. There is an inherent oddity in a
in excavating so deep a house site and revetting
intending no better surfaces as permanent floo
elaborate decorative scheme had been adopted f
basement or semi-basement rooms of a house with
or east of them), it would appear more consonan
more finished appearance, such as smooth cement,
semi-basement rooms so deeply sunk into the hi
would be structurally unsound not to provide ha
The contrasts can therefore be best explained on
interrupted the course of construction, when the
far advanced, but before the final surfaces of the f
been such that the building was abandoned, in effe
in by the owner, at least not in the full comfort an
might require. Some of the tumbled material migh
fragments on the floor are far too few to represe
them were taken away for re-use. The shell of
allowed to fill up with the soil washed in from
dumping material. That this process was gradual
found adhering to the walls; it was pitted, faded a
vivid in colour lower down where the earth fill had
come into all the rooms at an even rate: little actu
III, and that was in places faded, whereas more
with particularly bright colours.27
This suggestion of a house abandoned during co
that this house itself had, at least in one part, t
reasonably be asked whether that in itself doe
appreciable time between the phases and there
above in the description of Room III, the outer lin
replacement for or rather a thorough repair of
bulged and then been reduced to a safe height an
That first thin wall was by no means some antique

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chance and built into their own wall to save time

layout and building of the house, for it actually b
associated with the interconnecting corner doo
That this original layout does not represent a r
from the impermanence of the floors of Rooms I
the layout of the house until its abandonment, an
of trodden earth and had no real occupation deb
higher cobbled floor which was added as part of
The tilt of the stump of the primary wall sug
structural damage caused to a vital retaining wall
seepage, a shift in the soil, or probably an earth t
had been laid out in plan, and the walls built up t
walls were decorated and certainly before any p
building was occupied by residents rather than co
unsound fabric was removed and the wall rebuilt
a little in the length of Room III and sacrificin
between it and Room IV. Then work proceeded fu
painted in bright colours and moulded cornices
that the walls had reached their full height and
something else occurred to interrupt this work
social or political nature which affected the whole
earthquake which caused even more serious damag
in the part found and excavated) is suggested by o
cornice fragments and tiles lies directly on the
with no intervening accumulation of soil such
abandoned while structurally sound and then on
resting directly on the stones is a hint that a sud
the builders and owners to abandon the near-com
and modify the building.
So in summary the history of the house is s
interrupted by partial damage, renewed with r
then terminated suddenly, possibly by eart
complicated the situation, since there was no atte
plot, nor indeed any further building over any pa
Date
For dating the construction and abandonment of the house (dates which it has been argue
not significantly far apart), three types of stylistic evidence are available - those of the
sculpture, of the frescoes, and of the pottery. The plaster sculpture is discussed in d
Section 9, and it is sufficient here to note that the style is consonant with a date in the lat
century A.D. The style of the painted wall plaster, with its so-called incrustation st
imitation marbling and geometric forms exemplified in the dado and diamond panels
closely datable in itself, because variants of the style prevailed for a long time in many p
the Roman empire. It is certainly not a style which finds close parallels at Pompei
Herculaneum which exemplify styles prevalent up to 79 A.D. However, Pliny the Elde
died in that locality at that date was familiar with the genuine incrustation style ba

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
marble veneers, which he termed 'lapide pingere', and i

the basis for the imitatory style borrowed from th
Rostovtzeff noted that the incrustation style based
from the 1st century A.D. onwards, but it is now clear t
period.29 The closest local parallel is the Villa Dionys
there were similarities in the decorative concepts and i
comparisons must await an architectural report on t
that the final elaborate building phase of the villa belon
abandonment to c. 160-180 A.D. Parallels for particular
style in various colours can be cited from Italy, fro
beyond; but such similarities, however interesting cann
examples, because the style was long-lasting. Particular
diamond may provide a more specific basis for dating w
lozenge panels can be cited from Catterick and Lullin
cases the lozenge is set lengthwise in the dado rather th
diamonds in black against alternating panels of red and
at Virunum in Austria, a multi-period structure; a date
A.D. was proposed for the decorative phase based on
The third basis for dating is pottery from the house. A
the house a definite deposit of occupation pottery on th
a balance must be drawn between the very latest of the
walls and foundations, and again under the floors, and th
fill, particularly those from the lower fill.
Most of the sherds from the walls and foundations ra
cent. A.D.; the latest items included the following:
1. Çandarli saucer 71/P225, profile, d.17. Form L9. Late fabric
2. Çandarli bowl, base fr. of Form HI or H2; mid 2nd-3rd A.D
3. Plain ware bowl, rim fr. with pie crust rim (cf. U86); 2nd-3
4. Cookpots, 2 rim frs. with flat everted rim; 2nd A.D. ware.
From under the floor of Room I, with mainly Hell

sherds were:
5. Cookpot, 3 rim frs. as no. 4 above.
In Room III, from the layer of stony build-up between the earlier clay floor and the later
cobbled floor, came 10 datable sherds, 4 1st A.D. and 6 rather later including:
6. E Sig B bowl, base fr. with stepped floor. Form 80. Mid lst-mid 2nd A.D.
7. Cookpot, ribbed wall frs. 2nd A.D. ware.
The fill inside the rooms can be divided into two main levels: first an upper wash (Section B
no. 1, Section E no. 2), higher than most of the preserved sections of wall plaster, and likely to
contain at least some material post-dating the abandonment of the house; and secondly the
lower fill over the floor (Section B no. 2, Section E no. 3), a fill which accumulated while the
decorated walls were still visible and which is likely to contain material contemporary with the
abandonment or earlier.
Material from the upper fill includes many 2nd A.D. and late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. pieces. Th
latest, no. 2 below, belongs to the mid 3rd century A.D. Included are the following:

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
1. Çandarli Forms HI, 2, 3 and 4, as U18a, b, U23,

2. North African Red Slip Ware, Form 8A, as Ul (p
mid 3rd A.D.
3. Grey ware cookpots/casseroles with flat everted rim, as R2, 16 (plate 185), later 2nd A.D.
4. Cooking dish fr. with rising rim, as U65 (plate 193), late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
5. Coarse ribbed jars, as SI, 4, (plate 187), Severan.
The material from the lower fill is quite similar to that from the upper fill. Many of the sam
forms occur, and are types which are found both in the later 2nd and in the 3rd century A.D.
(nos. 1, 3 and 4 below). Lacking, however, are those forms which can be definitely attributed t
the Severan period or later (Çandarli Form 4, N.African Red Slip Form 50, coarse ribbed jars).
The following are included in the lower fill:
6. Çandarli ware, Forms 2 and 3, see no. 1 above. 2nd A.D.
7. E Sig B profile Form 60. plate 163, no. 8. 100-150 A.D.
8. Cookpot with flat everted rim, as R2, 10; see no. 3 above. 2nd A.D.
9. Frying pan rim fr. with rising rim. 2nd A.D.
10. Large baggy storage jar, U 105, plate 196. 2nd A.D.(?)
In summary, then, the date of material in the construction belongs in the 2nd century A.D.
going up to the later decades ofthat century, that of the lower fill is no later, while that of the
upper fill which postdates the abandonment, is very similar in character but runs into the 3rd
century A.D.
Consideration of this evidence in conjunction with the suggestion made above that this
building was still under construction when it was abandoned, having suffered perhaps two
disasters during the period of building and decorating, makes it likely that it belongs within the
last quarter of the 2nd century A.D.
This date is consistent with the evidence presented in Section 9 for the plaster sculptures,
and with the pottery date suggested for the final destruction of the Villa Dionysos close by,
which perhaps fell victim to the same earthquake.
THE NORTH HOUSE

Plans at plates 3, 4, 19; Sections D, F; views at plates 35-38.
The excavated area is defined by the south face of the aqueduct at the north, 12.50m. in length,
by the street wall at the east, measuring 9m. in length, the central street at the south, 20m. in
length, and the west baulk at the west, some 20m. long. This gives a trapezoidal area of some
180 square metres.
There are two major building phases in this area, the earlier characterised by a Hadrianic
destruction deposit, the later marked by a Severan deposit. Some lines of walls are common to
both these periods. They include those of the aqueduct at the north, the street wall at east and
the other street wall on the south side. In the case of the street walls there was substantial
rebuilding, the east wall being reset about one wall thickness further to the west, in e
sacrificing about 80cms. of the width of the house to the street, but the south wall being
slightly further out, so that it now slightly overlapped the front edge of its predecessor (see
discussion of the construction of the street) . Thus the lines of these outside walls rem
basically the same. Two other features common to both periods were: (a) a central w
roughly dividing this trapezoidal area into two equal parts, on a north-south line run
parallel to the east street wall; and (b) a wall at right angles to this and parallel to the aque

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at a distance of some 3m. from it. These two f

phase, defining a trapezoidal area at the so
through the later phase.
The whole of this area is treated here as o
dwelling throughout its history cannot be cla
may have formed two dwelling units at some
the central north-south partition wall already
The North House: first building phase

The North House in its first phase was a s
whole of the large, roughly trapezoidal area o
have been rather larger than that, and exten
early phase there was no wall visible in the f
end wall of the house or an internal partition
did mark an outer or inner limit of the later
There were only two slight indications of wh
phase. The first, uncovered in 1967, was the
part of the house (see period plan at plate
drain suggested that it ran parallel with a
second, noted in 1971, was a wall making a no
southwest corner of that same area ('Room
northward, its projected course would be rou
central partition of the house, and would lie
line had marked the west limit of the hou
metres.
The size of the first phase house was therefore substantial, but its actual structural
were much less so, for several of its walls had been reduced for much of their length
lowest courses or even to foundations and had been overlain, and by no means everyw
the same line or orientation, by the much better preserved walls of the later Rom
Doubtless much of its stone-work had been robbed for re-use in that major recon
Even so, the main internal division walls are identifiable but because of their robbed
it is rarely possible to recognise doorways and record how the rooms were inter-conn
is it possible to decide whether all of the areas enclosed by walls were roofed roo
many may have been open courts.
The various areas within the house are described in the order in which they are num
plan (plate 3).
'Room' I was the largest unit in the house. With a length north-south of nearly 10m
maximum revealed width of 7.50m., its area as excavated, between walls on north
south and an earth baulk on west, comes to some 58 sq.m.; had it extended westwa
projected line suggested above, which would give it a more nearly rectangular sha
could have been as much as 80-85 sq.m. How such an area of 10 x 8.5m. between
might have been spanned, if it were under a single roof, is not indicated by any
preserved inside it. Indeed within Room I no structural feature was noted which
securely associated with the primary construction. The south wall of Room I seems to
part of a doorway: near its west end, the wall terminates in a built end, and the gap
that and the west baulk (or rather a hypothetical west wall beyond the baulk) may re

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door in the southwest corner, giving access t

Room II is one of two smaller rooms east
measures about 3 x 3.25m. Its western wall was
the later Roman phase; it rose to its highest
footings towards its junction with the north and
it was highest suggested that it retained a highe
to the east, in Room II itself. The east wall -
thinner wall, again reduced to footings.
Room III was of much the same size, having th
limit is problematical. The wall may have been r
facade of the house in the later Roman phase. T
the wall in a little westwards; the footings of t
front of the impressive upstanding later Rom
built corner on the line of the south wall of th
inset porch wall. The floor within Room III itself
found east of the foundation trench of the later Roman wall.
East of Room I and south of Rooms II and III there was a large trapezoidal area (measuring
5-8m. north-south, and 7m. east- west), defined by the inner partitions of the house on west and
north and the street frontage on east and south. This trapezoidal area formed one of the
characteristics of the North House in its later Roman phase also, with some modifications
involved in the rebuilding of the street frontages. It appears that in the first Roman phase now
described, the form of this area was already pre-determined in part by the re-use of features
inherited from even earlier periods. Such were the lines of the oblique street and its eastern leg,
and also a north-south wall on the line between this area and Room I, which served at various
periods as a terrace to retain floors higher to the west than on the east; the construction of this
wall showed stages of heightening and repair.
Within the trapezoidal area so defined, the early Roman phase preserved traces of a triple
division into two squarish rooms at the north, Rooms IV and V, and a smaller trapezoidal area
to the south, Room VI, but the doorways between these units were not recognisable apart from
a door in the west wall of Room V leading into Room VI. A similar triple division was adopted
in the later Roman period, but with the southern element reduced in size and with new
partition walls and floors which erased and overlay most of the earlier work. Within the early
Roman phase Rooms IV and V certain features could be distinguished. In Room IV stone
faced 'benches' were built against three of the walls. In Room V the most interesting feature
was an area of rough 'mosaic' floor made of tile fragments set on edge (perhaps as bottoming for
a better laid plaster or mosaic surface), plate 35a; this bordered a small rectangular 'tank'
with plastered floor (0.55 x 22m.) edged with square tiles set flat, probably laid as the
foundations for the upstanding wall of the tank (see plate 35b), but the upper structure was
totally removed in the course of levelling for later reconstruction. Room VI had no features
which could be securely tied in with the early Roman phase.
Further west, between the south street front and Room I, lay another long trapezoidal area,
Room VII. This may have served as a court rather than a closed room; its most notable feature
was a plastered drain which bordered the street wall, and emitted through a culvert into the
drain which bordered the north side of the paved street. Within Room VII this drain was
edged with stones, plastered on floor and faces; a re-used roof tile found in situ suggested that the
drain had been covered over for at least part of its length. Towards the southwest corner of
Room VII, the drain made a sweeping curve as if towards the north edge of the doorway

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between Rooms I and VII and perhaps the line

been dug in the small area between the curved line
yard, but had proved abortive and had been re
The main divisions of the North House in its ear
in outline. The stratigraphy was complicated, wit
areas described. Some of the earliest perhaps
Roman and Hellenistic, which preceded the layout
recognisable first form (the 'early Roman phase').
more drastically from the construction of the No
the latter from the reconstruction in the later R
plan can be identified from the short lengths of w
on the period plans I and II (at plates 2 and 3) a
'af and 'ap' (see also plate 35c-e).
Walls going back into the Hellenistic period a
under the floors of Rooms III, VI and VII (the
and 'bo'). That plan indicates that the street fr
Hellenistic period and even earlier, while the cent
back to walling probably dateable to the Helle
Classical well (Well 5) which was situated under th
early Roman house (see plan at plate 2; also
Among the pottery material recognisable unde
sherds of Augustan and Tiberian date, probably t
above, (see under Deposits A2 and B2).
The layout and construction of the main Nor
placed in the second half of the 1st century A.D.
down and paved early enough for the deep square
the south side of the street) to have become filled
date. The North House's south street frontage ma
somewhat later, perhaps in the second half of the
in some quantity (Deposits Tl to 3) in the southwe
VII, in the abortive well (Well 8b) dug in its very
which led out into the street. This accumulatio
constructed some time before the Trajanic pe
directly beneath the Trajanic deposits mentioned
earlier). A main horizon in the history of the
represented by Hadrianic deposits found on th
D 1-2). In these rooms some of the pottery was fou
comprised loose brown earth with charcoal, stone
plaster, tile fragments and sherds, but was darke
east side). There was no trace of burning excep
cistern, indicating that the building collapsed wit
earthquake. The adjacent Room I contained at t
stone surround, presumably a hearth for cooking,
other rooms was later terracing material (see dep
building were considerably disturbed by later
comparable destruction deposits (see Deposit D
Areas of grey ashy floor were however preserved

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III. Two Hadrianic coins were found over th

(C167), from partly disturbed fill. Another
beneath the Phase 2 floor of Room III, wh
redeposited destruction debris, in the court
In its late Roman phase the North House included at least five rooms or areas, def
by walls re-used and heightened, or rebuilt on the foundations of those of th
phase, and in part by new walls unrelated to those of the earlier structures. R
involved almost total reconstruction, as with the south and east walls bordering o
Each of these was rebuilt from the foundations up. In the case of the east wall, th
construction was demolished down to street level leaving the lowest course to serv
renovated paving there (plate 41c-d), a foundation trench was dug down throu
edge of the destruction fill inside Rooms IV and VI (see Section H, level no. 3 at r
new wall was built immediately adjacent to the foundations of the old, on the
south wall was founded actually on the reduced early Roman street wall, but in su
its lowest course jutted beyond the tiled drain edging the north side of the earlie
(see Section F, wall no. 3); thus in the late phase the east street encroached by a w
into the house plot and received a better cobbled surface, but the south stree
little southwards and its surface was raised and formed of packed earth. The wall
were well built in stone with medium sized blocks set in courses or semi-coursed st
mortar and with well-shaped slabs used vertically as door jambs (plate 36a-b).
preserved to a considerable height both along the street front and in the inner p
represented the last major phase of building on this part of the site.
There was an entry into the North House at the northeast corner, from the Eas
doorway was formed of two flat stones, 1.50m. wide overall, inside which was a t
(1.47 x 0.50m.) with cuttings at its outer corners and centre for the jambs and bo
leaf door. This doorway led into a square inner 'porch' (Room III), c. 3.0m. wid
low stone-fronted bench against the right hand wall (the aqueduct wall), a do
wide in the left hand wall leading into a side room, and a door straight ahead
long narrow room. This long room (Room II, 8- 9m. x 3m.) was defined by the 'aq
on the north and on the south by a parallel wall well founded in part (at the east
inherited from the early Roman phase, but extended westward with a new struct
at a higher level. The wall between the long room and the porch was likewise a ne
the late phase, with abutting joins at each end. The long room terminated at the w
which appeared in the face of the west baulk of the excavated area, and formed e
limit of the North House in this phase or one of its inner partitions.
The southeast quarter of the North House was basically that trapezoidal ar
mentioned as identifiable in both the early and late phases from the common line
inner and outer walls. The trapezoidal area was subdivided in the late phase into th
a pair of rectangular rooms of roughly equal size at the north end, and a triangul
extending along the new south frontage of the house along the oblique street. Th
of the pair (Room IV) measured 3.6 x 2.5m. and opened from the porch-room;
internal features. The westerly room (Room V) was a little larger (3.7-3.9 x 3.0m.)
doors, an entry from the long room and a doorway leading into the triangular ar
had against its north wall a bench formed in part of mudbrick and stone faced. T

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area, 6.0m. long and 3.0m. wide at its broad north en

just described; its main feature was a stone faced b
turned, roughly at right angles, to cut across the
doorways of Rooms IV and V were furnished wit
36a-b). All floors in the rooms described were of eart
or yellow clay.
In the angle between the elements so far noted, -
three rooms - one further enclosed area was recogn
part of the North House in the late phase, although t
it and the rooms so far noted and indeed its floor
higher at c. 15.00m.). Its west and east walls were a
walls were parallel, the north wall being the newly
(Room II) and the southern wall again being a new
most likely a part-roofed, part open courtyard: a colu
in the centre with an adjacent embedded pithos, a
forward from the west wall and aligned on the colum
had been covered with a roof sloping inwards, with t
wings of the roof at this angle and the pithos serving
from the roof and led down into that angle (plate
V IV E
fig. 1 North Hous
The column base

(Section D, at no
with a plain top s
long, slightly tap
(as for a beam or
erected on the lo
with a square abac
in diameter. In t
1.33m. long, with

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cuttings set at right angles as for beam ends. A

such as a mortise hole cut into the thick end of the shaft found in the court without a
corresponding feature in the top of the short orthostate drum, and the oversize diameter o
capital suggest that the column was formed of re-used material. It could be reconstructed
column with a total height of 3.62m., but there could have been a very late phase when on
three elements found in the court (Room I) were used together, giving a stumpy column a
2.30m. high.
The courtyard was, like most areas of the house, floored with earth. It appeared to have one
entry at its southwest corner, where a doorway was visible in the wall which formed at this level
the west baulk of the excavation; that door may have led through into other rooms lying
beyond the limits of excavation, but belonging to the North House of this phase. Another
possible entry into the court was at its southeastern corner, where a large stone in the south wall
seemed to mark the position of a door jamb; a short stub of projecting wall, parallel to the
protruding corner of the southeast quarter of the house (plan at plate 4 and plate 37a) could
have formed part of a small external porch in front of the doorway.
That door led out to an open space, not clearly defined but which in this phase appeared to
extend south across the area of the once dominant feature of this part of the site, the formerly
paved street; all that remained recognisable of it in this phase was an earth floored passageway
extending just along the southeast facade of the house. The passageway was formed by the
house wall and a short wall parallel to it at a distance of 1 .50m; a doorway at the east end of the
passage, identifiable from a fragment of the threshold block with cuttings for doorjamb, showed
that this was no longer a public way but a passage giving entry from an open area to the east
(the 'East Street5) but now capable of being closed off by the occupants of the North House.
The major reconstruction represented by the North House late phase can be best dated by a
feature which underlay one of the main new partition walls of the layout at that phase, namely
the north wall of the square pillared court (plate 3; Room I). This wall was not built on any
early Roman phase predecessor, but ran over the top of a small rectangular stone-edged,
plaster-lined cist which was found filled with earth containing pottery of mid to late 2nd
century A.D. date (Deposit Rl, c. 150-175 A.D.) The cist itself represents some intermediate
and perhaps localised phase of reconstruction or modification between the early and the late
Roman phases of the North House.
The late Roman structural phase probably dated therefore to the period c. 170-190 A.D.
The house was then occupied for about a generation at most; the abandonment material found
on the late Roman floors, best exemplified by a deposit found in Room III (Deposit SI), is
characterised by material of Severan date (late 2nd/early 3rd century A.D.). The fill of Room
III was comparatively undisturbed and more informative than that in other rooms. It included
building debris of stone, mudbrick, plaster, charcoal, burnt wood and Laconian tiles and some
of this material probably derived from upper storey and ceiling collapse. Blue-painted plaster
perhaps came from the ceiling, as suggested for the House of Diamond Frescoes. These and
surviving fragments of marble dado suggest a reasonably prosperous house. None of the marble
fragments was found in position on any wall, and so may have belonged to a better decorated
upper storey, from which the majority of the pottery and other finds had fallen. But it remains
possible that robbers had prised out all the marble panelling from around the room: only small
fragments were found. Only 17 of the 49 objects listed in the room deposit were found in
position on the floor or close above (see plan at plate 22, plate 38a). Patches of ash at the
centre and in the southeast corner suggest that this porch may in its final phase have been used
for cooking, but the coarse jars symmetrically placed on either side of the door are a puzzle;

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each was set on a bed of sherds, and may have

vase?) for those entering the building from the str
red and white clay, worn and uneven in places,
trodden earth.
THE STREET
Plan at plate 3, Sections C nos. 6-7, F nos. 2-4, 6-7; views at plates 39-41.
The street which runs across the centre of the excavation on an oblique line
the site. Leading presumably from the centre of the Roman town which
northeast, it served as a thoroughfare giving access to the houses of this hill
town. One section of the street runs on an approximately north-south line at
North House, and another turns obliquely up the slope at the corner of t
southwards near the western limit of the excavation. The point where the two
on the east edge of the excavated area and has mostly been lost; it is therefore
whether there was a road junction at this point and whether the oblique line
downhill to the northeast forming a branch line, or whether there was m
direction at the corner of the North House property.
At the period of its best construction and repair during the first century A
substantial structure, provided with well-built terrace walls, stone-paved sur
system serving the houses on each side. Before this it was less well appointed
no more than a dirt road or track and later cobbled, and there are reasons fo
some kind of public thoroughfare went on about the same line from a very
latest Roman phase found on the site (late 2nd/early 3rd century A.D.) the su
mostly of trodden earth, and the function seems to have changed from publ
judge from added threshold blocks at the corner and at the west end. It will
to discuss the three periods separately.
The Pre-Roman Street

Plan at plate 2.
For the pre-Roman periods there are two separate questions for consideration: first the p
existence of a public thoroughfare from very early times, perhaps going back to the ear
Age, though the evidence for this is rather tenuous; and second the description and datin
the first stone foundations of the different sections of the street as we have it. The situation is
complicated by the periodic rebuilding on this site. The walls bordering the southwest stretch
of the street are not continuous nor of one build with the walls bordering the east and northeast
stretches, and seem to have had a different structural history. Furthermore the upper wall on
the north side of the track was renewed at different times from the raised terrace wall on the
south side.
Geometric to Classical
One piece of negative evidence which should be considered for a continuous pub
through even the earliest phases of occupation, is the absence of pits along the slig
line which the street took at its various periods. The plan of pits at plate 5 sho

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local builders had a very active interest in qu

consideration of the few points where Minoan
level show that several of these coincide with th
(plate 5 nos. 20, plate 39e) and two others are
street on the east side (Section F, no. 20, pla
In the earliest times (pre-Classical) a track ap
Archaic pits nos. 44 and 47-8, directly over t
south of Pit 20a (PG). But later the line move
running over the top of Pits 20a, 37, 43-4 an
Roman street (whose line is clearly shown by th
42). At this time the late Hellenistic robbing pit
If this suggestion is correct, the earlier line m
20a) whose south edge appears to be oriented
adjustment of the line to a position further
period, but a line close to the final one will hav
Pit 22 (containing Deposit H28) was dug. On t
postdate Pit 43, an earlier Hellenistic pit, wh
gives us a close dating bracket in the middle of
street line at this upper, western end.
The earliest stretch of stone-built street wallin
edge of the excavation. It runs from north t
direction along the upper side of the street (p
not physically connected with the surviving str
other side of the street), it clearly turns to r
blocks standing almost to second floor level w
(plate 39a, Section F, no. 20).
Occupation levels associated with this stretch o
century B.C., dated by Deposits H7 and H9 (Se
a thin strip surviving on the edge of the Little
street, to the Archaic period (Section J, no. 23)
sequence beginning with Sub-Minoan (Section
tiny levels is difficult, since they could represe
surface. Dating sherds from these early leve
from Geometric on, found at the cutting of
formed by hard trodden levels of street build-u
Such deposits become less frequent further wes
no. 11), and do not occur at all at the southwest
close to the level of the natural rock (e.g. at S
In summary, the earliest street build at the
than at the west. The interpretation of the earli
wall line at the east is further removed from it
direct continuity of masonry (e.g. at Section
Hellenistic
The first structure at the west sector is a line of large stones laid lengthwise along t
forming the lowest foundation course of the later street terrace wall here (Wall ce

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plate 2; plates 30e, 39e). As suggested above,

but must have been in use when the later Pit 2
could be later. Possibly the stones derived from
large and of a kind which might be expected f
Southeast Houses suggests that a major building
2nd or early 1st century B.C., and the prior or
of access is a logical first step. As with the lay
line is more conveniently discussed with the R
At the east some small traces of earlier pa
surface; patches of cobbling in small stones, ch
(plate 39b, c, d) and in the area of the street
too fragmentary and scattered to warrant fur
The Roman Paved Street
It was on the large blocks of the Hellenistic line that the well-built Roman terra
regular coursing was founded, much of it probably early in the Roman period. A
the extent to which the lower build of the southwest stretch may be late He
await further excavation there, and in particular knowledge of the relatio
Southwest House north wall with the street wall there. But the early constructio
next stretch, the central section, is shown by the fact that the latest Hellen
Roman walls of the Southeast House abutt onto the street terrace wall. This suits
date for the earliest construction as late 2nd/early 1st century B.C. The late
beneath the paving stones of the central sector were Augustan overlying Archaic
23) , a sequence which indicates clearance and refurbishing or rebuilding in the l
B.C. That a high terrace wall for the street was well established by Augustan tim
its use as a house wall in the 'winery' building to the north of the Southwest Hou
plaster was found in position on this wall and preserved to a height of almost lm
H). There was also some tile packing in the lower fabric.
The foundation course of long blocks found at the west (plates 30e, 39e) did no
far as the East House. Here a series of terrace walls built at slightly different angl
line was moved gradually further upslope, fanned out from a single central
standing block of the north wall of the Minoan building (plate 39b, d).3 la The st
coursed stone build of the Roman wall at this stretch is shown at plate 40d.32 The
immediately preceding wall also shown here is the late 3rd B.C. Wall 'al', associa
Deposit HI 3 and running at a slightly different angle (plate 39a). The East House
the porch wall of the Southeast House (early phase), not later than Augustan, abutt ag
street terrace wall and the Neronian deposit (Nl) lies against it. Thus we have a
century B.C. date for the walls (late Hellenistic or Augustan) and certainly a peri
through the 1st century A.D.
This concurs with the evidence from the Southeast House, which was fitted in its ea
with a stone built cistern and drain connected with the street drainage system (see dis
Southeast House, Phase I). The very similar stone-built soak-away in the street is illust
plate 12c, plan and section, and plate 41a. This feature was dug to a depth of ab
below street level, and lined with eleven courses of evenly laid stone masonry similar
the street walls. It was connected to the drainage system of the Southeast House, whose
or rain-water overflow poured in through a tile-based channel (shown at left on the s

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was covered with two large paving slabs at stree

the other was found collapsed into a fill of silt
Deposit C2, context no. 4).33 In a similar way th
provided with a drain, stone-built, plastered an
and connected with the drain at the north side
at left; plate 36d-e). This drain was not conne
down; it contained mid and late 1st A.D. she
Trajanic period: the debris associated with a
associated) finally clogged and covered this w
Similarly at the east stretch of street a major
House ignored and built over the tile-floored
this building phase, see discussion of the Nor
The same kind of reconstruction took place on
case the new wall was moved back into the area o
earlier wall as street paving (see period plan
In its last phase the main stretch of the street was closed at the east end with
threshold block was found in position against the north wall, c. 50cms. higher th
paving. An accumulation of silt here contained pottery of the later 2nd cent
Deposit R3, level VI 5). This suggests that after the mid to late 2nd A.D. reconstru
North House, when the street drain had gone out of use and was built over, the f
surface was allowed to silt up, the level raised and a new threshold built for what
private area, perhaps a passageway, - though the area to the south seems to h
ground in this period. A similar threshold was found at the upper, west end of th
(plates 3 and 40e) but this could be earlier, of one piece with the 1st and early 2n
street. Excavation of the building further west to which it belonged is needed to
point. One possibility is that a substantial property lay there, on the west side, an
which the street principally served, and that after the destructions of the Hadria
the abandonment of the Southeast House plot, the owner found an opportunity to
property and to move the outside gate some seventeen metres downhill to the east,
using the lower end of the street, instead of the upper end, as the property boun
THE NORTH AQUEDUCT

plates 4, 40a.
The northern limit of the excavation was formed by a massive stone structure which carried a
water channel, and which was partly standing above ground before the beginning of the
excavation. Cleaning revealed strong walling with some evidence of rebuild, especially where a
slight change of course began at the lower end, and a plaster-lined channel with stone slabs for
covers. The walling stood up to 1 .50m. high at its south face, which also formed the outside wall
of the North House, and had a total width of 2.50m. The masonry was well constructed and
used mortar between stones. The water culvert itself was 35cms. wide and had a considerable
down gradient at this point running from west to east (0.50 in 10m., or 1 in 20). Sherds deri
from cleaning operations can be dated as late as the 4th century A.D. and indicate tha

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
channel remained open even after the destruc

The strength of the structure, the care with w
as the long continuity of its use, seem to sup
drain. Perhaps it is also pertinent that much lat
Knossos from this direction along the contour a
excavation to the west should pick up its line in

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Section 2
The Sub-Minoan Pottery

(PLATES 42-50)
MERVYN POPHAM
The context of the pottery has been described in the excavation report ab
contained in the fill of Rooms C and D and Corridor E of the Unexplor
extensive stone robbing had taken place after the building had been aband
this area and the adjacent region appear to have been levelled with mater
the Sub-Minoan pottery to be considered below.1 The extremely fragmentary
pottery, with its virtual lack of any restorable vases, indicates that it was not
broken and discarded pots but that it had been brought in from elsewhere, p
of the area where Sub-Minoan occupation is attested.
At a later stage the Mansion was again extensively robbed for building
during the Geometric stage when some of its walls were almost complete
activity considerably disturbed the Minoan levels and the Sub-Minoan f
them with later intrusions which it was not always possible to detect duri
At an early stage in the study of the pottery, the extent of possible contam
fully appreciated and the material was considered to be essentially contempor
supported by its basic homogeneity. As most of the lots collected separately d
were so small and scrappy, making individual study impractical, they were co
feature sherds retained. However, since the lower levels of the fill of t
principally centred over the south part of Room D, appeared to be undisturbe
apart from the rest and mostly retained. This pottery will be referred to
Deposit, and the material from it is distinguished in the illustrations. O
insufficient and too fragmentary to provide anything like an adequate
valuable as a general control over the basically similar, and perhaps contempor
rest of the pottery.
The term Sub-Minoan has been generally retained throughout, not ho
considerable misgivings. There can be little doubt that most of the potter
definition of this stage, in so far as the material available to them a
Desborough and Brock, and later somewhat amplified by Coldstream and W
apparent from these studies, especially that of Brock, that the essential contin
Minoan and Early Protogeometric makes distinction between the two phas
Some of the material considered here, other than that from the Main Deposit
closely within the EPG phase as defined by Brock, and this may be correc
Misgivings, therefore, about the general description of the pottery as SM ar
59

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60 SUB-MINOAN POTTERY
far it is valid will only become cl

occupation deposits. Meanwhile, the
supplements, however imperfectly,
when classifications and sub-divisi
stylistic analysis of them.
Comparative SM material is slight.
and is here reproduced as published,
the vases, plate 50. 3 Apart from
careful publication of scrappy m
considered basically EPG and la
excavations beside the Stratigrap
permitted me to supplement my ac
his supervision during the constru
(plates 42, 1 and 49a-b).4
Of the Fortetsa tombs published by
essential group for any study of th
at Ayios Ioannis added only three
indicate that other vases too could
cemetery recently excavated at th
groups but, disappointingly, they
which are an essential constituent o
the pottery to be considered below,
kraters which were in everyday use
THE MATERIAL
The Main Deposit, consisting of about three full zembils (baskets), is in

statistics of any value; in fact some shapes are absent from it. Certain of it
may be considered characteristic; the fabric, cups with wavy line, mon
decorated bell-craters and trays, while other shapes present i
amphora/hydrias, coarseware basins, tripod cooking-pots and baking tr
pottery from neighbouring areas will be considered with it, a distincti
where differences in shape or decoration make this desirable.
Fine Wares
Fabric
The fabric of the finer wares has already been well described by others and is quite
that of LM pottery. The clay, fine with little grit content, and buff to brown in c
matt surface. The paint, which ranges in colour from black to red-brown, often has
mauve tinge; it, too, is generally matt and is frequently fugitive so that the decor
discerned only in shadow image; exceptionally, the miniature skyphoi somet
slightly metallic lustre.
Wavy -line cups

Characteristic of the deposit is a bell-shaped cup, decorated on a clay ground with

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SUB-MINOAN POTTERY 61
placed high on the body between a th

of the handle: the interior, apart fr
position (plates 42, 1-6; 47a, 1-8; 4
No complete profile is preserved but
the S trat. Mus. excavation, which also
top of the lip, the rather small and so
of the wavy line typical of these cups
Two such vases, with much the sa
variations in decoration, - one has a
other two interior bands.8 These
fragmentary material but they are ab
RR deposit, which also has a less flarin
sherds of other such cups are prese
continuation of the type into EPG, th
from Fortetsa and Ayios Ioannis.10
It seems probable that the wavy-line
zig-zag, represented by one sherd in
zig-zag, perhaps an intermediate stage
(plate 50b) and of Fortetsa Tomb Pi
Mycenaean cups on the Mainland, it
though none has so far been publis
appears to be a purely Cretan charac
(plate 50b).
Other cups
The monochrome bell-cup, with reserved lower body and foot, is attested only in Fortetsa
Tomb Pi; it is not apparent in our deposit, though this should not be taken as firm evidence of
its absence, since rim sherds would not be distinguishable from those of smaller monochrome
skyphoi.
A version decorated in blob technique, shallower and with less curved profile is present in the
Main Deposit and other levels (plates 42, 7-8, 47a, 12 and 47b, 4); its type of base is not
known though it might have been flat, like the later examples. The practice of partially dipping
the sides of vases in paint is known from at least LM II onwards, so its continuation into SM
and later is not surprising. 1 3
In addition, there are two rim sherds of a shallow open cup with rounded profile and slightly
incurved rim, decorated with a wavy line between a lip and a body band (plates 44, 1; 47a,
14). Its profile and decoration, including the interior band closely resemble the cup with small
flat base in Ayios Ioannis Tomb V, no. 16, tentatively ascribed to EPG.14 On a further
example in Fortetsa Tomb VII, no. 622, Brock comments that the shape is reminiscent of a
Mycenaean kylix, an unlikely origin but I can think of no better. 1 5 The sherd at plate 47a, 15
with vertical handle, wavy line outside and monochrome interior might belong to a yet
shallower version with more incurved sides.
Bell-skyphoi
These occur in a wide range of sizes, from the large to the miniature (plates 42, 9-19). The
usual version, with rim diameter varying from 10-1 6cm., has an S-shaped profile and rests on a
raised, somewhat conical, foot. They are nearly always monochrome, the lower body and foot

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
being unpainted, and a lip band and

height is somewhat greater than their
foot plate and arched interior; usually
lump beneath, a characteristic noted b
Subsidiary bands may be added below
Spring Chamber (plate 49d), four on
also having a narrow reserved handle
46a, 10. 17 This type, also present at
purely monochrome version. The lat
deposits and may have served as the
The miniature version, with an avera
in the Main Deposit and elsewhere; it
a common small drinking vessel. Thes
though they tend to be narrower w
perhaps indicating that the later and
coating them with a brush was alrea
Decorated bell-kraters
These vases are the most distinctive fe

have monopolised nearly all elaborat
In shape they are essentially large ve
with a rounded body and a markedl
shaped profile; in this they resembl
diameters varying between 20 to 25c
A fairly typical example is that il
contained in the Main Deposit which a
in restoration. Other fragments of su
and 46.
Decoration is contained in a deep zone between the handles, bounded above by a thin lip
band and below by a series of bands consisting of a thick upper line with thin ones beneath. The
interior is usually solid-painted with a reserved band below the rim; a few have a wide painted
band with splash decoration below, possibly a later development.
The most frequent decorative arrangement is that seen on the restored krater, plate 45a,
with a central panel, in this case containing the double axe or butterfly motive, which is
contained within framing vertical and wavy lines; either side of this are painted unattached
arcs or loops of moustache-like appearance. The large part of a similar krater at plate 45b, also
from the Main Deposit, varies only in detail, having larger loops at the side and no wavy lines
bordering the central panel. Other fragments show considerable variation. The side loops may
be attached to the rim (plate 46c, 1 and d, 3) and the central panel borders can contain cross-
hatching and have fringing strokes and even semicircles (e.g. plate 46d, 6). The general
arrangement, too, has considerable variation. In one case, the central ornament consists of two
groups of vertical strokes linked by hatched vertical lines, plate 45c, 4 from the Main Deposit;
in other instances it is further simplified into a cross-hatched triangle or a group of vertical
straight and wavy lines (plate 46a and d, 15). There are clearly other arrangements; for
instance the decoration of two kraters, plate 45c top and d, resembles that of one from Fortetsa
in having side ornaments of pendent loops with fill which terminate in spirals.19 Two sherds

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depicting realistic double-axes prove

Minoan religious symbolism, plate
Little contemporary comparative m
from the Spring Chamber, plate 46
example at plate 45a.20 The few sherd
may contain contemporary pieces and
later kraters from Fortetsa who
development, as, too, is the general ad
sherd from the Spring Chamber as
rolled lip. 22
The sherd illustrated at plates 43, 5
provides evidence for a different syst
into panels with differing, though pr
The LM IIIC origin behind much of
loops (now usually detached and sim
framing lines with a wavy or scallope
filling strokes.23 Basic continuity is o
the little material of the LM IIIC sta
Trays
Several sherds in the Main Deposit belong to circular trays with flat base, shallow sides and
loop handles attached vertically on the rim, plates 44, 3; 47b, 6-8; c 3, 4 and 8. Most resemble
those known from the Ayios Ioannis and Fortetsa tombs in having bands on the exterior walls,
monochrome on their inside with concentric rings on the base.24 A few fragments differ in
having two finely drawn wavy lines on the exterior running around the side between a lip and
base band.
The IIIC origin of the shape is now well established; it occurs on the Mainland, on Mel
and at Karphi, in the last case painted monochrome.25
Kalathoi
Decorated kalathoi, though present in other early deposits, are uncertainly represented in ours.
A rim sherd and two body sherds, plate 47c, 2 and 5-6, are possible pieces, the latter
resembling the decoration of Fortetsa Tomb VI, no. 72. 26
LM IIIC predecessors are frequent at Karphi including the plain, handleless version which
is said to be Very comparable to offertory vases in the Spring Chamber'; it has so far not been
found in any tomb and it is not clear how long it persisted.28
Other open shapes

Almost the complete range of known open shapes seems to be present in the deposits. An
addition to these is the rim sherd with a miniature cup perched on its handle plates 44, 2 and
47a, 13; it is likely to belong to a straight-sided jar similar to one from Fortetsa with the same
attachment on its handle and having similar decoration consisting of a lip and body band with
an intermediate wavy band; it, too, has a dotted rim and interior band.29
Miniature cups attached to the rim of kalathoi occur at Karphi and elsewhere in LM IIIC
but I know of no earlier example for their addition to handles.30
The sherd at plate 47c, 7 appears to be part of a fenestrated stand and may be an LM III
fragment out of context.

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Closed shapes
The fragmentary nature of the de
except in matters of detail, with a f
Amphorasjhydrias
No distinction was possible between
could belong to either belly-handled
Lips are slightly hollowed in the m
further interior band (plate 44, 5-8
not well attested in the tomb dep
pendent loops of a kind illustrated f
pattern (plate 47d, 1 and 4), the la
These vases, once thought to derive
IIIC antecedents in their decorati
largely through the scarcity of th
Palaikastro (Kastri) provides some
ornament may have been the ori
'antithetic streamers' is another p
early stage of IIIC.35
The pyxis
The Late Minoan pyxis had often attracted elaborate decoration and this persisted into the
IIIC stage as is well illustrated at Karphi. It is the earlier collar-necked version with sloping
shoulders which continues into SM, initially little changed in shape apart from a somewhat
higher neck. A fine SM example is illustrated at plate 49a-b from the Strat. Mus. trials of
1962. Its design on the one face resembles that found on some of the bell-craters, - pendent
loops either side of a central group of vertical lines with a wavy border; the other face omits the
central division, joins the loops together with a cross-hatched lozenge placed below them, an
arrangement similar to that on an amphoriskos from Fortetsa Tomb Pi and related to that on a
kalathos from the same deposit on which the same elements are differently arranged.
Two sherds of such a pyxis in the Main Deposit (plates 44, 4 and 47c, 1) belong to a poorer
example with linked cross-hatched triangles between vertical lines, a design foreshadowed on a
much larger LM IIIC pyxis from Zakro.37
The taller pyxis with higher neck and more rounded shoulders (Brock's straight-sided jar)
found in burials is likely to have evolved from the foregoing type rather than to have had an
independent origin.38
Other closed shapes

Information on other closed shapes in the deposits is disappointingly little. A shoulder fragment
with cross-hatched triangles is presumably from a jug (plate 47d, 5). Oddly there is no obvious
part of an amphoriskos or krateriskos though present in the Spring Chamber (plate 50e-g), in
early tomb groups and in the Strat. Mus. extension excavation. Stirrup jars, more a tomb
offering than a settlement shape, though not infrequent in the RR deposits, is attested by one
spout and probably by the sherd depicting a degenerate octopus which could well be an LM
IIIC hangover (plate 47c, 9).39

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Storage vessels
These are usually made of a coarse c
fired to a light brown colour; the slip
brown.
The shallow basin or tub, with more or less straight sides and having a distinctive carination
somewhat below the rim, is well in evidence (plates 44, 9-10 and 48a, 1). The basic shape is
known from Late Minoan, and a complete LM IIIC example with the same carinated rim is
illustrated by Warren (his lekane), who records the same type in his SM levels.40 The shape,
little changed, continues at least into Geometric times as appears from the later of the RR
deposits.4 1 A more globular version is implied by some of the rim sherds (plate 44, 1 1-12 and
14-15); LM similar profiles suggest it was a deeper vessel.42
Pithos sherds, too, demonstrate a basic continuity from the Late Bronze Age with their raised
bands carrying incised herring-bone, arcs, zig-zags and impressed circles (plates 48b and d).
The large sherd from a storage stirrup jar decorated with wavy bands (plate 48b, 9) is
unexpected and surely an LM III intrusion.
Cooking pots
The two types most readily apparent share the same heavily gritted and red fabric which, in
the case of the thinner walled pots, is often very brittle.
Continuity of Minoan vessels is again evident in the cooking pots. Rims, horizontal and
vertical handles, and legs clearly belong to the traditional tripod cooking pot, with some of the
legs scored with a vertical slash on the outer edge (plates 48c, 5-6, 9-13, 15-17 and 48d, 5).
The grooved collar to be found on Geometric versions seems not yet to have appeared.43
Baking trays, circular in shape, thick walled with shallow sides, a rough underside and lug
handles, and usually coated with a thick dark brown slip, are well in evidence (plates 44,
16-20 and 48a, 18 and d, 7). They often show signs of burning inside on the base. They occur in
LM II deposits in the Unexplored Mansion, in LM IIIC at Palaikastro and Karphi and are
present in the SM/EPG levels of the RR excavation.44 A distinctive variant type with sloping
walls and very thin base, also with a long history, (plates 44, 21 and 48c, 7) occurs in the Main
Deposit but is not apparently recorded elsewhere.45
Conclusions
Despite some probable contamination, the basic SM character of the pottery i

certain. It usefully supplements the very little occupation material published
Knossos. The wavy line cup, monochrome skyphoi, and decorated craters are t
stage though they, together with decorated kalathoi and pyxides, continue wi
variation into the succeeding EPG phase.
Continuity from the closing stages of the Late Bronze Age is clear, not least in
kitchen vessels. Shapes and decoration indicate a development which may well
not only largely internal but specific to Knossos and its immediate neighbourhood
in Crete changes and evolution seem to have taken different lines.
A better and fuller understanding of the early stages in the Knossian seque
become apparent when other better preserved occupation deposits are published, s
from the recent Strat. Mus. extension excavations.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
It appears probable that the depo

Tomb Pi in which Late Minoan featu
the Spring Chamber deposit. The po
and Ayios Ioannis cemeteries may h
would be premature to attempt such

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Section 3
Early Hellenic Pottery

(PLATES 51-73)
J. N. COLDSTREAM
After the Sub-Minoan levels there seems to have been very little trace of occupation during the
tenth century B.C. Thereafter the sequence is continuous from the ninth century onwards.
Seven stratified deposits are presented here, designated GA to GG, and yielding a series from
the early ninth century until well into the sixth. In each case the catalogue is prefaced by a brief
statement of the stratigraphical context, which for GA to GF has been supplied by the director
of excavations, Mr Sackett. Under GH are listed pieces which, though not from well-stratified
contexts, are nevertheless of intrinsic interest.
I follow the chronological subdivisions and abbreviations employed by J.K. Brock1 for
Cretan Protogeometric, Geometric, and Orientalizing pottery. Knossian domestic ware of
those periods is now well enough known2 to obviate the need for detailed descriptions of the
fabric, or for exhaustive analysis of the style. Hence, in the catalogue, fabric is mentioned only
when it departs from what is usual: i.e., for Protogeometric, softish clay, pale orange to buff,
often with a thin yellow wash, and coated in thin dull paint; for geometric and Orientalizing,
harder clay of a darker orange tone, and thicker paint which may be dull or semi-lustrous.
Open vessels are fully painted inside unless otherwise stated.
The catalogues begin with local fine ware, closed shapes followed by open; then coarse ware
and finally imports. References to photographic illustrations (plates 60-73) are omitted from
catalogue entries except where a photograph appears far out of numerical order. An asterisk
against a catalogue number signifies that no photographic illustration is included among the
plates.
DEPOSIT GA, LATE PROTOGEOMETRIC

PLATES 51, 60
"Deposit GA, consisting of three complete vases, was found at the N. end of the excavated a
towards the centre, on an isolated patch of earth floor, see plan at plate 2. The vases lay on
few centimetres below the foundations of the Late Roman aqueduct, which was deeply foun
in an area where the stratigraphy had already been much disturbed by earlier walls
contemporary Protogeometric material was found in the levels which were horizont
adjacent. Below was the Minoan fill of the high terraced platform outside the Unexpl
Mansion to the north, while the levels above contained a mixed fill with material from
periods from Geometric to Roman. MUM V 1.
67

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
68 EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY
A similar trodden earth level occurred

Platform, perhaps an isolated patch o
extreme NW. corner of the excavation
surviving course of a LM wall, and prot
(GH 4) with a stone polisher or grind
(GH 5) was found nearby among dist
1 Bell-skyphos. plate 5 1 . H. 1 5. 1 , D. 14. One
ridge outside foot. LPG. Cf. F. no. 303.
2 High-footed skyphos. plate 51. H. 15.7, D. 1
LPG.
3 Cup. plate 51. H. 6.9, D. 1 1-12, elliptical rim. Large grits, brown and white. Strap handle inside rim, spira
stringmark under base. Dipped from the handle. LPG. Cf. F. no. 291.
DEPOSIT GB, LATE PROTOGEOMETRIC TO PROTOGEOMETRIC B

plates 51-2, 60-1
"Deposit GB was found in a pit (Pit 44) dug into Room B of the Unexplored Mansion, t
westernmost of the three N. storerooms, see plan at plate 5 no. 44. The pit was irregular
shape, with dimensions at the top of c. 1.80 x 1.00m. Below was the debris of the LM IIIB re-
occupation, while dug into the pit from above was a later pit of the second century B.C. (
43). Thus, though the material from this deposit provides evidence of local activity in the 9th
century B.C., it is not possible to associate it with any contemporary structure or occupation
level, surviving even in fragmentary state, within the excavated area. Also found in Pit 44 an
to be associated with Deposit GB, was an incised clay bead, (no. K5) MUM II 1, la,
(LHS).
1 Round house model, plate 52. Près. H. 9, total H. c. 1 1.5. Max. D. c. 14 .4, D. of roof hole c. 4. Two frs., fl
missing. To L. of doorway a pierced lug, as though for an external bar. On the analogy of the model from
Archanes (see Commentary), this lug shoulder comes halfway up the jamb, and the total height in o
drawing is restored accordingly. LPG.
2 Neck-handled amphora. Part of handle. LPG-PGB. Also two amphora rims as F. no. 285, and one with
vertical bars as F. no. 212.
3 Hydria. Shoulder fr. Central part of double bracket.
4 Stirrup-jar. Three frs. of neck and body with both handle roots; mouth and base missing. Semicircles pendent
from irregular band between neck and shoulder; on belly, standing semicircles above band and lines.
Probably from open-necked type. LPG. Cf. F. no. 141.
5, 6 Oinochoai (?). Shoulder frs. Diagonal hatching pendent from band (5); open triangles in double incise
outline followed by paint (6).
7 Lekythos. Max D. c. 6.5. Neck to belly with handle root. Cream slip. PGB. Cf. KCh 4 (1950) pl. 31, 7 from
Archanes.
8 Straight-sided pyxis, plate 61. Body fr. Large white and brown grits. Sharp carination at shoulder. EPG? Cf
F. no. 163.
9* Straight-sided pyxis. Two frs., one with root of double-rolled horizontal handle. Exterior fully coated, ladde
pattern on handle; spatter inside.
10-12 Large closed vessels, body frs. Diagonals to L. of check pattern (10); check pattern between panels of cros
hatching (11); horizontals enclosing vertical bars and contiguous triangles hatched in one direction (12)
LPG-PGB
13-15 Large closed vessels, body frs. Millsail (13), perhaps from shoulder of straight-sided pithos a
hatched cable (14); diagonal net enclosing cross-hatched lozenges (15), cf. F. pattern 5ap. PGB.
16 Cylindrical fenestrated stand. Body fr. Traces of rectangular windows above L. and below R
counter-parts cf. Teke tholos nos. 105-07 (PGB).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
EARLY HELLENIC POTTERY 69
17 Krater, plate 51. D. c. 25. Rim fr. Bars on

18 Small krater. plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim to belly
LPG-PGB. Cf. BSA 29 (1927-28) pl. 6, 8.
19 Skyphos. Rim fr. Profile as 17 above. Band
20 Skyphos. Wall fr. Inside unpainted.
21 Skyphos. plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim fr. with ri
handle.
22 Skyphos. plate 51. D. c. 12. Rim with part of ribbon handle. As 21 above but with wavy line on handle. For
19-22 cf. F. no. 280, LPG.
23* Bell-skyphos. plate 51. Près. H. 8, D. 8.4. Rim to lower body. LPG. Cf. F. no. 435.
24 Bell-skyphos. Conical foot and lower body. Inside fully painted.
25 Cup. plate 51. H. 6, D. 10.8. One- third près., handle missing. Rough base, spiral stringmark, one side
dipped in paint. LPG-PGB. Cf. F. no. 1408.
26 Cup. plate 51. D. c. 9. Rim to lower body. Fully painted outside and inside. F. 167 class C, Atticizing.
27 Cup. Rim to lower body with strap handle attached inside. Fully painted outside and inside. Cf. 26 above.
28 Miniature conical cup. plate 51. H. 2.5. D. 6.7. One-third près. All surfaces coated.
29 Kalathos. D. c. 31. Rim fr. Profile as GH 7 but with sharper inner edge. Band and three lines outside, solid
triangles on rim, fully painted inside.
30 Kalathos-lid. Rim fr., slightly averted. Band and spatter inside.
31 Lid. Upper part. Domed with flat top. Dots, zigzag, Maltese cross on top. Inside unpainted.
32 Tray. Base fr. Heavy fabric, Th. 1 .25. Cream wash on under side only. Above, concentric circles. Below, solid
Maltese cross at centre, two zones of single zigzag.
33 Tray. Base fr. Above: circles, band, vertical bars. Below: as illustrated.
34, 35 Pithoi. Wall frs. Red clay with grey core, large white grits, wheelmade. Incised lines between diagona
notches.
36 Large vessel. Wall with strap handle root. Gritty dark red clay. Handle: incised cross between diagonal
strokes.
37* Cooking jug. plate 51. Près. H. 10.5, D. c. 10. Rim to belly with round handle. Gritty red clay. Ridge and
three grooves.
38* Cooking jar. plate 51. D. c. 24. Rim fr. Hard red clay, gritty and micaceous. Splash of buff paint outside.
39 Bowl, plate 51. D. c. 17. Rim and strap handle. Gritty orange-buff clay, red core.
40 Oinochoe. Strap handle. Orange-buff clay, lustrous brown-black paint. Attic EG II-MG I.
41 Amphora. Body fr. Hard red clay, small white inclusions, shiny orange surface, red paint. Full circles,
imperfectly drawn. Euboean SPG.
42 Krater. Wall fr. Hard orange-red clay, small white and larger brown inclusions, shiny orange surface, red-
brown paint. Trace of handle to L. with diagonal band; trace of circle to R. Attic LPG-EG I. Cf. Kerameidos
V. 1 pl. 16 no. 2133 (EG I).
43 Skyphos. D. c. 15. Rim fr. Fine orange-buff clay, lustrous black paint. Inside painted but for thin reserved line
under rim. Attic LPG.
44 Skyphos. D. c. 15. Rim fr. Pink- brown clay, shiny buff surface; black paint, flaking. Misfired. Band, circl
band below rim inside, otherwise no paint visible. Attic LPG.
45 Skyphos. plate 51. Près. H. 7. D. c. 15.8. Rim to belly with handle root. Orange- buff clay, chestnut-bro
inclusions, lustrous black paint. Bars in reserved line inside lip. Attic MG I. Cf. F. no. 366.
DEPOSIT GC, PROTOGEOMETRIC B TO EARLY GEOMETRIC

PLATES 52, 62
"Deposit GC is a small group which was found in the lower fill of a huge robbing pit at the
of the excavated area, Pit 60; see plan at plate 5 no. 60, Section D no. 17 and plate 25a. T
pit had been dug to quarry out the walls of the NW. corner of the Unexplored Mansion and
N. wall of the corridor adjacent to it (see plan at plate 5, Section D no. 19). There were severa
pits dug into each other here, the contents including quarrymen's stone chips (Section D
18), much Minoan debris, lenses of PG and G material, and in the upper part of the pit sher

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
as late as fourth century B.C. From her

and see also Deposit H8 (4th B.C.) and
of pottery, perhaps part of an originall
disturbed stratigraphical context. It giv
robbing here. Other finds from Pit 6
incised beads, nos. K6-8, a whetstone
I(N) 23, I Pit XI (lower)" (LHS).
1 Amphora. Neck fr. Profile slightly concav
2 Hydria(?). Neck fr. Opposed solid triangle
3 Hydria. Shoulder fr. Coarse orange clay, br
4 Cauldron, plate 52. H. c. 13, D. c. 23.5. Six f
1.5. The smallest fr. in the centre is burnt gre
trees on GH 62, 63.
5 Bell-krater. Wall fr. Central rectilinear pa
6 Skyphos. plate 52, D. c. 10.8. Rim and roun
bars on and above handles, band inside rim
7* Skyphos. plate 52. D. c. 12. Rim to belly
8*,9* Cups, plate 52. D. c. 10, 12. Rim to be
10 Domed lid. plate 52. H. c. 5.5, D. c. 24.8. Fi
central rosette cf. F. no. 402 and Teke tholos no. 44.
1 1 Tray. Base fr. Fabric as GB 33. Upper side illustrated. Underneath, circles enclosing reserved cross, F. motif
3aa. PGB. Cf. F. no. 1440 for upper motif.
12 Cooking jug. Rim to belly with strap handle. Crisp red fabric, a few white grits, wheelmade. Handle attached
inside rim, slight ridge on neck, two grooves by lower handle root.
13* Basin, plate 52. H. 10.9, D. c. 31. Complete profile with root of strap handle. Red-brown clay, very large
white and brown grits, cream wash.
14 Oinochoe. Handle fr., strap. Orange-buff clay, well smoothed; lustrous black paint. Attic MG.
15 Oinochoe. Shoulder fr. Fabric as 14. Triple zigzag. Attic MG I. Cf. Kerameikos V 1 pl. 72 no. 2149.
Note on other PG Contexts

"Stratified PG material was found in three other separate areas:
(a) in a strip along the edge of the Little Palace cutting, at the N., on the lowest two of a series
of five superimposed occupation levels, see Section D nos. 24-26 (MUM V 6-8). The sherds on
the hard trodden level at Section D no. 26 (MUM V level 8 'Floor 7') were 10th century B.C., -
EPG or earlier: illustrated at plate 25d nos. 8-9 are the shoulder fragment of an SM/EPG
oinochoe or amphoriskos with tight zigzag (9) and the rim fragment of an EPG bell krater with
antithetic vertical wavy lines (8). Also from this context comes a bronze spatula, no. M8. The
plaster floor sealing these (Section D no. 25) should also be EPG, since the sherds in the gravel
strosis immediately above (Section D no. 24, lower strosis) were also 10th century, while those
in the higher gravel strosis (MUM V level 6, 'floor 6') were M-LPG. Illustrated from the lower
strosis at plate 25d are the rim fragment of an EPG bell krater (7) and of an Attic late 10th
century skyphos (6), and from the upper strosis a jug base (4) and bell skyphos base (5), both c.
900 B.C.
(b) at the S. edge of the excavated area beneath a MG earth floor (XV 18) in mixed LM III
and PG fill. Here the skyphos GH 3 was found, see Section E no. 18.
(c) in a small triangular robbing pit (Pit 20a), probably dug to rob out the second storey
Minoan Masonry which had been set over the high terrace wall at the back or W. side of the
UM, see plan at plate 5 no. 20a. XI 56." (LHS).

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DEPOSIT GD, MIDDLE GEOMETRIC

plates 53-5, 62-4
"Deposit GD was found in an oval shaped pit, Pit 27, about 2.0 x 3.0m. at its top and 0.75m.
deep, situated in the terraced hillside area above the central E. side of the UM, see plan at
plate 5 no. 27, Section C no. 2 1 and Section E no. 17. This pit had an upper fill of loose greyish
earth and broken pottery and a lower fill containing more stones, and may represent two nearly
contemporary cuttings, - evidently forming a purposely cut rubbish pit (cf. Section E' nos. 17,
17a, 21a; plate 5 nos. 26 and 27). It was dug into wash layers containing SM material (Section
C no. 32, = VII 47, 48; and cf. Section E' nos. 21a) and associated with a trodden earth level
or floor (XII 45, XI/XII 22) partly preserved on the higher, SW. side (plan at plate 2, Section
E' no. 20), but cut away elsewhere by the foundations of later walls: a small Classical terrace
wall (Wall 'bm') was dug into the top of the pit itself and a substantial 1st century A.D. wall
was founded at the same level only a few cms. to the E. There seems, however, to have been a
large levelled area of occupation at this period since a further section of similar earth floor
survived at the S. limit of the excavation some 14m. away, see plan at plate 2, Section A no.
17. Sherds from there join with others from the pit itself.
The only structure which may have been associated with these floors was a fragment of
terrace wall foundation, Wall fy (see plan at plate 2, Section B no. 9) preserved one course
high for a little over 2.0m., sandwiched tightly between the LM IIIA2 fill over the UM
Corridor 'L' below, and the 2nd A.D. floor of the House of the Diamond Frescoes, c. 0.20m.
above. It seems likely that the Roman builders dug out the Geometric occupation levels which
were apparently about one metre higher to the W. of Wall Ty' than they were to the E. (Section
B nos. 7 and 9). Also found in this pit, in association with Deposit GD, were a clay disc weight
(71/755) no. Wl, and a copper or bronze bar (68/84) no. M20. VII/XII pit 8" (LHS).
1 Large Pyxis, plate 53. PH. 13, D. 12. Rising double-rolled handles. Paint on inset rim. Decoration slightly
different on each side. MG.
2 Belly-handled amphora, plate 53. H. of neck 22.8, D. c. 20. Neck and two body frs. Flaking black paint. N
trace of handles; at handle level, reserved panel of meander between multiple zigzags. Paint on and just insid
mouth. MG.
3 Small neck-handled amphora. Neck to belly and base frs. Hard red clay, semi-lustrous black paint. Roots
vertical handle on neck and shoulder, the latter neatly pierced. MG. Two more frs. of similar amphorae.
4 Hydria. Fr. with strap handle, neck and shoulder.
5 Hydria. Frs. of base, body, and lower root of vertical handle. Red clay, traces of thick white slip on reser
areas. Brackets pendent from shoulder and belly, pendent from spaced bands. In added white: on upper ban
triple zigzag with dots in the spaces; white hatching across upper bracket; four white lines round band at base.
6 Krater, plate 53. D. c. 34. Rim fr. Cream slip, flaking brown-black paint. MG. Cf. Vrokastro fig. 106.
7 Krater, plate 53. D. c. 25. Rim fr. MG. Cf. Teke tholos no. 20.
8 Krater. Rim fr. A few particles of silver mica, lumpy surface, semi-lustrous red-brown paint. Rese
inside rim with groups of bars. MG, possibly imported.
9 Krater, plate 55. D. c. 19. Rim and handle frs. Fine orange-brown clay, brown grits, lustrous r
paint. Star in corner above handle attachment. Interior as 8. MG, possibly imported.
10 Krater, plate 53. Fr. of high foot, D. c. 26. Orange-brown clay, streaky red-brown paint. MG.
11 Krater, plate 53. D. c. 22. Two frs., rim to belly with handle stumps. MG.
12 Krater. Wall fr. EG.
13 Krater. Two wall frs, with trace of rim. Cream wash. Inside, band below rim, spatter elsewhere
1539.
14 Skyphos. plate 54. D. c. 15. Rim fr. Cream wash. Band inside lip, no paint below. EG.
15 Skyphos. D. c. 14. Rim fr. As 14 above.
16 Skyphos. plate 54. D. c. 12. Rim fr. Grey clay, burnt. Reserved line inside rim. MG.
17 Skyphos. plate 54. D. c. 11. Rim fr. Thin reserved line inside rim. MG.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
18 Skyphos. plate 54. D. c. 12.5. Rim to lower b

19 Skyphos. D. c. 15. Rim fr. Streaky brown-b
groups of vertical bars.
20 Cup. plate 54. D. c. 14. Rim to near base, ha
Cf. F. no. 611 and BSA 67 (1972) pl. 28, G 1
21 Cup. plate 54. H. 7.2. D. 9.8. Two thirds pr
22 Cup. plate 54. c. H. 9.8, D. 12. Body nearly c
paint. Rough base. Fully coated.
23 Domed lid. plate 54. H. 9.8. D. c. 27. Frs., w
24 Lid. Wall fr. Four zones of horizontal Ss. I
25 Domed lid. Large fr. from centre. No pain
26 Domed lid. plate 54. H. 5.4, D. 21.5. Nearly c
bands inside.
27 Domed lid. Wall fr. with top. White on dark, fugitive: part of arcaded rosette, nothing else visible. No paint
inside.
28 Domed lid. Wall fr. White on dark: zone with column of chevrons. Bands inside.
29 Domed lid. Fr. from centre. White on dark: cross-hatching at centre, outer zone of leaves (?) in outline. No
paint inside.
30 Domed lid. plate 54. H. c. 3.5, D. c. 18. Rim to near centre. White on dark: arcaded rosette in centre. No
paint inside.
31 Tray, plate 54. H. 2.8, D. 21. Frs., two-thirds près, with roots of two reflex handles. Bars on handles and
inside lip; concentric bands on floor. Underside illustrated. MG.
32 Cooking jug. plate 55. Près. H. 16.2, D. 10.2. Two-thirds près., base missing. Gritty red clay, wheelmade.
Trace of burning in front. Flattened handle. The base appears to have been rounded, probably with tripod
feet.
33 Pithos. plate 55. D. of base 20.7. Orange-buff clay, large grey grits, cream wash.
34 Basin, plate 55 H. 10.2, D. 33.4. Two-thirds près. Reddish clay, brown and white grits, cream wash. Strap
handles.
35* Basin, plate 55. H. 8.8. Rim to base. Fabric as 34 above. No trace of handle.
36 Pedestalled krater. Frs. of body and ribbed stem. Hard red clay, orange-brown surface, brown- black lustrous
paint. Meander in reserved panel, framed by strips of triple zigzag. MG, perhaps Euboean MG II: cf. AE
1903, 3 fig. 2 from Eretria.
37 Krater. Wall fr. Fabric like 36, but from a different vessel. Meander, trace of zigzag above.
38 Krater. Rim fr. Fine orange-buff clay, burnt grey in parts; lustrous black paint. Dots on offset lip; columns of
cross-hatched lozenges and chevrons, beginning of main design to R. Attic MG II.
39 Belly-handled amphora. Wall fr. Pink- orange clay, red-brown paint. Panel of concentric circles with dot
rosette in corner; meander to R., bars above. Attic MG. Cf. AJA 44 (1940) pl. 23, 3.
DEPOSIT GE, LATE GEOMETRIC

plates 55-6, 65
"Deposit GE is the fill of a robbing pit, Pit 41, found at the NW corner of the UM, dug deep
below the Late Roman court S. wall, see plan at plate 5 no. 41. Its purpose was evidently to
rob the S. wall of the small square Minoan compartment there (Room 'A') and the stair
retaining wall; the top surviving step of the rear stairs (Area 'K') was close to the bottom of this
pit.
This was a comparatively small pit, c. 1.00 x 0.50m., and 1.30m. deep. The fill consisted of
large stones (fragments of blocks from the Minoan walls), loose silt and sherds, with a wider
spread of stones and sherds at the top of the pit, impossible to distinguish at this level from the
similar fill of other adjacent pits in this area. Finds associated with the pit surface include
Orientalizing: GH 83, 94, 118-20.
Above was a wash level (VIII 34) containing Classical and earlier material including the

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Geometric GH 9, 22 and 61, and close ov

Thus it is not possible to link the conte
or other horizon within the excavat
1 Pithos. Fr., rim to lower body. D. c. 22. Re
some frs. Paint on inset lip. Upper root of v
two vertical. Double zigzag and meander in
LG.
2 Belly-handled amphora, plate 56. H. of neck 27, D. 26. Neck and part of shoulder. Large white and small
black grits, cream wash. LG.
3* Hydria. plate 56. Neck and part of shoulder. H. of neck 9.8, D. 15.8. Pinkish clay, cream wash. No trace of
handle.
4 Oinochoe. Wall fr. Creto-Cypriot class, F. 155 III. LG.
5 Krater. Wall fr. To L., bird with hatched wing, outlined cross. Spatter inside. LG.
6 Krater. Rim fr. Shape as 1 1 below. Cross- hatched lozenges in panel. LG.
7 Krater. Rim fr. D. c. 28. Shape as 1 1 below. Inside, reserved band below lip. LG. Cf. BSA 55 (1960) 163f. no.
39.
8 Krater. Rim fr., perhaps from same vessel as 7 above.
9 Krater. Wall frs. Lozenge crosses as 7 above, but without dots and with small chevrons in the quadrants.
10 Krater. Base fr. D. of base 8.8. Disc foot, concave underneath.
1 1 Krater, plate 56. D. c. 20. Rim to lower body with round handle. Reserved lines only. LG.
12* Skyphos. plate 56. H. 9.4, D. 13.8. Half près., with full profile and one handle. On the other side, panel of
cross-hatched lozenges between vertical bars. LG.
13-15 Skyphoi. plate 56 (13). Rim frs. Ds. 1 1-15. Lips less sharply offset than 12 above. Panels containing vertical
chevrons. LG.
16 Skyphos. Wall fr., rim missing. LG.
17 Cup. plate 56. H. 10.3, D. 14. Two- thirds près. Strap handle. Fully coated. LG. G. 166f. class B(iii).
18 Cup. plate 56. H. 10.8, D.14. Nearly complete, strap handle broken off. As 17 above but thinner fabric
19 Cup. D. 14.5. Base missing. Thin fabric. Strap handle. Fully coated. (Frs. of least eight more, similar)
20 Lid. Wall fr. with part of averted lip. White on dark: outline leaves, grid pattern.
21 Lid. Wall fr. White on dark: multiple zigzag.
22 Lid. Rim fr. White on dark: dots on everted lip, triple circles. Cf. Teke tholos no. 53.
23 Lid. Wall fr. White on dark: double semicircles, pendent and standing. Cf. F. no. 788.
24* Tray, plate 56. H. 3.5, D. c. 32.5. Heavy fabric, max. Th. 1 .2. Root of reflex handle. Wall fully painted inside
and out; circular bands on floor and underneath.
25* Cooking jug. plate 55. Rim to belly with round handle. Gritty orange-grey clay, wheelmade. LG. Cf. BSA 67
(1972) 87, F 27, fig. 9.
26 Basin, plate 55. H. 10.8, D. 32. Nearly complete. Pink-buff clay, large white grits, cream slip. Strap handle
rough base. Frs. of three more.
27 Conical bowl, plate 55. H. 16.2, D. 37. Half près. Reddish clay, large white grits, buff wash. Pinched rim.
Strap handles, rough base.
28* Small pithos. Wall fr. Gritty red clay, grey core. Incised decoration: diagonal bars, double chevrons (cf. G
56-7).
Note on other LG contexts
"(a) A thick wash level containing LG material (XI 34) was preserved behind the 2nd B.C.
roadway terrace wall (Wall 'el') at the W. centre of the excavated area, with some PG in the
underlying level, see plan at plate 2. The terrace wall cut back into these early levels,
depositing some of the spoil into the contemporary pit nearby (Pit 22; see plan at plate 5 no.
22), with the result that in a reverse stratigraphy homogeneous LG material was also found in
the upper fill of this Hellenistic pit (XI 33). From the wash level XI 34 come GH 28 (LG), as
well as the earlier finds GH 21, 24 and 66.
(b) LG material was also found in a strip along the edge of the Little Palace cutting, at the N.
(MUM V 3-4) - on the third in a series of stratified occupation levels, marked in this case by

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
layers of gravel and ash, see Section D no.

a MG/LG amphora neck fragment with
krater rim fragment with white circles, c
'floor 5'). See also GH 73, EPC kotyle wit
and the Cypriot juglet fragment GH 1
DEPOSIT GF, ORIENTALIZING

PLATES 57, 66
"Deposit GF was found in Pit 47, about lm. to the W. of the MG pit containing Deposit G
this pit was of similar dimensions (2.0 x 3.0m., depth c. 0.80m.), and was dug down from
similar earth level some 0.40m. higher and running over the MG 'floor', see plan at plate 5 no.
47, Section C no. 20. It was dug through the MG levels into the SM and earlier levels, and was
overlaid by the heavy foundations of two Hellenistic- Roman walls and a threshold. VIII p
13.
The pit content was a loose fill of earth and sherds, with more stones at the bottom. It was
not possible to associate any wider occupation level of this phase with the pit, as was the case
with the earlier (MG) phase; however, some traces of an earth floor with LG/EO sherds
occurred stratified above MG in two other areas:
(1) between pits near the S. section (XIV 34-6); see Section A no. 15.
(2) in a strip along the edge of the Little Palace cutting at the N. (MUM V 1-2), the upper
two of a series of stratified occupation levels, see Section D no. 23. Illustrated at plate 25d no. 1
is a mid 7th century krater wall fr., with applied white on reserved ground, from a trodden
earth level here (MUM V level 2 'floor 4')"(LHS).
1-6 Hydriai. plates 57(1) 66. D. of 1 c. 11.5. Frs., neck with round vertical handle (1), shoulder (2-3, 5), and
belly (4, 6, with horizontal handle stump).
7 Oinochoe(P). Wall fr. Compass-drawn cable.
8 Krater. plate 57. D. c. 25. Rim to lower body, handles missing. In added white: erratic lines on band below
rim, one line immediately below circles, lines on both bands below. Inside fully painted, with one white line
below rim. EO.
9 Krater. Wall fr. Two bands with triple white circles.
10 Krater. Wall frs. Reserved at upper edge; white circles on broad band.
1 1 Small krater. Wall fr. Fine thin fabric, metallic black paint. In white: two zones of spaced triple circl
separated by lines.
12 Krater. Wall fr., cut out as rough disc. Forepart of grazing bird, quadruple circles, dots between innerm
two: three tangents to R. Spatter inside.
13 Krater. Wall fr. with handle stump. Line in reserved band above and below handle zone containing set
large white circles and column as small white double circles; more white circles on band below. White bar
between lines on handle.
14 Krater. Wall fr. Panels containing dotted floral motif (lotus?), and volutes attached to corner of lozenge (cf.
BSA 68 (1973) 42, J 3, pl. 15). Reserved lines reinforced in white. EO.
15 Skyphos. plate 57. Half près, with handle stump. H. 9, D. 12.2. White on red decoration. EO. Cf. F. nos. 808,
1260.
16, 17 Skyphoi. Rim and wall frs., perhaps from the same vessel. D (16) c. 12. Fully coated, with white decoration
which has assumed a purplish tinge in firing: zones of single circles between lines on lip and body, reserved
area at top of 17. Reserved line inside rim.
18 Skyphos. Rim fr. Fully coated, decoration in white: three lines, double circles, the outer on thickened. White
line inside rim.
19 Skyphos. Wall fr. Triple zigzag, triple circles.
20 Skyphos. Wall fr. Neck and head of bird, hooked beak, reserved eye; swastika in field. Chevrons to R.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
21, 22 Domed lids. Wall frs. White on dark: ma

23 Cup. plate 57. H. 8, D. c. 14. One quarter pr
missing.
24 Cooking jug. plate 57. D. c. 9. Rim to lower body with round handle. Gritty red fabric, grey core. Grooves on
neck and belly.
25 Pithos. Rim fr. D. c. 50. Gritty red clay, cream slip. Overhanging lip with roughly incised running spiral.
26 Pithos. Rim fr. D. c. 35. Fabric as 25 above. Over-hanging lip with incised single circles.
DEPOSIT GG, ORIENTALIZING TO ARCHAIC

PLATES 57, 67
Deposit GG is the upper fill of Well 8a, sunk through a rear corridor (Room 4J') of the UM a
grazing its outer wall, see plans at plates 2 and 5, no. 36. At a depth of 5.50m. the excavat
had to be abandoned owing to the serious risk of a collapse; the sides of the well were found
be of jagged rock, with ominous cracks and dangerous overhangs in places. The fill yielded fo
baskets of rather scrappy domestic pottery, mainly late seventh to early sixth century B.C., bu
with a small admixture of LG including the relief pithos fr. GH 58.
1 Hydria. plate 57. D. c. 13. Billets outside lip, outline tongues(?) on neck, the curved ends overlapping wi
band above. Inside, line below rim.
2 Hydria. Neck and shoulder fr. Part of bracket on shoulder.
3 Large jug(?). D. c. 14. Cylindrical neck, projecting lip, with groove. No paint inside.
4 Wine amphora, plate 57. D. c. 15. Hard porous orange clay, grey core, gritty and very micaceous.
5 Krater, plate 57. D. c. 32. Reddish clay, cream slip, unpainted.
6 Krater. D. 30. Rim fr. Lip slightly concave, thickening at rim. Fully coated, with faded white decoration:
lines, triple circles. LO. Cf. BSA 68 (1973) 42, J 20, pl. 15.
7 Stirrup krater. plate 57. D. c. 32. Fully coated.
8 Lekanis. plate 57. D. c. 34. Rim fr. Reserved band below rim outside, otherwise fully coated.
9 Lekanis. plate 57. D. c. 30. Rim fr. Paint on rim, lines outside, band inside.
10 Lekanis. plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr. with strap handle. Dipped in paint from base.
1 1 Lekanis. plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr. Paint on rim, grooves below, bands inside.
12 Small lekanis. plate 57. D. c. 14. Rim fr., root of strap handle. Probably dipped in paint from base.
13 Lekanis. plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr. and strap handle. Rim only dipped in paint, trickling inside.
14 Lekanis. plate 57. D. c. 32. Rim fr. Paint on and outside lip only.
15 Cup. plate 57. Base fr. D. 6.2. Slight smear of paint under foot, otherwise fully coated.
16 Cup. plate 57. Base fr., D. c. 6. Irregular ridges between foot and body and under base. Coated in streaky
paint.
17 Lamp, plate 57. H. 2.6, D. c. 4. Lip missing. Open nozzle, with burning. Front dipped in paint.
18 Pithos(?). Wall frs. Gritty red clay. Double circles on white slip, white quintuple circles on clay ground.
19 Pithos. D. c. 60. Rim fr. Gritty red clay, white slip. Overhanging lip, undercut. Large and small stamped
circles.
20 Pithos. Part of strap handle. Fabric as 19 above. Decoration impressed with finger.
21 Pithos. D. c. 40. Rim fr. Gritty red clay. Rim profile like 14 above. Single stamped circles forming a
battlement.
22 Basin. Wall fr. with root of reflex handle. Hard red clay, well smoothed inside, trace of burning. At handle
level, stamped whirligig between ridges.
23 Basin. Wall fr. Hard red clay, but not smoothed inside. Incised triangular pattern in hatched double outline.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
GH. MISCELLANEOUS
plates 58-9, 68-73
Ninth century
1 Bell-krater. plate 58. Wall fr. Grazing bird, tail in air. Spatter inside. (VIII 33)
2 Bell-krater. plate 58. Wall frs., probably from different sides of vessel. Concentric circles to L. and R. of bird.
Spatter inside. LPG-PGB. (II pit 13;IV N 5)
3 Bell-skyphos. plate 58. H. 8.3, D. 6. Handles and part of rim broken off. Irregular ridge on conical foot.
E-MPG. (XV 18).
4* Bell-skyphos. plates 58. H. 9, D. 8. Handles broken off. Grey-brown clay. LPG. Cf. F. no. 1471. (II 9;
another similar but more fragmentary, II 10)
5 Bell-skyphos. plate 58. H. 9, D. 9. Nearly complete. Brown clay. LPG-PGB (XIII pit 14).
6 Skyphos. plate 58. H. 7.5. D. 12.5. Half. près, with one handle root. Pale grey clay, misfired. Fully coated.
Local imitation of Attic MG I. (UM/67/P 181, Pit 62)
7 Kalathos. plate 58. H. c. 14.5, D. c. 32.6. Rim to near base with one handle root. Inside, bars below lip,
bands, paint on floor. LPG: slightly earlier than F. no. 357. (XI 50, 55)
8 Kalathos-lid. plate 58. H. 7.3, D. c. 19.5. Half près, with one handle root. Two lines round lip; inside painted
but for one reserved band. LPG-PGB. Cf. F. Cf. F. nos. 358 and 1018. (UM/72/P 242, XIV #0076)
9 Kalathos-lid. D. c. 30. Four holes near rim for suspension. Groups of bars on rim, one band inside. PGB. Cf. F.
no. 524. (I 6E, I 33, VIII 34)
10 Kalathos. D. c. 27. Rim fr. Profile as 8 above. Inside illustrated; two bands outside. (XI 35)
1 1 Domed lid. plate 58. H. c. 8, D. c. 28. Two frs., whole profile except for centre. No paint inside. PGB- EG
(VII 37, 43A)
12 Lid. Wall fr. Cream slip, fugitive paint. Two zones: pendent and standing double scales. No paint inside. EG.
(Pit 57).
13 Lid. Wall fr. near centre; flattened top. Heavy fabric (max Th. 1.4). No paint inside.
14 Lid. Wall fr., part of low central knob. Cream slip. Inside painted. PGB-EG. (VI 13)
15 Tray, plate 58. H. 3.2. D. c. 24. Whole profile. Deep red clay, semi- lustrous brown-black paint. Slight trace
of rising handle. Outside illustrated. Thick bars on rim; two bands inside. PGB. (II 7)
16 Krater. Wall fr. Pink-brown clay, shiny pale orange surface; black paint, flaking. Attic LPG or EG. (IIIE 12)
1 7 Amphora. Shoulder fr. Red-brown clay, much silver mica, cafe-au-lait surface, dull black paint. East Greek
PG or EG. Cf. Clara Rhodos VI fig. 134 from Kameiros. (IV(N) 5)
Eighth century
18 Belly-handled Amphora. Près. H. 42. Shoulder to near base, root of round handle. LG? (Pit 51)
19 Amphora, plate 59. Body fr. White on dark: double zigzag, griffins alternating with lozenge nets in square
panels, double zigzag, leaves with diagonal hatching. LG-EO. (Pit 51)
20 Amphora. Neck fr. Trace of ridge under rim. MG. (MUM A pit 4, 12)
21 Amphora. Neck fr. Sharp ridge, multiple zigzag below. (XI 34)
22 Amphora. Neck fr. Meander and triple zigzag in reserved panel, paint to R. MG. (VIII 34)
22a Four-handed pithos. Rim handle and body frs. Orange-pink clay, white grits, cream slip, fugitive black paint.
Concave inset lip, rising rim. Vertical strap and flattened horizontal handle. Ovoid body. Paint on lip. Panels:
A, zigzag with dots, two palm trees with hatched leaves (lower part missing); B, missing; C, double zigzag,
palm trees (lower part only), double zigzag; D, trace of palm tree above double zigzag. Below, zone of simple
lozenge chain. Bars on horizontal handle, lines down vertical handle. EG. (S. Extension, 1977)
23 Oinochoe. Body with stump of round handle. Près. H. 16.5. Flat base. Trace of panel on shoulder, framed by
verticals: part of diagonal cross, each quadrant filled by diminishing chevrons. LG. Cf. F. nos. 583, 940. (VI
13)
24 Lentoid flask. Body frs. Uneven surface. Groove down centre, where two halves of body were joined. On each
flank, flattened central disc with paint, surrounded by concentric zones: A, zigzag, running spiral with
hatched loops, spiral wave pattern; B, radiating rectangles containing grid or zigzag, spiral wave pattern. EG?
(XI 34)
25 Large closed vessel, plate 59. Wall fr. Incised equine griffin with hatched triangular wing, no tail, head
missing; tress (?) behind neck. Part of a second incised animal above. Black paint, nearly all flaked off, follows
the incised lines; careless splashes of paint in the field. (I Blk #0845, pit below floor 4)

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
26-28 Kraters. One wall and two rim (D. c. 25) frs
34)
29-36 Skyphoi. D. c. 10 (35), c. 12 (34), the rest c. 13-14. Rim frs. Lips not very sharply offset, short on 29, medium
on 30-34, high on 35-6. Interior of 30 fully painted; on the rest, reserved line under rim. 29-31 MG; 32-6 LG.
35 may perhaps be from a cup: cf. F. nos. 989, 1003. (I 22 N., XIII 41, V E 5, VII 43A, VI 12, 1 25, 1 60, Vili
30 S pit 3)
37 Cup. plate 59. H. 9.8, D. 10.7-12.3, elliptical. Grey clay, misfired; semi-lustrous grey-brown paint all over.
• Poorly made, unusually thick walls. Strap handle; rough base, slightly bevelled. LG-EO. (VII 43A)
38-43 Domed lids. Wall (38-9) And rim (40-43) frs. D. c. 24 (40), 22, (41), 20 (42-3). Trace of handle on 40, and a
slightly raised centre on 39. Rim sharply everted on 40, 41, 43, hardly at all on 42. Inside, 38-9 fully painted,
40-43 unpainted. 38-9 EG; 40, 41 MG; 42-3 LG. (XIV 35, VII 43A, VII 29, XI S. Blk, XIII 38, I 34)
44-8 Trays. Base frs., 47 with wall also (H. 3). Heavy fabric, minimum Th. 0.7 (46), max. Th. 1.3 (47). Profile of 47
similar to GD 31; vertical bars on wall. Main decoration always under base, as illustrated. Inside, 47 has bars
on rim, and is otherwise all painted; spaced concentric bands on all others. 44, EG; 45, 47, MG; 46, 48, LG.
(XI 34, XI 24, VIII pit 5, VIII 33, VI wall X)
49 Tray, plate 59. H. 4, D. c. 25. Rim to base with stump of reflex handle. Cream slip. Wall: band on rim,
horizontal Ss, two lines, band, bars on handle. Underneath as illustrated. Inside, spaced concentric bands on
floor. LG. Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 97, G 113, pl. 28. (VI 15, VII 27-8)
50 Large lid(?). Wall fr. Heavy fabric, Th. 2 at upper break, 1.3 at lower. Two birds of prey, with a small worm;
to R., meander and zigzag. Inside unpainted. M-LG. (MUM II 12)
51 Lid. Wall fr. Bird file; no paint inside. LG. (Pit 43)
52 Skyphos. Wall fr. Cream wash. Part of two hatched birds in panel. LG. (XII 6)
53 Oinochoe(P). Neck fr. Cream slip. Domestic fowl; bands, one passing across the bird's body. LG. (VI,
roadway fill W. of cesspit)
54 Large closed vessel. Wall fr. legs and claws of predatory bird in panel. LG. (I 33)
55 Oinochoe. Près. H. 9. Most of mouth and handle missing. Fine buff clay, polished surface, handmade. Strap
handle, trace of trefoil lip. (VI 2)
56 Pithos. Shoulder fr. Orange clay, grey core, large brown grits. Incised chevrons. (VI 23)
57 Cooking vessel. Wall fr. Red micaceous clay. Incised decoration. (VI 21)
58 Relief pithos. Wall fr. D. of roundels 5. Max. Th. 2.8. Gritty red clay, buff wash. Stamped roundels: horseman
R., wearing crested helmet, flourishing spear in one hand, whip in the other. LG. J.N. Coldstream, Geometric
Greece 276 fig. 87f. (Well 8a = deposit GG)
59 Skyphos. D. c. 14. Rim fr. Orange-buff clay, lustrous black paint. Lip no sharply articulated. Multiple zigzag
in panel. Inside, reserved band below rim with groups of vertical bars. Attic MG II. (Pit 51)
60 Krater. Wall fr. Fabric as 59 above. Attic MG II. (VII 28)
61 Oinochoe(P). Shoulder fr. Grey clay, white grits, flaking cream slip, dull black paint. Hatched battlement.
Similar to East Greek MG (Cf. GGP pl. 59f from Rhodes) but found to be local by AA analysis. (VIII 34)
62-3 Amphora(?) Two wall frs., perhaps from same vessel. Red-buff clay, chocolate brown paint. Schematic Trees
of Life with straight hatched leaves; possibly palm trees (in which case the illustrations would be upside
down). LG, perhaps Euboean, or local imitation. Cf. Dialoghi di Archeologia 3 (1969) fig. 27, 11, colonial
Euboean from Pithekoussai. (XI 23, 146)
64 Krater. Wall fr. Hard buff clay, semi- lustrous black paint, zone of leaf-lozenges with vertical dashes. LG,
Argive or local imitation. Cf. GGP pl. 30d. (VII 28)
65 Amphora, Wall fr. Orange-buff clay, large white grits, small particles of golden mica, lustrous black paint.
Reserved area above, perhaps below handle. Attic MG. (XII 1)
66 Kantharos. D. c. 15. Rim to near base. Orange-brown clay, golden mica, semi-lustrous red paint. Lip slightly
offset. Panel of vertical chevrons, vertical bar to R. Three reserved lines inside rim with groups of vertical bars
in upper band. Attic MG II. (XI 34)
67 Skyphos. D. c. 10. Rim to near base with handle stump. Ginger clay, small particles of mica, semi-lustrous
black paint. Offset lip, two reserved lines inside. Cycladic MG II-LG I. (XII 48)
68 Skyphos. D. c. 18. Rim and body fr. Orange clay, mica, thin brown-black paint. Lip sharply offset, inside all
painted. Parian LG or Subgeometric. Cf. Délos XV, Ae 64. (VI 7A)
69 Skyphos. Wall fr. Fabric as 68 above. Parian LG. Cf. Délos XV, Ae 60. (VII 23)
70 Proto-kotyle. D. c. 17. Rim fr. Fabric and shape as 71 below. Vertical bars in panel, one chevron to L.
Reserved line inside rim. Corinthian MG II. (VIII 30)
71 Proto-kotyle. plates 59, 71. D. c. 20. Pink-buff clay, yellow surface, red paint. Vertical chevrons in panel;

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
reserved line inside lip, with groups of bars. C

Ithaca. (XII 28)
72-5 Deep kotylai. Two rims (D. c. 13), wall, base
(72-3), fine lines, paint below interrupted by on
rim. Corinthian, EPC. (XI 22, MUM V 3 room
Seventh century
76 Amphora. D. c. 20. Rim fr. Shape as BSA 73 (
on rim, band inside. EO.
77 Amphora. Neck fr. Reserved lines reinforc
78 Amphora. Neck fr. Ridge below rim. Large g
(Well 12, 65)
79 Amphora. Neck fr. Column of opposed double arcs, lozenges between EO. (XI 42)
80 Pithos. Wall fr. Cable, lotus with buds. White reinforcement in reserved lines, floral motifs, and eyes of cable.
EO. (VIII pit 10)
81 Pithos. Wall fr. Debased guilloche. EO. (XI 23)
82 Oinochoe. Neck to belly fr. On neck, white on dark: wavy lines between straight line. Same repeated on upper
shoulder. LO.
83 Oinochoe. Mouth to shoulder with flattened handle. Gritty red clay, grooves on shoulder. LO. Cf. BSA
(1978) 54 no. 20 pl. 12. (VII pit 10)
84 Oinochoe. Wall frs. Polished buff surface. White line on upper band. (Pits 45 and 57)
85 Lekythos, Praisos type. Shoulder to belly with handle root. White on dark. EO. Cf. F. no. 1499. (XI 2
86 Lekythos. Wall fr. Vertical zones, reserved lines reinforced in white. (VIII 29)
87 Aryballos. Wall fr. Rays(?) at upper break. EO. (I 7)
88 Aryballos. Wall fr. Vertical bars above, double arc in corner of rosette panel. LO, manner of the Forte
painter. (V43)
89 Lekythos. Wall fr. Circles on flank. EO, Creto-Cypriot class, F. 158f. E (iiib). (VII 37)
90 Aryballos. Lower part. Polished surface. F. 157f. B (ii) or (iii). (VIII 30)
91 Pyxis. Fr. with inset rim. (Pit 65)
92 Pyxis. D. c. 20. Lower body with flat base, vertical wall. Cable in white on clay ground, small brown circles
each 'eye'; band with white line. LO.
93 Cylindrical lid. D. c. 11. Fr. from wall and top. Wall slopes outward. Fully coated, with white decoration: par
of lotus on top, lines. Cf. lid of F. no. 1218. (VIII 30)
94 Cylindrical lid. D. c. 8. Top and part of vertical wall. Fully coated with decoration in white. Cf. F. no. 68
(VIII pit 10)
95 Pyxis. D. c. 8. Lower body with ring foot. Vertical wall. Band below foot underneath. Inside fully painted. (X
21)
96 Krater. D. c. 32. Rim fr. Concave lip, rim slightly projecting. White on dark; spatter inside. (I S 29)
97 Krater. D. c. 20. Rim fr., vertical. White on dark: running spiral between lines. (I 20 N)
98 Krater. Wall fr. Guilloche framed by double circles. (I pit 1 IB)
99 Krater. Wall fr. with handle stump. Lip and shoulder with white on dark decoration; main panel reserved
with triple circles. White reinforcement in first reserved line below. LO. Cf. BSA 68 (1973) 42, J 20, pl. 15. (XI
25, 34)
100 Krater. Wall fr. with handle stump. Two cables, dots in spaces between. Above and below, band with white
lines. (Ill 10)
101 Krater. C. c 32. Rim and wall frs. Tall vertical lip. Decoration confined to broad bands on lip and belly, with
added white: cables, the 'eyes' consisting of compass-drawn double circles. Spatter inside, with one band
where lip joins body. (Pit 9)
102 Krater. Wall fr. Dotted diagonal cross in panel, dots in column to L. (XI 25)
103 Krater. Fr. oftall lip, groove near rim. White and dark lines between bands; outlined solid petals issuing form
dotted tendril. Band below rim inside, spatter below. (I 22 N)
104 Krater. Wall fr. Lower part of three- petalled palmette, dotted calyx. Spatter inside. (V pit 16)
105 Dinos. plates 59, 72. D. c 11. Paint on rim with groups of three white bars. Shoulder: groups of three bars.
106 Column krater. plate 59. D. c 27. Paint on rim with white bars. Neck painted, with two white lines, reserved
below. Inside, band below rim, with two white lines. LO. (Pit 65)
107 Column krater. Handle plate. Cream slip on top. LO. (XI 54)

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
108-1 10 Cups. Dc. 13. Frs. oftall vertical lips. I

but for reserved line under rim. LO. Cf.
1 1 1 Skyphos(?). D. c. 17. Rim fr. Concave prof
rim. (Ill E 12)
112 Skyphos(?). D. c. 16. Rim fr. Deep concav
quatrefoil below. Reserved line below rim
1 13 Cup. Bowl fr. with stump of strap handle
two zones of vertical bars; otherwise all p
114 Kotyle. Lower body fr. Band with two p
115 Lid. Wall fr. Bee type lotuses. (V 5)
116 Lid. Wall fr. Palmette tree, quatrefoil in
117 Tray, plate 59. D. c. 25. Rim to base. Une
each with one white line; same inside. (XI
1 18 Lekanis. plate 59. D. c. 26. Rim to lower b
rim, two bands inside. LO. (VIII pit 10)
119 Tray, plate 59. D. c. 32. Rim to base. Out
Groove and floral motif under base. Paint
120 Lekanis. D. c. 30. Rim and wall fr., root of
dark fish inside. LO. (VIII pit 10)
121 Ajouré attachments in the form of a sph
creature. Breaks on body fr. at neck, forepaw
of bud, but on both side of wing. Two-dimen
shaped wing, perhaps seated upon the rim of
and its horizontal curvature is consistent w
122 Large closed vessel (amphora?) Wall fr. Har
mane and ribs, white line along belly. (V S
123 Amphora(?). Wall fr. Red clay, cream sli
human foot to R. Imitation of Corinthian.
124 Juglet. Shoulder fr. Pale orange clay, deep
(MUM V4, room 10)
125 Aryballos. Shoulder fr. Grey-brown clay,
no. 765. AA analysis, however, reveals a co
126 Oinochoe. Shoulder fr. Incised tongues, e
EC. (XI 19)
127 Oinochoe. Shoulder fr. Ends of incised to
black ground. Corinthian, EC. (MUM D la)
128 Alabastron. Wall fr. Two robed figures: p
(VIII 31)
129 Alabastron. Wall fr. Mane and back of li
130 Alabastron. Wall fr. Forelegs and one hin
131 Alabastron. Wall fr. Panther: purple chee
rosettes with incised central circle; at R., p
132 Alabastron. Wall fr. Body and claws of bir
57)
133 Alabastron. Round base. Rosette, two purple circles, the second with white dots; dots above. Band and dot
type. Corinthian, EC. (Pit 38)
134 Pyxis lid. D. c. 13. Rim fr. Profile as 135 below. Swans: purple on shoulders, purple dots on neck; purple line
round edge. Corinthian, EC. (Pit 57)
135 Pyxis lid. plate 59. D. c. 8. Half près., knob missing. Silhouette running dogs between pair of purple circles.
Corinthian, late seventh century. (SW 9; Pit 57)
136 Powder pyxis, plate 59. D. c. 9.4. One third près. Purple on grooved foot; underneath, groups of three sigmas
between circles. Corinthian, EC. Cf. Corinth VII 2, 128, An 151. (SW 29)
137 Pyxis lid, knob. Purple circle on top; purple on conical part, between thin white lines. Corinthian.

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COMMENTARY
Ninth Century
Although this century is abundantly represented at Knossos in tomb pottery, no
be said hitherto about its domestic wares. The only previously recorded deposit i
of the well excavated by Mr R. Stopford, yielding simply decorated waterpots an
miscellaneous scraps.3 Our GB, mainly LPG but lasting into PGB, contains
range of shapes current in the middle of the ninth century, a date consis
occurrence of Attic imports no later than Attic MG I (GB 40, 42, 45) and
(Subprotogeometric) piece from Euboea4 (GB41). The smaller deposit GC, p
PGB but with some EG elements, takes us down to the final years of the centur
Shapes
Of unusual interest are the frs. GB 1 from a round house model, a form found already in LM
IIIA2 and then persevering throughout the Dark Age without any consistent change of shape.5
Some have no aperture in the roof, others - like ours - a round opaion; both varieties occur in
LM III and survive into the early Iron Age. Common to all, however, is the realistic doorway
flanked by lug holes, as though for a bar to make fast the detachable door. In time GB 1 stands
between the SM model from the Knossian Spring Chamber6 (without opaion), and the much-
discussed model from Archanes7 (with opaion) covered with running spirals of PGB. Whereas
most earlier examples are of coarse fabric, plain, and therefore datable only by their contexts,
GB 1 is fully decorated in the pottery style of its day. Its four motifs form a compendium, as it
were, of Knossian LPG.
What was its purpose? For the Spring Chamber and Archanes models, a sacred function is
assured by the figurines of goddesses residing therein. The former, found in a shrine, clearly
represents a shrine. For the latter, probably from a tomb, attempts have been made to discover
some relevance to funerary practices and beliefs.8 Too little survives from GB 1 for us to know
whether it had housed a similar resident idol, as no trace of the floor was found; nor can we be
sure that there were no figures reclining on the roof, as on the Archanes model. Its domestic
context, however, links it with the LM III examples, and allows us to envisage a purely secular
function: it might perhaps have been a child's toy, innocent of any terracotta attachment.
For the standard closed forms, the UM material is too fragmentary to throw any new light
on their development; we can only say that amphorae, domestic hydriai, oinochoai, stirrup-jars,
lekythoi, and straight- sided pyxides are all represented. Much more informative are the open
shapes. We begin with GC 4, a rare imitation of a carinated bronze cauldron, carefully made in
heavy fabric and covered all over with PGB motifs. The cauldron from the undated Tiryns
treasure9 offers a somewhat deeper metallic protoype,10 while the extremely shallow shape is
shared by the earliest uncarinated examples from Ithaca.11 Our cauldron, with its inward-
leaning shoulder and articulated lip, has close relations in the deeper kraters GB 17-18, which
bear no resemblance to the more orthodox Knossian bell- krater well known from the tombs, and
represented here in the frs. GH 1-2.
Among the skyphoi four types can be detected, two of which have high feet and no decoration
other than partial dipping in paint. Traditional to Knossos is the bell-skyphos, the miniature of
the bell- krater. Earliest and tallest is GH 3 with its ill-formed foot, probably EPG and well
back in the tenth century. 1 2 Thence we can follow the development towards a less deep form
through GA 1 to GB 23 and GH 4 (LPG) where the height is hardly greater than the rim

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
diameter; during PGB the bell-skyphos

alternative, the high-rooted skyphos o
broader than its height, and with a mo
19-22, GC 6), is much shallower and look
mentioned; it has short lip, a sloping s
decoration amounting to no more than a
nos. 1041, 1044) have flat bases. Finally, G
mainland Geometric type (cf. GB 45),
century, * 3 but nevertheless closely par
Cups conform to three classes already
shape of LPG, its side dipped in paint
bellied black cup with a pronounced lip
also coated, based on the Attic Geometr
The PG kalathos, as an independent ve
painted inside. When it began to be used
size diminishes, the shape becomes shallo
motifs begin to appear under the base
kalathos- lid; whereas GH7 (LPG), in spite
of the independent kalathos. In this do
suppose that kalathoi were ever used as li
in GC 10 and GH 11, lids designed as su
domed type, unknown in the cemeteries
covered lip, is at least as early as the olde
GH 11, however, is earlier still, bearing m
PGB.16 The PGB tray GH 15, decorated
PG type distinguished by an outward-slo
underside is at first left rough and pl
onwards may carry concentric zones of o
Decoration
Since living creatures are so rarely seen o

birds on the frs. GH 1-2 must be stated.
krater, a form which did not outlast
sandwiched between sets of concentric
dotted worm is added for good measure. A
North Cemetery with remarkable figure
longer surprise us. They belong to a late
canon - circles flanking a rectilinear pa
In Brock's general survey LPG was "not
GB may help towards a clearer definition
on the model GB 1: the pendent semicir
(cf. F. no. 428), and the gridded chevr
explain the introduction of pendent se
towards gridding, already launched
continuing in PGB (e.g. the gridded m
New in PGB are three freehand curvil
14), the scale pattern (GH 12), and the

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
be filled with hatching (GH 14). Also at

massed rows of triangles, whether hatched
motifs, as unusual as the shape, appears on
GC 2), hatched leaves, and combs bet
horizontally, exactly as on a hydria from F
from Cyprus at least a century earlier, 1 9 a
the North Cemetery.20
The EG phase, not always easy to separate
10. A typical motif is its central arcaded ro
exactly as on some of the more grandiose t
Eighth Century
In contrast to the free invention of the pr
with a strong urge towards the imitation
however entirely submerging the nativ
movement can be seen in GD, the first subs
Knossian settlement. For the later part of t
known from the rubbish fills of wells and
makes a few useful additions to our knowle
Shapes
The new ovoid and neckless painted pithos, introduced shortly before 800, is the leading shape
of the Knossian Geometric style; but we rarely see it here, its chief function being as a cremation
urn. Our two pithoi, fragmentary though they be, seem to have had the full complement of two
horizontal and two vertical handles. GH 22a, with its unusual and interesting plant ornament,
is probably still EG, before the Atticizing movement had gathered much force; the flattened
horizontal handle and the slightly raised lip (cf. F. no. 1419) are consistent with that early and
experimental phase of these pithoi. GE 1 is a standard LG piece, with flat inset rim. Between
the two stands GD 1, a wholly Atticizing miniature version with two handles, which is better
regarded as a pyxis. Even though most Cretan Geometric pyxides have short vertical necks,
other and smaller examples with inset lip are known from both funerary and domestic
contexts.25
Whereas small neck-handled amphorae like GD 3 are already well-known from domestic
contexts,26 our deposits throw some new light on the progress of the much larger belly-handled
amphora. The Geometric type is of Attic origin,27 and an essential feature is the strengthening
ridge below the rim. The necks GD 2 (MG) and GE 2 (LG) suggest that the complete vessels
must have stood at least 70 cms. high. If we set beside them two recently published EO necks,28
a clear development emerges: the ridge becomes sharper and more undercut, while the height
of the neck increases steadily in relation to its width. The frs. GH 18 and 19 afford a glimpse of
sumptuous LG decoration on the bodies of these amphorae.
The Atticizing MG type of h ater, with bellied body and short lip, is well represented by GD
6-9. Most bases are low, but the pedestal of the largest Attic originals is here attested for the
first time in a Knossian domestic context (GD 10). In LG the local preference is for taller lips
(GE 6-8, GH 27-8), often more sharply offset. Among the skyphoi, GD 14-15 preserve the
memory of a native type which we have already noted in the ninth century (cf. GB 19-22); but
the main Geometric series, starting under strong Attic influence, develops on the same lines as

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
the kraters: short lips and shallow bod

deeper bodies, and taller and more sh
deepening of the shape is apparent in th
also noticeable within this series of lar
allowing the walls to become increasingl
Lids found in the cemeteries are of tw
designed for a pithos-urn and often matc
the urns with which they were found, and
that our lids - as far as we can judge fr
appears to have had an independent funct
the Idaean Cave has been remarked29 and their florid decoration was meant to be seen and
admired. The single pair of suspension holes near the rim of GD 26 would have been at least as
appropriate for hanging on a wall (as a votive?) as for attachment to a household storage vesse
The single handle of GD 23 is an early feature, not outlasting MG. Early, too, is the flat centr
disc, and the broad lip (cf. also GD 26, MG). By LG, domed lids have no handle, a much
shorter lip (GE 22), and a continuously curved centre.
The Geometric tray (GD 31, MG; GH 49, LG) differs from its predecessors in having an
inward-leaning concave lip and two reflex handles attached well below the rim. The ma
decoration, however, continues to be under the base; when not in use, perhaps the trays, too,
were hung on walls by their handles to display their florid ornament.
Decoration
Deposit GD, in spite of its predominantly MG character, also contains several pieces of EG
phase which spans the turn of the century. These pieces, and others listed under GH, display
motifs derived from the local repertoire of the later ninth century: running spiral (GD 23, G
24), broken spiral or horizontal Ss (GD 24), thick wavy lines (GD 13), gridded rectangles (G
12, GH 24), and arcs (GH 44) which may also occur en masse as a scale pattern (GH 39).
more remarkable motif of this pre-Atticizing phase, hitherto unknown, is the palm tree seen o
the pithos GH 22a.
The Atticizing decoration of MG takes the form of hatched meanders, multiple zigzags, and
various forms of lozenge chain, often enclosed in a reserved panel while groups of reserved lin
interrupt the paint on the lower body (e.g. GD 1). The elegant leaf designs of GD 25 and 3
may perhaps owe something to the compositions seen under the bases of Attic pyxides.30 But
native curvilinear motifs were not forgotten: thus a cable may be combined with meanders an
multiple zigzags on the same vessel (GD 2), and Atticizing reserved panels may enclose lo
motifs like tongues (GD 20) or horizontal Ss (GD 11). The extensive use of white paint for the
designs of GD 5 and 26-30 comes as a surprise in this phase, when its application was
previously regarded as 'experimental'.31
Much of this repertoire survives into LG, but in a modified form. On kraters, multip
zigzags are closely packed, and flanked by lozenge crosses in metopal panels (GH 27). Lozen
chains are cross-hatched and tightly squashed (GD 6; GH 28, 32). Loose vertical chevron
appear mainly on high-lipped skyphoi (GE 2, GH 19), sometimes solid (GH 46, 48). Smal
circles appear, either single and quartered (GE 2; GH 35, 49), or in miniature concentric se
often in white (GE 22, GH 43). The guilloche arrives at a late stage (GH 2b), elaborated in
an extensive net on the large amphora GH 18. In contrast to the staleness of the linear
repertoire, the birds (GE 5, GH 50-54) still display a refreshing variety; of especial interest is

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
the domestic fowl of GH 53, an orienta

century.32
Finally, at or near the end of the century, the winged griffins on GH 19 and 2533 may be
added to the few examples hitherto known of Knossian LG figured work,34 confirming that the
vase-painters were not unaware of the much more adventurous iconography seen on
contemporary Cretan metalwork. The wildly experimental incision of GH 25, anticipating the
orthodox 'black figure' of Knossos35 by almost a century, must surely have been encouraged by
the engraving technique of the bronzesmith, allowing the rendering of inner anatomical
details. The white-painted creatures on the amphora GH 19, with their head-in-air pose, are
closely matched by the small griffins on the Knossian bronze relief found at Kavousi;36 and the
same dry and compact style is seen in the winged lions and griffins of one particular group
within the corpus of the Idaean bronze shields.37
Seventh Century
Deposit GF should be dated well into EO, but is too scrappy to throw much new light on that
phase. A much more substantial UM deposit, from the fill of Well 12, has already been
published;38 this takes us down to the end of the seventh century, and thus offers a useful
standard of comparison for the little-known period at Knossos which follows the end of the
Fortetsa sequence around 630 B.C.30
Shapes
For the larger closed vessels, only the rim profiles here offer any enlightenment. EO rims tend
to have a vertical outer surface with a sharp lower edge: for example the amphora fr. GH 7640
and the hydria GF 1. In this phase the hydria may carry concentric circles, in addition to the
traditional bracket ornament.41 The pyxis base GH 92, and its miniature GH 95, are of the
straight-sided 'hatbox' variety well-known from the Arkades cemetery and especially
characteristic of LO.42 GH 93-4, on which the decoration extends over the flat surface, are
probably not pyxides, but cylindrical lids intended for such vessels. The domed lid, however,
continues, and usually bears white-on-dark decoration (GF 21-2). 43
Most kraters still follow the LG form, but with an even higher lip (GG 8, EO); on GH 96 and
GG 6 the slight projection outside the rim is probably a LO feature.44 Sometimes there is a
reversion to the pre-Geometric habit of interior spattering (GF 12; GH 96, 101, 103-04) in
preference to solid paint. A miniature of this high-lipped Subgeometric form may be seen in the
EO skyphos GF 15. In LO the skyphos is seen no more, but an exceptionally ornate high-lipped
cup45 (GH 108-10, rim fr.) makes its appearance, and may even carry decoration inside.46 In
the later part of the century two new forms of krater are introduced, but are poorly represented
here: the dinos41 (GH 105) and the column- krater48 (GH 106-07).
Of the trays, GH 117 bears some relation to the LG type with concave lip, which is now
deeply undercut; but GH 119 looks like a new LO form with widely projecting rim, possibly
influenced by a newcomer to the fine repertoire, the lekanis. LO lekanides occur in two varieties:
(i) as GH 120, with flat rim projecting outwards, and a straight outward- leaning wall recalling
the earlier coarse basin from which it is derived;50 and (ii) as GH 118, with round rim on
convex wall profile.51 Strap handles, sometimes reflex, are normal for both forms.
Decoration
Characteristic of this century is the extensive use of white paint, not only for motifs and lines on

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a dark ground, but also for reinforci

ground (GH 92). The decorative effect m
dark and dark-on-light zones on the s
As is well known, the ornament of fin
consists largely of Subgeometric motif
often only three to a set, and very rar
various individual ways: with the outer
GH 76, 120); with large and small se
9-11). In LO the wavy line is revived fr
lines, and often in conjunction with
include the N Pattern (GH 91) and th
musical notation (GH 77, 86, 109, 11
the 'eyes' of the latter sometimes being
101).
Truly Orientalizing floral ornament is scarce. There are traces of the volute tree (GH 116),
of palmette and lotus (GF 14; GH 80, 103), and ofthat peculiarly Cretan form of detached
lotus resembling a bee (GH 115). The manner of the LO Fortetsa Painter may be seen in the
neat rosette of GH 88, enclosed in a dotted circular frame; and also in the floral chains of GH
103-04. 52 The outlined white fish inside GH 120 is a pleasant addition to the known figured
repertoire of Knossian LO, while GH 122-3 show local experiments in black-figure animal
drawing. The ajouré sphinx GH 121, sadly fragmentary, suggests some connection with the
contemporary cut-out plaques in bronze.53
Sixth Century
After c. 630 B.C. we no longer have the guidance of whole shapes from the tombs; then it was
that, for reasons which are still obscure, all the known cemeteries of chamber tombs in the
Knossos area went out of use. Even so, the domestic repertoire of the late seventh century is
becoming quite familiar thanks to the well deposits listed on the last page of this chapter, of
which the latest is UM Well 12. There we see a wide range of whole profiles, dated by
Corinthian and Corinthianizing pieces to c, 600. For any substantial deposit thereafter, we
have to wait until Royal Road (RR) Well H, datable to c. 500-480 B.C. through an abundance
of Attic imports.
It seems, however, that some pieces in our deposit GG may fall within this sixth-century
'dark age' in the Knossian sequence. The material is extremely scrappy, decoration is minimal,
there are no imports to guide us, and some pieces are clearly LO (GG 6, 18) or even earlier
(GH 58). Nevertheless, parallels outside Crete would suggest a date not before the second
quarter of the sixth century for at least two pieces in this meagre deposit. The fragmentary lamp
GG 17 is the earliest recorded post-Minoan one from Knossos; when set beside the series in the
Athenian Agora, it falls between no. 5 ("early sixth century") and no. 30 ("middle to third
quarter of sixth century").54 Likewise GG 7 is from a local copy of the Laconian stirrup krater,
and the earliest known Laconian original of this fully coated class comes from deposit II (c.
590-560 B.C.) atTocra.55
Less easy to relate to better-known sequences elsewhere are the lekanides GG 8-14. The
overhanging rims (GG 8-9) and the rounded rims (GG 10-11) have hardly progressed beyond
those of UM Well 12 nos. 43-4; and yet the type with rounded rim is still current in the Late
Archaic RR Well H no. 35 and perhaps one may single out the deep undercutting of the lip as a

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feature unknown on this shape befo

however, represent an entirely new ty
century deposit, but bearing some resem
well at Corinth.57 This form, too, persi
Well H in a modified form, usually w
GG 15-16 have higher feet than one
paint under GG 15 is a practice still
A Note on the Coarse and Plain Do

We conclude with a few remarks on
development from the ninth to the sev
in the list of deposits given below.
Cooking jugs are made of hard gritty
assumes an orange surface with grey c
century the neck is short and poorly
onwards as the shoulder becomes m
Decoration is limited to sets of incised g
Although flat bases are known (e.g. the
GD 32 suggests tripod feet in the M
deposit.58
Shallow household basins, with straight outward-sloping walls and rough bases, first appear
in PGB/EG with GC 13. This form, with offset concave lip, continues through MG (GD 34-5),
but later lips are shorter, undercut, and sharply everted (GE 26, LG; Road Trials no. 34,
LG-EO). The strap handles may be attached either at the lip or just below. Although the
fabric contains large grits, the surface is always coated, at first in a cream wash (PG-MG), and
then in a thicker cream slip (LG-EO).
Among the fragments of coarse pithoi, GH 58 is of special interest as coming from one of the
earliest known vessels with figured relief decoration. The Cretan pioneers in this field used
circular or rectangular stamps,59 repeating the same design in a horizontal zone. The loose LG
style of our armed horseman is matched by two other circular designs with horses only, one
from Amnisos, the other from the sanctuary of Demeter at Knossos.60
List of Knossian Domestic Deposits, c. 1000-480 B.C.

Est. date
Publication Phase B.C.
Royal Road Dep. A BSA 67 (1972) 68ff. SM-EPG 1000-950
Royal Road Dep. B BSA 67 (1972) 71ÍT. E-MPG 950-875

LPG 875-850
UM Dep. GA
Stopford Well, use (Lower Dep.) BSA 55 (1960) 159ff. MPG-PGB 900-825
UM Dep. GB LPG-PGB 875-825

UM Dep. GC PGB-EG 850-800
UM Dep. GD E-MG 800-750
Venizeleion Well 1 (Dep. D) BSA 67 (1972) 8 Iff. M-LG 750-725

Venizeleion Well 6 (Dep. E) BSA 67 (1972) 84f. LG 740-725
Stopford Well, fill (Upper Dep.) BSA 55 (1960) 163ff. LG 725-710
UM Dep. GE LG 725-710
Road Trials well(?) (Dep. F) BSA 67 (1972) 85ff. LG-EO 725-700

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BSA 73 (1978) 45ff. EO 700-680

Telegraph Pole Dep.
EO 700-675
UM Dep. GF
700-675
BSA 68
Villa Well, use H)H 1-9, 72-7 LO
(1973) 37ff.,
(Dep.
LO
BSA 68 (1973) 37ff., H 10-71, 78-82
Villa Well, rubbish 650-620
BSA 68 (1973)
Royal Road Well LA (Dep. J) LO
42ff. 640-610
UM Well 12 BSA 73 (1978) 49ff. LO 625-600
UM Dep. GG Early 600-500?

Archaic
Royal Road Well H BSA 68 (1973) 48ff. Late 500-480

Archaic
Analysis by Atomic Absorption: A Note

After the conclusion of excavations in the North Cemetery, over a hundred samples of va
imported and local pottery fabrics were taken for analysis in the Fitch Laboratory6 1 by At
Absorption. The samples came mainly from the tombs, and the results of the analysis wil
fully set out in the forthcoming publication of the cemetery. Here, meanwhile, we l
thirteen pieces from our UM corpus which were included in this programme. We giv
visual diagnosis of the fabrics before analysis, and then the origins suggested by the AA an
which have also been cited in the catalogue entries.
Preliminary identification AA result
GB 41 amphora fr. Euboean Euboean

GB 42 krater fr. Euboean Attic
GD 1 pyxis Knossian copy of Attic Knossian
GD 6 krater fr. Knossian copy of Attic Knossian
GD 36 krater fr. Euboean Euboean
GH 61 oinochoe fr. Dodecanesian Knossian
GH 65 amphora fr. Cycladic: Melian ? Attic
GH 66 kantharos fr. Cycladic: Naxian ? Attic
GH 68 skyphos fr. Cycladic: Parian ? Parian
GH 69 skyphos fr. Cycladic: Parian ? Parian
GH 124 juglet fr. Cypriot Cypriot
GH 125 aryballos fr. Dodecanesian Euboean (!)
GH 135 pyxis fr. Corinthian Corinthian

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Section 4
Archaic to Hellenistic Pottery

(PLATES 74-118)
P. J. CALLAGHAN
Page
Introduction 89
The Archaic Period 90
Deposits H 1-4 90-92
The Archaic Pottery 92
The Classical Period 93
Deposits H5-11 93-98
The Classical Pottery 98
The Hellenistic Period 100
Deposits H 12-38 100-133
Chronological List of Hellenistic Deposits 133
Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic Knossos: A Historical Summary 133
INTRODUCTION
The deposits in this section are arranged as far as possible in some sort of
but I have felt it more important to keep stratified sequences togethe
number of dislocations, the most severe of which is the inclusion of H9 in
Hll and H38 are both collections of material dating to the Archaic/Cla
periods respectively. In order to keep classes of material together som
been removed from their stratified deposits. Where this has happened th
are clearly noted in the relevant deposit summaries.
The Unexplored Mansion excavations have produced a rich series of d
illuminate the ceramic development at Knossos over a period of five h
hope, relatively secure chronological grid established by these depos
incorporate other rich groups from the city site. Some of these are relati
pottery from a kiln and cistern on the southern slopes of the Acropolis a
the shrine of Glaukos, have pots representing a time span almost as great
section; but they tend to be whole pots, thus allowing us to reconstruct the
small fragments found above the Unexplored Mansion.
Most of the shapes described below will be relatively unfamiliar to Class
89

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90 ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY
will be novel versions of more metropolitan form

discussion was a complex amalgam of local traditi
selective borrowing from Attic and other styl
adaptation, some might say perversion, of the bo
and interesting aspects of this study.
THE ARCHAIC PERIOD
The Archaic Period is represented by several pits and a certain amount of d

later deposits. Although no architectural remains can be safely attribut
might blame this gap on later terracing operations in the vicinity. At all ev
pottery found in the excavated area does suggest that there was contempor
by and, together with deposits from other excavations at Knossos1, implies
occupation within the city area was widespread, though not necessarily
The earliest Archaic pottery from the Unexplored Mansion excavations
history of settlement back to c. 525 B.C., shortening by perhaps a generatio
sixth century gap in the city's archaeological record.2
Deposit HI
Three scrappy deposits, each of little value in itself, but all sharing cert
associated lamps that can be dated to the period 525-500 B.C.
Deposit HI (A) (XIII 48)

Plan at plate 5 no. 14. plate 74.
This deposit derives from a layer of dark earth, evidently occupation debris, a sm
which survived beside Well 14, but had been mostly cut away by the digging of Well
by a later Archaic pit (Pit 8, Deposit H3) and probably also by late Roman foundat
5 no. 12). The deposit was excavated when the lining stones of Well 14 were remo
with the bank of earth left around it as protection and stratigraphical insulation.
1 Krater, rim fr, D. 17.8. Rim dipped.
2 Cup, Profile base to belly, D. 6. Fully glazed.
3 Hydria, rim fr, D. 8.8. Rim dipped.
4 Lamp, profile except nozzle, D. 5.9. Nozzle dipped. Local copy of Howland Type 16B and Brone
Agora IV, 31-33; Isthmia III, 6-8. 525-480 B.C.
Deposit Hl (B) (1977 west section of Area XVI)

Plan at plate 1. plate 74.
This deposit derives form a pit filled with dark earth in the west section of Area X
the pit appeared in the section while cleaning operations were in progress i
Minoan 'South Platform'. Although it proved impossible to excavate the pit itself,
the pottery from the fill was taken for record purposes, and is included here.
5 Cup, base fr, D. 6. Fully glazed in red gloss.
6 Cup, base fr, D. 5.8. Fully glazed in black gloss.

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ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY 91
7 Cup, base fr, D. 5.5. Fully glazed in red gloss.

8 High Necked cup, rim fr, D. 11. Fully glazed in black gl
10 Lamp, profile except nozzle tip, D. 7.9. Nozzle dipped. F
1 1 Jug, rim fr, D. 24.9. Porridge fabric with dull black wash
Deposit HI (C) Pit 53 (V 5A, Pit 8)

Plan at plate 5 no. 53. plate 74.
This deposit comes form a small circular pit, about 25cms. deep, at the north
excavation. It was filled with small round stones and a quantity of Geome
Orientalizing pottery; the dating sherds, however, were somewhat later and are l
12 Cup, base fr, D. 6. Fully glazed outside with black gloss; inside fugitive.
13 Hydria, base fr, D. 10.9.
14 Jug, base fr, D. 9.7. Unglazed.
15 Jug, base fr, D. 10. Unglazed.
Deposit H2 Pit 15 (XIV Pit 10)

Plan at plate 5 no. 15; Section A no. 13. plate 74.
This deposit comes from a small stone-filled pit lying beneath the Classical pit containing
Deposit H10. Both were sealed by a 2nd B.C. floor. Much of the fill consisted of Geometric and
Orientalizing sherds, but the dating pottery is somewhat later and is listed here.
1 Attic Skyphos, rim fr, D. 14. cf. Agora XII no. 537: 490-80 B.C.
2 Cup, base fr, D. 5.5. Fully glazed in black gloss.
3 Cup, base fr, D. 6.5. Reserved underfoot.
4 Bowl, profile belly to rim, D. 12. Fully glazed in black gloss.
5 Jug, base fr, D. 9. Dull brown wash all over.
6 Pyxis (?), rim and shoulder, D. 9.3. For the type cf Tocra I no. 926.
7 Hydria, base fr, D. 12.
8 Jug, base fr, D. 9.5.
9 Bowl, base fr, D. 12.9. Mottled gloss all over.
10 Bowl, base fr, D. 14.9. Probably rim dipped with trickle.
11 Basin, rim fr, D. c. 31. Buff self slip.
12 Basin, rim fr, D. c. 31. Buff self slip.
Deposit H3 Pit 8 (XIII Pit 13)

Plan at plate 5 no. 8, where however the E side toward well 14 and Deposit HI (A) is obscured by the
recording of later foundation trenches (no. 12). plate 75.
This deposit derives from the fill of a late Archaic pit which cut into the earth layer containing
Deposit HI (A), thus providing us with one of our few stratigraphie controls for late 6th century
B.C. ceramic development.
1 Attic stemmed dish, base fr, D. 8.2. cf. Agora XII, 139ff. Late Archaic; no close parallels: c. 500-475 B.C.
2 Attic oinochoe, body frs. Late bf c. 500-480 B.C. Not illustrated.
3 Cup, base fr, D. 5.5. Black gloss with reserved underfoot.
4 Cup, base fr, D. 6.2. Mottled gloss with smear underfoot.
5 Carinated cup, profile rim to belly, D. 8. Unglazed.
6 Jug, base fr, D. 9.35. Dull brown gloss with reserved underfoot.
7 Bowl, base fr, D. 11.1. Thick slip inside.
8 Jug, profile rim to belly, D. 10. Cooking ware.

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Deposit H4 Pit 5 (XII 46, Pit 14)

MUM Section 6, pit cut into level 1 Plan at plate 5, n
This deposit derives from the fill of a robbing pit f
room. The fill consisted of large amounts of rubbl
Residual material included the skyphos GH 5.
1 Attic cup, Type C, profile rim to belly, D. 20.1. Cf. Agor
2 Attic krater, pedestal, D. 18. Late Archaic.
3 Cup, base fr, D. 6. Gloss on outside, smeared underfoot.
4 Cup, base fr, D. 5.3. Fully glazed.
5 Carinated cup, profile rim to belly, D. 7.5. Unglazed.
6 Bowl, whole profile, D. 10.5. Fully glazed.
7 Hydria, whole profile, D. 13.8.
8 Lamp, whole profile except nozzle, D. 3.8. One of three, all
Corinth IV, ii Type IV, 39-42. c. 500-475 B.C.
9 Lekane, profile rim to belly, D. 25.9. Rim dipped.
10 Lekane, profile rim to belly, D. 18.6. Rim dipped.
1 1 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. c. 20.5. Rim dipped in oran
12 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. c. 21.5. Unglazed.
13 Pithari, neck and shoulder profile, D. c. 20. Porridge fabr
THE ARCHAIC POTTERY
All the Archaic groups listed above are associated with Attic pottery or with l
on Attic models of the fifty years c. 525-475 B.C. Our other major control for
H just north of the Minoan palace, whose abundant fill deposit can be secu
first quarter of the fifth century B.C. on the basis of the many Attic import
48-63).
The Archaic groups from the UM can be divided into those whose forms pre
Well H, and those which are roughly contemporary. The three small groups of
with a stepped underfoot. A version of this type is found among later Orienta
Crete3 and on some earlier sixth century Cretan examples at Tocra in Lib
differ chiefly from their predecessors in the development of a splayed foot. Th
be a feature characteristic of the later Archaic period.
Beginning with H2 we find a new type of cup base. The underfoot loses its s
and is gently concave, while the foot tends to splay widely. Good parallels exis
conservative cups in Well H5 and in the earliest cup from KRS.6 One of th
follows suit, but all the jug bases retain the ridged underfoot. These may all b
there were many cup bases in this deposit retaining the same sixth century f
well mean that the cups led the way.
The cups of H3 are broadly similar to the preceding, but here we find the ju
new underfoot form as well. H4 is similar. The rims of jugs, bowls and storag
development from a fairly simple rounded moulding to a fully developed
The lamps are all local versions of types belonging to the latest phas
development on the Greek mainland. The two carinated cups (H3,5 and H4
than their early Classical successors (H7,7) and resemble the earliest examples f
60-6 1).7 It would seem that hydriai may already have been distinguishab
types by the presence of a broad horizontal band of gloss on the foot (HI,

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The combined evidence suggests that we place

period 500-475 B.C. and HI to the previous
introduction of the concave underfoot occurred c
argument cf. Deposit GG above.
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD
As for the Archaic period, the Classical material was recovered from the f
some use surfaces. Apart from these scattered traces left after later terrac
most signs of the Classical settlement in this area, a large quantity of fift
material occurred as survivors in later deposits, probably indicating the ex
Deposit H5 Pit 23 (XI 48 pit)

Plan at plate 5 no. 23. plates 76-7; 105 a-c.
This deposit was found in the fill of a small pit, c. 1.5m. in diameter and 1.0m. deep, dug down
into the Late Minoan pillar room at its south side. This area, which is immediately east of and
below the line of the raised street, may have been an open space at this time; in any case no
surviving traces of Classical buildings were found here. Thus the pit fill is isolated
stratigraphically, dug down through 7th century B.C. and earlier levels, and sealed over by a
Hellenistic occupation level (see under Deposit H32).
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found eleven clay loomweights: five
pyramidal (type a) and six biconical (type n).
1 Attic pelike, profile rim to belly, D. c. 11. Decoration in rf: obverse, two confronted women, one holding a
mirror or distaff; reverse, a single draped female.
2 High necked cup, profile except handle, D. 13.
3 High necked cup, rim fr, D. 9. Rim slightly flaring.
4 Juglet, profile shoulder to base. H. (rest) 10. Neck restored from a second example in this deposit.
5 Jug, profile rim to belly, D. 4.5. Rim dipped.
6 Jug, profile rim to belly, D. 6.5. Rim dipped in pale orange-brown wash.
7 Household Krater Type I, profile rim to shoulder, D. 20.2. Rim dipped. Close to KRS 30, whose pedestal dates
it to the period 400-375 B.C. on the basis of comparisons with contemporary bg cups.
8 Hydria, base fr, D. 14.5. Painted band on foot; dropped floor. Hadra prototype?
9 Beehive extension ring, profile, D. 28. Porridge fabric, buff slip. Inside surface plain; moulded rim.
10 Cooking tray, profile (handle not joining), D. 28.5. Brick red to grey fabric; surface smoothed in out.
11 Small lopas, profile except centre of floor, D. 18.5. Brick red fabric, granular.
The Attic Pelike belongs to the final years of the fifth century B.C. or a little later and helps
to provide a terminus post quern for the deposit.9 By this time the High necked cup (no's 2-3) has
lost the broad ring base characteristic of fifth century examples (BSA 73 (1978) 8 no's 16-18)
and is more developed than the bases found in a kiln deposit at Knossos and dating to about the
close of the fifth century (BSA 45 (1950) 171, fig. 5, a-c). The small juglet (5) possibly descends
from a larger shape in cooking fabric which has been found at Knossos in seventh century and
early fifth century contexts (BSA 73 (1978) 55, no. 24; Deposit H3, 8). It is squatter than
Hellenistic versions of the shape (Deposits H12,32-4; H13,12-15; H14,9; H28,10-ll and BSA
76 (1981) 50 nos. 37-8) and still lacks the West Slope decoration characteristic of most of its
successors.
The jugs (5-6) have plain rims unlike the Hellenistic ver

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H12,42-44) but are similarly rim dipped. No. 7,

close to that of BSA 73 (1978) 12-13, no. 28 date
the earlier concave underfoot ofthat piece. The
having the broad horizontal painted stripe on t
of Hadra Hydriae. This was probably one and
least fifty years, confirming the local origin of
As to date, the kiln deposit mentioned above s
this deposit, with its far more advanced forms,
fourth century B.C.
Deposit H6 (Well 5; I/V Pit XIB)

Plan at plate 2, plate 5 no. 46. plate 77.
The deposit derives from a well cutting of c. 92cm. in diameter (widening to 1.16m. at the
preserved top due to collapse) which had been dug to a depth of at least 4.80m., when it was
abandoned after encountering a stratum of hard rock some 2.50m. below the Minoan floor
(bottom at 8.35m.). The builders of the well cut through and carefully shaped the large blocks
of Minoan debris and provided the well shaft with a series of rungs at intervals of about
40-50cms. The fill consisted of earth and stones with the latter predominating in the lower fill.
The top of the well together with any contemporary occupation deposits outside were
removed during the fourth century B.C. when the later Classical Pit 57 (XI upper), containing
Deposit H8, and Pit 45 (XIA) were excavated.
Apart from the published material, which includes the latest sherds in the fill, the large
numbers of fifth century B.C. sherds should be noted here. Many of the bg cup bases have the
simple concave underfoot characteristic of the earlier fifth century B.C. (cf. H4 above). One
fragment seems to be from a Cretan Kantharos, a form whose introduction at Knossos has been
dated to the years after 450 B.C.1 1
1 Attic, root of a Cup Kantharos handle. Post 380 B.C.
2 Attic, Cup Kantharos, rim fr. Post 380 B.C.
3 Cup, base fr, D. 7. Fully glazed.
4 Jug, neck fr, D. 9.8. Rim dipped?
5 Household Krater Type II, rim fr, D. 21.7. Rim dipped.
The Attic imports suggest that this deposit belongs after 380 B.C. though the cup base (3) is a
survivor from the fifth century. The jug (4) has a distinct rim moulding unlike those from the
previous deposit suggesting that this feature is a fourth century development. The Bell Krater
(5) descends from a type well known elsewhere at Knossos (BSA 73 (1978) 14, nos. 37-41 but
has lost the collared neck characteristic of the fifth century types. It most resembles no. 40
whose date was estimated as 400-350 B.C. and which possesses the fully developed ring base a
opposed to the concave underfoot of the fifth century examples. The date of this deposit should
be somewhere in the range of 380-350 B.C.
Deposit H7 (Pit 57 (I (S) 33/V (S) 6 'Floor')

Section D, no. 15; Section F, no. 12. plate 77.
This deposit derives from an earth floor or use surface with much survival pottery from the
Early Iron Age. No architectural remains could be associated with this deposit, with the
exception of one wall fragment running north-south at the centre of the north end of the

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excavated area (plan, plate 2; Section D, no. 15 at c

early in the fourth century B.C., with some materi
century. There are bases of Attic skyphoi with the
fragment with the subtle eversión characteristic
bowl with almost complete profile is close to Agora
second quarter of the fourth century.
1 Attic Bolsai or one handler, whole profile, D. 11.8. Fully
fourth century B.C.
2 Attic Echinus Bowl, profile except part of floor, D. 15.4. F
no. 830; c. 375-50 B.C.
3Attic Conical Bowl, profile except foot, D. 1 1. Fully gla
4Attic Oinochoe (Chous Shape III), base fr, D. 8.5. Profil
5Attic Skyphos or one handler, handle. As Agora XII 32
6Cup, base fr, max. près H. 1.9. Fully glazed. The constric
developed than any of the examples in BSA 45 (1950) 171
8 Hydria, base fr, D. 11.8. Dropped floor with broad horiz
9 Jug, base fr, D. 14.5. Self slipped, glossy surface. Droppe
10 Basin, whole profile, D. 39.8. Unglazed, granular fabric.
The many Attic imports in this deposit confirm a

century B.C. for the local types. In general, the dep
and together these deposits give a fairly clear ide
Deposit H8 Pit 57 (I(S) 32, Pit 11 upper)

Plan at plate 5 no. 57; Section D, no. 16. plates 77-8.
This deposit derives from the fill of a pit which was cut through the Classical floor containing
H7, and was also partly responsible for the removal of the top of Well 5 (H6). Pottery includes
early fourth B.C. Attic skyphos frs. and the rim of a Cup Kantharos with moulded rim. The
earliest possible date for this piece is c. 380 B.C. 1 2 An Attic kantharos base corresponds to types
dating to the period 375-50 B.C.13 For local pottery chronology the most useful pieces are bg
cup bases more developed than KKG, and a good example of an early carinated cup very
similar to H7,7.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found a clay cylindrical stamp (no. K67)
and a stone pounder (S20).
Attic
1 Skyphos, rim to belly, D. 11. As Agora XII, no. 348., c. 400 B.C.
2 Skyphos, base fr, D. 7.4. Close to Agora XII, no. 349, c. 400-375 B.C.
3 Skyphos, base fr, D. 5.4. As Agora XII, nos. 349-50, c. 400-350 B.C.
4 Cup Kantharos, rim fr, D. 10.2. As Agora XII, no. 666, c. 350 B.C.
Local
5 Cup, base fr, D. 5.5. Glazed in out.
6 Cup, base fr, D. 5.2. Glazed in out.
7 Hydria, base fr, D. 14.
8 Dinos, rim fr, D. 13.3. Banded decoration.
9 Dinos, rim fr, D. 14.4. Banded decoration.
10 vacat.
1 1 Cylindrical cup, base fr, D. 5.9. Glazed in out.

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12 Bowl, rim fr, D. 19.2. Glazed in out.

13 Household krater Type I, rim and shoulder. Self slippe
14 Basin, rim fr, D. uncertain. Unglazed.
15 Bell krater, pedestal, D. 14.8.
16 Lamp, profile except handle, D. 4.7. Nozzle dipped. L
400-350 B.C.)
17 Transport amphora, rim fr, D. 19.1. Unglazed.
The Attic imports help to date this deposit towar

bg cups nos. 5-6 are more developed than those
being more constricted in profile. The Cylindrical
site and was obviously far larger than its Hellen
Deposit H12,12-13; H13,l-2) and more nearly
obviously descended (Agora XII nos. 196-7 (to c.
Gold and Silver Plate, Plate 18 centre (c. 400 B.C.).
belongs in the early years of the fourth century
far heavier lip than H5,7 and this is probably a
Deposit H9 (I(S) 31)

Section D, no. 14. plate 78.
This deposit is a later Classical to early Hellenistic floor or use surface associated with the final
use of Wall 'bk', at the East Street (see plan at plate 2), but lacks other architectural features.
It also runs over and seals Deposit H8. None of the forms in this deposit certainly post-date the
first half of the 3rd cent B.C. Above it was a Late Hellenistic occupation layer (I(S) 30; see
Section D, no. 12), there being no evidence for activity during the intervening periods.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below was found one bronze coin Cll (Zeus/Artemis
head) dated to 320-300 B.C.
1 Attic Skyphos, profile base to belly, D. 3.5. Glazed in out. Close to Agora XII, nos. 353-4 which are dated c.
320-300 B.C. but the type is now known to have survived into the early 3rd cent B.C.: Hesp. 3 (1934) 319, A26
(for the revised chronology of this deposit cf. Agora XXII, 107-8); AM 85 (1970) PL 56, 83-4. This fill is now
dated to the first half of the 3rd cent B.C., cf. Agora XXII, 110-111. Hesp. 43 (1974) 231, 19.
2 Attic Cup Kantharos, rim fr, post 380 B.C.
3 Attic Flaring Rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 18. As Agora XII, no. 808 which is dated c. 310 B.C. But this
type also survives into the early 3rd cent B.C.: Hesp. 43 (1974) 232, no. 25; 3 (1934) 317, nos. A, 7-13.
4 Attic Echinus Bowl, rim fr, late 4th-early 3rd cent B.C.
5 Juglet, profile neck to shoulder, max. près. H. 6.6. A more developed type than H5,4 and a precursor of H12,31.
Both are somewhat more elaborate than the usual run of Amphoriskos/Juglets with horizontal rilling on the
neck.
6 Bowl, rim sherd, D. 22.6. Glazed in out.
7 One Handler or lamp, profile, D. 4.2.
8 PHousehold Krater Type I, profile rim to shoulder, D. 21. A more developed version of H8,13 with a shorter
neck and hawksbeak profile at the rim. Self slipped, glossy. For a more developed version of the same or a very
similar shape cf. H12, 59.
The importance of this deposit lies mainly in the fact that three of its local shapes can be
placed earlier than their equivalents in H12 (H9,5 and H12,31; H9,6 and H12,58; H9,8 and
H12,59). Since both the Knossian coin Cll and the range of imported Attic pottery would
support a date about the end of the 4th cent B.C. or a little later for H9, this is yet another good
reason for believing that the later deposit should be placed in the first quarter of the 3rd cent
B.C.

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Deposit H10 Pit 16 (XIV Pit 9)

Plan at plate 5 no. 16; Section E no. 13. Later 4th century B.C. plates 79 and 105d.
This deposit was found in the fill of a broad, shallow pit dug into LG/EO wash levels towards
the southwest of the excavated area. The pit was sealed above by the floor of the area between
the Southwest and the Southeast Houses, a floor of good yellow clay, and of late Hellenistic
date (late 2nd-early 1st cent B.C.).
The material from the pit is remarkably homogeneous, and most vessels in it have made up
to complete or near complete profiles. The pit was excavated fairly cleanly, and the fill
contained only three characteristic sherds from the LG/EO levels below. Subsidence of the floor
above the middle of the pit also introduced fragments of five Late Hellenistic dipped bowls into
the fill. Joins with the floor deposit indicated their original position and their chronological
distance from the material of the pit fill made their isolation and identification as intrusions
obvious. It seems clear that this is a one period refuse dump, principally of utility vessels, from a
Late Classical kitchen.
Represented in the deposit are substantial parts of seven semi-glazed jugs, four household
bowls, two cooking pots and two hydriae. The fine ware makes up only a small proportion o
the whole, and includes an Attic skyphos, a local amphoriskos and three local bg. cups of fourth
century type. Comparatively few sherds in the deposit belong to pots other than those listed,
and these add nothing to the nature of the deposit.
Attic
1 Skyphos, rim and handle fr, D. 12. Agora XII nos. 350-351. 400-350 B.C. frs. of three other vessels of similar
date.
2 Bg pedestal cup base, D. 5.8. Glazed in and out, smear under. Pimple under foot. 400-350 B.C.
3 Bg amphoriskos, neck to base (non-joining frs.) H. (rest) 12.7. Rim restored from fr, in same deposit, D. 7.2.
Base reserved with smear.
4 Deep bowl, profile except handles; D. 15.6. Self-slipped and rim dipped with trickles.
5 Bowl, profile (non-joining frs.) D. 14. Granular fabric, cream slip.
6 Bowl, profile (non-joining frs.), D. 16. Self-slipped, worn inside.
7 Lekane, profile except handles, D. 33. Polished buff slip. Pale, matt orange paint on rim. Two suspension holes
through rim.
8 Spouted jug, profile restored (handle missing). H. (rest.) 24.5. Self-slipped, dipped with trickle. Moulded rim,
flat base, slightly concave beneath.
9 Jug, H (rest.) 23.5. Surface and decoration as 8. Moulded rim.
10 Jug, profile (non-joining), H. 33. Surface and decoration as 8. Thickened rim.
1 1 Jug, profile, H. 33. Surface and decoration as 8. Groove below rim.
12 Jug, rim and handle restored, H (rest.) 27.5. Surface and decoration as 8.
13 Jug, narrow-necked, handle and lip restored, H (rest.) 25. Surface and decoration as 8.
14 Hydria, base fr, D. unknown. Black painted band on ring base.
15 Hydria, rim fr, D. 9. Wide groove below rectangular rim. Red painted band on lip, in and out; handle stripes.
Not illustrated.
16 Household krater, rim fr, D. 17. Short collared neck. Rim dipped. Not illustrated.
Coarse Ware
17 Chytra, rim to lower body, D. 14. Not illustrated.
18 Cooking dish, rim, handle and body fr, D. 27. Brown, micaceous, slipped. Not illustrated.
19 Pithos rim and neck, three frs. D. unknown. Porridge; pink with cream buff surface. Not illustrated.
The four Attic imports date this deposit to the first half of the 4th cent B.C. but the developed
mouldings on the jugs 8-12 place them after H5-6 and therefore preclude a date much earlier
than c. 350 B.C. The low spreading base of 2 resembles those on H8,5-6 but is closer to the plain

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truncated conical bases of the very early 4th cent

unpublished examples from the general area of th
date within the second quarter of the 4th cent B
We might note too the shallowness of the Lekane
the shape in the earlier periods at Knossos (H4,9
contrast to the deeper examples current later (
We have already noted the development of mou
jug with a spout on the shoulder seems to have
from the number of spouts that have been foun
became more elongated and might sometimes b
(1973-4) Chron B3, 886 and PI. 661,d).
Deposit Hll
PLATE 106.
This consists of various decorated sherds of the Archaic and Classical periods found in different
parts of the Unexplored Mansion excavations
plate 106.
1 Lebes Gamikos, VIII, Pit 6, H. 7.7, W. 4.2. Late Attic bf, probably of the early 5th cent B.C. Th
comes from the shoulder of a large ritual wedding vase. Here we see part of the wedding procession: a
walks beside the wedding car. The incised and painted groups of horizontal and diagonal lines are
indicate that two of the horses of the team processed with their heads held at a normal angle, the oth
theirs thrown back. Close to the Theseus Painter14
2 Attic Bell Krater, UM 73/S. Section, W. 7.3. Rim fr, decorated with a horizontal laurel branch with added
white berries. About 400 B.C.
3 Attic Krater, UM 73/S. Section, W. 4.4. Body fragment depicting the lower part of a female figure wearing
decorated chiton. Close to the Talos Painter, c. 400 B.C.15
4 Attic Krater, unstratified, H. 2.2. Body fragment depicting a male figure dressed in a short decorated chiton
moving left to judge from the fall of his chlamys. This has dots at the hem and seems to be decorated with
pattern of solid rays above. The right angled line delineating the knee cap places this close to the Pronomos
Painter. Date: c. 400 B.C.16
5 Attic Oinochoe, unstratified, H. 2.8. Legs of a standing male figure. Date, probably later 5th cent B.C.
6 Attic Pelike, XIII, 15b, H. 3. Woman's head. Date: 4th cent B.C. Traces of an ancient mend.17
7 Attic Chous, XII, 34, H. 3. Figure of a running boy. Date: 4th cent B.C.
8 Attic Bell Krater, H38, D. at base c. 1 1 . The degenerate laurel branch on the rim is similar to many on kra
from Olynthos. The main field held a horse's head similar to those on later 4th cent B.C. pelikai from Olyntho
Athens and other sites where they were juxtaposed with veiled women and griffin protomes. Date: 350-3
B.C.18
THE CLASSICAL POTTERY
The five Classical deposits listed here (H9 is Hellenistic but has been retained
since it forms part of the stratified sequence H7-9) may be placed in the fo
chronological order: H5 400-375 B.C. Stage II; H7 400-350 B.C.; H6 380-350 B
B.C.; H10 375-350 B.C.
Two vital fixed points exist for this proposed sequence. The later is made u
imports in H8, giving a date after c. 380 B.C. for this deposit. More important, p
pottery from a series of kilns on the south side of the city published in BSA 45
The stratigraphy of this area is more complicated than implied in that report bu

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kept in the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos

proposed. The oval kiln which sealed the remain
by 24.2.37. Box 197 in the Stratigraphical M
burnt level in the south half of the earlier kiln
is dated 11.3.37. The kiln floor itself was du
should therefore belong to that rich packing abo
(1950) 170-5. Both boxes contain an example of
cent B.C. and these should be sufficient to down
the 4th cent B.C. Nothing actually found on th
need necessarily be as late as this but one cu
quarter of the 5th cent B.C. This should allo
around 400 B.C. The rich series of profiles fr
bases whose general range is illustrated in BS
H5,2 and even closer to H7,6, both occurring
early 4th cent B.C. date.
This rather complicated digression allows us
local cup bases. In the last quarter of the 5th ce
still comparatively wide. The foot itself had a t
sunken discus underfoot. An example from
developed a knob underfoot that was to becom
B.C.
Among the cups stacked above the kiln there are variant forms but the major advance in all
is the constriction of the foot/belly junction so that we may for the first time speak of true
pedestal bases.
The closest parallel for these kiln types among the material from the Unexplored Mansion is
H7,6 but H5,2, with its stepped profile, is only a little more evolved. Both should date within
the period 400-375 B.C. H10,2 and H8,5-6 all have a narrower base/belly junction, the knob
underfoot is smaller, and the pedestal less spreading and with a thicker edge. These types
should all fit into a period c. 380-350 B.C. After this there is a long gap in the Knossian
sequence until we reach the rich collection of forms in H12,5- 10 with their higher concave
pedestals and bevelled 'shoulders' just below the junction of belly and pedestal.
Among the jugs from this sequence of deposits it is also possible to trace a general line of
development. H5, 5-6 have plain rims. That of H6,4 is thickened and bevelled, while H10,8- 9
and 11 have all developed proper mouldings. All are dipped, a fashion that remains constant
from the Archaic until the end of the Hellenistic period.
Perhaps the most important result of isolating and dating these deposits is the recognition of
a sequence of Hadra vases dating to the Classical period. There was already a little evidence to
suggest that a type of hydria with more ambitious decoration than the usual horizontal bands
of the domestic variety existed as early as the late Archaic period (BSA 68 (1973) PL 18,8). Our
4th century deposits add four bases of Hadra type to this list of pre-Hellenistic examples:
H5,10; H7,8-9 and H8, 7. It should be stressed here that there is ample evidence that the more
normal, lower, hydria base like that of H 12,30 continued throughout this period (BSA 52
(1957) 229, fig. 2). Its simple rim is earlier than that ofH12,30 and earlier than a rim found on
the floor of the early kiln discussed above, so it should date to the 5th cent B.C. Unfortunately
our scrappy deposits have not preserved any of the decorated zones which should be associated
with these bases. A general impression of the style a little later is given by ADelt 29 (1973-4)
Chron. B3, 886 and PL 661,d. KRS, 42 may also belong to this general period.

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The relative positions of the Household Krater

and H9,8) have already been discussed in the
nothing here. As for the few other important sh
notes in the deposit summaries should also suffic
It can hardly be claimed that the sequences ou
probably a rich ceramic tradition in the 4th cent
groups, do now offer a few relatively fixed poin
Knossos. It is to be hoped that further excavation
THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD
Deposit H12 (Well 14)

Plan at plate 5 no. 14; plate 2. plates 80-86; 107-8.
This deposit was the fill from a deep early Hellenistic well in the central south area of the
excavation. The diameter of the well at the top was 80cm., varying down the shaft to a
maximum of c. 85 cms. A stone lining was preserved at the top to a depth of 1 .10m., but below
this the well was driven through natural kouskouras and provided with a series of footholds in
staggered sequence at intervals of 30-40cms. The surviving depth of the well was 10.30m., but
it is estimated that about one metre of the original top was lost when the foundation trench for
the House of Diamond Frescoes was dug. Excavation ceased before the bottom of the well was
reached due to partial collapse of the kouskouras walls. It will have gone much deeper (the
nearby Well 12 had a depth of c. 23.70m.; Well 1 has water at a depth of 17.75m.)
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found the following objects: pottery -
H38,10-13, 43-4, 62-3, 70, 73-5; GH12 (EG lid), bronze coins, C35 (Zeus/labyrinth) late 2nd
B.C., intrusive at depth 3.25m.; C12 (Apollo/Artemis) 320-300 B.C. and C92 (Argos), both at
depth 6.50m.; metal: bronze bangle (M51), bronze box handle (M59), iron knives (M75, M78),
metal furnace bottom (M175); bone: handle (E2a), disc button (E4), burnishing tool (E5), awl
(E6); clay loomweights: 81 pyramidal including W9 and stamped examples W34-36, stone:
pounder (S21) and weight (S22).
Attic
1 Kantharos, complete, D. 9.6. Pedestal close to Hesperia 52 (1983) 286 no. 26. c. 325-300 B.C.
2 Kantharos, pedestal, D. 4.8. Fully glazed, similar to above.
4 bis. Lid, two frs. decorated with women's heads.
Local
5 Tulip Cup, profile, D. 7.2. Glazed in out. Wide splaying base.
6 Tulip Cup, profile, D. 6.8. Glazed in out. Constricted base.
7 High Necked Cup, profile except handle, D. 8. Glazed in out. Base copies Attic kantharos types.
8 Low Necked Cup, profile except handle, D. 8.2. Glazed in out. High constricted pedestal.
9 Low Necked Cup, profile except handle, D. 9. Glazed in out. Base similar to no. 6.
10 Low Necked Cup, profile except handle, D. 8.4. Glazed in out. High constricted base.
1 1 Cylindrical Cup, profile except handle, D. 8.6. Wide base with concave underfoot.
12 Cylindrical Cup, profile rim to belly, D. 7.7. Glazed in out.
13 Cylindrical Cup, profile except handle. Glazed in out, stepped underfoot.

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14 Cup, pedestal, D. at base 3.7. Glazed in out. Similar to no

15 Carinated Cup, profile except handle, D. 7.5. Side dipped
16 Carinated Cup, profile except handle, D. 8.1. Unglazed.
17 Carinated Cup, profile except handle, D. 8.9. Unglazed.
Attic
18 Bowl with everted rim, rim to belly, D. 10. Glazed in out. Similar to Hesperia 52 (1983) 266 and 287, no. 31, c.
325-300 B.C.
19 Bowl with everted rim, rim to belly, D. 9.6. Glazed in out. Similar to above.
20 Bowl with everted rim, rim to belly, D. 13.6. Glazed in out. Similar to above.
21 Echinus Bowl, profile, D. 11.8. Glazed in out. Palmettes and rouletting in bowl.
22 Echinus Bowl, profile, D. 8.4. Glazed in out. Foot as in Hesperia 52 (1983) 266, no. 36, c. 325-300 B.C.
23 Echinus Bowl, profile, D. 9.2. Glazed in out.
Local
26 Plate, profile except part of tondo, D. 19.9. West Slope decoration.
27 Plate, profile, D. 17.5. Glazed in out.
28 Ladle (?), profile except handle, D. 14.1. Unglazed.
29 Lebes, profile rim to belly, D. 7.5. West Slope decoration.
30 Hydria, profile, D. 10. A local type.
31 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profile except handle and rim, D. at base 6.2. Glazed in out.
32 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profile except handles, D. 9.2. Glazed in out.
33 Amphoriskos/Juglet, profile except handles, D. 7.5. Glazed in out.
34 Amphoriskos, profile, D. 7.6. Glazed in out.
35 Juglet, profile except handle, D. 4.6. Glazed in out.
36 Olpe, profile, D. 10.6. Glazed in out. An outsized version of the Low Necked Cup, nos. 8-10.
37 Hadra Hydria (two non-joining frs.), rim to shoulder, D. 12.
38 Hadra Hydria, base, D. 11.6. Dropped floor.
39 Hadra Hydria, base, D. 7.8. Dropped floor.
40 Askos, profile, D. at base 8.8. Dipped.
41 Oinochoe, profile except handle. D. at base 11.1. Unglazed, self slipped, polished. Athena head protome
lower handle root.
42 Jug, profile except handle, D. 8.3. Rim dipped.
43 Jug, profile except handle, D. 8.6. Rim dipped.
44 Jar, profile base to neck, D. at base 8.5. Rim dipped.
45 Jar, profile except handles, D. 15.3. Self slipped, Hadra style dark on plain ground decoration.
46 Cylindrical Krater, base fr, D. 15.7. Self slipped; Base Ring workshop. For the shape cf. Deposit H28 nos. 36-7.
Glazed in.
47 Cylindrical Krater, base fr, D. 15.8. Self slipped; Base Ring workshop. Glazed in.
48 Cylindrical Krater, base fr, D. 14.8. Self slipped; Pseudo-Base Ring workshop. Glazed in.
Coarse
49 Chytra, profile except base, D. 17.2.
50 Chytra, profile except base, D. 12.2.
51 Casserole, profile except base, D. 21.
52 Casserole, profile except base, D. 22.
53 Casserole, profile except base, D. 18.9.
54 Cooking tray, profile, D. 25.8.
Outsized and others

55 Basin, rim to belly, D. 42. Porridge fabric, smoothed in.
56 Jar, rim to shoulder, D. 26.2. Micaceous with purplish slip as 60.

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57 Basin, rim fr, D. 56. Slipped in out; smoothed in.

58 Lekane, rim to belly, D. 29. Brown gloss in.
59 Pithari, rim to shoulder, D. 18.4. Self slipped, polished o
Amphorae
60 Amphora, rim to shoulder, D. 10. Red fabric with purplish micaceous slip.
61 Amphora, rim fr, D. 12.4. Mushroom rim. Pinkish fabric, pale slip.
62 Amphora, rim fr, D. 16. Mushroom rim. Rust red fabric, granular.
63 Amphora, rim fr, D. 15.6. Mushroom rim. Orange fabric, soft.
64 Amphora base, D. 3.5. Micaceous buff fabric, slipped.
65 Amphora base, D. 2.4. Buff with pale slip.
66 Amphora base, D. 5.4. Dark fabric with a micaceous buff slip.
67 Amphora base, D. 4.2. Soft pale buff fabric, unslipped.
68 Amphora base, D. 2.6. Buff with a pale buff slip.
Despite changes in the matrix of the fill, the pottery seems to belong to one period and the
number of whole profiles as well as the fresh condition of most of the finds suggest that all were
relatively new when deposited in the well. The coin C12 gives a firm terminus post quern for the
material as do, to a certain extent, the Attic imports.
The Attic kantharoi and the lid (4 bis) all suggest a date around the later 4th cent B.C. or
even later. 1 seems more developed than Hesp. 52 (1983) 265, 26 which is dated by Rotroff to c.
300 B.C. The bases 2-4 could equally well belong in the later 4th or early 3rd cent B.C. The
Tulip Cups 5-6 together with the High and Short Necked Cups 7-10 have by this time
developed a low, spreading, pedestal base whose profile occasionally shows some influence from
contemporary Attic forms. They are generally smaller than their 5th and earlier 4th cent B.C.
predecessors. Profiles are elegant: the Tulip Cups are more slender than earlier versions of the
shape, the other shapes more rounded. All have lost the omphalos underfoot that had
characterised earlier vases.
The Cylindrical Cups 11-13 exhibit several stages of development. 11 is possibly a survivor
and is the closest known Knossian example to a putative Attic original of c. 400 B.C. (D.E.
Strong, Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate, Plate 18, centre; Agora XII, 197: c. 450 B.C. H8,ll
seems already more evolved than this and dates to the mid 4th cent B.C. The simple concave
underfoot of our example links it rather with cups of the 5th cent B.C. and an unpublished
fragment of a more developed cup was found in the first kiln of the KKG group at Knossos
among pottery that probably belongs to the closing years of the 5th cent B.C. or a little later. 13
probably represents the form contemporary with the other vases in our deposit. It is more
slender than the pot just discussed although it retains a slightly tapering profile. There is a
shallow hollowing underfoot with an annular groove defining a sort of discus. Generally, it
resembles H8,ll of c. 350 B.C.
The Carinated Cups 15-17 are far smaller than most of their Classical forerunners and
possess the everted rim that henceforth becomes a characteristic feature of the type. 17 seems
the most conservative and preserves the wide base of earlier examples.
Among the bowls in the well Attic models for 18-24 are obvious. 21 is itself an Attic example
and should date to the late 4th/early 3rd cent B.C. horizon that we have presumed for the Attic
kantharoi. Rotroff dates the Attic model for 22 in the late 4th cent B.C. {Hesp. 52 (1983) 283
no. 5). Attic models for the Flaring Rim Bowls 18-20 have already been discussed in relation to
H9,3. A date bracket of c. 310-275 B.C. seems reasonable. Nos. 26 and 29 both bear West Slope
decoration of the Hellenistic type: bold motifs with added white for the former and incised
stems for the latter. These suggest a date in the third rather than the fourth century B.C.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Several examples of jugs or amphoriskoi with rille

Compared with H5 no. 4 the shape has now become
marked off with groups of incised horizontals unde
bear West Slope decoration (cf. H13 no's 12-15).
Three or more Hadra Hydriae were found in t
high ring base with dropped floor and the patterne
represent the earliest properly stratified examples
and H8,7. The hydria (no. 30) is of the class norm
examples have been found exported to Egypt in a
48 fig. 5) where their Knossian origin has been a
The Olpe no. 36 is simply a larger variant of the
the forerunner of a long series of Hellenistic types
the middle of the second century B.C.19
On the Jugs nos. 42-3, and on all the other fragm
marked off by a carefully moulded top. This seems t
fourth century B.C. and is completely absent
standard feature of the Hellenistic period.
Very few examples of the Cylindrical Krater (n
only whole profile thus far unearthed is H28,37. Ev
possible to distinguish between the products of the
from the Base Ring Workshop, no. 48 from the
37-40).
Among the larger shapes nos. 55-57 the one com
moulding at the rim. The Pithari (no. 59) shares
developed types of the Household Krater Type I
types may be closely related. At all events, it seems
type that survives through the whole period unt
The Amphorae 60-68 make up a group that cou
Interesting are 61-3 with mushroom or bevelled rim
century B.C. context in the Agora.20 The first quar
likely date.
Chronology
The Attic pieces would allow a date either within the last quarter of the fourth century or the
first quarter of the third B.C. The local types, however, appear to be far more advanced than
anything in H9 which dates down to the latest years of the fourth century, and it thus seems
most likely that we are well within the third century with this rich group of pottery. The
number of shapes represented as well as the good condition of most of the finds makes this a
vital deposit in the history of Hellenistic pottery at Knossos. Date: 300-275 B.C.
One most important fragment which is more fully discussed as H38,43 belongs to a Hadra
Hydria of Enklaar's Group with Spirals (Babesch 61 (1986) 46f).21 Several of these have been
found at Alexandria and this, too, suggests a 3rd century B.C. date for the deposit.
Deposit H13 (VII 21a-b and 16a)

Section F nos. 10-11; plan at plate 2. plates 81 and 100a-b.
This deposit consists of an undisturbed floor deposit surviving in an isolated triangular area at

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
the northeast side of the excavated area. This trian

south, 'al' to the northwest and the scarp of Ev
floor runs over the topmost stones of Wall 'be', wh
Hellenistic Phase I Wall 'bh' in Area XII to the south. The walls were built of small undressed
stones, and were in most places preserved to a height of 40- 60cms. The floor was a layer o
trodden earth.
These walls are the sole remaining fragments of a substantial room which has the same
orientation as the Hellenistic Phase II building of Area XII to the south (cf. Deposits H24-27).
To judge from the remaining lengths of wall, the room measured at least 7m (north to south)
by 3.5m (east to west).
The floor deposit was both the first and last vestige of Hellenistic occupation within this
room.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found: one s

deposit of furnace bottoms (M167- 174). The latter show that metal w
this area at this date, but unfortunately too little of the building w
directly to its function; they may have been brought in from outsid
Local
1 Cylindrical Cup, profile restored, D. 8.1. Glazed in out.
2 Cylindrical Cup, profile restored, D. 7. Glazed in out.
3 Carinated Cup, profile, D. 10. Unglazed.
4 Baggy Kantharos, rim fr, D. 8.1. West Slope decoration.
5 Cup, pedestal, D. 4.2. Glazed in out.
6 Flaring rim Bowl, profile, D. 10.8. Glazed in out.
7 Flaring rim Bowl, rim to belly, D. 18. Glazed in out.
8 Flaring rim Bowl, rim to belly, D. uncertain. Glazed in out.
9 Bowl, rim to belly, D. 17. Glazed in out.
10 Cylindrical Jug, upper half of profile, D. 17. West Slope decoration.
11 Cylindrical Jug, base fr, D. at base 8.2. Glazed in out.
12 Juglet, profile except neck and handle, D. at base 4.5. West Slope decoration
13 Amphoriskos, profile except neck and base, max. D. 7.5. West Slope decora
14 Juglet, shoulder to belly, max. D. 7.3. West Slope decoration.
15 Juglet, shoulder to belly, max. D. 7. West Slope decoration.
16 Juglet, rim fr, D. 8.1. Glazed in out.
17 Jug, rim fr, D. 8.5. Rim dipped.
18 Jug, rim fr, D. 8. Rim dipped.
19 Hydria, rim fr, D. 11.8.
20 Hadra Hydria, body fr, W. 7.5. Dolphins and rosettes in dark on light techn
21 Lekane, rim to belly, D. 19.
22 Lekane, rim to belly, D. 11.8.
23 Casserole, rim to shoulder, D. 22.8.
An approximate date is provided by the Juglet 12. It was pain

decorated Hadra Hydriae in the period c. 220-200 B.C.22 Typical o
tailed dolphins in added white and the flying swans with horizontal
LPW 6 and Guerrini A,l where they are once again juxtaposed w
shape itself is much smaller and more slender than it had been e
(H12,31-4; KSD, D12 and 15; AR 31 (1984-5) 128, fig. 19) and the sligh
earlier examples has been replaced by a simple flat base. The other fra
the deposit (13-15) look to be at a similar stage of development a
West Slope style, another relatively new feature for this shape.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
The Cylindrical Jug 10 is probably even more sens

the relief moulding beneath the rim which is charac
3rd century B.C., but it does have the slightly bulg
period. This piece should date close to the destru
with its almost flat underfoot, should be later. This
paralleled among the closely related cups 1-2, an
LPW8.
The Cylindrical Cups 1-2 have developed an elongated flaring profile wh
different from earlier wide based examples from the site (H12, 11-13). The
distinctly triangular in profile, a feature already present by 220 B.C. (ADelt 26 (19
PI. 513: second row, second from left). As with the jug 11, however, their flat bases
annular groove as articulation underfoot should postdate the Lyttian destructio
A fragment from the belly of a Hadra Hydria 20 was painted by an artist whose
have begun some time before 220 B.C. since some of his work was on straight sided
Jugs like H28,20, but who also decorated versions of the same shape that date firm
last quarter of the 3rd cent B.C. H28,27 is but one of several fragments paint
Knossos. Characteristic of his dolphins are a "U" shaped tail, twin fins on the b
lower fins that often join to form another "U" or approach that shape even when
as here. This again suggests a date for the deposit within the period 225-200 B
The Carinated Cup 3 also exhibits several features that mark it off from its earl
B.C. predecessors (H12, 15-17). The shoulder has become flattened to almost a s
and the distinctly triangular handle resembles those on the Cylindrical Cups from
The Baggy Kantharos 4 is similar to an example from Aghia Pelaghia though
proportions make it a product of a different workshop from the examples publish
site (cf. the discussion for Deposit H18,3-4). Note especially the subtly thickened ri
that soon disappears in the course of the 2nd cent B.C. The sides of the Flaring Rim
are more strongly everted than their predecessors (H12,18-20) a general line of
they share with the products of other parts of the Greek world.24 The Hydria
moulding very similar to that of H12,30, but is far more emphatic. Note, too, the b
concavity behind, which will eventually lead to the hollowed rims characteristic of
B.C. (H18,17-20).
Taken together, all this is very strong evidence that the floor deposit should be
the last quarter of the 3rd cent B.C. with the latest vases being close to 200 B.C
Deposit H14 (Well 1)

Plans at plate 5 no. 56, and plate 2. plates 88 and 100c.
The deposit consists of the latest sherds in the fill of a well dug at the extreme west edge of the
excavated area. The well was cleared to a depth of 17.75m. before it was stopped, due to the
danger of a kouskouras collapse. Thus no primary deposit was reached, although the well now
holds water. The diameter of the well was approximately 90cm. The fill consisted of earth,
stones, tile fragments and other building debris, including fragments of the stone wellhead itself
(D. 88cm) found at a depth of c. 4.50m, and curved lining stones presumably deriving from the
construction of the upper part of the well. The intense burning of some of the vases and other
material in the fill at a depth of 13- 14m would seem to indicate a domestic catastrophe of some
sort which caused the abandonment of the well.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Later building activity on the site removed b

associated contemporary habitation deposits.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below we
C112 (type uncertain) and C87 (Cydonia); Lamps L13 and 22; bone peg (E3); clay
loomweights: 26 pyramidal, three disc and two biconal including the stamped examples W37
and W38. Also H38,9 and 45.
1 Cylindrical Cup, base, D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out.
2 Cylindrical Cup, base, D. at base 5.7. Glazed in out.
3 Cup, pedestal, D. at base c. 4. Glazed in out.
4 Flaring Rim Bowl, profile, D. at rim 9.3. Glazed in out.
6 Echinus Bowl, profile, D. 13.5. Unglazed.
7 Cylindrical Jug, profile, D. 14.6. West Slope decoration.
8 Cylindrical Jug, upper profile, D. 13. West Slope decoration.
9 Juglet, profile except neck and handle, D. at base 4. West Slope decoration.
10 Juglet, shoulder (non joining) max. D. c. 10. West Slope decoration.
1 1 Juglet, shoulder fr, H. 4.4. Dromeus Painter.
12 Hadra Hydria, neck fr, max. D. 11. Aliki Painter.
This well fill lies close in time to H13; many of the forms are slightly earlier, many just a little
later. The Hadra Hydria 12 was painted by the Aliki Painter (Enklaar's Dolphin Painter).25
whose career spanned the years c. 230-200 B.C. For the astragal on the neck see Brooklyn
Museum Annual 10 (1968) 1 14-138, figs. 5-7; IHVY'. 5, 17. Characteristic are the ovoid blobs of
the beads and the twinned curved verticals of the reels. Other vases by this painter are
published here as H28,ll, 13 and 15. As we can see from his flat based Juglet H28,ll, part of
his active career certainly lay close to the end of the 3rd cent B.C.
The Juglet 9 is earlier than H13,12 since it still retains a carefully articulated underfoot. The
fineness of its walls and the exceptionally high gloss of its surface, evident even though it was at
some time badly damaged by fire, suggest that it should still be placed within the last quarter of
the 3rd cent B.C., albeit early. A similar decorative scheme can be found on H28,9. The Juglet
11 is by the Dromeus Painter whose long career as a painter of Hadra Hydriae has been well
documented by Enklaar.26 We both agree on a later 3rd cent B.C. date for this artist but I
would prefer that it span the period c. 230-200 B.C. rather than the longer span of four decades
alloted to him by Enklaar. At all events the dolphins here are characteristic of his work: the tail
is formed by the rear end of the body line transected, or in this case almost so, by a short curved
line. The closest parallel among the Hadras to the treatment on our vase is Guerrini A,3. This
was placed by Enklaar in his latest group, representing the end of the artist's career, so it is
likely that the Juglet dates close to 200 B.C.
Both the Cylindrical Jugs 7-8 have developed mouldings beneath the rim. 8 has a fairly
vertical upper wall without the convex shoulder characteristic of jugs in the last quarter of the
3rd cent B.C. so it is probably early in that period. Conversely 7 has rather thicker walls than
usual in the late 3rd cent B.C. and may be close to 200 B.C., even a little later. The pedestalled
cup 3 has a set of complex mouldings at the base and a high columnar stem, both features
separating it from its early 3rd cent B.C. progenitors (H12,5-10) but very similar to those on
another later 3rd cent B.C. vase in AR 31 (1984-5) 128, fig. 21.
The Echinus Bowls 5-6 are lower than they had been earlier in the century and both have a
pronounced bevel on their upper wall. The underfoot of 5 resembles that of the contemporary
Cylindrical Cups 1-2. These, in turn, seem slightly less evolved than H13,l-2 since they retain
a slight hollowing underfoot and are more carefully turned. Finally, the Flaring Rim Bowl 4

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
seems more developed than H13,6. The rim is more

turned.
The date range for the vases in this deposit should then be c. 230-200 B.C., with the majority
perhaps clustering toward the end ofthat period.
Deposit H15 (VIII 33 and 32 Spit 3)

plates 89 and lOOd.
This deposit was found on the west side of Trench VIII and consisted of a deep layer
soil relatively rich in pottery. This layer was cut into by the later pit no. 43 (VIII Pit 9) w
contained Deposit H16, see plan at plate 5, no. 43. Although not sealed, the composit
colour of the deposit allowed the excavators to discount the possibility of disturbance. Th
deposit can be interpreted as an uncontaminated occupation layer.
1 Cup, pedestal, D. at base 5.1. Glazed in out.
2 Cylindrical Cup, base fr, D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out.
3 Baggy Kantharos, body fr, max. D. 11. West Slope decoration.
4 Medusa Bowl, body fr, max. H. 3.4. West Slope decoration.
5 Bowl, rim fr, D. uncertain. Glazed in out.
6 Flaring rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 10. Glazed in out.
7 Flaring rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 9.9. Glazed in out.
8 Olpe, upper profile (three non joining), D. 9.9. West Slope decoration.
9 Olpe, profile restored, D. 11. West Slope decoration.
10 Olpe, rim fr, D. c. 12. West Slope decoration.
11 Olpe, rim fr, D. c. 16.5. West Slope decoration.
12 Jug (?), body fr, max. D. 10.1. West Slope decoration.
13 Oinochoe (?), shoulder (two non joining frs.), max. D. 5.1. West Slope decoration.
14 Hydria, rim fr, D. 15.5.
15 Ladle (?), rim and part of belly, D. 13.8. Unglazed.
Coarse
16 Cooking Tray, profile to base, D. c. 24. Two of the heat spreading annular grooves preserved under
17 Casserole, profile to shoulder, D. c. 20.2.
The pottery from this deposit seems to belong to a single period and its dating dep
part upon the following H16. The Cylindrical Cup 2 is very similar to those in H13
flare of its lower body places it in a small subgroup represented among published vases b
47-8. The Flaring Rim Bowls 6-7 definitely postdate those in the two previous deposits: t
is more strongly everted and we may note the sharp line of carination where the angle o
wall changes. The Baggy Kantharos 3 and the Cylindrical Jug 12 both have the thin walls
high gloss characteristic of the later 3rd cent B.C. They, like the fragment of a Medusa B
could be the earliest vases in the group.
The Olpai 8-11 all have tall necks with broad rims and the profile of 9 shows that t
ovoid profile with high centre of gravity characteristic of the 3rd cent B.C. (H12,36, LPW
now beginning to give way to a depressed ovoid form with fairly straight upper walls. The
Slope patternwork on all these vases is now rather bolder and is applied in thicker stroke
was usual in the later 3rd cent B.C. (H13-14; H28,10-ll, 13, 15, 19, 21).
The Ladle 15 is deeper than it became later (H30,10 and discussion) and the Hydria
is strongly everted in comparison with H 13, 19 and earlier examples, creating a distinct
behind.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Most of the vases in this deposit can be shown t

is therefore highly likely that they represent th
development surviving in any sort of stratified
Deposit H16 Pit 40/43 (VIII Pits 7 and 9)

Plan at plate 5 nos. 40 and 43. plates 89-90; 109e; 110a.
The deposit consists of the fill of a large irregular pit, itself cut into by the later Pit 39 (VIII Pit
2, containing Deposit H18; see plan at plate 5 no. 39). Although not sealed, the pottery was
particularly homogeneous and gives a good idea of the range of shapes present in a 2nd cent
B.C. kitchen at Knossos. Initially excavated as two separate pits on either side of the
disturbance caused by Pit 39 (Deposit H18), the deposit was found to be one, below the level of
later intrusion. Study of the pottery also produced many cross-joins.
2 Everted Rim Cup, profile except handle, D. 9.5. Glazed in out.
3 Cylindrical Cup, profile restored, D. 8. Glazed in out.
4 Kantharos, profile rim to belly, D. 9. West Slope decoration.
5 Baggy Kantharos, profile rim to belly, D. 10.1. West Slope decoration.
6 Ribbed Kantharos, profile base to neck, D. at base 4.7. West Slope decoration.
7 Carinated Cup, profile restored rim to belly, D. at rim c. 8.8. Unglazed.
8 Cup (?), base, D. at base 5.9. Glazed in out.
9 Cup (?), base, D. at base 5. Glazed in out.
10 Fish Plate, profile, D. 17.4. Dipped.
14 Juglet (?), profile rim to shoulder, D. 9. West Slope decoration.
15 Olpe, profile restored, D. 13. West Slope decoration.
16 Olpe, rim fr, D. 12.5. West Slope decoration.
17 Olpe, belly fr, L. 8.2. West Slope decoration.
18 Jug, rim and neck, D. 8.7. Rim dipped.
19 Lekane, profile, D. 19.2. Unglazed.
Coarse
20 Globular Jar, rim and shoulder, D. 23.5. Round rimmed jar with a fillet below the rim and two incised lines at
the shoulder. Fabric like that of the cooking vessels below. Not illustrated.
21 Chytra, profile restored rim to shoulder, D. 11.9.
22 Lid, edges lost, max. près. D. 9.5. Hole through knob to let out steam.
23 Lid, edges lost, max. près. D. 8.9.
24 Cooking tray, profile, D. 26. Annular rings underfoot to spread heat.
25 Basin, profile, D. 43. Unglazed.
This is a small group of contemporary forms, all deposited at the same time. The Cylindrical
Cup (3) exhibits a further degeneration of the base articulation: it has a flat underfoot with
only a shallow annular groove as a reminder of the previous hollowed forms. 2, the Glazed Cup
with Everted Rim has developed a depressed baggy profile, an innovation shared with the Olpe
15 and a Tulip Cup from Aghia Pelaghia/Apollonia, destroyed in 171 B.C.27 We might note
here, though, that the Tulip Juglet 14 retains a profile more nearly resembling those of later 3rd
century B.C. examples. This implies that our deposit is earlier than the fall of Apollonia.
No. 7, a Carinated Cup, retains the straight shoulder profile of H13,3 and has still not
developed the horizontal groove between lip and shoulder that becomes an important feature

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
of the shape in the Late Hellenistic period. The B

at the rim (cf. H13,4), the latest example on the sit
same shape, similar in its careful articulation t
Pelaghia.28
Several examples of Flaring Rim Bowls, 11-13, are shallower and have a more flaring profile
than any of the examples of the shape listed above. At this point the Attic series ceases to be of
any great help to us and we must simply follow the local sequence in later deposits.29 The Fish
Plate 10 is similar to an example from Aghia Pelaghia.30 and should be close in date. The
thicker lip may even indicate that ours is lightly later. 9 is almost certainly the grooved ring
base for a Tulip Cup. A close parallel once again comes from Aghia Pelaghia.31
Olpai like 15 now have a distinctly baggy appearance with the centre of gravity far down the
vessel's profile and an almost straight upper body wall. No whole profiles for this shape during
the 3rd cent B.C. survive but the closely related pedestalled variety all possess a higher centre of
gravity (H12,36; LPW 59 and E. Bielefeld, Eine Fundgruppe griechischer Vasen in Deckfarbentechnik,
9: the most developed of the three). 17 probably had decoration like LPW 59 or Guerrini C,2.
The Lekane, 19, has a plain flat rim without the elegant hawksbeak of H13,21-2 but it has
developed a concave collar beneath, a feature also seen on the Ladle, H15,15. Of the domestic
shapes there is little to note apart from the perforated lid 22, which allowed steam to escape,
and the sophisticated concentric grooves on the base of the casserole 24, a feature that would
have spread heat more evenly across the surface.
Together with its stratigraphie position, all this would seem to indicate a date bracket of c.
200-175 B.C. for this group.
Deposit H17 Pit 3 (XIII Pit 8)

Plan at plate 5 no. 3; Section A, no. 14. plates 91 and 110b.
The deposit consists of the fill of a small shallow pit in the southwest corner of the excavation.
This was cut into by later pits dug to rob out the Minoan walls at the back of the Unexplored
Mansion (see H28). There were cross joins between the two deposits, and these are listed below.
The fill of the pit mainly consisted of stones and earth, with very little pottery. The few vases
represented, however, were substantially intact and seem to form a homogeneous group.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below was found one bronze coin, C117 (type
uncertain).
1 Cretan Kantharos, profile to lower belly, D. 10.2. Glazed in out.
2 Baggy Kantharos, profile, D. 7.9. West Slope decoration.
3 Bowl, rim to belly, max. près. H. 4.4. West Slope decoration.
4 Amphoriskos, profile, D. 6.6. West Slope decoration.
There was also in this deposit the fragmentary remains of an Olpe parts of which, like the
neck of 4, were found in H28 - presumably displaced when that robbing pit cut into our
deposit. The Olpe rim is decorated with a pattern almost identical with that of 4 and the body
seems to have possessed a plump and elongated depressed ovoid profile similar to that of the
TulipJugLPW32.
This small deposit seems remarkably homogeneous, if only because all its decorated vases
bear variations of a single motif. The Kantharos 2 is far more developed than the versions of the
shape found at Aghia Pelaghia/Apollonia (destroyed 171 B.C.).32 It has lost the small rim
moulding characteristic of earlier versions of the shape (H16,5) and the mouldings of the base

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
1 10 ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY
have coarsened, obviously headed toward the p

suffer profile than H13,12-15 but is earlier th
discussion for H23.
Considering all these data it seems reasonable to place our group between 170-150 B.C. It
must be very close in time to the following deposit.
Deposit H18 Pit 39 (SA 14, Pit 2)

Plan at plate 5 no. 39; Section J, no. 8. plates 91-2; 110c.
The deposit was contained in the lower fill of a large shallow pit. The earth was crumbly brown
and was mixed with many stones and tile fragments. The pottery is reasonably homogeneous
and includes several whole profiles, but some potential difficulties arose because material from
the overlying Late Hellenistic/Augustan layer (H37) had intruded. To overcome this problem
the selection process for publication was rigorous. Although this might have excluded some
contemporary material, it should ensure that the shapes presented here are indeed
contemporaneous.
1 Everted rim Cup, profile, D. 10.1. Glazed in out.
2 Everted rim Cup, profile to lower belly, D. 9. Glazed in out.
3 Baggy Kantharos, rim fr, D. 10. West Slope decoration.
4 Baggy Kantharos, rim fr, D. uncertain. West Slope decoration.
7 Megarian Bowl, Delian Class, profile restored, D. 13. Glazed in out.
8 Fish Plate, profile, D. 17. Glazed in out.
9 Rolled rim Bowl restored, D. 21.9. Glazed in out.
10 Oinochoe, neck and shoulder, max. près. D. 12.5. West Slope decoration in white, brown and madder pink.
A date for this deposit is provided in part by the Imported Ionian Bowl 7. This piece does not
belong early in the Ionian series and examples that are closely similar have been found in
Delian houses built after the establishment of the Athenian cleruchy in 166 B.C.33
The glazed Cup with Everted Rim 1 is taller than that in H16, taller indeed than any of the
published examples from Phaistos, a city destroyed by Gortyn sometime after 183 B.C. and
presumably within the second quarter of the 2nd cent B.C.34 Like its predecessors, however, it
retains a hollow underfoot. This later developed an annular groove (H25,l), a feature retained
even on the yet later flat based examples (LPW, 22). For fuller discussion of this shape sequence
cf. H29. 2 is probably shallower but introduces a sharp carination between rim and shoulder.
The Baggy Kantharoi 3-4 represent two forms: a fat bodied and a more slender variety. We
can follow both from the later 3rd cent B.C. (H15,3; H16,5 on the one hand and H13,4; H28,4
and H 17,2 on the other). Proportions therefore have less chronological than workshop
significance. At all events both our examples here should be placed after the destruction of
Apollonia in 171 B.C. They are poorly glazed, have sloppy West Slope decoration and the
potting is not as careful as the published examples from the destruction level ofthat city.35 4,
however, has not yet developed the straight upper profile of H17,2. 5-6 may represent bases for
this shape and, if so, indicate that the potting of this feature was also more careful than in
H17,2.
The plate 8 is close to H16,10 but the potting is a little coarser. The bowl 9 could also fit into
the earlier 2nd cent B.C.36 All the Hydriai are more developed than those of the 3rd and early
2nd cent B.C. (H12,30; H13,19; H15,14). The rims have emphatically hollowed profiles like

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY 1 1 1
LPW, 44 and two have developed a moulding at the

than LPW, 44 but close enough to suggest a gene
Unexplored Mansion excavations would seem to
main fill of the Little Palace Well main fill (c. 1
quarter of the 2nd cent B.C. now seems the most l
B.C.37
16, from a Cylindrical Jug, is a survivor piece. Its inclusion here is based solely on the fact
that it was decorated by the Dromeus Painter: the crescent curve of the dolphin's tail fin
transecting the rear part of the body in a characteristic fashion. It is also interesting in that the
straight upper wall of the jug and the lack of a moulding beneath the rim both indicate that this
vase was potted before 220 B.C. A date within the period 240-220 B.C. would fit in with the
proposed chronology of this artist's career.38
We now come to the Olpai 11-15. 11 has a distinctly biconical form which probably replaces
the depressed ovoid profile characteristic of Olpai and Tulip Jugs of the earlier 2nd cent B.C.
(H16,15; the ring based Tulip Cup from Apollonia: Praktika 1973, PL 218,b; the Tulip Jug form
Phaistos: Annuario 45-6 (1967-8) 159, fig. 115 and another from a final floor deposit: Kretika
Chronika 21 (1969) PI. I opposite p. 168, top). This transition, then, seems to have taken place
sometime after the fall of Apollonia in 171 B.C. and the new form continues to at least the late
2nd cent B.C. when it is found on many of the Olpai in KCG (BSA 76 (1981) 48, fig. 6:32), this,
too, seems to postdate the destructions at both Apollonia and Phaistos. Necks are high and the
rim tends to be heavier than was general in the later 3rd and early 2nd cent B.C. (H12,36;
H15,9-10; H21,4; BSA 76 (1981) 56, fig. 10, 59 and 48, fig. 6, 29-30 as well as many
unpublished examples from the Royal Road excavations at Knossos). Another advanced
feature is the comparatively broad shoulder. This becomes more emphatic during the course of
the later Hellenistic period (H27,l and 3; BSA 45 (1950) 182, fig. 21: A and C).
All these data taken together suggest that we should place this deposit within the second
quarter of the 2nd cent B.C., probably late in that period.
12 and 14 both have trefoil patterns similar to that on 7, on many white ground lagynoi and
on Enklaar's Branchless Laurel group of Hadra Hydriae. Enklaar has now constructed a very
strong case for regarding these vases as Egyptian products and for a date bracket within the
second and third quarters of the 3rd cent B.C.39 This makes the pattern less of an horizon
marker than I had once thought.40
Deposit H19 (XII 30 31)

Section G, no. 14. plate 93.
The deposit consists of a massive fill of mainly late Classical fragments. This was placed to the
west (upslope side) of wall Tm', and many joining pieces were found packed into the wall fill.
The real date of construction is provided by the few Hellenistic fragments in the fill, which seem
to point to the period just before 200 B.C. Fragments of no. 5 were also found in the roadway
higher up to the west (XI, 35), possibly indicating contemporary construction in that area.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found nine clay counters (K43-52).
1 Cup, base to belly (profile restored), D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out.
2 Carinated Cup, profile except handle, D. 9. Side dipped.
3 Hadra Hydria, neck (non-joining), H. (restored) 6.9. Hadra style decoration.
4 Jug, neck, D. 7.5. Glazed in out.
5 Lekane, profile, D. 35.8. Glazed in.
6 Lekane, profile, D. 36.1. Glazed in.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
The dating material from this large fill may be placed

sensitive and conclusive indicator is the bg cup 1. Its bas
H12,9-10 or than that of AR 31 (1984-5) 128, fig. 20.
the columnar pedestal and the splaying base: a shall
angular base moulding. Slightly more primitive stag
among published and unpublished cups from a Cretan
which should be dated to early in the reign of Ptole
however, is to be found on the base of an Olpe from
enough to allow me to examine. Since this vase should d
B.C., this is also the likeliest date for our cup.
Another reasonably well dated piece is the Carinated C
15-17 and close to H13,3. The shoulder, though, is sti
earlier date, possibly late in the period 250-225 B.C.
The Lekanai 5-6 survive in multiple fragments and are
deposition of the fill. Many fragments of 6 were also
(Trench XI, 25) suggesting that the 'fm' complex w
descends from earlier collared types such as BSA 45 (195
6 is H12,58 which dates to the first quarter of the 3rd
than its predecessor: the rim profile has been simplified
of widest diameter has increased.
The wavy line on the Hadra Hydria 3 is similar to the treatment found on Enklaar's Group
with Spirals (Babesch 61 (1986) 46f), though no close date can be given for the members of this
group. 4 1 The Jug neck 4 is later than H12,42-3 since it has more emphatic mouldings and the
beginnings of a slight hollowing behind. Equally, it is probably earlier than the coarser H13,18,
giving a general date bracket within the period 270-20 B.C.
Thus the construction of the substantial 'fm' complex in Trench XII should be placed close
to the fall of Lyttos in 220 B.C. The vases listed above indicate a general date bracket between
270-220 B.C. The dating sherds from the walls themselves and the packing beneath the floors
listed in the following deposits (H20-21) suggest that this building activity should fall into the
later part of this period.
Deposit H20 (XII, walls of Hellenistic Phase I buildings: 'fm, fn, fl, fh'). Plan at plate 13.
Section G, no. 13. plates 93 and 111b.
This deposit consists of the latest sherds found in the walls of the first phase building.
1 Jug, rim fr, D. 7.4. West Slope decoration.
2 Jug, shoulder fr, max. D. 16.5. West Slope decoration. From the same vase as no. 1 above?
3 Everted rim Cup, base f, D. at base 4. 1 . Glazed in out.
4 Juglet, base fr, D. at base 2.9. Glazed in out.
There is nothing to prevent us from linking the rich West Slope decoration of 1-2 with the
high period of Knossian painting in the last third of the 3rd century B.C. but the real dating
sherds are the bg ones described below. 3 is the base of a Cup with Everted Rim. The surviving
profile suggests a shape similar to an example from Lyttos. The base of the Amphoriskos/Juglet
still retains a slightly hollowed underfoot, somewhere between H14,9 and H13,12 and thus
firmly within the last quarter of the 3rd century B.C. The finely articulated base of the
Cylindrical Jug 5 has no precise parallels as yet but the high quality of the potting would again
fit in with the dates proposed for the fragments above. Date: 225-200 B.C.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Deposit H21 (XII Hellenistic Phase I, cobbled f

Section G, no. 11. plates 93 and 111b.
This deposit consists of the latest sherds under the
Area XII, running up against the east face of wall 'f
scarp of Evans' Little Palace excavation. This
occupation of the buildings but may have been la
1 Everted rim Cup, profile rim to belly, D. 7.9. Glazed in
2 Cylindrical Cup, rim fr, D. 7.9. Glazed in out.
3 Jug, body fr, max. près. H. 4.2. Hadra Style decoration.
4 Olpe, rim fr, D. uncertain, West Slope decoration.
The Cup with Everted Rim is eccentric: a mould

profile. Otherwise the profile as preserved sugge
contrast to the baggy versions of the 2nd centu
parallels for the carefully outturned rim of 3 are t
Jug 3 is decorated in the bf style found on Hadra H
two confronted griffins either side of a palmette.
here the careful use of incision brings us close to t
during the last third of the 3rd century B.C. The clo
neck are particularly close to his style (Guerrini A5
able to attribute this piece to him.
4 is from the neck of an Olpe. The large rosette in
identical with, those of the Centaur Painter who w
B.C.43 The height of the neck, though, probably pr
in 220 B.C.
Deposit H22 (XII 33, occupation of Hellenistic Phase I building, the cfm' complex)
Plan at plate 13, - area between walls Tm' and 4fh' plate 93.
This deposit consists of the material above a fragment of surviving floor between walls 'fm' and
'fh' This was the only undisturbed occupation layer surviving on the west (upslope side) of
wall Tm'.
1 Cylindrical Cup, base, D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. Base ring workshop.
2 Cylindrical Cup, base, D. at base 4.9. Glazed in out. Base ring workshop.
4 Cup, pedestal, D. at base 4. Glazed in out.
5 Cylindrical Cup (?), base, D. at base 4.4. Unglazed.
6 Everted rim Cup, base, D. at base 4.4. Glazed in out.
7 Jug, body fr, max. près. H. 3.35. West Slope decoration.
8 Jug, body fr, max. près. H. 3.9. West Slope decoration.
The Cylindrical Cups 1-2 correspond exactly with the state of development exhibited by
H13,l-2, while 5, with its flat underfoot, is more developed still (but its small size probably
makes it eccentric). The pedestalled foot 3, with its high columnar stem and cushion-like base is
close to forms from the Bielefeld grave group though this is a form admittedly not closely
datable. 4 is almost identical to the base of a cup from the Ly ttian destruction deposit of 220
B.C. The base of the bg Cup with Everted Rim with its flat underfoot resembles H20,3 and is
likewise likely to be later than 220 B.C. The trefoils of 7 and the sloppy meander of 8 probably

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
belong to the 2nd cent B.C. A good parallel for

whose position in its shape sequence suggests such
indicate occupation of the 'fm' phase of the buildi
B.C. and probably into the early years of the 2n
Deposit H23 (XII 35, cistern deposit)

Plan at plate 13. View at plate 29a. plates 94 and Ilia, c-d.
The first occupation on the east side of the Phase I building complex, after the demolition of
Wall 'fm', was connected with the construction of a cistern built above an Orientalizing well
(BSA 73 1978, 49). The cistern head was provided with a capstone and drain, and a flagstone
floor was laid to the north. This overlay the stump of Wall Tm' and was itself sealed by a plaster
floor in the succeeding period. The material published here came from the floor itself, and the
pottery sealed beneath the flagstones.
1 Cylindrical Cup, profile, D. 6.9. Glazed in out. Base Ring Workshop.
2 Cylindrical Cup, base fr, D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. Pseudo Base Ring Workshop.
3 Cylindrical Cup, rim fr, D. 7. Glazed in out.
4 Flaring rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 1 1.8. Glazed in out.
7 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D.H. Glazed in out.
8 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 13.9. Glazed in out.
9 Olpe, profile rim to belly, D. 13.9. West Slope decoration.
10 Olpe, rim sherd, D. 14. West Slope decoration.
1 1 Lekane, base fr, D. at base 9.8. Glazed in.
12 Bowl, base fr, D. at base 7.9. Underfoot reserved.
13 Basin, profile except bottom, D. 35.4. Unglazed.
It should be stressed at the outset that this deposit is a closed one. Even though a few of the
sherds come from directly beneath the stone flagging, it is known that nos. 1 and 9 sat on the
floor itself. The Cylindrical Cups 1-3 resemble H13,l-2 and H22,l-2. More importantly,
perhaps, they find their closest parallels in the main fill of the Little Palace Well: note especially
the dumpy base and unsmoothed ridging inside the cup. As we shall see, the well group also
provides the best parallels for many other shapes in our deposit and in the course of this
discussion we will have to consider carefully the dates of both.
The three Flaring rim Bowls 4-6 are more advanced than anything we find at Knossos in the
3rd century B.C. (H13,6-8; H14,4) or in the early 2nd century (H15,6-7) though they do
resemble those in H16 (11-13). Once again the closest parallels seem to be from the Little
Palace Well (4-6). The Lekanai 11-12 possess ring bases with slovenly articulation, a feature
often noted on pots from the Little Palace Well but still absent on H16,19. The shallow Echinus
Bowl with bevelled rim seems to be a simplified version of H14,5-6 and retains their shallow
form. Otherwise it closely resembles 64 from the upper fill of the Litlle Palace Well.44
On morphological grounds again the Olpe 9, with its biconical profile and high neck, should
be placed sometime after the destruction of Lyttos in 220 B.C. The perspective meander on the
neck connects it strongly with the work of the Bichrome Painter whose Hadra Hydriae are now
generally dated to the last two decades of the 3rd century B.C. Earlier versions of the motif in
the West Slope style such as H31,3 can safely be dated to the period before 171 B.C.43 and the
perspective vases can also be linked with the Medusa Bowls and the Bielefeld grave goup, all of
which date to the later 3rd century and, perhaps, the early 2nd. A fragment of a Medusa Bowl

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY 1 15
was in fact found above the plaster floor which sealed thi
where it is discussed in detail.), perhaps implying manufa
century B.C. At all events, it is unlikely that our Olpe sh
other elements in the stylistic complex and, although I
perhaps safer to place this whole deposit somewhere
eventually depend on the publication of the finds fr
Phaistos and the possible resolution of the latter's dest
183 and c. 150 B.C.
All these features imply a date for our floor deposit, representing an early stage of occupatio
in the new building that replaced the 'fm' complex, within the second century B.C. This l
date is also suggested by the generally later 3rd century dates given to the sherds representin
both the occupation and the construction of the earlier building. Morphological analysis places
the deposit after H13- 15. It probably lay between H16 and the lower fill of the Little Pal
Well; it has links with both.
Deposit H24 (XII Hellenistic Phase II. Building and packing under floors of 'ff/'fe
complex)
Section G, nos. 7-8; Section El, nos. 13 and 14. plate 95.
This deposit derives from the packing in the walls of the Phase II building, and under the
primary floors of the new construction.
2 Cylindrical Cup, rim fr, D. 7. Glazed in out.
3 Echinus Bowl, rim fr, D. 9.9. Rim dipped.
4 Everted rim Cup, base fr, D. at base 4. Glazed in out.
These sherds date the construction of the second building complex in Trench 12 though none
is overly helpful. The pedestal bases with multiple mouldings are of a general type which only
occur in 2nd cent B.C. contexts at Knossos (H18,5-6) or on vases that can be dated within this
period on morphological grounds.47 The elegance and careful turning of our examples should
place them early in the sequence. The outturned rim of 2 links it closely with Cylindrical Cups
like 4 from the Little Palace Well, and the sloppy double dipping of the Echinus Bowl 3 is a
feature that often replaces the overall glaze of 3rd century examples. The closest parallels for
both these shapes come from the upper fill of the Little Palace Well (nos. 53 and 65). The bg
Cup with Everted Rim, 4, is comparatively unhelpful but the hollowed underfoot is probably
best paralleled by H16,2 and therefore should also date to the early 2nd cent B.C. The date of
the construction of this building complex has an obvious bearing on the date of the rich
occupation deposit discussed above (H23) and suggests yet more strongly that the Olpe H23,9
should not be placed too close to 200 B.C. Date: 200-175 B.C.
Deposit H25 (XII 19 and 20). Packing under Augustan floor, and floor on uphill side in
Phase II 'ff /Te5 complex.
Section G, no. 2. plates 95 and lile.
This deposit consists of the material from the latest surviving floor in Phase II, between Walls
'ff and 'fe' The floor was well-preserved and ran up against Wall 'fe' on one side, but the walls

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
on the other side had been robbed down lower than t

deposit was sealed by a hard packing for the Augu
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were
C44-6 (Europa/labyrinth) early 2nd B.C., C97 (Rh
(M70); clay disc loomweight, stamped (W47) and
1 Everted rim Cup, profile, D. 4. Glazed in out.
3 Cylindrical Cup, base fr, D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out. Bas
4 Cylindrical Cup, base fr, D. at base 3.9. Glazed in out. Pse
5 Ribbed Kantharos, profile rim to belly (non-joining) D. 9
6 Plate, rim fr, D. 13.9. Glazed in out.
7 Cup with everted rim, profile, D. 6.1. Glazed in out. Not p
8 Carinated Cup, profile rim to belly, D. 7.8. Unglazed.
10 Olpe, rim to shoulder, D. 11.8. West Slope decoration.
11 Olpe, neck fr, max. près. L. 3.8. West Slope decoration.
This floor deposit was not sealed until the August

may incorporate some of the Augustan packin
represented. 1, the Cup with Everted Rim resembles,
rich late hellenistic cistern goup from Knossos.4
represents contemporary habitation both within the
phase of the building's existence. It clearly postdates
160 B.C. The pedestal base with multiple mouldings b
type; for a full discussion see H24. To this period,
underfeet relieved only by an annular groove and wi
interior surfaces (cf. the discussion for H23). The rib
than by context - it survives in multiple fragments
example in Herakleion Museum. It probably predat
elegant articulation, and should therefore lie between
version of a popular plate shape and is more develope
examples like H30,4, H31,2, BSA 76 (1981) 90 no. 283,
period. 7 is eccentric. 8 exhibits a straight shoul
restricted to the 2nd cent B.C. and replaced sometim
slightly rounded shoulders characteristic of KCG
probably sufficient to date it to the 1st cent B.C. th
The two West Slope sherds 10-11 belong within th
in both shape and decoration and, if it is not a survi
of occupation.
Deposit H26 (XII 26). Reconstruction of cistern (at Well 12).

View at plate 29b. plate 96.
This deposit consists of the material from the final plastered area placed in front of W
sealing Deposit H23. This plaster showed signs of having been renewed at least on
might imagine that the period of use was not a short one. The plaster ran up the east
Wall 'fF and was also used to coat a basin with a small kerb on its south side to g
from the wellhead into the basin. It seems likely that the area was used for som
washing activity in this phase.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY 1 1 7
The published sherds, were found in the basin.

H29.
1 Olpe, profile neck to shoulder, D. restored 14.3. West Slope decoration.

2 Phiale, profile, D. 18.2. West Slope decoration. Joining fr, from XI 26. Discussed as H38,29. plate 116.
Another sealed deposit, though not a rich one. Stratified above H23, the use of this plastered
area should postdate the latest sherds on that floor. The Olpe 1 has a far higher neck than any
we have seen hitherto and looks forward to later forms such as H27,3. The sloppy West Slope
decoration broadly resembles that on H17,2-4 and H18,3-4, all dating to the second quarter of
the 2nd cent B.C. The Medusa Bowl, more fully discussed as H38,29, has joining fragments
from H29. The richer group from the last deposit might therefore give us a better idea of the
true date for this phase of the cistern's use: c. 150-125 B.C.
Deposit H27 (XII 25). Final Hellenistic in the cistern area.

View at plate 29c, d. plate 96.
The next phase in the development of the cistern area is represented by the placing of a flat
serrated millstone slab (S36) over the top of the plastered basin, and the accumulation of soil
above the plastered area in front of the wellhead (leaving only a small rectangular
plastered area immediately below the well). Part of a stone drain was preserved in the north-
eastern part of the area, but this feature had been substantially removed by Evans's excavation.
This deposit represents the latest surviving Hellenistic activity in the area. The east wall of
the Roman Southeast House was built immediately above all of these features, effectively
sealing them during the Augustan period.
1 Olpe, profile rim and shoulder, D. 12. Glazed in out.
2 Everted rim cup, base fr, D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out.
3 Olpe, profile rim and shoulder, D. 10. Glazed in out.
The vases in this deposit resemble types from KCG (BSA 45 (1950) 181, fig. 20; 182, fig. 21,
A and C) and should also be placed close to the latest use phase of the Little Palace Well (BSA
76 (1981) 58). The underfoot of the cup 2 is close to those from KCG and helps us to place this
group after H30. A date within the last quarter of the 2nd cent B.C. seems likely.
Deposit H28 Pits 1, 2 and 22 (XIII Pits 7 and 9; XI 32-33)

Plan at plate 5, nos. 1, 2 and 22; Section A, no. 15 (Pit 1); Section H, no. 15 (Pit 2). plates 96-100; 112.
The fills from these pits produced numerous cross-joins, and were clearly dug at one time to rob
out the Minoan masonry from the south-west corner of the Unexplored Mansion, and the
northwest pier of the Pillar Room. The approximate position of this activity in the history of
the site can be arrived at stratigraphically. Pit 1 (XIII Pit 7, H28) cuts into Deposit H17, and
Pit 22 (XI 32-33, H28) is under Deposit H30 (itself connected with Deposit H26). The fills
were very rich in fine pottery which, although often substantially pre-dating the filling of the
pits, can be used to illuminate stages in Knossian ceramic development otherwise represented
only by the small battered fragments characteristic of settlement deposits. These terracing and
robbing activités seem to reflect intensified construction and rationalisation in this area during
the 2nd century B.C.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found the following: pottery - H38, 15-16,
38, 48, 50-1, 55, 57, 59-61,66, 68-9, 71; bronze coin, C93 (Tegea); bronze finger-ring (M49);

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
metal furnace bottom (M177); clay: two bell-sh

pyramidal weights (W54-5); stone: weight (S33); li
1 Cylindrical Cup, base fr, D. at base 4.7. Glazed in out. Bas
2 Cylindrical Cup, base fr, D. at base 4.8. Glazed in out. Pse
3 Ribbed Kantharos, profile, D. 8.9. West Slope decoration
4 Baggy Kantharos, profile rim to belly, D. 8. West Slope d
5 Cretan Kantharos, profile base to neck, D. at base 4.4. Gla
8 Juglet, profile, D. 8.75. Glazed in out.
9 Juglet, profile base to neck, D. at base 4.75. West Slope d
10 Juglet/Amphoriskos, profile base to neck, D. at base 4.8.
11 Juglet, profile base to neck, D. at base 4.15. West Slope d
12 Oinochoe, profile restored, D. at base 8.1. West slope dec
13 Oinochoe, profile rim to belly, D. 7.3. West Slope decorat
14 Guttus, profile except base, D. 4. West Slope decoration.
15 Juglet, shoulder, max. près. L. 9.1. West slope decoration
16 Outsized Cretan Kantharos, profile, D. 18.8. West Slope d
17 Cylindrical Jug, profile restored except handle, D. 12.1. W
18 Cylindrical Jug, rim fr, D. c. 15.2. West Slope decoration
19 Cylindrical Jug, profile rim to shoulder, D. 13.2. West Sl
20 Cyliindrical Jug, rim frs. D. 12.8. West Slope decoration.
21 Cylindrical Jug, profile rim to belly, D. 18.2. West Slope
24 Cylindrical Jug, shoulder fr, max. près L. 2.9. West Slope
28 Plate, profile restored, D. 20.9. West Slope decoration.
29 Outsized unguentarium, profile restored, D. 4.8. Glazed o
30 Flaring rim Bowl, profile, D. 1 1 .4. Glazed in out.
31 Flaring rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 15. Glazed in o
32 Flaring rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 10.2. Glazed in
33 Flaring rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 20.3. Glazed in
33b Flaring rim Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 16. Glazed in o
34 Column Krater, profile rim to belly restored (non-joining
35 Echinus Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 13.4. Glazed in out
36 Cylindrical Krater, profile rim to belly, D. 12.1. Glazed
37 Cylindrical Krater, profile except handles, D. 19. Glazed
Coarse
38 Cooking dish, profile except base, D. 25.4.
39 Casserole, profile rim to belly except handles, D. 20.2.
40 Casserole, profile rim to belly, D. 17.4.
Since the date of deposition for this fill is relatively

overlay it and by the ternimus post quern provided by H
sherds in the deposit is probably reasonably certain th
Given its stratigraphie position the date of depos
175-150 B.C. The absence of Megarian bowls, which
may imply that these robbing pits were dug early in
The Cylindrical Cups 1-2 are the latest of their type
slovenly base articulation and the flat bases relieved

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ARCHAIC TO HELLENISTIC POTTERY 1 19
with LPW 2-4 and H23,l-2 so they probably dat

most advanced seem to be close to LPW 40-1 b
suggests the same general period as the stratigr
pottery has been chosen either for its intrinsic in
rare types at Knossos. Discussion is arranged by
Juglets: 10-11 belong to the class with horizo
quarter of the 3rd cent B.C. and have the flat bas
H13-14). 11 is by the Aliki Painter whose care
The narrow necked juglet 15 also has dolphins of
Oinochoai: 13 may be assigned to the Aliki Paint
at the top of its shoulder. This is of some interest
bird. The astragal of the Guttus 14 may also be
Possibly slightly later is the fine ovoid oinoch
close parallel for this decorative scheme can be fo
decade of the 3rd B.C. The oinochoe or juglet 9
quality to roughly the same date.
The Cylindrical Jug: only a few of the many fra
chosen for publication here. 20 gives a good impr
220 B.C. The upper wall is vertical with little s
Nor does it possess a moulded collar below the rim
shoulder/rim junction. A similar stage has been r
21 must lie close to 220 B.C. It does not yet poss
convex shoulder. We might note, too, that the sim
of the published vases from the Lyttian destr
moulded collar characteristic of the Base Ring Wo
lines. The zone of bucrania and candelabra is inter
have been painted by the same hand as the Ol
225-200 B.C. 19 probably also belongs here or a lit
in LPW 8 which gives some idea of the original fo
grape clusters connects this vase with the whole c
rim and profile of 23 looks very similar to LPW
and dated 230-200 B.C. Both vases probably lie clo
stiff profile and sloppy painting of 18 are suffic
parallel at Knossos is LPW 57 (180-60 B.C.?).
The small fragments 24-7 all belong to 225-200
tails characteristic of Pylon; 27 is by the same
Various: 16, an outsized Cretan Kantharos, has
walls and the fineness of the glaze suggest a date
restored after it. Bold decoration enlivens the bowl 28. It should date 225-175 B.C. but there
are no local controls for this shape. The kantharoi 3-4 probably both date to the early 2nd cent
B.C. 3 is of the same type as H25,5 but their relative placement within the shape sequence
remains problematic, as do their dates. The cup pedestals 6-7 are undatable on present
evidence but must obviously be placed before c. 150 B.C. as must the outsized unguentarium
29.
The Column Krater 34: this is a highly ornate vase decorated in the best traditions of the
Hadra style. The best parallels among Hadra Hydriae are to be found in the pegasoi of Guerrini
C,9, possibly by the same hand. Guerrini C,10 is obviously close in date and has in fact been

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
given to the same painter by Enklaar. He dates th

235-220 B.C.,5 1 but the pegasoi on C,10 are act
seen that this deposit cannot predate c. 180 B.C
suggest here a date c. 200-180 B.C.
Deposit H29 (XI 30). Southeast House: packin

Plan at plate 17a. plate 100.
This packing deposit ran over the top of Pit 22 (containing Deposit H28), and
found within it helps to establish a terminus post quern for the laying of the flo
Deposit H30), as well as a probable terminus ante quern for the robbing of the Mi
(H28).
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found the following: bronze coin C22 (Zeus
to left/labyrinth) late 3rd cent B.C., from angle of Walls 'el' and ceo'; iron catch (M87); and
Lamp L25.
1 Everted rim Cup, rim fr, D. 9.25. Glazed in out.
3 Carinated Cup, profile rim to belly, D. 9.9. Unglazed.
5 Cylindrical Jug, profile upper half, D. 14. Glazed in out.
The bg Cup with Everted Rim 1 is from a deep form that postdates H18,l and is probably
similar to H30,l and H25,l. The most important features to note are the continuing tendency
to ever more deep forms and the fact that in the three last examples the rim is thickened to
produce a sort of collared effect. This feature is still present on the later cups from KCG but is
absent in H18 and the Little Palace Well. The best parallel for 4 is H30,7 and the two must be
close in date. The Cylindrical Jug 5 has a simple flaring profile where the slightly bulging
"shoulder" of the later 3rd and earlier 2nd cent B.C. has been suppressed. It lies between LPW
9 and KCG IV,3 where the shape has developed a high flaring rim unknown earlier.
Taken together these forms clearly postdate any of our earlier 2nd cent B.C. deposits. 1 also
indicates that it should come after both H19 and the Little Palace Well main fill. We should
thus not be very far from the truth if we dated the deposit to the years around 150 B.C. and this
gives us a clear terminus ante quern for the filling in of the robbing pits beneath.
Deposit H30 (XI 27). Southeast House: floor above XI 30 (H29)

Plan at plates 2 and 17a. plate 100.
This floor deposit was delimited by the roadway retaining wall to the west and wall 'es' t
east. It seems, however, to have run under Wall 'eo' in the south and thus represents an e
Late Hellenistic use for this part of the Roman Southeast house. It was effectively sealed by
and wall fall above and there is no sign of disturbance from later activities in the area.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found the following: lamp (L26); b
binding (M56); iron knife (M77); iron bloom (M166); glass bowl fr. (G18).
Two bronze coins come from related contexts: C17 (Hera/labyrinth) from fabric of wal
C36 (star/labyrinth, small) late 3rd cent B.C., from wall ces' foundations.
1 Everted rim Cup, profile except handle, D. 9.3. Glazed in out.
2 Carinated Cup, profile, D. 8.8. Unglazed.
3 Juglet, base fr, D. at base 5.7. Glazed out.

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4 Fish Plate, profile, D. 13.2. Glazed in and on rim.

5 Echinus Bowl, profile, D. 10.9. Rim dipped and glazed in
6 Unguentarium, profile base to neck, D. at base 2.6. Grey war
7 Flaring Rim Bowl, profile restored, D. 22.5. Glazed in out
8 Flaring Rim Bowl, profile, D. 9.8. Glazed in out.
9 Flaring Rim Bowl, profile except base, D. 11. Glazed in ou
10 Ladle, upper half of bowl, D. 12.1. Plain.
The comparative position of 1 in the shape seque

above. 2 also has a clear position in its shape progre
B.C. became much more angular by c. 200 B.C. (H
carination had been introduced between shoulder a
and the shoulder became progressively straighter thr
always angled out. H29,3 reintroduces a slight convex
oblique line with a vertical one. H30,2 develops bo
moves on to LPW 69 where a channel between rim and shoulder introduces a feature which
was to remain standard from then on.
The Plate 4 is probably the earliest of its type to have been found at Knossos. It probab
descends from 4th and 3rd cent B.C. fishplates and begins a long tradition of the type a
Knossos. 5 is a deep form of the Echinus Bowl and has descendants at Knossos (KSP 362
LPW 42 is a predecessor and Agora D,9 is but one of many non-Cretan versions of the type. T
Unguentarium 6 is of the grey-ware international fabric of the Hellenistic period and belongs
firmly within the 2nd cent B.C. The Flaring Rim Bowls 7-8 resemble H29,4 and obviousl
descend from LPW 40-1 with which they share a straight belly line.
The Ladle 10 is of the very shallow form found in KCG. Early 3rd cent B.C. examples a
deeper and rounded (H12,28). In the early 2nd cent B.C. they are still deep (H15,15).
The probable contemporaneity of this material with the use phase represented by H26
Trench XII has been mentioned in the discussion of that deposit. The date is likely to be
150-125 B.C.
Deposit H31 (XIII 39). Southwest House, packing for Augustan floor; top of robbing pit
Section A, no. 12a. plate 101.
The material from this deposit formed part of the packing for the Augustan floor of t
Southwest House, Room I. The packing here ran over the top of the robbing pits (H28)
similar packing also extended further west under Rooms II and III, see Section A, no. 1
Many of the forms here are Late Hellenistic and reflect first century B.C. activity in the are
before the foundation of the Augustan colony in 25 B.C.
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found the following: bone eye inlay (E
clay counter (K55); H38,33.
1 Flaring Rim Bowl, profile, D. 13.6. Glazed in out.
2 Bowl with Overhanging Rim, profile, D. 17.7. Glazed in out.
3 Olpe, rim and neck, D. 11.85. West Slope decoration of a type current before 171 B.C.
These three vases come from the layer between the top of the robbing pits (H28) and t
packing for an Augustan floor. They are published here as examples of types that may be bet
dated in future.
The deep Flaring Rim Bowl 1 may be as late as the 1st cent B.C. The plate 2 is similar to

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
H30,4 and probably lies between it and earlier 2nd

H18,8). The Olpe 3 with its perspective meande
connected with Hadra Hydriae by the Bichrome Pa
B.C. (Enklaar's Meander Painter, cf. Babesch 60
Deposit H32 (XIII 28, 28a, 28b, 29)

Plan at plate 2; Section H, nos. 13 (= XIII 28a) an
These deposits represent occupation of a buildi
constructed above the robbing pits (H28) and s
reasonably clear picture of pre-colonial 1st centu
In the southwest corner is a cobbled floor, wh
pottery from here was excavated as XIII 28a (Se
the court by a mud brick wall. In the southeast co
lined area (XIII 28b) adjacent to a smaller plaste
state of preservation militates against detailed anal
floor and associated holding tank for an agricultur
1 Cup with everted rim, base fr, D. at base 3.8. Glazed in
2 Cylindrical cup, rim to lower body, D. 7.5. Glazed in ou
3 Carinated cup, rim to belly, D. 9.3. Unglazed.
4 Cup with hollowed rim, rim to belly, D. 8.8. Glazed in
5 Megarian bowl, profile except base, D. 14.7. Glazed in o
6 Hemispherical Bowl, profile, D. 11. Dipped.
7 Plate with rolled rim, profile, D. 13.2. Glazed in out.
8 Plate with bevelled rim, profile rim to belly, D. 15.4. G
9 Plate, profile rim to belly, D. 14.2. Glazed in out.
10 Lekane, profile rim to upper belly, D. 23.5. Glazed ins
1 1 Basin, profile rim to upper belly, D. 26.3. Unglazed.
12 Basin, profile rim to upper belly, D. unknown. Unglaze
13 Basin, profile rim to upper belly, D. unknown. Unglaze
Basin, rim fr, D. unknown. Unglazed.
15 Hydria, rim fr, D. unknown. Glazed at top.
16 Amphora, rim fr, D. 12. Unglazed.
17 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 12.5. Unglazed.
18 Chytra, profile rim to belly, D. 10.7. Unglazed.
19 Casserole, profile rim to belly, D. 12.5. Unglazed.
20 Lid, outer edge missing, D. unknown. Unglazed.
21 Chytra (?), neck and shoulder, D. 10.1. Unglazed, horiz
1 is a base fragment from a glazed Cup with Ever

deep one similar to AR 24 (1977-8) 82, fig. 36. Man
1st cent B.C. contexts, and Kommos again provides
to follow its development through time.53 The base
Hellenistic period and the walls rise at a steep
Deposit summaries for H33, H35 and H37. Exam
broader base. They provide a firm terminus post qu
the new deeper form.54
No bases of Cylindrical Cups were found in the d
profile had developed a sharply flaring shape, a fe
Cylindrical Cups in KCG.55 The Carinated Cup

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cups56 and has still not been given a groove

characteristic of most of the Carinated Cups in t
Cups with Hollow Necks occur earlier at Knosso
rather taller types of the earlier 2nd cent B.C. such
Crete is defective.
The Megarian Bowl, 5, (also illustrated and discussed as H38,85) is of the Delian class. Its
main period of production seems to lie between 166 B.C. and 70 B.C. Our example comes from
the workshop of Philon (Délos xxxl, 247ff) who produced many vases of the Long Petal variety.
The low calyx of acanthus leaves can only be paralleled in this atelier (Délos xxxi, PL 60, no.
2010). Its presence in the deposit may imply that occupation began as early as c. 70 B.C. but
some forms, such as 9 look later.
The Hemispherical Bowl 6 is probably a local copy of an Eastern Sigillata form (Samaria III,
fig. 80 1-2,4; pp. 332-4: 1st cent B.C.) although it retains the wider ring base of Knossian
Echinus Bowls. 7 is a fine and very late version of the Plate with Overhanging Rim. A
somewhat similar plate was found in a 1st cent B.C. dump at Knossos (BSA 76 (1981) 99, fig.
10: no. 357) and several more existed in KCG (unpublished). All these were deeper than, and
probably earlier than ours. We might note in particular the exceptionally deep hollowing
underfoot: this occurs again on a late 1st cent B.C. plate (BSA 66 (1971) 259, fig. 9, no. 16) and
is probably a late feature.
Few parallels yet exist for the domestic pottery found in this deposit. 10 is from a deep
Lekane with a sharp change of angle in the body wall just below the rim. It seems less
developed than another lekane found in the 1st cent B.C. dump mentioned above (BSA 76
(1981) 99, fig. 10, no. 366). The Hydria rim, 15, is hollowed behind and has a sharp bevel at
the top. The casserole, 19, looks late.
An exact date is difficult. We are certainly within the 1st cent B.C. but the forms that can be
compared with the following deposits seem earlier for the most part. 9 and 19, however, look
later. They may be intrusive. Perhaps it were best to be content with the fairly wide date
bracket of 100-25 B.C. at this stage.
Deposit H33 (II 7 #0146; 7A #0299; II 8). Floor deposit beneath North House, Room II.
PLATE 102.
This floor deposit was found in the northwest area of the site, below the footings of the Roman
North House, Room II. This was a very disturbed area, and it is not possible to associate any
architectural features with this fragment of floor. Included with the deposit are sherds from the
floor make-up itself (II 8).
1 E Sig A bowl, pedestal, D. at base 4.4. Red glaze in out.
2 Bowl, pedestal, D. at base 5. Glaze in out.
3 Cup, rim and shoulder, D. 10.2. Dull glaze in out.
4 Cup with hollowed rim, rim fr, D. 7.2. Dull glaze in out.
5 Cylindrical cup, base fr, D. at base 5. Dull glaze in out.
6 Cylindrical cup, base fr, D. at base 5. Dull glaze in out.
7 Cylindrical cup, base fr, D. at base 5.1. Dull glaze in out.
8 Cup with everted rim, base fr, D. at base 4.5. Dull glaze in out.
9 Cup with everted rim, base fr, D. at base 4.4. Dull glaze in out.
1 1 Bowl, base fr, D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out.
12 Bowl, base fr, D. at base 5. Glazed in out.

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13 Echinus bowl, profile, D. 7.5. Glazed in out.

14 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 15.1. Glazed in out.
15 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 12.3. Rim dipped out,
16 Bowl, rim fr, D. unknown. Glazed in out. Facetted p
17 Bowl, rim fr, D. unknown. Glazed in out. Facetted p
It is possible that this rich deposit was part o

where they can be compared, seem a little ear
Sigillata A pedestal. 2 seems to be a local at
informative is 4. This hollow rimmed cup or j
which has a long eastern Mediterranean ancest
type whose main phase of popularity lay betw
pp. 59ff. PL. 4, no. 44: 100-50 B.C.).
Of the local shapes, the Cylindrical Cup, 5-7, ha
a tooled horizontal channel at the foot of the wa
a hollowed underfoot, a shallow annular groov
The Carinated Cup, 10, is the first stratified
horizontal groove separating lip from shoulder, a
lft-9. A peculiar facetting occurs on the rims of
This probably forms a transitional stage between
H31,2 and the straight profile of H35,13-5.58
Dating is difficult. This thin walled jar suggests
B.C. and the two casseroles 18-9 are less well deve
colonial house in the southern part of the city
exhibits more advanced stages of the forms whe
is dated by a coin to the period 50-25 B.C., a date
for H33 seems most likely. I would suggest that it
Deposit H34 (I(N) 18). Floor packing beneath

plate 102.
This deposit again comes from a context without significant architectural remains
northwest sector of the excavated area. A hard yellow-brown floor packing survived und
northern half of the North House court floor, and was stratified beneath the following
(H35). Also found: glass bowl fr. (G32).
1 Cup with hollowed rim, rim fr, D. 8. Glazed in out.
The small cup or jar from this deposit is included here because it is stratified bene
following H35. It is a local copy of an Italian thin walled jar Type IV whose greatest perio
popularity at Cosa lay in the period 100-80 B.C. {MAAR 32 (1973) 59ff; PL 41, no. 44;
B.C.). We might note an actual example of this form in H33,4.
Deposit H35 (I(N) 15). Floor deposit beneath North House court, Room I.
plate 102-3.
A rich floor deposit was found lying above the floor described above (H34). It may wel

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of the same floor as H33, found beneath the adjacen

colonial and an absolute date of sorts is provided by
by Romans), a 3rd quarter 1st cent B.C. coin.
Also found: Lamps L48 and 80.
1 Cylindrical cup, base fr, D. at base 4.9. Glazed in out.
2 Cylindrical cup, base fr, D. at base 6. Glazed in out.
3 Cylindrical cup, base fr, D. at base 4.6. Glazed in out.
4 Cup with everted rim, rim fr, D. 8.1. Glazed in out.
6 Cup with everted rim, base fr, D. at base 4.1. Glazed in
7 Cylindrical juglet (?), lower half, D. at base 6.5. Paint sp
8 Jug (?), base fr, D. at base 5.1. Glazed in out.
9 Jug (?), base fr, D. at base 6. Glazed in out.
10 Olpe, rim and neck, D. 13.2. Glazed in out.
11 Olpe, rim and neck, D. 12.3. Glazed in out.
12 Bowl with everted rim, profile rim to belly, D. 12.25. G
13 Bowl with overhanging rim, profile rim to belly, D. 16
16 Lekane, rim fr, D. unknown. Glazed in.
17 Chytra, profile rim to shoulder, D. 12.6. Unglazed.
18 Casserole, profile rim to shoulder, D. 15.2. Unglazed.
19 Chytra, profile rim to shoulder, D. 15. Unglazed.
20 Cooking jug, rim and neck, D. 9.3. Unglazed.
21 Casserole, profile rim and side, D. 23.3. Unglazed.
22 Casserole, profile rim and side, D. 22.3. Unglazed.
A secure deposit dated by C73 to the third quarter

is also relatively rich in forms common on the city
many Late Hellenistic sequences. The flat based
below. The channelled groove at the base, al
unfortunately no rims survive to tell us whether t
profiles of the slightly earlier KSP 284 and BSA 66
later60 imply that this was also a constant feature.
4, the glazed Cup with Everted Rim obviously belo
our sequence by H32,l. The most interesting featur
junction emphasising the separation of the two feat
another roughly contemporary shape). A groove
separate parts on the carinated Cup 5 (cf. H33,10
Rim 6 is similar to H32,l and H33,8-9 but has lost m
annular groove remaining here. 7 is probably a s
Precursors are known for the 3rd-2nd cent B.C. (H2
only partially glazed (probably rim dipped) a
contemporary example with a more flaring profile
While the base of the Cup with everted rim gra
those of the jugs 8-9 were carefully turned. That of
contemporary bowls and plates (BSA 66 (1971) 25
structural divisions on the Olpe neck 11 and both t
in KCG or in BSA 76 (1981) 91, 290; 99, 347 - m
The Flaring Rim Bowl 12 is similar to those from

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66 (1971) 259 16-17) and to an almost contempora

278-281). The Bowls with Overhanging Rim 13-5, w
on the belly, are more developed than examples f
(1950), 178-9 figs. 15 and 17) and closely resemble
deposit close by (BSA 76 (1981), 90, 283). Forms suc
with their facetted rims probably mark the transitio
later straight rims. Little need be said of the domest
vases form an important transitional group between
Roman.61
Deposit H36 (I(N) Pit 5, above 'Floor 35)

PLATE 103.
This deposit consists of fragments of the latest Hellenistic pottery from Knossos, stratified above
H35.
1 Cylindrical cup, lower half, D. at base 4.5. Glazed in out.

2 Lekane, rim fr, D. unknown. Glazed in.
3 Bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 15. Glazed in out.
The three sherds illustrated here were deposited later than the rich floor deposit discussed
above (H35). 1-2 are roughly as their equivalents in H35 (1-3; 16) but the Bowl with
Overhanging Rim 3 is more developed than its counterparts in the earlier deposit. It more
nearly resembles BSA 66 (1971) 267, 26 from a context of the late 1st cent B.C.
Deposit H37 Pit 39 (SA 14, Pit 2)

Section H, no. 7. Plan at plate 5 no. 39. plates 103-4.
A deposit of grey soil, containing Late Hellenistic pottery, whose forms approximate those of
H33-36. All the material is pre-colonial and appears, on the whole, to be kitchen refuse. The
layer was introduced immediately above H18, possibly as a supplementary fill, due to
subsidence.
1 Cup with everted rim, base fr, D. at base 3.5. Glazed in out.
2 Cup with everted rim, base fr, D. at base 3.3. Glazed in out.
3 Carinated cup, profile rim to belly, D. unknown. Unglazed.
4 Cylindrical jug, profile rim to belly, D. 11.2. Rim dipped.
5 Bowl with overhanging rim, profile rim to belly, D. 16. Glazed in out.
6 Bowl with overhanging rim, profile rim to belly, D. 17.3. Glazed in out.
7 Bowl with flaring rim, profile rim to belly, D. 23.2. Dipped in dull red wash.
8 Bowl with flaring rim, profile rim to belly, D. 12.2. Glazed in out in dull red wash.
9 Straight sided bowl, profile rim to belly, D. 18.1. Rim dipped.
10 Hadra hydria, profile rim to shoulder, D. 12.1. Banded decoration. Gritty fabric.
11 Hadra hydria, profile rim to shoulder, D. 14.1. Banded decoration. Gritty fabric.
12 Cylindrical krater, profile rim to belly, D. 19.3. Rim dipped in a dull wash. Gritty fabric.
13 Casserole, profile, D. 20.1. Unglazed.
H37 was a secondary fill in pit 39. It should be stressed here that the two fills were not
distinguished in the course of the excavation and that the complicated history of the pit had to
be reconstructed on the sherd tables. The primary fill is published in this volume as H18 and is

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grouped around a complex of whole shapes, whole

first half of the 2nd cent B.C. The later 1st
distinguished from the earlier fill and forms an
possibly of the Augustan period.
The Cups with Everted Rims 1-2 are even more
B.C. listed above (H35,4 and 6). The base is now e
rise at a far steeper angle. One characteristic of ma
interior surface bears distinct horizontal ridges wh
of the potting. 3 is similar to H33,17 and H35,4 in t
the rim from the shoulder. The Cylindrical Jugl
development from the stage reached by BSA 45
precursors in H35 (13-4). The Flaring Rim Bowl 7
described. With its shallow form, wide flaring rim
advanced as the Augustan examples such as KDS
roughly coated with a dull wash approximati
Knossos.62
The two Hadra Hydriae 10-11 are interesting as very late examples of their type. That they
certainly belong here rather than in the primary fill is amply demonstrated by the
exceptionally gritty, almost concrety, fabric of both. This is characteristic of most plain and
banded wares of the later 1st cent B.C. but not of the 2nd. In type, with their high narrow
necks, they correspond to Guerrini's most advanced stage of Group F. One of these was found
in a grave group at Itanos along with other vases indicating a latest 2nd to later 1st cent B.C.
date bracket for the tomb.67 Many fragments of other late Hadra Hydriae have been found at
Kommos in southern Crete in similar contexts.64 The three casseroles 13-15 fit in tolerably well
with the state of development reached by other versions of this type in the later 1st cent B.C. at
Knossos (BSA 66 (1971) 93, 326-7; 76 (1981) 260 39). The handle types are especially
advanced.
It is possible that the cylindrical juglet 4 and the cylindrical krater 12 belong to the earlier f
(HI 8). They retain the bulging shoulder and flaring lip of the 2nd cent B.C. types such L
8-9,16. If so they date close to 150 B.C.
Many of these vases were probably produced during the period post-dating th
establishement of the Augustan colony at Knossos in about 25 B.C., none of the others lo
earlier than their counterparts in H35, securely dated to the period 50-25 B.C. Some survivor
of the Hellenistic ceramic tradition will be found in the early Roman deposits below but
general the older Greek types did not long survive the demise of Knossos as an independ
political entity.
Deposit H38
PLATES 113-8.
The material listed here is a collection of Hellenistic sherds from the excavations arranged
types. Some sherds derive from deposits which have been discussed above but have been pla
here so that they may be juxtaposed with similar pieces, where this has happen
appropriate note has been appended to the relevant deposit summary.
A. Terracotta protomes from vases plates 113-4

1 XI 14. Handle terminal in the form of a negroid head, H. 4.6. Dark brown glaze with added light brown p

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The type is probably related to the negroes and grotesques

2nd cent B.C. and later. Date: 2nd cent B.C.
2 IV (N) 5. Handle terminal in the form of a silen head with ivy wreath; plastic leaf above, H. 5.4. Dull orange
wash and gritty fabric help to date this piece to the 2nd cent B.C.
3 US. Handle terminal in the form of a Herakles head with lion skin cap, H. 5.2. Self slipped. Descended from
another example in H28 and therefore 2nd cent B.C. or later.
3 US. Handle terminal of a jug with female head, H. of protome 1.6. The heavy wig suggests Egyptian influence;
the fabric a later Hellenistic date.
5 I 16N. Handle terminal in the form of a silen head, upper half only preserved, H. 5.3. Slipped. Date:
Hellenistic.
6 H28. Handle terminal in the form of a child's head, H. of head 2. 1 . Slipped. The context suggests a 3rd to early
2nd cent B.C. date. The type is derived from terracotta figurines (S. Besques, Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et
Reliefs III, PL 39, D171-4) of the Tanagra style.
7 II 7. Spout in the form of a comic mask, H. 3.3. Glazed. Date: Hellenistic.
8 US. Spout in the form of a lion head, L. 4.4. Slipped, the strong modelling suggests a date within the 2nd cent
B.C. as does the fabric and slip.
9 H 14. Mould in the form of a satyr mask, possibly for use as a spout, H. 6.9. Context suggests a date near the end
of the 3rd cent B.C.
10 H12. Protome in the form of a gorgoneion, H. 5.3. Slipped. Context suggests a date c. 300-275 B.C.
11 H12. Protome with the head of Athena, H. 5.6. Slipped. Context suggests a date c. 300-275 B.C.
12 H 12. Handle ternimal in the form of a female head, H. 3.1. Slipped. Context suggests a date c. 300-275 B.C.
1 3 Handle terminal with head identified by J.R. Green as that of a cook from New Comedy. Rotella above, H. 6. 1 .
Slipped. Context suggests a date c. 300-275 B.C.
These last four items from an early Hellenistic context suggest that contemporary coroplastic
art was at a fairly basic level and give little hint of the deeper modelling in the full blown
Hellenistic style to come.
14 US. Handle terminal in the form of a female head attached to a reeded basket handle, H. of head 3. Dull red
slip. The head is diademed and has the features and hairstyle of Berenike II (D.B. Thompson, Ptolemaic
Oinochoai and Portraits in Faience, PL B. Very fine striations on the crown of the head suggest the mould was taken
from a metallic original. Despite the fact that the head does not come late in the series of this queen's portraits as
discussed by Thompson, its presence at Knossos might reflect the political interests of her son, Ptolemy IV
Philopator, in the island.
15 H28. Handle terminal in the form of a female head with floral 'umbrella' above, H. 5. Slipped. The hair is
arranged in thick rope-like strands and is piled high at the top. Context suggests a date in the later 3rd or earlier
2nd cent B.C.
16 Little Palace but part of the oinochoe H28,13. Handle terminal in the form of a satyr's head, H. of head 3.8.
Date: 225-200 B.C.
17 VII 32. Tondo of a plate or bowl with a male head, D. of tondo 3.3. Slipped. The head is diameded and
probably represents Alexander the Great. Date: Hellenistic.
B. Vases decorated with floral relief decoration plate 114

18 I(S) fill of wall 'ac'. Lower part of a closed vessel with plastic acanthus decoration on the belly, H. 9.8. Slippe
with traces of magenta around the acanthus leaves. Related to types such as Guerrini F,20. Date: later 3rd t
early 2nd cent B.C.
19 Various deposits. Fragments from the belly of a large Phydria. Unglazed, self polished. Below a plain horizont
band is a calyx of relief acanthus leaves with incised nymphaea caerulea leaves between. Similar to but fine
than Guerrini F,20. Date: ? 220-180 B.C.
20 VII 32. Three joining belly frs from a large vessel, H. 16.2. Black glaze. Above a horizontal plain band spr
relief acanthus leaves to form a calyx. The glaze is related to Grey Ware vessels and this vessel may date to t
later Hellenistic period.
21 II 7. Plastic attachment in the form of an acanthus lead, H. 3.8. Fine bg with magenta pink around the fron
Closely related to Guerrini F,22 and therefore to the stylistic complex described in BICS 30 (1983) 31-39. Dat
220-180 B.C.

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C. Brazier Lugs plate 115

These fragments formed the supports for cook
Hellenistic heating stands. There were probably sev
certainly one. As we shall see, two of our exam
production on Crete as well. The comparative ra
abundance on Delos and in Asia Minor might lea
manufacture existed in Turkey.
The period of production appears to be betwe
examples have been found at Knossos.
22 VII 22, Wall 'ah' contents. Brazier lug with head of sat
aureole with striations arranged in a palmette fashion. B.
examples see Délos xxvii, PL 52 no. D365; Hesp. 3 (1934)
23 X 11. Brazier lug with satyr head, L. at top 5.5. Simila
24 Roman Deposit Nl. Brazier lug with satyr head, L. 8.3.
Type IV, B. For examples of the same type but from differe
272 D361-4, PL 51.
25 Ramp. Brazier lug with head of a satyr, L. at top 6. The hair is wreathed in ivy; a tongue pattern decorated the
surround. B.C. H 29 (1905) 388-90, Type IV, C.
26 Pit 65. Brazier lug with head of a stayr, L. at top 6.4. The head is wreathed in ivy. B.C. H 29 (1905) 388-90,
Type IV, C. Similar is Délos xxvii, 273 D393 and PL 51. The fabric of this piece looks local.
27 I, Pit 5. Brazier lug with bull's head, L. 9.7. B.C.H 29 (1905) 393-5, Type V. Délos xxvii 273 D401, PL 52.
28 Pit 65. Brazier lug with debased head of a satyr, L. at top 5.2. This head belongs in Mayence's Linear Group
B.C.H 29 (1905) 383-5, Type II although it is somewhat closer to the satyr's head model than any illustrated
there. The fabric is similar to that of 26 and may be local.
D. Medusa Bowls and related forms plate 116a-b

This series of phialai with relief heads in the tondo were first identified as Cretan products by
Hadjimichali ( B.C.H 95 (1971) 205-6, nos. 3-4). Buschor had long before established them as
a Hellenistic version of the Rondanini type (Medusa Rondanini, 17) and I, somewhat cavalierly,
associated them with a rich series on Canosan vases which in fact date far earlier in the
Hellenistic period (BSA 76 (1981) 65-7; J. Swaddling (ed) Italian iron Age Artefacts in the British
Museum (1986) 215-221). Frederike van der Wielen-van Ommeren tells me that neither series
can be associated with the Medusa Rondanini and has shown that many of the Canosan
Medusas do not, in fact, belong on the vases to which they are now attached (Genava 26 (1978)
141-169).
At all events, the Cretan stylistic complex remains intact and the general period of
production has been further reinforced by the work of Enklaar on Hadra Hydriae (BSA 76
(1981) 61-65; BICS 30 (1983) 31-9; Babesch 60 (1985) 126-9; 136, no. 13. The Meander
Painter equals my Bichrome Painter) . Only the proposed date for an example from Lato on
stylistic grounds ( B.C.H 95 (1971) 208) goes against this later 3rd/early 2nd cent B.C.
chronology.
29 The tondo was found in H26 (no. 2) and H29 produced a joining sherd giving the profile of the bowl. West
Slope phiale with rouletted bands flanking a zone decorated with ribbons and bows in white. In the centre of
the tondo is a relief head of Medusa surrounded by a radiate nimbus in white and a fugitive colour that may
have been blue or pink. It is worth noting here that our head derives from a late generation mould and that
much of the detail recognizable from earlier examples, for example the owl wings, have been lost. Even so, the
contexts of the fragments suggest that the piece was already old when deposited. Date: c. 200-175 B.C.
30 XIV 5. Rim fr, H. 4. Rouletting covered with salmon pink just below the rim. Part of a white painted bow,
ribbon and tassel. Date: 220-175 B.C.

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31 VIII, Pit 7, Rim fr, H. 3.7. From a Plate Medusa Bowl or a

series is replaced by a simple line incised through the glaze
white. Date: 2nd cent B.C.
32 XIV 8. Rim fr, H. 4.5. Rouletting in pink with white filled grooves alongside. Part of a ribbon in fugitive white
at lower edge. Date: 220-175 B.C.
33 H31, fr. from bowl, H. 3.5. Part of a tassel and ribbon in white paint. Date: 220-175 B.C.
34 VI 7a. Body fr, H. 4.2. dull bg with white painted pomegranates on incised stems alternating with coiled snakes
in a fugitive colour, possibly blue or pink. Date: 2nd cent B.C.
35 II 7. Body fr, D. 3.1. Band of brown paint with part of a ?bow in white. Date: ?2nd cent B.C.
36 XIV 11. Body fr, H. 3. Part of the bowl showing fringed tassels in white above a rouletted zone with white
overpaint.
37 XIII 38. Body fr, H. 3.4. Part of the tondo below a rouletted band with salmon pink overpaint. The field above
was decorated with bows and ribbons of which a tasselled end of a bow survives. The tondo had a radiate
nimbus filled with alternating white and pink rays. Date: 220-175 B.C.
E. Hadra Hydriae and related types plates 1 16-7

38 H28. max près. L. 7.2. Fragment of a Dinoid Krater, unglazed in; horizontal laurel stem above, bands out. The
patternwork resembles that on the necks of Enklaar's Laurel Group (Babesch 60 (1985) 117-36). No complete
example of this shape has been published from Knossos. The upper parts of three from Phaistos have been
illustrated by la Rosa (Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-r ornano. Studi in onore di A. Adriani 812). Date: PLater 3rd
cent B.C.
39 VI 10 and I, wall 'at', three joining frs. max. près. L. 13.3. From the shoulder of a Dinoid Krater with a
horizontal laurel stem below a broad black band. Date: PLater 3rd cent B.C.
40 US. Max. près. L. 5.6. Fragment from near the handle of a Hadra Hydria with a simple rinceau. Polished
surface.
41 III 17. Max. près. L. 5.8. Fragment from the belly of a Hadra Hydria with parts of a spiraliform rinceau similar
to KRS 42. Date: Hellenistic.
42 VIII 30. Max. près. L. 6.3. Fragment from near the lower rear handle root of a Hadra Hydria with a t
rinceau (Babesch 60 (1985) 123, fig. 8). Date: Hellenistic.
43 H12. Max. près. H. 6.4. Body fragment from a Hadra Hydria of Enklaar's Spiral Group (Babesch 61 (
46-8 and fig. 6). KRS 42 is an earlier version of this style. Date, from context: 300-275 B.C.
44 H 12. Max. près. W. 7.8. Body fr. from a large Hadra Hydria or Krater with part of an horizontal rinceau
bands. Date, on context: 300-275 B.C.
45 Also H 14, 12. See the deposit catalogue and discussion for details.
46 I(S)20. Max. près. H. 6.9. Belly fr. of a Hadra Hydria with an horizontal laurel stem above bands and
glazed area. A coin dates this deposit to post 221 B.C. Date: later 3rd cent B.C.
47 US. Max près. W. 2.6. Fragment from a Pjug decorated in Hadra style with a bull's head and dotted
between Pspirals. Polished surface. Date: later 3rd cent B.C.
48 H28. Max. près. H. 11.6. Four joining frs. from the shoulder and belly of a Hadra Hydria. Pendent l
around the base of the neck and three bands at the shoulder/belly junction. The main zone was decorated
a spiraliform rinceau. Date: Plater 3rd cent B.C.
49 VI 34a. Max. près. W. 5.8. Dull brown paint on a matt slip. Part of an ivy scroll. The dull paint and s
suggest that this fragment belongs in the later Hellenistic period.
50 H28. Shoulder fr. from a Krater with part of an ivy scroll. Date: Plater 3rd cent B.C.
51 H28. L. 5; D. at base of neck c. 9. Shoulder of a Hadra Hydria with scroll in bg enlivened by a white r
Date: later 3rd cent B.C.
52 XI, wall 'fc'. Rim fr. of a Hadra Hydria. D. 12. Blobs on rim and two horizontal lines just below. Date
Hellenistic.
53 I(S)31. Max. près. H. 5.4. Fragment from the shoulder of a Hadra Hydria with horizontal bands and an ivy
scroll. Date: Hellenistic.
54 US. Max près. L. 4.8. Belly fr. from a Krater with part of a large palmette. Date: later 3rd cent B.C.
55 H28. Non-joining frs. from a PKrater with meander pattern and horizontal bands. Date: later 3rd cent B.C
56 US. Max. près. H. 5.8. Vertical rear handle from a Hadra Hydria with a laurel branch on a thick pale slip
Fabric, slip and glaze all suggest a date within the 2nd cent B.C.
57 H28. Max. près. W. 5.4. Body fr. from a Hadra Hydria. Vine leaf or grape cluster in bg with white dots. Part o
a vine scroll design. Date: later 3rd cent B.C.

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58 US. Two non-joining frs. from a Krater with a line of cande

with pendent dot chains. Fillets are hung from the candelabra
3rd cent B.C.
59 H28. Max. près. W. 6.6 Shoulder fr. from a Dinoid Krater. Bucranium with fillets between rosettes. Close to
Babesch 60-(1985) 141, fig. 21.
60 H28. Max. près. W. 7.5. Belly fr. from a large krater. ivy scroll and horizontal bands. Date: 3rd cent B.C.
61 H28. Max. près. H. 6. Body fr. from a Krater with ivy scroll between horizontal bands. Date: 3rd cent B.C.
62 H12. Max. près. W. 6.8. Vine leaf with a chain of dots. Date: by context, 300-275 B.C.
63 H 12. Max. près. L. Rim and shoulder fr. from a small krater with an ivy scroll. Neck black, and a black vertical
marking the end of the decorated zone. Date: by context, 300-275 B.C.
65 MUM. Max. près. W. 9. Shoulder fr. from a Dinoid Krater with plastic ring handles copied from metal
originals. Egg and dart similar to ADelt 18 (1963) Chron. B2, 325 and PL. 375a. Found with vases of Thompson
Groups C-D. Date: early 2nd cent B.C.?
66 H28. Max près. H. 5. Egg and dot above horizontal bands. Date: later 3rd cent B.C.?
67 XIII 33. Max. près. W. 8.6. Shoulder fr. from a Krater with a horizontal laurel branch and horizontals above.
Date: 3rd cent B.C.?
68 H28. Max. près. W. 10.8. Three joining frs. from a Krater with horizontal laurel branch. Date: 3rd cent
69 H28. Two non-joining frs. from a Krater with egg and dart between horizontals. Date: 3rd cent B.C.?
70 H 12,39. Hadra base.
71 H28. D. at base 11. Dropped floor. Date: later 3rd cent B.C.?
72 US. D. at base 14. Dropped floor. Painted out. Date: 2nd cent B.C.?
73 H12. D. at base 14. Dropped floor. Date, by context 300-275 B.C.
74 H 12,38. Dropped floor. Date, by context 300-275 B.C.
75 H 12. D. at base 10. Bell shaped base of a small Hadra Hydria ancestral to types like Guerrini F,l 1 or of a large
jug. Date: by context, 300-275 B.C.
Robert Cook was the first to advance the notion that some Hadra vases might be of Cretan
origin.65 More recent work has established that most Clay Ground hydriae were in fact made
on that island.66 The material presented here is by no means all that has been excavated at
Knossos; the rest will be published in due time and will add to the repertoire of shapes and
motifs. It is interesting to note that the majority of fragments come from kraters and jugs rather
than hydriae, but the close relationship between all is firmly established by the similarities in
the patterned decoration. The Italian excavations at Phaistos have also produced a number of
vases other than hydriae decorated in this style.67
There is now no controversy as to the Knossian origin of many of the vases in Enklaar's
Dolphin Group (Babesch 60 (1985) 140-46; 61 (1986) 59-60). Knossian vases, either in the
West Slope or Hadra styles connected with this group are listed at the end of this section. There
is still some disagreement, however, about the origin of the workshops responsible for Enklaar's
laurel Group. The complex makes up the vast majority of Clay Ground hydriae and Enklaar
(Babesch 61 (1986) 49) would give them all to Phaistos, where some have been found. I would
continue to prefer a Messariot origin only for those vases with broad strap handles at the sides
and to see Knossos as a major, though not the only, producer of those vases with side handles of
circular section.68 I am sure we will eventually find that there were several production centres
on Crete during the Hellenistic period and finds at Lato give us a good impression of what the
more provincial varieties may have looked like.69
At all events, many of the fragments noted here do indicate that local painters could work in
a style close to, if not identical with, the style of the Laurel Group. We find laurel patterns on
38-9, 46, 67-8 and H28,34. All these also occur on many local vases in the West Slope style
which also bear other motifs such as the line of palmettes (BSA 76 (1981) 43, 56) also found on
vases of the Laurel Group. Given this rich body of material, I find it extremely difficult to rule
out a Knossian origin for many of those vases. If I am right, this raises the interesting possibility

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that we might one day be able to find connections bet

Both the stratigraphy of the site and independent con
of local shapes allow us to refine the chronology of th
example, a fragment of a Cylindrical Jug H18,16 be
earlier style (Babesck 60 (1985) 140-2). Since the form o
of Lyttos in 220 B.C., this would tend to confirm a
beginning of his career. That he continued to work at K
cent B.C. is demonstrated by other Cylindrical Jugs fo
PL 3) and by a sherd decorated in his late style found i
published here as H14,ll. A roughly contemporary
Dolphin Painter)71 is also confirmed by the local sha
BSA 80 (1985) 12, fig. 3 and PL 2. Pylon also belongs
142; BSA 80 (1985) PL 3b, and this is confirmed by t
juglet painted by him H13,12.
Vases connected with Hadra Painters:
Dromeus Painter. H14,ll; H18,16; ?H21,3; LPW,5. Pylon: H13,12; H28,26. £U> Tail Painter:
H13,20; H28,24 and 27. Aliki Painter: H14,12; ?H16,17; H28,l 1,13-15. Pegasus Group: H23,9;
H28,34
F. Banded Flasks
Vases in this style were found in the pre-Persian levels at Olynthus (Olynthus V, 34-5, P52, Pis.
32 and xxxiii) and, in a somewhat later context, among the finds from the Derveni tombs.
76 V(E),5. Flask, H. 6. Horizontal bands in black and red with an upright trefoil in the zone between.
77 I 32; I 23 (S); II 5 and 7; V,48. Flask, max. D. c. 12. Fragments from the shoulder with horizontal bands in red,
white and black.
78 VI, 10. Flask, H. 7.7. Fragment from the shoulder with horizontal bands in red and black and an upright trefoil
below.
G. Megarian Bowls
Almost all the hundreds of fragments from these Hellenistic mould made relief vessels are of the
Delian Class fully described in Délos xxxi. Laumonier argues strongly for a major production
phase between c. 166 B.C. and 69 B.C. The producing centres seem to have been mostly
situated in Asia Minor and their bowls were widely spread around the northern and eastern
littorals of the East Mediterranean.72
79 Net Pattern or Shield Bowl, D. c. 14. Below the blank rim zone is a row of rosettes. Below those a diagonal relief
line is preserved that could be part of either of the two patterns heading this entry.
80 Rim of bowl with row of palmettes. The best parallels for this pattern are found in Délos xxxi, Pis. 13, 2108; 15,
2286 and 2403; 77, 1113; 79, 619. It sometimes occurs on a high trunk and thus almost certainly represents the
foliage of a palm tree: symbol of Apollo?
81 Rim fragment from a Long Petal Bowl, D. c. 14. The flat petals alternate with twisted stems. There is no
intermediate zone of decoration between the rim and petals.
82 Body fragment of an Imbricated Bowl, H. 4.7. The small leaves are triangular with a mid-rib.
83 Two joining fragments of an Imbricated Bowl, H. 5.8. The plain rim surmounts the calyx of small leaves
without an intermediate decorative zone. The leaves are in the form of an ogival arch with central mid-rib and
diagonal branches.
84 Fragment of an Imbricated Bowl, H. 3.5. The small leaves are triangular with a central mid-rib.
85 H32 5. Four joining fragments giving the whole profile except for the emblema at the foot, D. 14.7. Below the

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plain rim is a zone of rosettes, below that groups of dolphin

by a calyx of short acanthus leaves. The closest parallel f
workshop of Philon.
86 Base, D. 4.2. Stamped in relief letters around the flat b
important workshop see Délos xxxi, 21-68.
H. West Slope Style

87 II 7. Fragments from the shoulder of a jug, rest. H. 5.6. Th
brachts is very similar to IHV, no. 3 dating to 225 B.C.: E
(1985) 133 and fig. 15). The fabric and glaze look a little odd
that Hadra Hydriae of this type were not produced in that
Hellenistic Deposits in Chronological Order

This list includes all the Unexplored Mansion De
importance. It omits all the Demeter Sanctuary v
B.C. deposits from the city.
H9 After c. 310 B.C. H28 Mixed to 175-150 B.C. Stage I.
H12 c. 300-275 B.C. H18 175-150 B.C. Stage II.
H19 c. 250-225 B.C. LPW Main fill latest vases: 175-150 B.C. Stage III.
H20 225-200 B.C. H26 175-150 B.C. Stage III and later.
H21 225-200 B.C. H31 Mixed to 150 B.C. and later.
H13 225-200 B.C. H29 150-125 B.C. Stage I.
H14 230-200 B.C. H30 150-125 B.C. Stage II.
LPW Upper fill c. 200-175 B.C. Stage I. H27 150-125 B.C. Stage III.
H15 200-175 B.C. Stage I. KCG 125-100 B.C.
H16 200-175 B.C. Stage II. H32 100-50 B.C. Stage I.
H22 200-175 B.C. Stages I and II. H33 100-50 B.C. Stage II.
H24 200-175 B.C. Stage III. H34 100-50 B.C. Stage III.
H23 c. 180-160 B.C. H35 50-25 B.C. Stage I.
H25 175 B.C. and later. H36 50-25 B.C. Stage II.
H17 175-150 B.C. Stage I. H37 c. 50-25 B.C.
ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC KNOSSOS - A HISTORICAL

SUMMARY
In the early 5th century B.C. there was stasis at Knossos. Ergoteles, who won th
at Olympia in 472 B.C. had earlier been expelled from the city.73 The kno
settlement after the mysterious 6th century B.C. break does not extend very mu
than these events (Hl-4) and it may be significant that a shrine concerned w
practices was also established in the southern part of the city at about this time
from pottery may in fact be defective here. We will see that there was little ch
forms between the later 7th and the later 6th century B.C. (Hl-4; GG) and si
Archaic material was found out of context in the better preserved Classical
layers it is impossible to date much of it closely. In other words much of the so
may be a result of our inability to date the pottery closely.
Around the middle of the 5th century B.C. Argos, Tylissos and Knossos bec
closely related inscriptions have been found relating to these events: one in Tyli
Argos.75 Apart from various ritual and hospitable acts which need not conce
general themes should be noted. The first concerns the joint Knossian

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exploitation of the territory of the Acharna

possession. Joint exploitation of tributary terr
problem concerns the position of the land inv
Acharna with modern Archanes although the fir
mediaeval period. Kent Rigsby rightly points out
valley, although he still accepts the Acharna/Arc
site of Acharna somewher in the vicinity of Tyl
Tylissos's clear subsidiary position vis à vis Knoss
The second set of provisions concern the distrib
taken on future campaigns. This includes the pos
itself being invaded. Quite probably no specif
provisions to cover every possible future course o
may indicate that Crete had been drawn into a w
the shadowy enemy lurking in the background. I
origins may well be involved.78
In 346 B.C. Phocian mercenaries, working in a
Diodorus states that the original inhabitants w
their city and territory after receiving aid from
different story. Among the debris of a later sac
pithoi which must therefore have survived int
wholesale destruction of the asty it seems to me
to tributary status and received a garrison, a situ
stark contrast to the wars of extirpation wage
That political prominence was achieved more
alliances and the holding of smaller places in
destructions is amply illustrated by the treaty b
to the period 260-40 B.C.81 The Cretan states
allied with the neighbouring Mátala and Polyr
that comprised the neighbouring small scale com
the two larger neighbouring powerful cities of A
purely regional one.
In contrast Knossos headed a far larger group
powerful Cretan city of the period. More import
states. We find that the immediate hinterland
alliances: Apollonia, Tylissos, Rhaukos, Eltyni
banner. To the east Lyttos could be neutralised o
in a broad band of territory stretching from Che
were part of the alliance. Against Arkades sto
Praisos could be used to counterbalance the
Herakleion Valley the powerful states of Axos
federation. Their influence would have neutral
of the island of Kydonia and Phalasarna adhere
Knossian block there.
In other words, Knossos seems to have maintained a position of predominance througho
the whole island and it is this, rather than the number of its adherents that distinguished it fro
the more parochial Gortys.
An interesting feature of this treaty is the absence of Tritonion, Lykastos, Rhizenia an

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Pannona from the list of allied states. This may im

swallowed up in the Knossia and the others by Gort
was razed to the ground on its capture82 thus, perh
alternative and increasingly applied Hellenistic strateg
powers at the expense of lower order order settlemen
In the Lyttian War of 221-19 B.C. it is said that t
Knossos against Lyttos. If this is so then the web o
extended considerably in the intervening generation.8
struggle as the opposing factions called in their exter
In 220 B.C. Knossos managed to surprise a Lyttos w
absence of its field army. The city was thoroughly
impression in the archaeological record. The wom
Knossos and the returning Lyttian troops were forced
seek shelter with the sympathetic population of L
monolithic alliance had been broken up by the def
Gortynian state was itself paralysed by stasis over th
intended to subsume the conquered territory with
proved impossible and it is likely that Lyttos was soo
reckoned with as early as 184 B.C.
In 184 B.C. Knossos suffered what must have been a disastrous defeat at the hands of the
Gortynians, probably allied with the Rhaukians and Lyttians. It was deprived of Tritonion
and Lykastos which were given to the two allied cities. Gortys itself may well have kept
additional territory not mentioned in the sources.87 The Gortynian policy appears to have
been to strengthen Knossos's immediate neighbours in a sort of policy of encirclement, but in
the event Roman diplomatic intervention forced a return to the status quo ante bellum.
The next major event was the fall of Apollonia to the Kydonians in 171 B.C. The territory of
the stricken city was seized by the Knossians who held it until it was awarded to Gortys by
Egyptian arbitration about 166 B.C. The two cities then took advantage of a new found
harmony of purpose to further extend their holding in the Herakleion Valley. They sacked the
powerful city of Rhaukos and divided its territory.89 The new border ran straight through the
city, past the Prytaneion and then in what seems to have been a south-westerly direction into
the flanks of the Ida massif. It is fairly obvious that the city of Rhaukos thus ceased to exist as a
functioning urban settlement. Of some interest is the fact that Knossian territory extended all
the way into the mountains; it is possible that Tylissos had already fallen to Knossian arms by
this time. It makes its last appearance in history in a treaty between Eumenes II and many
Cretan cities in 183 B.C.90 and the ensuing silence as well as the known Knossian hold on
territory north of the city of Rhaukos in 165 B.C. both suggest that Knossos was the aggressor
and victor.
Thus it would seem that, in a relatively rapid process, most of the middle order settlements of
the Herakleion Valley were wiped out in the early part of the 2nd century B.C. and the spoils
divided between Knossos and Gortys. The suppression of the urban centres themselves suggests
an intensification of the strategy of exploitation current in the earlier periods and implies the
rise of vast territorial units here that find parallels in other parts of Crete.91 The extension of
Gortynian power north of the spine of the island and into territory that had been under
Knossian influence during the 3rd century B.C. implies a diminution of the latter's influence at
the same time as its absolute power was growing.
Nor was the former pre-eminence of Knossos in the upper Valley the only point of attrition.

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We have seen that in 260-40 B.C. she also contro

stretching from Chersonessos to Istron. In the cour
fell under the influence of Lyttos thus creating a s
There is good evidence92 that much of this Lytti
strong Knossian opposition. By the 1st century B
themselves between the hammer and the anvil when
The later 2nd and early 1st century B.C. were take
and Gortys.94 At times the Knossians were successf
new border between the two states ran along the
Gazanos) suggesting that the Gortynians may hav
former territory of Tylissos and to establish a corrid
south coasts.95
Evidence for Knossian diplomatic activity outside the island during the Classical and
Hellenistic periods is relatively sparse. Her capture of Lyttos in 346 B.C. brought her into
conflict with Sparta and in the following year the Knossians were awarded a wreath by the
Athenians.96 Generally anti-Macedonian during the Hellenistic period, Knossos supported
Rhodes against Demetrius Poliorketes in 305 B.C.97 and seems to have adhered to a pro-
Aetolian policy with remarkable fidelity.98 She had to submit to the hegemony of Philip V in
217/6 B.C.99 but was soon actively anti-Macedonian once more.100 The Aetolian connexion
was a well established one. Recent excavations at Kallion in Aetolia have uncovered a sealing
with the official crest of the Knossians in a house inhabited by prominent statesmen of the
Aetolian League.101 Since Kallion was destroyed by the Gauls during the first half of the 3rd
century B.C. this is also a relatively early date for such interaction.
The treaty with Pergamon in 183 B.C. may have been primarily to allow Eumenes II access
to a pool of mercenary soldiers102 and other treaties with Rhodes may have been concerned
with similar rights of access.103 The Knossian (and general Cretan) penchant for either
mercenary service or piracy in the many wars that wracked the Hellenistic world probably
brought them into contact with many rulers and states104 and it is unlikely that the relative
isolation of the Archaic and Classical periods could have been mainteined. Nevertheless,
Knossos, along with most of the rest of the island, managed to remain free of any subjugation
from the outside until the brutal Roman conquest by Metellus in 67 B.C.
I have sought to show in this short summary that the rise of a great territorial state in the
Knossia was a feature of the Hellenistic period. It is one of the more confusing aspects of Cretan
history that the concomiten t rise of other great states at Lyttos and Gortys might very well have
led to a fall in the relative influence of the city at the same time as its absolute power increased.
Certainly the access of new territory in the course of the 3rd and 2nd century B.C. must have
allowed an increase in population to take place. It is one of the more important discoveries of
the Unexplored Mansion excavations that such an increase in intensive and permanent
settlement seems to be reflected in the archaeological record for just this period.

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Section 5
Stamped Amphora Handles, Sigillata Stamps

and Graffiti
L. H. SACKETT with VIRGINIA GRACE and others
While the preliminary catalogue of the material in all these categories was made du
seasons at Knossos by L.H. Sackett, readings, interpretations, comment and ref
been provided by those qualified to do this, mostly from photographs: Virginia Gr
Savvatianou-Petropoulakou for the amphora handles; John Hayes, Howard Co
Kathy Slane for the sigillata stamps, and Alan Johnston for some of the graffiti.
Page
Stamped Amphora Handles 137
Catalogue with commentary 138
Table of stamped amphora handles from Pit 65 141
Amphorae with Graffiti 141
Other Graffiti 142
Sigillata Stamps 142
Index of names 143
Catalogue 144
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES

PLATES 119-120
Abbreviations
Bon A.-M et A. Bon Études Thasiennes IV. Les timbres amphoriques de Thasos Paris 1957.
Delos P. Bruneau et al. Exploration Archéologique de Délos Faite par l'École Française d'Athènes Fase. XXVII
L'Ilot de la Maison des Comédiens. Paris 1970. Chap. XIV V.R. Grace et M. Savvatianou-
Petropoulakou Les Timbres Amphoriques Grecs.
Gentili G.V. Gentili "I Timbri Anforari Rodii Nel Museo Nazionale di Siracusa" Archivio Storico Siracusano
IV 1958, 18-95.
Nessana I H.D. Colt and others Excavations at Nessana /, London 1962
Nilsson M.P. Nilsson Timbres Amphoriques de Lindos in Exploration Archéologique de Rhodes Vol. V Copenhagen
1909.
Tarsus I H. Goldman and others Excavations at Gó'zü Kule, Tarsus Vol. I. Princeton 1950.
In this section are described in catalogue form some thirty one stamped amphora handles
which derive from scattered contexts within the Unexplored Mansion excavations. Included
137

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138 STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI
are readings kindly made from photographs in 1975 by Virginia Grace and
Savvatianou-Petropoulakou of the Agora Museum, along with their identifications, com
and references. They took particular interest in one group of eight handles deriving fr
which was provisionally dated to later 2nd to early 1st century B.C., and their table s
these by fabricant and period is appended; it basically confirms the estimated date. H
decision was later made (PJ. Callaghan) not to treat this large group as a dated deposit
purposes of establishing a pottery typology, due to possible corruption by later R
foundations cutting the top of the pit and also to the fact that all the material from t
been amalgamated at an early stage of processing. Nevertheless the ampho
themselves do form a fairly coherent group, consisting of nos. X5-11, 17, 22 and
stamped handles (X14, 21, 23) derive from Pit 39 (see Deposit H18) of the mid 2n
B.C., and three others (X29-31) from Well 14 (see Deposit H12) of the early 3rd ce
Others are principally from mixed contexts or are residual, though X26 appears to be
in a 2nd B.C. context.
The proveniences of these handles give some indication of one route taken by the wine trade
in these early periods, and perhaps reflect on comparative volume. Not unexpectedly, Rhodes
and southeast Asia Minor take the lion's share: seventeen certain and possible examples, by far
the majority, come from Rhodes, and five are from Knidos. Also represented are Thasos,
Corinth and Brindisi. Several others are as yet unidentified.
Catalogue with commentary

Thasian Angular handle, with round section. Rectan-
XI 67/P205 Light red-brown clay, hard-fired, gular stamp 3.7 x 1.4.
micaceous. Handle section oval. Rectangular IS
stamp 2.5 x 3.2.

Context: IV 4 #0516, early 1st B.C. Name not
Cluster identified. Late 2nd/early 1st B.C.?
fHyy)(Ti.TéXY)ç X4 71/P326 Fine pink fabric, cream slip. Angular
Context: VI 6, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. For the handle, round section. Rectangular stamp c.
name, cf. Bon nos. 689-692; but this type is post- 4.8 x 1.7.
Bon. Four other examples known to Virginia [ ]

Grace come from Abdera and Thasos; cf. B.C. H ou Flava
62, 1958, 388-9 no. 55 for an example from (jl]ou (retr.)

Thasos, poorly preserved. 3rd B.C.? Context: XIV/XV #2736, Hellenistic and to 1st
A.D.? Name not identified; month IIANAMOZ.
Corinthian B (formerly 'Corcyrean? cf. Hesperia 22, For Rhodian months cf. Nilsson p. 132. Late
2nd/early 1st B.C.
1953, 108-9, no. 166)
X5 67/P236 Fine light-red to pink fabric; good
X2 68/P21 Fine light red to pink clay; pale cream- cream slip. Section oval. Rectangular stamp
buff slip. Handle section oval. Circular stamp at 3.0 x 1.4.
root of handle, D. c. 2.5. Monogram, perhaps 'Epfxatcrxoç < ç > (slipped), herm.
XPT
Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Cf. Délos
in ligature. Context: VIII 29, late 2nd/early 1st 27, p. 209 under E22. Towards end of 2nd B.C.
B.C. Other examples come from Corinth and X6 67/P234 Light brown-buff clay, good cream
Isthmia (Carolyn Koehler, publication forth- slip. Angular handle, oval section. Rectangular
coming in the Corinth excavation series) . Early stamp, c. 5.4 x 1.8.
3rd B.C.
MevECTTpaTou
Anchor & dolphin
Rhodian Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. For this
X3 67/P130 Fine pink fabric; cream buff slip. fabricant, see Delos 27, 296 with n.2, where the

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
STAMPED AMPHORA HANDLES, SIGILLATA STAMPS AND GRAFFITI 139
group described has as device either head or H87 (same die?), and Gentili p. 36, no. 18, the
dolphin and anchor. Late 2nd B.C. dating stamp of a jar of 'AfxúvTaç. Late 2nd
X7 67/P233 Light pink clay, cream slip. Round quarter, 2nd B.C.
section, (a) Circular stamp, D. c. 3.5. X13 67/P127 Orange-buff to pink clay, a little mica;
'Em fE [cruet] ou 'Ayp[tavíou cream slip. Rounded oval section. Trace of
around central rose, (b) Secondary stamp rectangular stamp, H. c. 1.7.
beneath, rectangular 1.3 x 1.8. O[
0A Context: I(N) 15, 50-75 A.D. Type not identi-
Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Eponym fied.
'Ecraeîoç, month 'Ay piavo. Probably from an X14 67/P228 Fine pink clay, cream slip. Round
amphora of 'Ava^rcmSaç. Cf. Délos 27, 296 and section. Part of circular stamp.
n.2. Late 2nd B.C. 'Etti AopJxuXtSa [Kapvetov
X8 67/P237 Light red-brown clay, fired paler at the around central rose.
surface; small brown inclusions. Rounded oval Context: Pit 39, mid 2nd B.C. and to 1st A.D.
section. Rectangular stamp 2.9 x 1.7. (cf. Deposit H 18). Eponym AopxuXíSaç, month
5E7r"Iepéci> perhaps Kapveïoç, but identification of type not
ç Hevog certain. This eponym occurs on many examples,
rpáxou in different types. The name should be Koan
Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Eponym (P.M. Fraser). Date (based on name connec-
SevoaxpaToc, named with title fkpeúç. His term tions and shape): last quarter 3rd B.C.; in a
fell in the next to last decade of the 3rd century tentative sequence, c. 210 B.C.
B.C., cf. Ath Mitt 89, 1974, 193-203. XI 5 67/P263 Pale pink clay, some mica; good cream
X9 67/P235 Fine pink-buff clay, cream buff slip. slip. Rounded lip, D. c. 13. Handle section
Round section. Circular stamp, D. c. 2.8. rounded oval. Rectangular stamp 2.8 x 1.7.
['Eipjyjvatou (retr.) around Helios bust. Scott] [ptj/ou, without device.
Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Ajar of Context: VIII 32, 1st quarter, 2nd B.C. Cf.
his is dated to the eponym 'ApaxocpávYjç 2nd, cf. Tarsus I, 140, no. 14 and fig. 114. Last quarter
Délos 27, 313 under E34. Late 2nd B.C. 3rd B.C.
XIO 67/P238 Light pink clay, cream slip. Round X16 71/P318 Pinkish red clay with small grits;
section. Rectangular stamp. L. c. 4.5. smooth pale-red to buff surface. Oval section.
Mvaatov Small square stamp 1.2 x 1.2.
'Avjxioêúç 21
Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. For an Context: Deposit H28 (Pit 1), mid 2nd B.C. Not
example from a different die, see JVessana 1, p. absolutely certain that this is Rhodian, but a
117 no. 10, with comment and references. Late similar stamp occurs on a jar in Rhodes that is
2nd/early 1st B.C. one of the proto-Rhodian shapes, with mush-
XI 1 67/P232 Fine yellow-buff clay; tiny particles of room rim. In that case, date perhaps 2nd
mica; pale cream-buff slip. Round section. quarter 3rd B.C. For early Rhodian jars cf.
Rectangular stamp (left edge only preserved. H. Hesperia 1963 322-4; Delos 27, 291-2; with dates
c. 1.9. revised downward as Ath Mitt 89. 193sq.
'Em *E[(raei] ■ XI 7 71/P317 Brick-red clay, with grey and white
o[U] ■ grits; some mica. Light red to pink slip. Oval
'Ay (3 [(.aviou section. Part of rectangular stamp, H. 1.5.
Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Eponym ]A[
'EcttisToç, month 'AypLavtoc. For date, see X7 ]MOT
above. Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Possibly
XI 2 67/P202 Fine pink clay, darker at core; cream- Rhodian; names not identified. Not illustrated.
buff slip. Oval section. Rectangular stamp c. X 1 8 71 /P3 1 9 Brownish pink clay, rather pure; cream
3.7x 1.7. slip. Angular handle, round section. Rectan-
'Em['Api]<TTO gular stamp in poor condition, H. c. 1.5.
fxáxou [ ]
'Apraci. ltÍou 'ApT(X(i.LTL[oU
Context: IV(N) 4B, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Context: XI 14, Augustan. Person
Eponym 'ApuiTÓfxaôç, apparently Aristomachos identified, month name Rhodian.
1st. Cf. Delos 27, 314 under E37. Other X19 67/P129 Fine orange to pink c
examples of this stamp type: BSA collection no. Broad spreading mouth, straight

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Rounded oval handle section. Rectangularation. On the commissioners (or duoviri), see
stamp. L. c. 4.2. ibid. 320sq. Early 1st B.C.
•Etc[ X24 67/P239 Dark red-brown clay with white
TaxivÖiou inclusions; hard fired; dark pink surface slightly
Context: III wall T (2nd A.D.). Personal name gritty. Rolled rim, D. c. 11. Rectangular stamp,
not identified; month name Rhodian. H. c. 1.8.
'E^fi UToXefjiat,]
ou nfuÖovt.]
Knidian xou [Kvi&i]
X20 67/P204 Light orange-red to pink clay, small ov[
white to brown grits; hard fired. Oval section. boukranion, inverted
Rectangular stamp, H. 1.9. Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Type of
'Etcì fHpo9<xvTo[u IIuOovlxoc with boukranion, in the term of
'E7u<paveuç IlToXsfjiaLoç. This is the only type of a Knidian
KviStov fabricant IIuoóvixoç. Seventeen other examples
boukranion known to Virginia Grace (unpublished; none at
Context: IX 4, 1st A.D. (and to 2nd A.D.). Agora). Three Knidian eponyms nToXe(j.atoç
'E7tl9<xvy)ç in the term of 'Hpócpavxoç. For the two have been identified, belonging to Periods IVA,
names see the index of Delos 27, chap. 14. 4th V and VIII (for these, cf. Delos 27, 286). This
quarter 2nd B.C. (before c. 110 B.C.) example probably of Period V (c. 146-108
X2 1 67/P2 1 9 Red-brown clay, pale brown slip; white B.C.).
and brown grits and some mica. Rolled rim, D.
13. Oval handle section. Rectangular stamp c.Brindisi
1.8x2.0.
X25 67/P128 Fine pink to brown clay, some mica;
Kv (retr). good cream slip. Round section. Part of rectan-
Context: Deposit H18 (Pit 39), mid 2nd B.C. gular stamp, tapering; H. 1.2.
(and to 1st A.D.) Perhaps an abbreviation of the 'HJpaioç
ethnic KviStov. A similar stamp, though not from Context: I(N) 15, 50-75 A.D.From jar made
the same die, comes from an Agora deposit of near Brindisi? Some 34 other examples known to
probably the 4th quarter 3rd B.C. (SS 4493, Virginia Grace, including some from Alex-
fromK6-7:l). andria. This class includes amphorae with a
X22 67/P23 1 Light red-brown clay, brown inclusions Latin name on one handle and a Greek name
and some mica; pale pink slip. Oval section. (often in Latin letters) on the other. Cf. Tarsus I
Circular stamp, imperfectly preserved. 147, fig. 118 no. 100; Nessuna I 127-8. For a
AafjLoxpaxeuç tou] 'ApLcrrfoxXeuc]
duplicate from Brindisi IG XIV 2393, 264. 1st
around forepart of lion. Secondary stamp: quarter 1st B.C.
hexagon in round stamp, D. c. 1.5. Context: Pit
65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Type of Aa[zoxp<xT7)ç ó
'ApiGToxXsuç with forepart of lion; probably the Roman and Unidentified
eponym stamp, which was on the other handle X26 68/P35 Dark red-brown clay, pale brown slip.
of the jar, named the eponym AióxXtjç. Cf. Delos Oval section. Rectangular stamp, c. 1.5 x 4.0.
27, 327-8, under nos. E66 and 69. C. 3rd TE AT (both in ligature)
quarter 2nd B.C. Context: VIII 32, 2nd B.C., intrusive in this
X23 67/P227 Dark pink clay, hard fired; surface of context?
same colour. Oval section. Rectangular stamp, X27 67/P21 Shoulder stamp on amphora U150 qv.
H. 2.3. Rectangular stamp 1.0 x 2.4.
'A/Y)<7Í7CO MEF (retr.)
XlÇ EpfJLO Context: II (W) 4, 200 A.D. and later.
«pávxoç X28 7 1 /P230 Brick-red clay, soft fired. Surface worn.
herm? Oval section. Small rectangular stamp, c.
Context: Pit 39, mid 2nd B.C. (and to 1st A.D.), 1.5 x 1.8.
cf. Deposit H 18. Type naming the commis- TC (retr.)
sioners 'AyYjCTtTToXtç and fEp[xo<pávToç, probably Context: XI 14, Augustan. Unidentified.
from an amphora of 'EixppávxtSaç in the term of X29 Brick-red clay, soft fired; some white grits; pink
'AvSp0(jLévY)ç. Cf. Delos 27, 346 no. E 166 for a slip? Oval section. Rectangular stamp 2.5 x 1.2.
duplicate of X23, with comment and document- Ar (retr.)

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Context: Well 14, 1st half 3rd B.C. Unidentified.

X3 1 Orange buff clay, small white grits, a little mica.
X30 Brick-red clay, hard fired; small grey grits, Flattened
a oval section, ribbed? Part of rectan-
little mica. Oval section. Part of rectangulargular stamp, W. 1.6.
stamp, W. 1.6. ]IS[
ET Context: Well 14, 1st half 3rd B.C. Unidentified.
Context: Well 14, 1st half 3rd B.C. Unidenti- Not illustrated.
fied.
Table of Stamped Amphora Handles from Pit 65 (late 2nd/early 1st B.C.)
Fabricant Device Eponym Month Cat. no.
RHODIAN Eipijvaïoç (V-VI) Helios bust X9

'Ep[jiat(Txoç (VI) Herrn X5
fE<meïoç (Ve?) 'Ayp. Xll
Rose (above) 'E<meToç (Ve?) 'Ayp. X7

anchor and dolphin
MevéaTpocToç (V-VI) X6
Mváarcov (VI) X10
'AvTioêúç
lep. SevóerrpaToç (II) X8
KNIDIAN FIuoOVLXOC boukranion nxoXefxaioç (V) X24
Seven of the eight handles from this pit, i.e. all except no. X8, seem close in date, and
correspond with the pottery date, late 2nd/early 1st century B.C. The Roman numerals refer to
the periods allotted to the series of amphora stamps; V is about between 146 and 108 B.C., and
VI c. 108 to a little after 80 B.C. (see Delos 27, 268). The revision which has been applied to the
earlier part of this series (see comment under no. X8) does not apply to Periods V and VI. My
impression is that this group does not approach the end of VI but could all be perhaps before
100 B.C. No. X8 should then be residual. (VG.)
AMPHORAE WITH GRAFFITI

PLATE 121
The following seven fragments were found with graffiti scratched on a handle or elsewhere,
usually neck or shoulder. Entries for X32-3 were provided by Alan Johnston. The others are
simply listed with a note of their pottery contexts.
X32 68/P36 Amphora rim and handle. Dark brick-red clay with much small mica; fairly fine fabric. Simple rolled
rim, 1.2 high. Rim D. c. 14. Oval section to handle, 3.8 x 2.4, with impressed finger mark at base. Graffito on
top of handle, IAPE (max. letter H. 2.7). Context: VIII pit 5; Archaic/Class.
Dating by shape of amphora or of letter forms cannot be close; 550-500 is probably the right period though
it may be earlier. The graffito, although (or because?) it is short, is problematic. I assume that it should be
transcribed tape, and that the first letter is not a 'freak' of any kind. Given the probable date, the text is not
Cretan, since we should expect crooked iota. The dialect, however, is broadly Doric, and unaspirated. The
epsilon compounds the difficulties, since in Doric we would expect an alpha if the word were any feminine form
of the adjective íapóç, and personal names commencing Hiere., are very rare. While we may have an
abbreviation of the form lapetov or Eápeia, it is difficult to see the significance of any such word, cut on a wine-
or oil-amphora, seemingly before it reached its Cretan destination. On balance it may be preferable to see an
abbreviated personal name here. Taken together, it is hard to parallel the letter forms, the lack of aspirate and
the Doric dialect in any area of Greece; the Doric Hexapolis is perhaps the most plausible provenance, though
I am not aware of parallels for the fabric on Rhodes or at Knidos; Aeolis can certainly be ruled out on grounds

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
of fabric. Conventionally the piece may have been termed *N. Greek', but Doric is singularly lack
(save at Potidaia, where crooked iota would also have been used). (AWJ)
X33 68/P44 Amphora handle. Light red clay with a little mica, fairly fine fabric; traces of a creamy-b
flaking. Oval shape, with fairly sharp edges, c.4x 2.5. Letter H. 3. Context: VIII pit 6; mixed Ge
B.C.
The fabric is not diagnostic, but the piece seems classical. The graffito may well be a ligature oí lambda and
upsilon (cf. Johnston Trademarks on Greek Vases 198 and 236-7). (AWJ)
X34 71/P20 Amphora shoulder fr. (tall cylindrical shape with conical neck, as Nl, 51, Neronian). Light red clay,
micaceous, hard-fired; surface fired to pale brown; trace of cream slip? Graffito c. 4.0 above carination at
shoulder: 'E' (letter H. 3.3). Context: Deposit Cl, Claudian.
X35 67/P136 Amphora shoulder fr. Light red clay, good cream slip. Graffito above carination at shoulder: KAP
(letter H. 2.5-3.2). Context: VIII 7, Flavian.
X36 67/P216 Amphora body sherd? Pale buff clay, pink at core; cream to buff slip. Graffito: cct/xX (letter H. 1.5).
Context: IX 20, mid 1st A.D.
X37 71/P273 Amphora neck fr.? Pale pink-buff clay; cream-buff slip. Graffito: APT (letter H. 2.1). The loop of the
second letter does not join the vertical lower down; presumably Greek (AWJ). Context: X/XI 3, Trajanic.
X38 71/P274 Amphora body fr.? Pink clay with white grits; surface pocked, especially inside; cream slip. Graffito:
AP/T (letter H. 7-9mm.). Context: XIV 11, Augustan (see Deposit A2).
OTHER GRAFFITI
PLATE 122
The following other graffiti were also found, from widely differing contexts:
X39 67/P124 Bg body sherd, H. 3.2. Graffito (two lines partly preserved):
Context: I(N) 15, late Hellenistic (see Deposit H34).

X40 72/surface. Bg body sherd, H. 3.2. Graffito: casual scatter of letters as illustrated. Surface find.
X41 68/P31 Part of floor of Bg open vase, with rouletting and impressed palmettes. Graffito on underside: 2Q[.
Context: VIII Wall V foundations, 4th B.C. (AWJ)
X42 67/uncat. Bg kantharos handle fr. Graffito: 'A'. Date of vase 4th B.C. Attic. Context: VIII 7, 1st A.D.
X43 67/P133 Bg cup base fr. Graffito 'A'. Context: XIV 7, Claudian (Deposit C2).
X44 67/P226 E Sig A dish base. Graffito on underside: XA. Context: Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
X45 71/P147 E Sig A lagynos with graffito 'E' on underside (potter's mark). Augustan. See A2,14.
X46 68/P33 Base of Attic bg bowl; D. (foot) 7.8. Notched standing ring and point at centre of underside; a hole has
been drilled through the upper part of the standing ring. Decorated with ten small, linked palmettes and
rouletting on the floor. The graffito under the foot may read EPMA , with an additional horizontal line. Later
4th century? (AWJ)
VIII 29. plate 202. See also under B 1,2 la.
SIGILLATA STAMPS
PLATES 123-4
The catalogue gives a short description, provenience and date of stratigraphical context when
known, plates 123-4 give line drawings of the vase or sherd profiles with photograph of the
stamp attached (at double scale). In a few cases, where drawings have been included as part of
a stratified deposit, a cross reference is given to the relevant drawing.
As with the rest of the Roman pottery, help was given in this difficult and specialist field by
John Hayes; some suggestions for readings were also made by Kathy Slane and by Prof.
Howard Comfort (from photos only); these along with many of their suggested identifications

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
and references have been included, though naturally responsibility for errors remains
author.
Measurements are in centimetres, unless otherwise indicated.
For convenience in referring to the catalogue, which is basically in the order of finding, a list
is given here of potter's names and other manufacturers' stamps in alphabetical order, within
wares.
Potters' stamps occur in approximately double the frequency

Eastern wares combined, in inverse frequency to the number of po
the much more widespread use of manufacturers' stamps in the We
that secure proveniences include North Italy (Pisa) as well as A
practice was taken up in the East but evidently did not cat
Interestingly the stamp of a pioneering entrepreneur using his Lat
twice on Eastern wares (Y12, Y29); a second example appears to b
instances of both E Sig A and E Sig B the stamp uses Greek (see
Sigillata stamps - index of names in alphabetical order, by wares
A Italian Sigillata Uncertain

ACO (N. Italian) - Y40 A>M -Y34
AMAR -Y17 >CE<I> -Y10
ANN < US SEX.ANN (SEXTUS ANNUS) - Y19 CI< - Y22
ARVI (CARVI) - Y16 >DI -Y15
ASELLI - Y6 MSIT - Y55
ATEI - Y52 (Illegible) - Y26
ATEI EVODHI - Y 14
AV<ILLI> -Y8 B Eastern Sigillata
ESIGA
B> ARCAE (M.PERENNIUS BARGATHES) - Y39 ONHPA - Y35
BASSUS - Y23
CALID<IUS> -Y24 (Illegible) - Y41
E SIGB
C > AMUR (CAMURIUS?) - Y50 AAMA - Y49
CANOPUS STATILI AE - Y21
AftPON - Y43
CHRESTI - Yl
AQPOT - Y42
<CO>RNELI -Y7
EPMA - Y47
P.COR (P.CORNELIUS) - Y3 EPMHN - Y37
CRESTI -Yll,Y30 KEPA02 - Y45
FELIX (see UMBRICIUS)
GELL - Y5 KOIPANOT - Y48, Y38
MATEOT - Y53
L.GELLI (L.GELLIUS QUADRATUS) . - Y36 nO0OT -Y51
H<OSPITIS> (seeUMBRICI)
M JULIUS - Y28 CSE (GAIUS SENTIUS) - Y29
L.S.M. - Y27 CSEN (GAIUS SENTIUS) - Y12
M > ANNE -Y2, Y32 Other and Unidentified
RASIN (RASINIUS) - Y46 ASELLI - Y6
CRASI (CRASINIUS) (N. Italian) - Y33 HPMHC -Y44
LRP (L.RASINIUS PISANUS) (N. Italian) - Y25 MIMOT - Y54
RU < FIO T.RUFRENI > - Y3 1 MSI -Y18
SEXTUS (see ANNUS) MSPV - Y9
STATILIAE (see CANOPUS)
TETTI (L.TETTI) - Y13
UMBR<ICIUS> (FELIX UMBRICIUS) - Y20
UMBRICI (L.UMBRICI HOSPITIS) - Y4

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Catalogue
Yl Italian plate floor fr. 67/P122. Fabric 2. Stamp inside grooved circle, D. 3.8: CHRESTI followed
in planta pedis. O-C 425, but not paralleled with the wreath. I(N) 12 #0401. C. 20-40 A.D.
Y2 Italian plate base 67/P143, high ring foot slightly convex, D. 9.2. Four concentric circles on
8.9-14.8), faint rouletting in second ring. Central stamp ANN in planta pedis. PMANNE, O-C 2
stamp as Y32; date probably Claudian. Deposit Nl, Neronian; see Nl,4.
Y3 Italian bowl floor fr. 71/P32. Fabric 1. Part of oval stamp. L. 1.05. Lower of two lines has P.COR
of P. Cornelius, O-C 480-546. Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
Y4 Italian small bowl floor fr. 71/P321. Fabric 4. Probably L UM(brici)] H(ospitis), O-C 2440, in pla
lst/2nd quarter 1st A.D. Residual in late 2nd A.D. context (XV 12).
Y5 N. Italian small bowl base 71/P322. Spreading ring foot. Grooved circle, D. 1.9. Fabric 1. Stam
planta pedis; lst/2nd quarter 1st A.D. Residual in late 2nd A.D. context (XV 2).
Y6 Eastern imitation of Italian plate 71/P86; base, D. 8.1. The fabric has silver mica, especially in th
Y 12. Shape and decoration very close to Italian; heavy foot, bevelled. On the underside, graffi
Slight ridge inside at junction of wall and floor (D. 13); broad band of rouletting between concentr
(D. 4.1-6.6). Rectangular stamp ASELLI, not Asellus of the Po valley (O-C 141) nor Asellio Sa
1687). Context: X 11 Augustan; see A2, 29.
Y7 Italian small bowl base fr. 67/P283, D. 5.6. Haltern 8(?). Fabric 1. Stamp in planta pedis, partly
[CO]RNELI, as O-C 471 3.11.15. Tiberian. Residual in late 1st A.D. context (VIII/IX #0597); se
Y8 Italian small bowl base fr. 67/P284, D. 3.5. Haltern 8. Fabric 2. Part of oval stamp with wrea
AVfilli] (?), O-C 226. Context: II acqueduct wall; Severan.
Y9 Eastern imitation of Italian bowl 68/P65, base with ring foot, D. 3.9. Stamp in planta pedis M
1631 (?). Context VII 42.
Y10 Italian plate floor fr. 67/P285. Fabric 3. Inside grooved circle, D. 1.9, part of stamp in planta pedis
1 1 #0049, mid/late 2nd A.D.
Yll Italian bowl base 67/P286, Haltern 8; ring foot, D. 5.8. Fabric 1. Inside grooved circle, D. 2.8,
planta pedis, poorly impressed; O-C 425, 45a. Context: II 7, mixed lst/2nd A.D.
Y12 Eastern imitation of Italian (by Italian potter) 71/P324; small bowl base, Haltern 15. Ring foot, D.
ridge beneath. Stamp CSEN[. in planta pedis; O-C 1732, but not this shape. Perhaps by C. Sentius,
who started E. Sigillata, here still doing an Italian form. Context: X 7, mid/late 1st A.D. Cf. Y29.
Y13 Italian bowl floor fr. 68/P1. Fabric 4. Inside double grooved circle, D. 1.5, 2nd of two line stam
O-C 1977-1988. Residual in upper levels.
Y14 Italian plate base 71/P325; high ring foot, D. 9.6. Inside double grooved circle, rectang
4.5 x 20.0mm, ATEI EVHODI. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,12.
Y15 Italian plate base fr. 71/P188; heavy ring foot, D. 14.4. Inside double grooved circle, partly
swallow-tail stamp; upper of two lines has ]DI. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,14.
Y16 Italian small cup base 71/P326; ring foot, D. 2.7. Rectangular stamp inside grooved circle, 5
CARVI. O-C 137. Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,5.
Yl 7 Italian plate, floor fr. 67/P123. Inside grooved circle, D. 2.6, rectangular stamp 5.5 x 19mm. AMAR
154, but without the ligature. Context: Deposit Tl, Trajanic; see Tl,l.
Y18 Imitation of Italian, dish base 67/P206. high ring foot, D. 8.9. Step at base of wall. Goudineau
inside double grooved circle MSI in planta pedis; toes to left. Cf. Y9, possibly by same potter. D
Flavian; see F 1,3.
Y19 Italian small bowl base fr. 71/P327. Probably Haltern 8. Fabric 4(?). Small ring foot, D. 4.5. Re
stamp 5 x 10mm, SEX ANN in two lines, O-C 88. Context: X 9, 50-75 A.D.
Y20 Italian plate base fr. 67/P287; heavy ring foot, D. 26. Fabric 1. On floor above foot, roulettin
grooves; radially stamped FELIX VMBR in two lines. O-C 2429. Last 1/4 1st B.C. Context: V 2,
Y21 Italian dish base fr. 71/P328. Fabric 1. Inside grooved circle, D. 5.5, rectangular stamp 10 x
CANOPVS STATILIAE in two lines. O-C 1851. Context: XIV 24, Tiberian; see B2,7.
Y22 Italian small bowl base fr. 71/P329, low ring foot, D. 5.5. Haltern 8. Fabric 1. Part of stamp in centre C.I[ .
Context: XIII #76, cleaning.
Y23 Italian small bowl base fr. 67/P288; ring foot, D. 4.5. Haltern 8. Fabric 1 . Part of rectangular stamp in centre,
H. 7mm. BAS S]VS in two lines. O-C 324. Bassus of the Po valley. Context: I(S) wall ac upper; Claudian.
Y24 Italian small bowl base fr. 67/P201; spreading ring foot, D. 4.5, with groove outside and beneath; probably
Haltern 8. Fabric 1. Rectangular stamp in grooved circle, D. 3.2, 6 x 10mm., CALID. O-C 362. Calidius.
Context: VII 17, early/mid 1st A.D.

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Y25 N. Italian plate base fr. 71/P5; high ring foot, D. 6. Stamp inside grooved circles, D. 2.4 and 8.6
planta pedis. O-C 1558; L.Rasinius Pisanus, who probably worked at Pisa on late Italian relief bow
common at Pompeii. Context: XIII 15b, Neronian; see N2,9.
Y26 Italian small bowl base 67/P133; small ring foot, D. 3.8. Haltern 8. Fabric 1. Illegible stamp in pla
impressed twice. Concentric grooves scratched on body above foot, graffito on underside: two inte
'Vs. Context: IX 2, residual in Severan.
Y27 Italian bowl base 71/P6; spreading ring foot, D. 6.1. Haltern 12(?). Fabric 1. Stamp inside grooved
4.5, L.S.M in planta pedis O-C 1862; c. 50-60 A.D. Context: XII 8, residual in Hadrianic.
Y28 Italian small bowl base, 71/P202; ring foot with groove outside, D. 3.8. Haltern 8. Fabric 1. Circu
inside grooved circle, D. 3.2, in two lines M IVLIVS in a wreath. Cf. O-C 853, but not with the w
Iulius of Pozzuoli. Context: XIII #2555. Augustan.
Y29 E Sig B small bowl base 71/P201; spreading ring foot, D. 5.3. Groove beneath foot. Rectangul
7 x 10mm. on floor inside double grooved circle, D. 2.7, C.SE. Gaius Sentius. O-C 1712 or 1713.
Y30 Italian bowl base fr. 67/P289; spreading ring foot, D. 6.5. Haltern 8. Fabric 3. Stamp in plant
CRfESTI. 0-C 425. Context: I(S) 15 #0341; mid 1st A.D.
Y31 Italian plate floor fr. 67/P290. Fabric 1. Inside double grooved circle, D. 2.5, part of framed re
stamp in two lines, H. 8mm. RV[FIO T.[RVFR. O-C 1601. Rufio T. Rufreni. Context: VIII 8 #0676
mid 1st A.D. SeeB2,ll.
Y32 Italian plate floor fr. 71/P84. Fabric 1. Stamp inside grooved circle, D. 8, ANN in planta pedis. Same stamp as
Y2. Context: X/XI 3, Trajanic.
Y33 N.Italian plate floor fr. 71/P330. Fabric 1. Stamp inside grooved circle, D. 7, C + RASI in planta pedis. Cf. O-C
1557, but not this stamp; C.Rasinius, a non-Arretine potter. Context: XIV 7, Claudian.
Y34 Small Italian bowl 7 1 /P33 1 . Haltern 12. Fabric 1 . Spreading ring foot, D. 3.5. Stamp inside grooved circle, D.
1.5, A]. M in planta pedis, impressed twice. Cf. O-C 908. Context X/XI 3, Trajanic.
Y35 E Sig A bowl 71/P83, floor fr. In centre three concentric circles of rouletting, D. 4-5. Stamped radially ON
HP[A in two lines, in a rectangle. Cf. JAOS 58 1938, 44. Context: XIV 10, early 1st A.D.; see A2,7c.
Y36 Arretine small bowl base 71/P332; spreading ring foot, D. 3.4. Fabric 1. Inside grooved circle, D. 3, lunate
stamp retrograde, L.GELLI, with an 'X' beneath the 'E' Cf. O-C 737, 182 and 159; L.Gellius Quadratus of
Arezzo. Context: XIII 17 #2075, Neronian; see N2,8.
Y37 E Sig B bowl 71/P186, pedestal base, D. 4.5. Rectangular stamp (8 x 5mm.) inside double grooved circle, D.
3.2: EP MHN in two lines. Context XI 14, Augustan; see A2,28.
Y38 E Sig B plate 7 1 /P333, base fr. Very low ring foot, D. 1 2, with slight ridge and two grooves beneath at junction
with floor. Pronounced wheel marks below; slight grooves and paring marks on the floor, with faint rouletting
at D. 4.4. Central rectangular stamp, 8x7 mm. KOIPA NOT in two lines. O-C 461; Iliffe (¿DAP 6 1936, 35,
and 9 1939, 23. Context XIV Pit 4, Tiberian; see B2,31.
Y39 Arretine relief bowl 71/P334, body fr. from near rim, D. 16. Fabric 2. Ridge moulding with ovolo; below, a
bunch of grapes. Stamp BJARCAE in rectangle, with milled edge; O-C 1256 and pl. VII 15-17; M. Perennius
Bargathes of Arezzo. Another fr. of the same vase preserves vine leaves and bunch of grapes. Context: XIII
#75 and XIV 23, Tiberian; see B2,5.
Y40 ACO cup 67/P217, body fr,D(max.pres). 8. Thin-walled, fine pale grey-brown fabric. Thorn pattern on lower
body with palmettes below. AC[O in horizontal band above. H. of letters c. 5mm. O-C 15, Aco of the Po
Valley. Context: XI 16, Augustan; see A2,44.
Y41 E Sig A bowl 71/P31, floor fr. Poor stamp in planta pedis, perhaps in Greek letters; illegible. Context: XI 3,
Hadrianic.
Y42 E Sig B small bowl 71/P125, straight-sided, H. 3.2, D. 6.5. Small ring foot, D. 3.8. Lower body has flan
two grooves above, one below. Palmettes appliqué below rim, one of two preserved. Inside grooved cir
2.1, rectangular stamp (5.5 x 12mm.): AQPOT; cf. JAOS 58 1938, 40. Context: Deposit Cl, Claudian
Cl,30.
Y43 E Sig B small conical bowl 71/P45, D. 8. Form 30. Rectangular stamp (8 x 5mm.) inside double g
circle, D. 2.2: AQP ON in two lines (N retrograde). Cf. JAOS 58 1938, 40. Context: XIV Pit 4, Tiber
B2,22.
Y44 Imitation of Italian (cf. Y12) small bowl 71/P35; base fr. with small ring foot, D. 5, with ridge beneath.
HPMHC in planta pedis-, cf. JAOS 58 1938, 41. Context: X 2, 100-150 A.D.
Y45 E Sig B dish base 71/P335, small ring foot, D. 9.2. Rectangular stamp (5.5 x 10mm.) inside double grooved
circle, D. 5.7: KEP AOS; in two lines; cf. JAOS 58 1938, 42. Context: Deposit Cl, Claudian; see Cl,22.
Y46 N. Italian cup base 71/P187. Haltern 8. Steep, rather thick wall; bevelled ring foot, D. 5.4. Fabric 1. Graffito

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
'X' on underside. On floor, which is rather pocked, a rectangular stamp (5 x 13mm.) inside groov
RASIN, perhaps C.Rasinius (O-C 1557), a non-Arretine potter, rather than L.Rasinius (0-C 1558
Context: XIV 25, Augustan.
Y47 E Sig B bowl base 7 1 /P85; spreading ring foot, D. 6.2, with groove beneath, and another on the u
ware. Grooved circle, D. 3.8, on the floor, with central stamp EPMA; cf. JAOS 58 1938, 41. Cont
Augustan; see A2,28a.
Y48 E Sig B bowl base 71/P275; low ring foot, D. 6.2. Stamp on floor in planta pedis: KOIPANO
Context: X 10, mid 1st A.D.
Y49 E Sig B small bowl base fr, 71/P336; low ring foot, D. 4. Small circular depression in floor
rectangular stamp AA MA in two lines. Cf. JAOS 58 1938, 39. Context X 9, mid 1st A.D.( + ).
Y50 Italian small bowl 67/P194; small ring foot, D. 3.3. Haltern 8. Fabric 1. Graffito 'AIR' on unde
on floor in planta pedis C] AMVR, cf. O-C 397; Camurius, a Claudian potter? Context: I surface.
Y51 E Sig B bowl base fr. 71/P265, spreading ring foot, D. 5. Flaking, burnt and in poor condition
resting place and on underside. Rectangular stamp (5.5 x 10mm.) inside double grooved circle
GOT in two lines. Cf. JAOS 58 1938, 44. Context: XIV 22, Claudian; see C2,31.
Y52 Italian plate floor fr. 71 /PI 23, ring foot D. 8. Haltern 2. Double groove on floor, and at centre
single groove, D. 3.5, in planta pedis: ATEI and branch (?). Cf. O-C 143. Context: Deposit Cl, C
Cl,8.
Y53 E Sig B dish base fr, D. 13. Fr. of rectangular stamp [M]AT EOT in two lines. Context: Deposit
see C 1,26b.
Y54 Large dish base fr, D. 8.1. Micaceous red ware of uncertain origin. Worn stamp inside concentric grooves
MIMOT in planta pedis. Cf. Goudineau Type 43, from 2nd quarter 1st A.D. Context: X 7, Flavian; see F2,25.
Y55 Italian cup base fr, D. 4.1. Fabric 2. Stamp in planta pedis MSIT. Cf. A. Caradini Uinstrumentum domesticum di
Ercolano e Pompeii nella prima eta imperiale (Quaderni di cultura materiale 1 ); Rome 1977. Context: I(S) 13, later
2nd A.D.; see R2,2.
Y56 = X44 qv.
Y57 = X45 qv.

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Section 6
The Roman Pottery

(PLATES 125-223)
L. H. SACKETT
Page
Introduction 148
The Deposits, their nature and comparative value 149
The Fine Wares 150
Eastern Sigillata A 150
Cypriot Sigillata 152
Italian Sigillata 153
Eastern Sigillata B 156
Çandarli Ware 158
Pontic Sigillata 159
South Gaulish Sigillata 160
Knidian Relief Ware and other imports 160
North African Red Slip Ware 160
Late Roman C (Phocaean) 161
Other sigillata wares 161
Local colour-coated wares 161
Local wares with painted decoration 162
Summary 164
The Coarse Wares 165
Thin-walled coarse wares 165
North Italian thin-walled grey ware 166
Pompeian-red Ware and similar 168
The casserole 168
The globular cooking pot 1 70
Coarse Ware Lids 172
The cooking dish and frying pan 173
Trefoil and other jugs 173
Miscellaneous 1 74
The Plain Wares 1 74
The Roman Deposits: Catalogue of the Finds 178
Augustan (Al-2), Tiberian (Bl-2), Claudian (Cl-2), Neronian
Flavian (Fl-2), Trajanic (Tl-2), Hadrianic (Dl-6), Later 2nd A.D.
(Rl-3), Upper levels (U)
147

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148 ROMAN POTTERY
THE ROMAN POTTERY
INTRODUCTION
The pottery was processed during excavation by O.T.P.K. Dickinson

Mountjoy and P.A. Cartledge (1971) and by J.E.Jones (1973) as well as b
those times all fine ware was kept, and only featureless sherds of coarse and
mixed deposits were discarded. In addition residual material from earlier peri
Hellenistic) was set aside for others. The very large mass of material which t
was then studied at available intervals during the following years, and th
selection was applied more rigorously as the quality of the deposits became m
effect which this method of processing has on the validity of quantita
comparison, whether between successive Roman deposits at this site or overal
other sites (for given periods or specific wares), is as follows. For the fine w
count is available either based on a sherd count (before or after mending) or
the number of vessels represented; for the coarse and plain wares on the oth
based only on the estimated number of vessels represented. Measurements by
been made to indicate the approximate magnitude of a deposit. l
All sherds have been marked with original trench and level number, so tha
wider range of contemporary material has been amalgamated for convenience o
possible to assign any individual piece to its original find spot. All the mater
Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos, except in the case of a few of the mo
which have been transferred to the Heraklion Museum, as recorded in th
Museum register.
Since the purpose of this excavation was initially to clear the ground for th
major Minoan building, it was not anticipated that the site would produce an
sequence of Roman deposits. Indeed the combined experience in the field
of all those individuals mentioned above as working on the material was
Thus it is with the greatest gratitude that I acknowledge the assistance of
made numerous visits to Knossos, examined the material in detail, and o
fication of wares and type-forms and his assessment of chronology and p
followed up with help in obtaining references to comparative material,
sharing the manuscripts of a series of his own studies prior to their publicat
help it is hard to see how this study could have been begun, though it must
he cannot be held responsible for the errors and shortcomings which remain
I should also like to acknowledge the kindness of P.M. Kenrick and J.A. Rile
their theses on the fine and coarse/plain wares (respectively) of Berenic
published in the series of Libyan Studies. These publications are models of a f
kind of material, at once vast in quantity and complicated in detail, and
reliance on them.
This study does not pretend to be so exhaustive or thorough. It does attempt to publish with
fairly full illustrative backing a series of stratified deposits, of varying quality, which may be of
some guidance in the future study of Roman sites in Crete, for which little comparativ
material has been published so far. Since Crete is at a cross roads of trading routes in the east
Mediterranean, it does also provide some new dated deposits with cross-reference to numerous
different wares. These may also be helpful in some more specialised pottery studies.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 149
THE DEPOSITS: THEIR NATURE AND COMPARATIVE VALUE
Nine deposits were selected as the best stratified units in a range of very
"levels" covering the period from the later 1st century B.C. to the
surprisingly a great deal of valuable material, including better examples
found in the best deposits, comes from other less well stratified gr
appended as supplementary groups or "deposits", in which the type serie
of greater interest than those from the better stratified contexts. The s
supplementary groups, while often clear, did not permit the isolatio
compare with those of the selected deposits. For some periods there are m
The deposits selected for the best available stratigraphy for a given perio
number '1' after a letter (Al, NI, SI etc.); supporting material or less
have the number '2', or where more occur '3', '4' and up to '6' (A2, N
The selected deposits include one for the late 1st century B.C., four for
and four for the 2nd century A.D., as follows: Al (later 1st B.C. - 'A
A.D. - 'Tiberian'), Cl (mid 1st A.D. - 'Claudian'), Nl (3rd quarter 1st A
(later 1st A.D. - 'Flavian'), Tl (late lst/early 2nd A.D. - 'Trajanic'), Dl
- 'Hadrianic'), Rl (3rd quarter 2nd A.D. - 'Antonine/Aurelian'), and S
A.D. - 'Severan').
Six of these are floor deposits, of which four (Al, Cl, Nl and Dl) are ex
groups sealed by destruction debris, perhaps caused by earthquakes.
was found within Room I of the Southwest House sealed by Deposit
intermediate levels of build-up. Deposit Nl ('Neronian') lay sealed by destr
floors of the East House, as did Deposit Dl ('Hadrianic') in Rooms IV-V
early phase. In this latter case a part of the destruction deposit which m
floor fall has been catalogued separately as Deposit D2, due to probab
2nd A.D. levelling and reconstruction operations within the North Ho
Deposit Bl ('Tiberian') is interpreted as part of a floor deposit rema
disturbed area - North House Room VII (the so-called 'Room of t
peculiar group, containing apparent antiques in a basically early 1st A
it may be felt that the supplementary material of this date (the larger De
a dump and so not a closed deposit in the same way, may nonet
chronological value. Deposit SI ('Severan') is a floor deposit from Nor
phase; though there are possible signs of a localised destruction, th
limited, close to the surface, and speaks rather of a final abandonment o
deal more material of this date derives from the upper levels whose pott
early on in the study. This is presented as part of Deposit U (Upper Leve
century A.D., with some going later into the 4th century A.D.).3
Deposit Rl (3rd quarter 2nd A.D.) comprises a limited but well-sea
small cist or cess-pit, which was covered over and sealed in by the late p
the North House (late 2nd century A.D.). It is supplemented by Depo
similar material deriving from levelling operations in this same reconstr
The later 1st and early 2nd centuries A.D. (the Flavian/Trajanic pe
destruction deposits of comparable quality. In each case a pit fill fou
House yard (Area VII) has been selected (Deposits Fl - Flavian, and Tl
stratigraphically superimposed on the former. Deposit Fl is the weakest,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
150 ROMAN POTTERY
fragmentary that it was felt

supplementary pieces of Depo
pure deposits T2 (fill of Well
It is a convenient fact, both to
the area north of the street (b
and later levels, whereas the 1st
House, Southeast House and S
construction of the North Hous
had lain there, no comparabl
destruction deposits (Al, Cl,
Deposits A2, C2, N2/N3 derive
superimposed layers of redepos
The composition and provenien
remarks to each of them.
THE FINE WARES
There seem to have been changes in fashion, and presumably also in the direct
during the successive Roman periods, as represented by the changing proportions o
wares. The basic order of this changing popularity is reflected in the order ta
following analysis: Eastern Sigillata A (henceforth E Sig A), Cypriot Sigillata, Italian
Eastern Sigillata B (henceforth E Sig Bl, E Sig B 1/2 and E Sig B2), Pontic Sigill
Ware and North African Red-slip Ware, Other wares of rare occurrence are So
sigillata, Knidian relief ware and Late Roman 'C ware (= 'Phocaean Red-sl
summary, with statistical analysis and table of comparison with the Berenice fine
follow; for the latter purpose the thin-walled wares and Pompeian-red ware, tr
wares in the Berenice publication but here attached to the coarse wares, are om
The problems involved in the study of Roman fine wares are aggravated by the f
nature of the material, and by the difficulty of associating non-joining fragments, a
base with rim types. Mistakes in this process have not been fully avoided. Until re
has been a bewildering variety of type series in many of these wares, each with it
numbers, due both to the great variety of shapes and the lack of a simple major an
published corpus. This situation has changed with the publication of J.W. Hayes' ty
the Atlante delle Forme Ceramiche II,4, and I follow Kenrick in employing these Fo
(with the prefix EAA), using also where convenient Kenrick's own form numb
prefix K.
Eastern Sigillata A (E Sig A) (total count 578)

This ware, formerly called "Pergamene" but perhaps originating from a Syrian centre of
manufacture, has the following characteristics: pale clay, yellow or cream coloured like
Corinthian5 but ranging to buff or pale orange, hard and pure, chunky at the breaks; the slip
contrasts with the clay and can be dark red and as fine as Italian sigillata, but ranges to orange-
or red-brown, even maroon; it is sometimes fugitive and leaves clear signs of the "double-
dipping streak".

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ROMAN POTTERY 151
Common from about 75 B.C. to

as 150 B.C., and to continue in
shed light on these points, no
here. Furthermore, the most no
fill of Pit 65 (late 2nd/early
1s
while late occurrence of the w
The total count of E Sig A war
The heyday of this ware at K
most representative group com
B.C. to 10/15 A.D. but appear
material from the earlier part
imported fine wares found in
course of the 1st century A.
(Nl-3, Neronian) and 19% (Fl/
of residual material due to the
For the Augustan period for
upcurving rim (A2,7-10), EAA
Augustan. Form 3, a larger dish
A2,9a and by A2,8, whose heavi
Form 4, is represented by nos.
(A2,7a,b) and stepped undersid
dish types are A2,10 with incur
floor, short oblique wall and f
decorated at the rim with bead
9, c. 50-25 B.C.). In addition f
bead rim and grooved or roulet
(EAA Form 12, c. 40 B.C.-10
Other shapes represented are
and (with beaded rim) up to
type not hitherto securely da
In the Tiberian floor deposit
B.C. - 20/30 A.D.) appears (Bl
grooving (Bl,10), while the
examples of the plain hemi
Augustan), and of small dish
broad open bowl or dish with
represented by B2,41-42.
Comparable types occur in th
22, 24(?), 30 and 42; and in th
Forms 12, 22, 30, 35(?).
A later dish form appears in
B332), a large flanged dish da
EAA Form 45 and Berenice F
commonest E Sig A forms occ
In summary, E Sig A ware was
and to the mid 1st century A.D
7, 9, 12, 20, 22, 24?, 30, 33, 35?

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
152 ROMAN POTTERY
1st century A.D., and indeed only

the second half of the century.
Cypriot Sigillata (total count

This ware, identified by J.W. Hay
despite a rival claim in the Near
brown clay with few impurities,
a self-slip of the same colour, usu
tend to be finer, thinner-walled
maroon to dark brown, the lat
streaks occur on dishes, and fing
at about 90 B.C. - 150 A.D., with e
Our examples fit this description
the later 1st century B.C., when
(see under Al,2 and A2,15-23). E
proportions: Tiberian 6%, Claud
principally perhaps as residual
The most striking shapes found
feet (see under Al,2; A2,23), and
with incurving rim and ring f
Paphos, the site which provide
contained a small bowl with inc
B.C./early 1st A.D. (A2,15); a fe
wall, EAA Form 5, early 1st centu
10 (?), found in the early 1st ce
Shapes found in the Tiberian l
variant rim form running hor
rouletted rim imitating Arreti
century A.D.
Other shapes found are the lagynos (EAA Form 44/6) which occurs in a mid 1st A.D.
context: handle fragment at Cl,28, neck and shoulder fragments in Deposit C2 (listed there but
not illustrated). Deposit C2 also included small fragments of some other forms: EAA Forms 10,
31 A, 37. A later form, rare at Knossos, is the rouletted krater, EAA Form 40, with overhanging
rim and thick spreading ring foot, of which fragmentary examples come from the Hadrianic fill
(Deposit D4) of the Southeast House cistern ("Well 12"). All the fragments found (D4,8-10)
are from the smaller sized version. This is a type most common in early 2nd century A.D.
groups.
Other fragments of the same type, found in a late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. context in the Upper
levels (U30a,b), must be residual, along with the rim fragment of a shallow dish with flat
rouletted rim, EAA Form 4B, an early/mid 1st century A.D. form (U29).
In summary Cypriot sigillata is comparatively rare at this site, but it did enjoy a short period
of popularity from about 25 B.C. to 25 A.D. Ten different forms have been identified (4B, 5, 10,
31 A, 34, 37, 38, 40, 44/6, 48). One of these (Form 40) belongs to an early 2nd A.D. context and
shows at least some continuity in the Cyprus connection.

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ROMAN POTTERY 153
Italian Sigillata (total count 7

The difficulties and complicatio
Italian sigillata are very great. A
series and chronological fixed
Haltern,11 Mainz,12 Vindonissa
Conimbriga17 and Magdalensbe
uncertain how many centres of
known at Arezzo and Puteoli. The
P.M. Kenrick in his treatment of
new type series and to attempt to
I have used his typology (giving
assigned the UM pieces to his fou
1 Pale, pinkish-buff clay (like some E
2 Pink clay. Munsell 5YR 6/4, 6/6.
3 Darker pink clay, good adherent sl
4 Similar to 3) but often a little redder
Munsell 2.5YR 6/4.
Though this process of fabric

instances, the classification may p
four classes to the Knossos materi
that Crete and North Africa
administration.
In view of the known connection of Knossos with Campania, it will be of interest to examine
the fabrics with that provenience in mind, and to consider what proportion of Italian imports
may be assigned to Puteoli (see concluding remarks under this section).
Italian Sigillata is considered to have flourished throughout the 1st century A.D., and
perhaps up to 120 A.D. In these excavations 726 pieces were collected and many of these served
as important dating criteria for the 1st century A.D. levels; some 207 pieces (or 28%) derived
from the 2nd century A.D. or later levels and have in most cases been treated as residual.
This ware is not found in the early Augustan destruction deposit (Al) nor in the main body
of Deposit A2, which contains a large quantity of later 1st century B.C. material. It does make
an appearance in certain later Augustan contexts and forms about 3% of the Augustan fine
ware overall. Its popularity, as expressed by a percentage of imported fine wares, increased
during the following decades to its high point in the mid-lst century A.D.: 29% of Tiberian
deposits; 43% of the Claudian deposits. After this the percentage dwindles, with the take-over
of first E Sig B and then Çandarli ware, to 38% of the Neronian deposits, 21% of the Flavian,
17% of the Trajanic; then a residual 7% in Hadrianic, 18% in the later 2nd A.D., and 6% in
Severan and later levels.
Augustan
The three pieces catalogued with the Augustan material of Deposit A2 (A2,24 and 26-7) come
not from the large later 1st B.C. fill south of the street but from scattered and disturbed contexts
beneath the North House foundations. A2,24 seems to be the earliest appearance of the
Puteolan relief bowl, common in mid 1st A.D. contexts (see under 'Claudian'). Interesting, too,
is the comparatively crude imitation of a relief bowl of this type (A2,25) in an Aegean fabric;
another fragment comes from a later context (Bl,4). These suggest that Greek potters were not

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
154 ROMAN POTTERY
slow to imitate these fine Italian

K205 {Haltern type 2), and the
c.lO B.C. - 25 A.D. (A2,27 and
Found with the main part of
Haltern type 8, c. 10 B.C. - 25 A
and 47) are the latest material fr
Augustan period. Being, however
transitional to the next period, o
Tiberian
The forms occurring in the Tibe

above - bowls of Form K208 {Hal
an Italian relief bowl imitated
groups cannot be large. The fulle
of rim fragments from the sam
B.C. - 25 A.D. In these there is a v
to 35 and 40cms. Again the co
fragments (B2,4-5 and perhaps
Perenniu« Bargathes of Arrezzo. A
incurving rim is represented b
50/60 A.D.
Claudian
The Claudian deposits make it clear that the relief bowl, already found in Augustan and
Tiberian deposits and imitated locally, was a favoured import. The fragments in Deposit Cl
represent at least four bowls, one (Cl,l) certainly Puteolan, the others (except Cl,2) of the
same fabric. Another Puteolan import, evidently by M. Perennius Bargathes working there, is
C2,l. However other sources for this shape are also represented by C2,2-3 (S. Gaulish) and
C2,4-5 (an eastern source, perhaps Pergamon).
The small hemispherical bowl occurs in three forms, with flange (Form K217 or Goudineau
type 38b, our Cl,4), with flat rim rouletted and having spiral appliqué (Form K228b, Haltern
13, our C2, 6) a common Tiberian form with date range c. 15-60 A.D., and a third type with
everted rim having barbotine decoration (as the S. Gaulish example K31 1, our C2,7). This is
accompanied by the conical cup in Forms K208 and K210 {Haltern 8-9), our Cl,5-6 and C2,8,
with date range c. 10-45 A.D.
There is a variety of plate forms, all current in the years c. 25-50 A.D. In the destruction
deposit (Cl) are found Form K205 {Haltern 2, our Cl, 16), K206 {Haltern 3, our Cl,13), K209
(Hayes 1973 Form 8, our Cl, 7-9), K213 {Goudineau type 39 large, our Cl,ll) and K224
(Hayes 1973, Form 9, our Cl,10). The range of plate forms found in the supplementary
material is very similar and includes Forms K201 {Goudineau type 15, our C2,17), K205
(C2,18-19), K206 (C2,13), K207 (variant on Haltern 2, our C2,16), K209 (C2,ll-12 and
14-15) and K213 (C2,10? and 20-22). In addition the cylindrical beaker {Haltern 16) is
represented by C2,9.
JVeronian
In the destruction deposit Nl are found three forms, common to the mid to late 1st century
A.D.: the dish (or bowl) with sloping rim, Form K237 (Hayes 1973 Form 13), a late form

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 155
starting c. 40 A.D., common a

small flanged bowl, Form K217
at Pompeii (our Nl,2); and thir
(Goudineau 39), dated as the p
From the supplementary mate
(N2,7, N3,l and la), of a number
K206, K209, K217, K224) with
of a cylindrical beaker (Halte
with a Tiberian to Flavian da
Of two stamped fragments fou
of Pisa, whose work was com
Gellius Quadratus (Y36).
Flavian
The Flavian pit (Deposit Fl) contained scrappy material, including the conical cup, Form
K210 (Haltern 9, our Fl,la), the hemispherical bowl, Form K217 (Goudineau 38b, our Fl,lb-c)
and the plate, Form K209 (Hayes 1973 Form 8, our Fl, 2).
The fuller range from other Flavian contexts ('Deposit' F2) includes a relief bowl fragment,
probably Puteolan (F2,l) and numerous small bowl and dish fragments with a variety of
appliqués (rosette, daisy, rabbit, festoon, bird etc.) which did not appear in earlier contexts.
But in such fragmentary material it is difficult to evaluate the proportion which is residual.
Thus this lot has been treated quite summarily by photographic illustration only (plate 209F).
Trajanic and later

Pieces thought to be residual, but nonetheless worth noting, have been listed in the catalogue,
but not illustrated, except in the case of relief bowl fragments (as R2,l, plate 209), appliqué
variants (lion at T3,la) and potters' stamps (see Section 5). The flanged hemispherical bowl
R2,3, if correctly identified as this ware, must relate to Goudineau type 38b and the Çandarli
Form LI 9, and should belong in the later 1st century A.D.
While no doubt the expert eye in search of late Italian material forms might extract more
material, it was felt that such study would be more profitably carried out at a site further west.
There is in any case no doubt that the market had by this time been captured by the E Sig B
and Çandarli wares.
Note on the fabrics

In view of the detailed work now in progress on fabric identification by thin-sectioning and
spectrometry, at Carthage and elsewhere, it would seem out of place to draw any conclusion
from the tentative fabric classification made here. Suffice it to say that of the 98 catalogued
pieces which have been assigned to one of the four classes of fabric, 42% are assigned to Fabric
1, 37% to Fabric 2, 15% to Fabric 3 and 6% to Fabric 4. Since Puteolan relief bowls are
assigned to Fabric 1, including one signed by N. Naevius Hilarus of Puteoli (Cl,l), one
hypothesis might be that this fabric is from Pozzuoli, and is indeed appropriately the most
prevalent ware at Knossos. Then the pinker Fabric 2 might be assigned to Arrezzo, and
appropriately a stamp of the Arretine potter M. Perennius Bargathes is assigned to this ware
(B2,5). The picture, however, is not so simple, since not only does a signed relief bowl by
Perennius Bargathes (C2,l) come in Fabric 1, but so does a late bowl stamped by L. Gellius
Quadratus of Arrezzo (Y36). Different causes might be suggested for these conditions such as

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
156 ROMAN POTTERY
travelling potters, or variant cl

in the hands of the specialists.
Eastern Sigillata B (E Sig B

This is the most popular impor
A.D., perhaps from a source nea
3rd quarter of the 1st century,
compared to other fine wares
Claudian 27%, Neronian 42%
21%, upper levels 19%.
Though very diverse in the com
this ware has become more am
type-series of J.W. Hayes, w
throughout.
The early version of the ware
mica, often soft, flaky and v
appearance, tending to flake. O
Decoration includes fine groo
stamps (at first with Greek nam
the Augustan potter C. Sentiu
occurrence is c. 10 B.C. in Agor
devotes his Form numbers 1-50 to this ware.
Around the 3rd quarter of the 1st century A.D. there is a transition to the later B2 ware, with
the introduction of new shapes. The transitional phase is well represented at Pompeii and at the
South Stoa deposit at Corinth (Hayes 1973).
The B2 ware is thicker-walled, flaky and often poorly fired; the forms are simpler and mass-
produced. The potters' name stamps have given way to simple stamped motifs (rosette and
palmette). This version of the ware was popular in the East Aegean from c. 70-150 A.D. Hayes
devotes his Form numbers 51-100 to this ware.
The earliest appearance of the ware at this site is Y37 ( = A2,28) the stamped pedestal base
(EPMHN in Greek) of a bowl or goblet. Though not a recognised type, it belongs with the
articulated early forms like the bowl, Form 26 and krater, Form 38. Since no other sherd of this
ware occurs in the Augustan deposits, one must regard it as either a rare specialty at this date,
or (since it occurs at the top of an open deposit) as transitional to the next period or intrusive
from it.
Tiberian
In the early 1st century A.D. deposits are found small fragments of four thin-walled examples of
E Sig Bl ware. These derive from dishes (Forms 9 and 23/5?), and bowls (Forms 21 and 30?),
and are part of the dating evidence for the floor deposit Bl. The material from other
contemporary contexts includes similar articulated dishes (Forms 5-7, 18/19; = B2,24-6 and
30), and bowls (Forms 9, 14?, 17A, 18/19, 24?, 29, 30; = B2,27 and 29, 21, 30, 28, 20, 22-3).
Two stamps occur (Y38 and Y43).
Claudian
A similar repertoire of small bowls and dishes, but in much better condition, derives from the

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 157
destruction deposit Cl. Included

33 (Cl,20 and 20a) and small dis
Bl/2 ware. Also included is a c
Y42, 45 and 54.
From the supplementary mater
20?, 58, 59?; our C2,23-29 and
cylindrical beaker (Form 40; our
for shape, and C2,36 for wall t
picture of a mid 1st A.D. assem
Two stamps occur: see Y48 and
Neronian
In the Neronian destruction de

century: bowls of Form 30, 53
of Forms 18, 58 and 60 (Nl, 10-
(Nl,14 and N2,12) seem to be o
(Form 80 with thick sloping w
unusually early occurrence of th
Also found in the supplementar
70 (N2,10-ll) and dishes of For
Flavian
The Flavian pit (Deposit Fl) contained the B2 bowl Forms 62B and 70 (Fl,5-7), while the
contemporary Deposit F2 included bowls of Forms 30, 35, 60, 70-1, 76, 78 and 80 (F2,8a and
12, 15-19), and dishes of Forms 20, 57-9, 62B and 63? (F2,8 and 9-14). The stamps which
occur are all rosettes, and apart from one or two early and perhaps residual pieces (F2,8 and
8a) this material fits well in the last quarter of the 1st century A.D.
Trajanic
In the Trajanic pit (Deposit Tl) are found fragments of bowls of Forms 73 and 80 and of dishes
of Forms 60 and 62 A (Tl,2-5); from Well 8b (Deposit T2) come bowl fragments of Form 58,
60, 74B (T2,l) and in the supplementary levels similar but less well stratified pieces. A poorly
applied rosette stamp is found on the dish Tl,2 (Form 60).
The forms are now heavier and more standardised, with less variety.
Hadrianic
In the floor deposit (Dl) are found good examples of the dish, Form 60, in three different sizes
(Dl,2-4), and of the conical bowl, Form 70 (Dl,l), while the associated fill (Deposit D2) has
Forms 58, 70-1 and 80. The fill in the other rooms of the North House contains Forms 20 and
72 (residual?), 58, 60 and 80. Common forms in the massive cistern fill (Deposit D4) are again
the dish, Form 60 (some 13 examples), and Form 58 (five examples), a dish of Form 59/71?,
and bowls of Forms 59, 68, 70-1 and 80 (seven examples of 80). The associated fill has, in order
of frequency, Forms 60, 80, 58, 71, 76, 70, 62B, 73 and 78 (figures given in the introduction to
the catalogue ofthat deposit); and in the other Hadrianic levels chiefly Forms 60 and 80, but
with 59, 71 and 76 represented. One dish which seems intermediate between Forms 51 and 77 is
illustrated (D6,5).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
158 ROMAN POTTERY
These large deposits demonstrate

mass-produced in this ware.
Later 2nd century A.D.

The cist deposit (Rl) contained frag
this date along with Forms 59, 60,
earlier contexts, are illustrated as
this time, as the E Sig B 17% propo
A.D.) is certainly considered to b
Çandarli Ware (total count 959)

This ware was first identified and investigated by S. Loeschcke (Loeschcke 1912) at its
manufacturing site near Pergamon. It has since been more fully studied by Hayes (LRP, EAA
Supplement), whose descriptions and type classification (with prefixes A for Augustan series, L
for Loeschcke series, H for Hayes series) are followed here.
In the 1st century A.D. the distribution of this ware was mainly restricted to the north and
north-west Aegean, but in its later period, extending from c. 150 A.D. into the 4th century, it
was widely exported and in a broad zone extending from the Black Sea via Crete to North
Africa it became the leading fine ware.22
The fabric consists of a hard brick-red clay, with inclusions of lime and mica with a golden
glint (biotite). The slip is a firm, red-brown colour, applied better on the inside than the
outside, which generally shows scratches from the turning. Vessels are thick-walled with heavy
feet, and have sagger marks on the floor; usually no decoration. The best pieces are hard to
distinguish from late Italian sigillata ware. The early stage (1st century A.D.) has clay and slip
of a lighter, more orange colour.
The two latter characteristics point to problems of identification in the field. Early pieces
may have been missed, though some have been tentatively assigned to this ware. On the other
hand late Italian pieces may have been lost in the mass of Çandarli ware which occurs in the
late periods.
The heyday of Çandarli ware at Knossos was in the latest Roman period on our site
(Severan), when it seems to have had a near monopoly. The trend is shown by the percentages
of this ware in relation to the other imported fine wares. No piece was securely identified for the
half century 1-50 A.D. though two possible fragments are illustrated at B2,44-5, and other
possible examples come from 'Neronian' levels (N2,13-14). Çandarli ware makes up 10% of
the Flavian fine wares, 15% of the Trajanic, 13% of the Hadrianic, 54% of the later 2nd A.D.
material, 96% of the Severan (Deposit SI, a small sample) and 47% of the material in the
upper levels.
Flavian
Apart from the two uncertain Neronian identifications, the first appearance of the ware is in
the Flavian deposits, where the hemispherical bowl (Form LI 9) occurs both in the early and
the late fabric (Fl,9; F2,21), along with the broad bowl, Form L26A/B (F2,22), and small dish
or saucer, Form L9 (F2,20).23
Trajanic
In the Trajanic deposits are found various bowl forms (LI 7, 19, 26A/B; our Tl,6-8 and T3,8a

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 159
and c), and again the saucer, F

period are noted under T3,8.
Hadrianic
No Çandarli form was found in the North House Hadrianic floor deposit (Dl); one of two
pieces deriving from the associated fill (D2,l, saucer of Form L9) may belong, but the other
(D2,2, hemispherical bowl of Form H3) should be intrusive, as is the case with three pieces from
the North House Room IV (D3,4a/b; Forms HI and 2). Only bowls of the early Forms L19
and 26 occur in the Hadrianic cistern (Deposit D4) and in the associated dump (Deposit D5),
though both the early light fabric and the later, deep plum-red fabric are noted.
Late 2nd century A.D.

The cist deposit Rl contained fragments of three late forms, the basin (HI), shallow bowl (H2)
and the hemispherical bowl (perhaps transitional L19/H3). The North House fills beneath the
Severan floors contained the same forms, with the addition of dish fragments from the shape
Form H4, the shallow dish (H2) being the most common shape. Only one possible rim
fragment of the small bowl, Form H5, was noted.
Severan and later
The same limited repertoire is found in Deposit SI (North House Room III floor deposit). The
dish, Form H4, occurs in three different sizes (one a fine example, Sl,l), along with the
fragments of the other forms (H2-4) and one fragment of Form 5.
The largest quantity of material in this ware comes from the upper levels (648 pieces). Thus
the best range of illustrations comes from these rather poorly stratified levels, U 18-2 7 at plate
191. They bear a close resemblance to the late 2nd A.D. assemblage from the Villa Dionysus
(Fi7Z)Figs. 2-3).
Pontic Sigillata (total count 34)

plates 153, 169, 171, 192, 213.
This ware has a hard pale-orange or pinkish-brown fabric with silvery mica and lime grits
sometimes breaking the surface. The slip is orange-red to dark-brown, lustrous and sometimes
metallic, unevenly applied, collecting in crevices and cracking. Decoration includes grooves,
rouletting, planta pedis stamps (without names), applied spirals and, most characteristic, plant
designs in barbotine technique.
Though current in South Russia from Augustan to Severan times, published examples from
elsewhere are so far known only from c. 50 to 150 A.D.24
The forms identified here are all bowls and shallow dishes, most with characteristic flanges at
or below the rim. Included are the dish with down-turned rim, Form K387 1 EAA III (our F2,7,
Tl,10 and U28), the hemispherical bowl, Form K393/ EAA IV (our Tl,ll and D3,2), a
hemispherical bowl with flange below the rim, Form K389 (our Tl,12) and a taller more
cylindrical bowl shape (T3,9).
Although these include three strays from early contexts (C2,47a/b; F2,7), and eight others
from comparatively late contexts (seven pieces from the Hadrianic, including D3,2; and U28),
the majority fall firmly into the Trajanic period, making up 8% of the imported fine ware then
current, and 27% of that in the best stratified deposit (Tl).25 This appears to reflect an
increased interest in and active trade with the Pontic region in the early 2nd century A.D.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
160 ROMAN POTTERY
South Gaulish Sigillata (tot

plates 153, 206, 209.
A few pieces of this ware were
bowls (9 fragments: G2,2 and
well (C2,46).
The fabric, as described for C2,2, is brown, granular with small white and brown particles
visible under magnification, and has a red-brown slip.
The contexts of our pieces are part Claudian (C2,2-3) and part Trajanic (T3,2 and 2a),
with one surface find (subsumed with the others in the catalogue at T3,2b).
These pieces do indicate trade contacts with the west, but the rarity of this ware here is
perhaps not surprising. It conforms to that found at Berenice and commented on by Kenrick,26
who notes that the ware is better represented further east (at Antioch).
Knidian Relief Ware (total count 5)

plates 186, 192, 213, 219.
Other Imports (total count 21)
plates 130, 139, 169, 175.
A few fragments have been identified as Knidian relief ware by Hayes. The fabric is hard-fired,
granular red to brown, with thin uneven slip of the same colour, with dull metallic surface. The
ware comprises mould-made pieces decorated in relief and related in technique to lamps.27 It is
dated mainly in the 2nd century A.D., and has a wide distribution throughout the
Mediterranean and occasionally beyond (eg. to the Danube and to Britain).
Included here are fragments of bowls decorated with vine motif (C2,56a?, R298, R2,4), of a
similarly decorated lagynos (U31), a jug (U32) and a vertically grooved patera (U33), the
latter type evidently imitated locally (U34).
None comes from the best stratified contexts, but all seem to belong in the late 2nd century
A.D., except C2956a, which (unless intrusive) should belong to the mid 1st century A.D.
Another Knidian type is found in a series of hard-fired carinated bowls with twisted handles,
formerly thought to be Koan.28 These have a dark red-brown to grey clay, pure and hard-
fired, with metallic brown slip darker on the inside, and only partly covering the outside, which
often shows splashes or drips on the lower half. Twenty one examples were found in contexts
ranging from Augustan (A2,34) and Tiberian (Bl,19) to Trajanic (Tl,13), by which time the
form has taken on a more vertical rim grooved on the outside, and Hadrianic (D4,15).
A related type of carinated cup or bowl with different handle (only partly preserved), a
deeper shape with lip of triangular section, occurs in a Tiberian context (B2,47), and others in
the Hadrianic (see under D4,15).
One small dish, perhaps imitating Italian sigillata, seems also to be of this ware (Tl,14).
A related class of Knidian import may well be the thin-walled bowls with dimples of which
good examples come in the Claudian deposit (Cl,81-2).20 Another form also from Knidos is
the ribbed jug of the later 2nd century A.D., Rl,3.
North African Red-slip Ware (total count 219)

plates 186, 190, 219.
One fragment of this ware, from a lid of Form LRP 196A (R2,19) was found stratified beneath

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 161
the North House latest floor, a

ware does not play a significant
well stratified early groups - N
not catalogued) - all the mater
pottery and coins of the late
imported fine wares.
The fragments found here (U
orange slip described by Hayes.30
by him, are attributed to LRP
illustrated at plates 190 and 21
century A.D. (Ul) to the later
Late Roman 'C Ware (Phocaean) (total count 3)

plate 190 nos. 16-17.
Three fragments are assigned to this ware, a hard-fired red ware with fine red-slip
the body clay, and dated from the 5th to the 7th centuries A.D.3 1 Our fragments (U
identified as LRP Forms 1 and 2.32 Both come from the upper levels, and do little m
indicate some activity in this general area at this late date, a period better known in
of Knossos to the north.33
Other Sigillata Wares

plates 130, 154, 167, 187, 201.
Inevitably there are pieces of uncertain origin, by reason either of fabric or shape, and some of
these are discussed in the following section, in combination with the local colour-coated ware.
A few pieces, however, were identified by Hayes as Athenian sigillata, and these include
fragments of a relief bowl (A2,25 and Bl,4) and of a small plate with curved wall and offset
rim, rouletted and stamped 'ASELLF (A2,29 = Y6). Also found were the fragments of a
shallow bowl or dish with grooves and rouletting (C2,57) and a dish with overhanging rim as E
SigBFormôO (C2,58).
Other items for which no identification has been suggested include the Flavian bowls
F2,23-4 and stamped dish F2,25, and the Severan dish Sl,3.
Local Colour-coated Ware (total count 1,192)

plates 125, 130-1, 136, 139, 145, 154, 157, 160-1, 163, 172-3, 175, 183, 185, 200, 204.
A considerable proportion of the whole volume of slipped fine ware found consists of generally
soft-fired vessels of local buff to cream clay with a colour wash ranging from dark-red, maroon
and red-brown all the way to orange- or yellow-brown. The quantity found in 1st century A.D.
contexts was significantly higher than that from 2nd A.D. contexts, at c. 35% as against c. 13%
of the total slipped wares (see fig. 2).34
This ware served as a supplement to the higher quality imported wares, providing in
particular a series of small jugs, a form not produced by the foreign sigillata wares.35
The most common closed shape, the baggy jug with flaring rim and small vertical lip, is
represented in most deposits, and remains fairly constant in form throughout our period.
Starting perhaps from the finely made Augustan wine-jug, which has trefoil lip and appliqués

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
162 ROMAN POTTERY
inside the lip in the Hellenistic tr

Claudian (01,61), Neronian (N2,
D4,20) and late 2nd A.D. period
and more ovoid (D4,10, R1,U)
have a low ring foot. Early examp
useful chronological criterion. A
at 01,64-6 (seven examples).
There is a great variety of open
the presence of a fair amount of
the Hellenistic tradition. On the
shapes,37 - a tendency which con
practically all the imported war
provided the models are offered
In 1st century A.D. contexts imi
Sig A,38 E Sig B,39 Italian sigill
sigillata.42 In the 2nd century A.
relief ware.44 Among pieces of un
one Hadrianic (Dl,5) and one l
carinated bowl of Hadrianic date
rather than rouletted? (D2,3), an
undecorated (R2,10).
The Knossian potters, restrict
manufacture as well as by their c
trends, copying imported types,
less articulated forms. Potters'
group does not amount to a Kn
intended to rival the fine quality
Local wares with painted dec

plates 125, 132, 137, 146-7, 157, 17
In the Augustan period, follow
practice to give painted decoratio
bands, as the lagynos Al, 10, or
A2,66-7; most frequent are bowls
as the deep lekane Al, 11 and num
others).
These features continue to be found during the 1st half of the 1st century A.D.: there is a
Tiberian lekane (Bl,22) and lid (Bl,28);45 bowls, jars, jugs, lid, 'thymiateria' (alternatively
interpreted as domed lids)46 and pyxis from the Claudian deposits (01,52-75; 02,64, with
fragments of 13 others); a Neronian jar (Nl,17) and again contemporary 'thymiateria' (see
catalogue entry after N2,32).
This type of decoration ceased to occur by the late 1st century A.D., and the only occurrence
in the 2nd century is a part painted pyxis (D3,15), perhaps residual, though the existence of
parallels in a later 1st A.D. tomb at Knossos has been drawn to my attention (see catalogue
entry for D3,15).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 163
AUGUSTAN TIBERIAN CLAUDIAN NERONIAN
/ ^ e. r ' / r * * ' / v <& '
v/ ' / v^^ / V / v
(Local 36%) (Local 46%) (Local 36%) (Local 35%)
FLAVIAN TRAJANIC HADRIANIC Later 2nd A.D.
r%yA i^f*A t<tv'

N|C .
' ' / 's ^ / ' 4 / ' ' /
(Local 19%) (Local 23%) (Local c.13%) (Local 13%)

SEVERAN Upper Levels KNOSSOS UM (all) (BERENICE)
At #' a ] ¿X Al
(Local 0%) (Local c.10%)
fig. 2 Roman fine wares, frequency charts.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
164 ROMAN POTTERY
Summary
In summary, the imported fine
periods here investigated. Du
A.D.( + ), these wares also show
any one is represented, whic
therefore in the pattern and di
These patterns may be best ind
ware can be related to that of t
each often successive periods: o
the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D.,
the Eastern Sigillata A ware (S
taken over by the Italian sigi
represented during the whole 1
Eastern Sigillata B (Asia Minor)
in favour until about the mid
and maintains the first place fo
appearance of Pontic sigillata in
and the introduction of North A
third century, a far finer prod
Finally, for easy reference a su
list compares well (except in re
figures are appended for com
comparison between the two s
Gaulish and Pontic sigillata w
imported fine ware, the North
factor of ten) as is to be expec
Çandarli ware and Cypriot sigil
of ten, for the first two). O
Mediterranean trade was very m
particularly during the early
greater importance of the North
bias in that direction.
Freauencv of imported fine wares

M. W
No. of sherds
Date
Ware Origin recorded (Berenice)
Italian sig. c. 1-125 A.D. Arezzo, Pozzuoli 726(18%) (1,935)18%
and elsewhere
South Gaulish c. 50-100 A.D. South France 10 (12)
E Sig A c. 75 B.C. - 100 A.D. Syria 578(15%) (1,494)14%
E SigB c. 15-150 A.D. Tralles? 1,353(34%) (354)3%
Çandarli c. 74-250 A.D. Çandarli 959(24%) (257)2%
Cypriot sig. c. 50 B.C. - 150 A.D. Cyprus 62(2%) (44)
Pontic sig. c. 50-100 A.D. Black Sea 34(1%) (133)1%
Knidian relief ware c. 1-200 A.D. Knidos 5 (31)
Other Knidian Knidos 21
N. African RS c. 80-400 A.D. Tunisia 218(5%) (6,186)56%
Late Roman C Phocaean? 3 (557)5%
TOTAL 3,969 (11,003)

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 165
THE COARSE WARES
Two special categories are included here. First are the thin-walled wares, which a
profusion of fabrics and shapes in the 1st century A.D., later to be reduce
repertoire of more standardised forms in the 2nd century and thereafter; a part
group, the North Italian grey ware has been extracted from the various deposits
pieces, exceptionally, the catalogue is included here. The second category is th
ware and related fabrics which comprise a range of cooking dishes in coarse fabr
interiors.
Apart from these and a very few other exceptional pieces, there are five basic shapes made for
kitchen use in the hard-fired coarse fabrics which are intended to withstand direct contact with
fire in cooking. These are the casserole, the cooking pot, lids intended mostly perhaps for the
casseroles, unslipped cooking dishes and frying pans, and finally jugs, mostly with trefoil lip.
In this section these five categories are discussed individually, statistics are given, and where
the evidence seems to warrant special attention to typological development, a selective
recapitulation taken from the full illustrative material of the Plates Volume is given at a smaller
scale. A sixth category covers miscellaneous shapes which have been catalogued as 'coarse
ware': bowls, platter, cookpot kernos, dolium, micaceous amphorae and brazier stand.
Thin-walled coarse wares (total count 345)48

plates 130, 147, 154, 157, 161, 163-5, 169, 172, 176, 184, 193, 201, 205-6, 208, 210-2, 219.
Thin- walled wares of the 1st century A.D. are found in a challenging variety of fabrics and
shapes, deriving no doubt from many regional centres of production in Italy and elsewhere.
The 2nd century A.D. forms are fewer and more standardised.
One outstanding 1st century class, the North Italian Grey Ware, is treated separately here
and is thought to be a mid- or third quarter 1st century A.D. product, deriving from a
workshop near Ravenna.49 Our fragments first occur in Neronian contexts, which account for
54% of all those found. For the purposes of the catalogue the distinguishing prefix assigned to
this group is 'IG'.
Knidos has been suggested as the source of a second specific class of one-handled cups or
bowls with rough-cast surface. Some have a simple rather rectangular profile, as the Claudian
example Cl,78 (follwed by the Neronian Nl,20 and 21), but the most distinctive shape is the
small bowl with indentations or dimples, also found in a Claudian context (Cl,81-2), with a
related 2nd A.D. form at D4,16.50 One-handled cups of near cylindrical form and in a similar
fabric probably come from the same source (see catalogue entries for Cl,78 and Nl,21).
Other known centres of production include Sutri,51 Syracuse52 and Spain.53 In view of the
warnings of Kenrick and others of the dangers of attempting any classification in our present
state of knowledge, it seems best to be content with a brief summary of the finds made in these
excavations and to hope that the descriptions given are sufficient and that the stratigraphie
contribution may be useful.
The Augustan deposits have a series of small beakers, bowls, juglets, one ACO cup and a
small sieve (A2,33-45). Fragments of the Italian beaker type, A2,37, also occurred in Deposit
Al, along with a local imitation (Al, 12).
The Claudian deposits have a series of small cups, bowls and juglets (Cl,76-85; C2,65-7) of
which some may derive from Knidos, as suggested above; others, like the decorated pieces
C2,66-7, look forward to the types produced at Ravenna (our group IG). These first appear in

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
166 ROMAN POTTERY
the Neronian deposits (Nl, 18-19;

cast one-handled cups or bowls
small hemispherical bowls and
The Flavian deposits contain a
numerous examples of a type of j
of a standard 2nd A.D. form. T
catalogued; T4,3), but in the Hadr
developed a higher base, rim
D4,19a-d; found with the older
later 2nd century A.D., and the
Other forms found in our late
which is also found with thicke
decoration (Sl,8; U54-7).
North Italian Thin-walled Gre

plates 164-5, 206, 208, 210-11.
By exception this group has been collected together from different stratigraphical contexts,
dating from the mid 1st century A.D. on. There is an interesting variety of forms, represented
poorly in the better stratified deposits, but worth bringing together as a group. Precursors in
the earlier 1st A.D. deposits are as follows: nos. A2,36-45, Cl,76-82 and C2,65-67. These are
basically in brown ware, though they exhibit a wider range of colour variation, and only C2,67
has the hard grey fabric of this group, as described below. The commonest form, IG 1-4, is
found in widely varied contexts, which are listed in the catalogue under IG 4, but the earliest
occurrence in a secure context comes in the Deposit Nl. Parallels to some of the other shapes
are found in a different fabric in the Augustan pit at Sabathra (see under IG 17, 21, 22).
Chronology
From the total count of 123 fragments, 66 derive from contexts datable to 50-80 A.D., 49 are
from later contexts but may be considered residual, and only 4 seem to be from earlier contexts
(i.e. mid 1st A.D.).53a None occur in the large and well stratified mid 1st A.D. Deposit Cl. The
marginally later groups do contain this ware: Deposit NI (nos. NI, 18-19), and N2 (see under
N2,17). Parallel hemispherical bowls from Knossos were found at the Royal Road (North), the
Road Trials (1960) (see Hayes BSA 1966, 270 no. 17), and in an Acropolis tile grave (see
Catling BSA 1976, 101-2 no. V338). These are all given suggested dates of the mid-lst century
A.D. (or 'Claudian'). The evidence from the Unexplored Mansion, suggests a slightly later
date, Neronian rather than Claudian. This dating seems confirmed by the analysis and
typology of Maioli whose types 34-5, in her fabric C, closely resemble our commonest type (IG
1-4), and are most popular from Neronian times to the end of the 1st century A.D.53
Catalogue
The fabric of this ware is a fine dark grey clay, with a lustrous black slip, inside and out. In
some areas where the slip is worn the surface tends to show a duller yellowish grey colour. Drip
marks occur where the slip has run thicker down the lower body; in some cases there are finger
marks at or above the foot, where the potter held the bowl while dipping. The vessels are thin-

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 167
walled, sometimes egg-shell thi

rouletted decoration.
IG1 Bowl, D. 10.6. About two thirds. Lustrous black slip except where worn. Rouletting on lower body.
Appliqué decoration of striated blobs on upper body. Horizontal scratches from turning on the wheel. Cf
Cosa Form XLII (cup, mid 1st A.D.), and from Knossos Hayes BSA 66 270, no. 17, and Catling BSA 76 1981
101-2, no. V338; suggested date Claudian. XIII 15A, and XIV 5. Maioli, Type 34.
IG2 Bowl rim fr, D. 1 1 .2. As no. 1 , but this example has larger appliqué blobs, which show more clearly how the
were smoothed onto the wall surface with a small four-pronged instrument, presumably a fork. Singl
groove at the lip. XI 3.
IG3 Bowl base fr, D. 4. As no. 1, but a more rounded profile. Rouletting in four tiers. Vili 6B and IX 18 (cist
IG4 Bowl rim fr, D. 11.8. As nos. 1-2, but a shallower form with sharper carination and incurving wall. No
surviving trace of rouletting. Deposit Nl, Neronian; see Nl, 18.
Frs. of about ten others of this type, D. 10-14. (Included are 20 rim frs. from about ten bowls, 50% with
good metallic black slip, 50% worn grey; 30 body sherds, most with rouletting, most black; and 13 base frs
from at least 9 bowls). Contexts: mid 1st A.D.: IX 18 (cist), XIV 7 ( x 2), 8; Neronian/Flavian I(N) 12, 1(S
15, II 7, VII 15, VII baulk #478, VIII 7 Pit 4, IX 5, X 7, XIII 5, 7, 15B, XIV 5, 6; Trajanic X/XI baulk 2,
3, XI 2 Pit 2, 7, 9; later (residual in Hadrianic - Severan): V 3, V wall b, IX 3, 5, XII 2, 3, Well 12, XIV 1,
2, XV 4, 9.
IG5 Bowl rim fr, D. 13. Similar form, with appliqué decoration of "half moons". Cf. Vegas Form 34, 8 (undated).
The interior has a sparse "rough cast" surface.
IG6 Bowl as no. 5, lower body fr, D(max). 13.7.
IG7 Carinated bowl, rim and body frs, not joining. D (max). 9.6. Rouletting in three tiers above carination, plain
below. Groove below rim and rouletting on both frs. I(N)12 (Neronian) and VIII 7 (Flavian).
IG8-9 Bowls with barbotine decoration. Rim fr, D. 10. Floral motif of linked circles or wreaths. Body fr. of
second, similar bowl, D(max). 10. I(N)12 and X 7 (both mid-late 1st A.D.).
IG 10 Carinated bowl with barbotine decoration, rim and body fr. D. 8.4. Two grooves below rim, one abov
carination. Floral motif in cross form on upper body. X/XI 3 (late lst-early 2nd A.D.).
IG1 1 Bowl with barbotine decoration, rim fr, D. 1 1 . Form and decoration similar to no. 10. Less regular barboti
blobs. XIII(N) Pit 1 (later 1st A.D.) Illustrated at N3, 4.
IG 12 Bowl with barbotine decoration, three frs, rim to lower body. D. 10. Running floral motif below rim. Ill 1
(mixed, to mid 2nd A.D.).
IG 13 Bowl with rouletting and barbotine decoration, D (max). 9. Rim restored from a second fr. with very simila
decoration, but probably not from the same bowl. Start of handle. V 3 (2nd A.D.) and VII 16 (mid-late 1st
A.D.).
IG 14 Carinated bowl with barbotine decoration, D. 9.6. Two frs, not joining, rim to lower body. Start of handle
Running floral motif, heavily applied. Three horizontal ridges below. X 7 (mid-late 1st A.D.) and Deposit
Nl.
IG 15 Carinated bowl with barbotine decoration, D. 10. Rim and body frs, not joining. Grooves above and bel
running floral motif, carelessly applied. Upper and lower breaks for two handles. XIV 2 and XII 2 (bot
late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.).
IG 16 Bowl with barbotine decoration, rim fr, D. 9.6. Rounded form with small everted lip. Simple floral motif
Unstratified.
IG 17 Bowl, rim fr, D. 10. Form as no. 16. Small everted lip; two grooves with rouletting below. Unstratified. For
shape cf. the Augustan example Sabratha Pit 2 no. 50
Also found: frs. of about ten other similar bowls, with straight lip (high rim and low rim) or with small
thickened lip. One to three grooves below lip. A variety of barbotine floral decoration, each different in
detail. Most are probably bowls; none show handle breaks, and only one separate handle was recognised.
(Two in Neronian/Flavian contexts, four in redeposited 1st A.D. material, three in later contexts).
IG 18 Bowl rim fr, D. 10. Lip slightly everted. Two grooves beneath rim with concentric arcs below.
Comparatively thick walled. Unstratified.
For a similar bowl (rim fr, D. 11.2. Very thin walled and with fine facetting beneath rim) see C2, 67.
IG19 Beaker, body and base fr, rim fr. not joining. D(max). 8.5. Careful rouletting in six tiers on lower body;
horizontal grooves above. Form similar to ACO beakers (cf. A2,44); and cf. Vegas Form 25. X/XI 3 and XI
5 (late 1st and 2nd A.D. mixed).
IG20 Beaker rim fr, D. 7.5. Incurving lip set off by grooves. Body has decoration of small horizontal grooves. (Also
on two lower body frs, not joining). XI 3. (Severan).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
168 ROMAN POTTERY
IG21 Goblet(?) base fr, D. 3.8. Flat bott

#2484 (Neronian-Flavian). For shape
IG22 Beaker(?) base fr, D. 6. Small ring
carination. XIV 9 early-mid 1st A.D. f
XXXIII.
IG23 Beaker rim fr, D. 10. Straight lip; rouletted thorn pattern. Provenience uncertain.
IG24 Large beaker (?) rim fr, D. 14. Straight lip marked off by slight ridge. Rouletted th
(Mid-late 1st century A.D.)
IG25 Carinated cup, rim and handle fr, D. 15. Thorn pattern in handle zone. Grooved hand
with thumb print. X 2 Pit 1 (Hadrianic).
IG26 Bowl with high lip, rim fr, D. 10.3. Rim set off by groove. Thorn pattern below. X 2
Pompeian-red Ware and similar (total count 35)

plates 140 no. 78; 157 no. 23; 168 no. 34; 174 no. 10; 178 no. 37; 186 no. 17; 188 n
69-72; fig. 3.
This ware is characterised by a hard granular fabric, with a thick red or red-br
inside and over the rim, and comprises a series of flat-based cooking dishes
floor. Though its name derives simply from the dark red colour of the slip, it is
primary source may in fact be Campania, with perhaps regional branch fa
areas.54 The distribution is wide, ranging from Antioch to Gaul and Britai
fabric analyses necessary to differentiate such regional workshops have b
Peacock,55 whose most common, Italian, fabric (Fabric 1) was characterised by r
clay with inclusions of black volcanic sand, white particles and a little golde
This description applies to some of our 1st A.D. and later examples, though in m
slip is especially packed with fine micaceous particles. In general, too, the mate
excavation is very fragmentary.
Our fragments are scattered through deposits of all periods. Those that c
century A.D. contexts (A2,84; B2,78; Nl,23; F2,34) and two later ones
survivals (D4, 37; U68) have a short, thickened or rolled rim, as on 1s
examples.56 Many of the 2nd century A.D. examples have a broader flat r
R2,17; Sl,ll), with horizontal ribbing becoming more pronounced on the l
these also tend to have a thinner, less glossy, brown slip, and perhaps fall r
VilD dish Type 2, considered local. Some appear transitional between the tw
thickened rim, horizontal or slightly oblique at the lip (U70-2; T4,l).
A related ware is represented by a baking lid or "tegame" in Italian fabri
from the Neronian floor deposit (Nl,24).
THE CASSEROLE (estimated number 153)

plates 126, 134, 148, 154, 158, 161, 168, 174, 176, 184-5, 188, 194, 200, 216, 218;
This shape is found in almost every deposit, apparently in about half the numb
capacious cooking pots.57 The common early form is shallow with carinate
base, everted rim with flange and small horizontal handles attached tightly ben
but a much deeper version also appears (e.g. A2,79, the deep form, contrasting
form A2,78 and Al, 15-16). The early fabric is a hard-fired, gritty, red or pink
fired grey at the core, often with inside surface red, outside grey. Vert

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 169
L...
i, _. -i «*^w =j i ô j
'Zir_r_::
^^.
fig. 3 Pomp
Flavian (F2,
upper levels
occasionally
the 2nd cen
coils of clay
progressive
Augustan pe
A.D. onwar
centuries (
finally an o
standard ea
Secondly, a
this, as for
(two) in th
cistern fill
contempora
2nd centur
spotty dist
products to

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
170 ROMAN POTTERY
fig. 4 Coarse ware cassoroles. 1-2 Au

5 later 2nd A.D. (Rl,4), 6 upper leve
captured an increasing share of the

under the cooking pot type).
The Globular Cooking Pot (est

plates 126, 133, 137, 140, 148, 154, 1
216, 218; fig. 5.
This is the commonest type of coo

and with varying shapes, sizes an
slightly concave everted rim (VilD
out and lowering of the angle of t
casserole shape: nos. 1-3 are 1st c
should be emphasised that the newl
ones. Some of these continue to co-
for residual pieces. For instance t
most popular form in the Hadria
A second type with high concave
(unless all the examples in later c
(Augustan) and 6a (Hadrianic).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 171
^TH f
^ -_
V ^L^4a J
^L^4a 0 ^ - i - y ñ gg== '
fig. 5 Roman Cook

(B2.71; C2,72); 4,4a
& Neronian (D3.13

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
172 ROMAN POTTERY
A distinctive type (Tl,19, as V

common in the early/mid 2nd c
5 no. 5.
Other forms have pronounced flanges, internal (fig. 5 no. la, Augustan; 8a Severan?), or
external (fig. 5 no. 2a, Augustan); high collar rims with ring handles (fig. 5 no. 4a, Neronian;
7a, late 2nd A.D.); short stubby rim forms, everted as Bl,27 (Tiberian) and T2,9 (Trajanic), or
upright as C2,72 (Claudian), fig. 5 no. 3a. Two other types are common: one has everted rim
with overhang as D4,34 (Hadrianic), the other an upright rim with flattened lip hooked
inwards (fig. 5 no. 6a, Neronian; 5a Hadrianic); this latter form is found in contexts ranging
from Claudian (Cl,105) to Hadrianic (D4,29).
A variety of other rim forms which are illustrated includes some from an early 1st century
A.D. group (Tiberian), B2,73-7 at plate 140, others from an early 2nd A.D. group (Hadrianic
cistern fill), D4,30 at plate 177, and others perhaps 3rd A.D. (upper levels), U75-6 and 7859
at plate 194.
Also to be mentioned are the smaller versions of cookpot, common to the 1st
centuries A.D., often with one handle (as Al,13; Cl,101; C2,70; Tl,18; T2,8) and fo
reason treated here under the heading of coarse ware jug (below); and the small ri
( VilD Type 4, our Sl,4 and 5) which is introduced at this site in the later 2nd century
relates to the thin-walled type, but is in effect a small cookpot.
Horizontal ribbing is a feature which becomes noticable on early 2nd A.D. vess
Tl, 18-19, Trajanic; Dl,9; D3,ll and 13, Hadrianic),60 but is only pronounced on tho
later 2nd century A.D. and thereafter (cf. Rl,3 and 7-8; R2,13; Sl,4-6 and 9; U73-
Until a specialised study has been made of the fabric of these cooking wares, it must s
say that the red to brown fabrics (often partially fired or burnt to grey) common to 1s
A.D. products continue in a majority role in the 2nd century A.D. A newly introd
distinctive pink fabric with blue-grey surface, first found at this site in the trefoil jug
in the 3rd quarter of the 1st century and also noted for the late 1st A.D. casserole shap
found in a number of cooking pots from the Flavian/Trajanic periods on. Since it was
of as a chronological criterion, basically a 2nd A.D. fabric, it is sometimes referred to
2nd A.D. fabric' in the catalogue, where proportions are noted and discussed for each d
In summary, six examples are noted from Flavian contexts61 and three from the
deposits Tl-3,62 but this fabric comprises 50% of the other (scattered and less well stra
Trajanic material (T4). In the Hadrianic it is sporadic: two of three thin-walled j
Deposit Dl (Dl,7 and 9), about 50% of the material in Deposits D2 and D5, but rar
cistern deposit (D4; see nos. 19, 21, 23). In the later 2nd century A.D. and Severan
and in the material of the upper levels this fabric is the preponderant (but not only) o
It seems likely, as suggested by Hayes,64 that these wares are primarily imported, an
known that the Aegean had a specialised trade in such wares from much earlier period
some of the coarse brown, sandier fabrics may be local is suggested by Hayes, and
supported by the occurrence of kiln wasters among the Neronian cooking ware (see cat
note preceding Nl,31).
Coarse Ware Lids (estimated number 147)

plates 126, 134, 140, 148, 158, 161, 176, 184, 188, 193, 205, 207.
Lids occur in almost every deposit, and are made in a coarse gritty fabric, usually of r
or grey colour. Many are rather clumsily made with crude cylindrical knob havin

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 173
concave depression beneath (e

depression above (Al, 14; B2,69;
(Cl,93).
One late example (U63) has hor
Though diameters vary widely f
fits the presumption that these w
at plate 126 - Al,14; plate 134 - A2,77; plate 158 - Nl,28; plate 176 - D4,25-6). The
rough coincidence in the numbers in which these shapes occur (153 casseroles, 147 lids)
perhaps supports this hypothesis.65
However lids were surely also used for cookpots. Two examples with a rather different
profile, having straight cylindrical rim, are illustrated at plate 158 (Nl,29 over cookpot
Nl,31) and plate 184 (Sl,8 over cookpot Sl,6). The largest lids, at diameter 40, may well have
been intended for the flat cooking dish.
The Cooking Dish and Frying Pan (estimated number 78 and 88)
plates 134, 137, 140, 148, 157, 161, 168, 174, 178, 186, 193, 205, 207, 218, 220.
Cooking dishes occur in almost every deposit, and are made of hard-fired granular fabric of
brown or grey colour. It is assumed that they are in general imported as a specialised product,
though some are perhaps local imitations.66
The principal type of cooking dish in the 1st and early 2nd centuries A.D. is flat floored with
low sloping wall, straight lip or slightly thickened and rounded lip and with pie-crust handle
attached to the rim. Good examples are the Claudian and Neronian dishes (Cl,94; Nl,25 and
N2,24), the former thinner walled with slightly rounded base, the latter two closer to the
standard frying pan profile. The same type is found also in the Hadrianic cistern fill (D4,35).
A small dish with curving wall and grooved rim, no handle preserved, is found in early
contexts (A2,80; B2,79).67
Exceptional is the deep dish with carination and high tubular handle attached to the rim
(F2,33b).68 This type of handle is standard on the flat frying pan shape, more often occurring
with screw form.
The frying pan with flat floor, sloping wall and thickened rim with tubular screw handle is
best exemplified by the Severan pan SI, 10. Earlier examples occurred but are not well
preserved: one fragment comes from a Tiberian context (Bl,24), others from Claudian,69
Neronian,70 Flavian (F2,33a), Trajanic,71 and Hadrianic72 contexts.
In the late 2nd century A.D. the practice of giving the wall horizontal ribbing becomes
apparent (R2,18). Pronounced ribbing is found on some late examples (U67-8), but not all (cf.
U64). Potters' signatures on the underside are found on three examples (SI, 10; U68, U68a).
A separate type of dish with sloping wall, flat rim without handle ( VilD Type 2) is also found.
Some examples are slipped, and so considered with the Pompeian-red ware, but not all (eg.
U65). A variant with high angled rim is D4,36.
Trefoil and other jugs (estimated total 70 and 8)

plates 126, 133, 148, 154, 170, 172, 215.
Five examples of the trefoil mouthed jug occur in the early to mid 1st century A.D., one from an
Augustan context (A2,76) and four Claudian (Cl,89). These have plain unribbed walls, and
the one fully preserved example has a flat base, slightly concave beneath (exactly as the thin-

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
174 ROMAN POTTERY
walled juglet type, cf. Cl,87). The

of the same colour.
Fragments of four trefoil jugs from a Neronian context, however, (Nl,35) bring the first
appearance of the distinctive hard salmon-pink fabric fired blue-grey at the surface, which
becomes a common coarse ware fabric in the 2nd century A.D. Unless somehow intrusive in
this deposit (fragments only are preserved) this seems to push back the introduction of this
specialist ware to Knossos into the third quarter of the 1st century A.D. (see fuller discussion
under cookpots).
The common 2nd century A.D. (and later) form has horizontal ribbing and hollow base with
button beneath. Fragments of some sixty were found. The best example, in the hard pink fabric
with grey surface, comes from the Hadrianic floor deposit (Dl,9) and compares well with the
Villa Dionysus examples (VilD 76, 77). 73 Others are divided between this distinctive imported
fabric and a perhaps local red or sandy brown fabric.74
Other coarse ware juglets are found, some in effect being small one-handled cookpots (as
Al,13), others closer to the common thin-walled type (C151O1, with which compare Cl,87-8;
C2,20; Tl,18; T2,8).
One fragment of a jug with ribbed vertical rim comes from a Tiberian context (B2,80).
Miscellaneous Coarse Ware (total 11)

plates 148-9, 157, 188, 220.
Several other coarse ware forms were found and are listed here.
Small two-handled bowls with everted rim and flat base as Nl,39 (in plain ware) come from
1st A.D. contexts; three examples are Augustan (A2,83), one Flavian (Fl,18) and a fifth
Trajanic (see catalogue entry following Tl,19).
A rim fragment, perhaps of a cookpot kernos, with small offering or measuring bowls
attached to the rim, and a dolium fragment (Vegas Form 49) come from the Claudian
destruction deposit (Gl, 106-7).
The micaceous ribbed amphora, known from the Athenian Agora (J47) occurs in four
fragmentary examples from late 2nd/early 3rd century contexts (Rl,9; R2,21, two; Sl,9, the
latter illustrated at plate 220) .
A possible brazier fragment, consisting of a simple cylindrical wall fragment, large, burnt
and warped, comes from a late 2nd A.D. context (R2,20; not illustrated).
THE PLAIN WARES
The plain wares not only comprise the greater part of the total ceramic materi
bulk, since a high proportion of larger vessels such as amphorae and utility
storage jars is included, but also contain a great variety of smaller forms.
Those examples which occur in well stratified contexts have been catalogued a
in line drawings. For other contexts new types and well-preserved examples ha
similarly, but the bulk of the material has either been briefly catalogued and r
stratified examples, or simply listed with an estimate of the number of vessels
The fabric is for the most part the local, rather soft-fired orange-buff to crea
often listed in the catalogue as 'cream ware' (following Hayes' description
Dionysus). Where a fabric is thought to be of foreign origin this is noted,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 175
drawn, particularly in the case of

for further study backed by cla
Here a brief resume of the mate
vessel types, giving reference to
The first group consists of mai
lids, plates or platters, the stand
straight-sided utility bowl or ba
Cups (estimated number 32) occ
century A.D., and appear to follo
everted rim.75 Twenty- two c
from Claudian contexts and f
plate 168) but is perhaps now
Censers or 'thymiateria' (estim
179, 183, 195.
The small censer (or pedestal c
above with the part-painted war
stripes on the rim and in the i
included with the plain ware.
Flavian contexts.77
A larger type with incised and pie-crust decoration and large hollow pedestal base is found in
the early 2nd century A.D. (see D5,l-2), with fragments of perhaps five of the smaller type.78
These are paralleled at the Villa Dionysus79 and in the Western Mediterranean.80
Lids (estimated number 54) are found in all contexts, and parallel the coarse ware typ
discussed above (plates 134, 137, 149, 162, 170, 179, 195). In the 1st century A.D. some ar
almost flat with low knob (A2,85), others have a higher profile (Bl,29), occasionally one is
ridged (Cl,109a) and rarely one is provided with a carefully made disc knob (N2,32). Late i
the century a silver-white slip is found, perhaps in imitation of metal or glass ware (Fl, 19), -
surface treatment also observed on jugs (to which Fl,19 may then have belonged), flasks an
bottles. A domed form also appears in the later 1st and the 2nd century (N2,41, Tl,20, D4,41?,
U95-6),81 alongside others of the familiar type (N2,30-32; D4,39; U94 and 94a).
The plate or platter and other broad open shapes are shown at plates 155, 179, 188, 194,
212D.
Three examples occur of a large flat platter of diameter 35-40cms. One of Claudian date is a
simple disc of diameter 35cms. with low oblique side-wall (C2,77). Another, of Severan date
(SI, 17), has higher wall with incurving rim, an external groove and internal ridge at the
junction of wall and floor, and perhaps imitates a sigillata dish, such as the Çandarli ware dish
Sl,l or the E Sig B ware example D6,4.
A similar and probably contemporary example from the upper levels has thick curving wall
with facetted (knife-pared) exterior (U80). This shape is paralleled at the Villa Dionysus (VilD
no. 167).
A larger, flat vessel of Hadrianic date with higher oblique side wall, diameter 72.5, may best
be described as a trough.
An oddity is the moulded open vessel A2,110, with satyr and vine in relief, evidently a local
imitation of a finer quality imported type.
The stand (estimated number 6) is illustrated at plates 155 and 162. A tall hollow stem of
Claudian date, C2,74, appears to be the base of a stand; other fragments of a similar nature are
Neronian (N2,39) and Flavian (F2 uncatalogued).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
176 ROMAN POTTERY
The pyxis fragments Cl,110

Claudian context would appear
part-painted example in a Ha
(D3,15 qv.) and apparently of
A small strainer (plate 134) i
elsewhere, except in coarse w
One fragment from the late
groove, was identified by Hay
The most common plain wa
(estimated number 324), plate
195, 201, 218, 221. It was also
identified as standard kitchen e
almost every deposit from Au
useful chronological criterion. T
flat or slightly raised rim, eith
with incised wavy lines (A2,9
occasionally on the floor, as
impressions (Bl,30; Cl,112) or
handles, the higher angle of the
the rim (as SI, 19) going with a
edge to the rim (U82), perhap
Small bowls and similar vesse
various shapes, some hemisph
or tall conical like flower pot
decoration (U93).82
The second general category in
not only for storage and workin
These include the dolium, pitho
and the beehive kalathos.
Storage jars (estimated number 64) are shown at plates 137, 140, 149, 155, 186, 188, 195-6.
Several large rim fragments are identified as belonging to a large storage jar or dolium with
narrowing mouth and everted rim, from Tiberian (Bl,27; B2,88-9), Claudian (Cl,115, C2,76)
and Severan contexts (SI, 16); One with rolled rim is Claudian (Cl,107). Other storage vessels
are the large pithoid jars with straight neck from Claudian (Cl,123; C2,78-9), Neronian (Nl
not catalogued), Flavian (F2,36g), Hadrianic (D5, type 2, many with pie-crust at rim), late
2nd A.D. (R2,23) and later contexts (U102-4, with incised decoration). A unique form of
wide-bodied, carinated storage jar was found on the floor of the House of Diamond Frescoes,
Room I (U105; Vegas type 48).
Tubs and buckets (estimated number 9) are shown at plates 155, 184 and 195. Tubs or
buckets, as VilD 1 74-6, straight-sided and with side handles are found in Hadrianic (D2, type
7), later 2nd A.D. (Rl,12) and Severan or later contexts (SI, not illustrated; U101, four
examples), with one possible earlier example in a Claudian context (C2,75). One with internal
lip was found in the latest levels (U98), and may be associated with the Villa Dionysus 'non-
spill' type (VilD 173, fig. 14).
Two perfume jars (or stoppers?) of the imported type found at the Villa Dionysus (VilD
110-1, nos. 168-70, fig. 14) were found in a Hadrianic context (D5, type 2; not illustrated).
Beehive kalathoi with extension rings and lids also occur83 (estimated number 12), plates

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 177
134 and 221. Fragments of

(A2,96), Tiberian (B2, not c
(N2,37), Flavian (F2, not cat
(U100).84
The third category includes po
for liquids: jugs, flasks, bottles
The jug or pitcher (estimated
184 and 196. Jugs in various f
fragmentary state, and difficu
and resembles the painted e
underside usually with button
illustrates a variety of Hadrian
imitating metal or glass, are
with very wide squat body co
jugs are provided with side-sp
Some have trefoil mouths as t
the small late example U112.
U107-9, plate 196). The jug U1
of a metal type.
Flasks and bottles (estimated
180, 183, 185 and 196. In almo
with everted rim of flasks or b
make up into complete vessels
with a base which seems to belo
and small ring foot (plate 183
sheen, evidently imitating the
deposits (Fl,21, two; F2 not ca
which appears occasionally fr
horizontal ribbing (D3,16; U1
Two examples were found of t
bottle', one from a Claudian
Parallels are known from 1st
Thestamnos (estimated numb
and 189. This large single-handl
Most examples have tall cylindr
is inscribed on the rim (B2,8
Horizontal ribbing is found on
An unusual, imported type is in
and rather coarse (Nl,36, thr
The amphora is the most comm
the catalogue and in the discuss
from imported types, but whil
which cannot be differentiated
has also been taken into accou
definitive type series of the lo
await the clay analysis which it
of the common types, presume

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
178 ROMAN POTTERY
further complicating factor howe

sources seem to have been copie
Local amphorae (estimated num
193, 201, 207, 215, 218. figs. 6-
Augustan amphorae have tall c
oval section (some also double
(Al,27-9; A2,99-100 and example
type is found in the mid 1st cent
is perhaps a table amphora, rathe
(Nl,43) are others with more cu
occurrence at this site of the com
collar rim and handles of round
thickening of the lip disappears,
obliquely (cf. D2,4 and D4,67 H
narrow mouthed amphora of Rho
has curving handles of round s
thickened lip (F2,39a). It seems
Common in Hadrianic contexts
usually flattened on top, short spl
body and button base (VilD type
shape seen in D3,3 and D4,72. La
in Severan contexts (Sl,28-9).
Some twelve amphora stands an
Imported amphorae (estimated
181, 189, 197-9. It is hoped tha
arranged in chronological seque
identification of the considerable
various series involved. It is also t
may be undertaken than is poss
The amphorae found include ex
U134-43, U145-7 (VilD type 34)
(Nl,51; D4,76; U149; cf. VilD ty
Tunisian (U150), Spanish (U155?
body sherds only; identificat
provenience, for example two
THE ROMAN DEPOSITS: CATALOGUE OF THE FINDS
Southwest House: Augustan Destruction Deposit (Al)

plates 125-7, 200-1.
The Nature of the Deposit
A closed destruction deposit was found lying on a firm grey earth floor in Room I of the
Southwest House, at depth 13.60-1 3.80m. (see Section A, plate 6). This may have originated
from an earthquake, since no signs of burning were noted. The room has not been fully

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 179
fig. 6 Roman narrow-necked ampho

49); 4-5 Hadrianic (D2,4 & D4,66a, b); 6-7 Severan (Sl,22 & 24); 8 upper levels (U119). Scale 1:8.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
180 ROMAN POTTERY
PÂ"- - 6 8
ÇT _J 7 9
fig. 7 Roman broad-mouthed

(A2,102); 3 Neronian (Nl,48); 4
(U 123-4). Scale 1:8.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 181
excavated, but after the blockin

became a basement approache
On the floor was a number o
(listed below), along with tile f
fragments. The depth of the de
where the floor rose. Some of th
in particular the fine jugs, A
possibly represented by two lar
room an L-shaped mud bric
preserved in position here, whil
one which had lost its neck was
a dry substance such as grain
amphorae, along with several la
and food storeroom, perhaps d
similar (see Deposit Cl). It was
entered from the south side of
collapsed into the basement a
fragments of the Cypriot krat
A2,23) shows that some of the m
linked with other evidence for
A2.
The fill consisted of buildin
potsherds. It was excavated a
In the deposit were found the
as Al, 1-33: lamps L30, 51; co
metal objects: (bronze) boss (M
blade fr. (71/641), pin fr. and
K21; loomweights (10 pyramida
packing); one spindle whorl (7
Beneath this floor were foun
12a) which in turn overlay a
Deposit Al a series of small ear
sealed beneath the mid- 1st A.D
(Deposit Cl).
From these intermediate leve
finds: pottery: A2,32, 55 (p
(Agrippa/Octavia); disc loomw
Chronology
Stratigraphically this deposit
pottery follows in the Hellen
8-9), and it does not include
distinctive of the turn of the c
(A2,9-10). It is however homoge
be assigned to the early August
of the interpretation of this

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
182 ROMAN POTTERY
made of the occurrence here

Al,30.
Catalogue
Al,l E Sig A (Not illustrated). Frs
represented by body sherds only; (
rim frs. of a large dish (Form EAA
Al, 2 Cypriot Sig. (not illustrated). Fr
large example (A2,23), foot of a sm
lagynos, shoulder fr. with carinati
Local colour-coated ware (and part painted

Al, 3 Oinochoe 71 /PI 31 with appliq
buff clay; paint light red to dark c
painted. Elliptical rim with ridge a
handle with female head appliqué
example of this type from Hellen
Al,4 Oinochoe 71/P145 as no. 3, D(m
Foot and underside painted. Appl
Al,5a Oinochoe 71/P198 as no. 3, H
appliqué, plate 200b-g (where six
67/812 child's head, from I(S) 15,
archaising male head, from XIV 24
bearded head, from V(S) 2, late 2
Al, 6a Kantharos 71/P311 D. 9.5. Rim
greenish-grey to black paint, carel
ivy appliqué (leaf and berries) on t
c. 71/P267 from XIV 14, Augusta
Al, 7 Juglet 71/P143 high handle, H
rim, neck and handles; splashes be
Al, 8 Shallow bowl 71/P207 D. 9.5. A
red-brown to black paint in and ou
A 1,9 Bowl, rim fr, D. 21. Dark, pin
Al, 10 Lagynos 71/P155 about three q
horizontal bands, black on lip and
Al, 11 Krater 71/P224 about two th
yellow-brown on handles, rim and
Also found: the rim frs. of a secon
Coarse Ware
Al, 12 Beaker 71/P204 about two thirds, H. 9.6. Coarse, dark red-brown clay, gritty; smoothed surface, dark-
brown to black. Local imitation of thin walled Italian type, as A2,37. Small frs. of imported examples also
occur in this deposit.
Al, 13 Small jug 71 /PI 34 profile, D. 7. Dark red clay with white grits.
Al, 14 Lid 71/P313 D. 13.2. About one half. Hard brick-red clay, gritty. Conical knob with depression.
Also found: frs. of three others, one with solid knob.
Al, 15 Small casserole 71/P138 D. 14. Complete. Coarse, red gritty clay, surface blackened. Crudely made; thick
walled.
Al, 16 Casserole 71/P315 D. 22. Floor missing. Straight sides; small internal flange.
Al, 17 Cooking dish with flange, as A2,81, rim fr. D. c. 30. Not illustrated.
Al, 18 Cooking dish with grooved rim, as A2,80, rim fr. D. c. 35. Not illustrated.
Al, 19 Cookpot 71/P168 about one third, D. 17. Handles missing. Dark reddish brown, gritty. Everted rim, slight
flange. Cf. A2,74 (P169)
Al,20 Cookpot with small flange, as A2,72. Rim frs. of two. Not illustrated.
Al,21 Cookpot with thick interior flange, 71/P312. Profile except base, D. 23. Dark red clay with white grits.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 183
Plain Ware
Al, 22 Cups, as A2,87, rim and handle frs. of at least five; cream ware, D. 9-10. Not illustrated.
Al, 23 Deep bowl, rim and body fr, D. 25. Gritty cream ware.
Al, 24 Deep bowl, rim fr, D. 20. Brown-bufF clay, smoothed surface. Lug handle on rim.
A 1,25 Basin 71 /PI 46 complete except one handle, D. 40. Cream clay, large white grits, smoothed surface.
Al, 26 Basin 71 /PI 37 complete except handles, D. 40. As 25.
Also the rim of a third, D. c. 50. Not illustrated.
Amphorae (nos. 27-9 local; comparandum to 28 and 30-33 imported)

Al, 27 Rim to shoulder fr, D. 9.5. Local cream ware. Thickened lip; double rolled handles, sloping. Slight neck
ridge.
Al, 28 Rim, neck and start of handle, D. 1 1. Greyish cream clay, local. Thickened lip, slight neck ridge. Vertical
handles of oval section.
Also fr. of another similar, in hard-fired pink clay, micaceous, with purplish pink slip. Import.
A 1,29 Lip to belly, and nipple base, not joining, D. 6. Greyish white clay, self slip; local?
Al, 30 Rim to shoulder, D. 11.5. Dark red gritty, hard-fired. Inside surface deep maroon; thinly applied cream
slip outside. Rolled rim, offset; double rolled handles, carinated at shoulder. From a tall cylindrical form as
Nl,51. Campanian; cf. Riley Berenice 149, type ER4, and fig. 74.
Al, 31 Complete except neck and handle frs, D. 10.2. Pink porous clay with brown bits; cream slip and rough
surface.
Another similar, D. 1 1 , has brownish-buff clay and cream slip.
A 1,32 Shoulder to base, D (max). 31.5. Hard light-red clay with lime grits; unslipped.
Al, 33 Shoulder to base, D(max). 48. Pale red clay, pale buff slip, surface flaking. Wide globular form.
Other Augustan Material (A2)

plates 128-35, 201.
The Nature of the Contexts

Deposit A2 includes all selected Augustan material not from the Southwest House floor deposit
in Room I, Deposit Al.
Over 80% of this material92 comes from a homogeneous fill extending over much of the
central and south areas of the excavation, (see Section A levels 10-1 1 and Section H level 8).
This is referred to below as 'the main southern deposit'. It represents redeposited destruction
debris and other rubbish, possibly from buildings which lay higher up the slope, outside the
excavated area to the west. Though connected with Deposit Al through the inclusion of sherds
from the same vessels and containing a large body of contemporary material, it is not a closed
deposit in the same sense and has a wider chronological range. Sherds from the top of the fill
run into the 1st century A.D.93
The main fill lay partly over destroyed and abandoned rooms in and adjacent to the
Southwest House. But the occupation levels on the floors beneath did not produce clearly
defined destruction deposits like that in Room I. Only in the adjacent Room II was found a
small group of objects on the floor, plate 27f: from here come nos. 81, 88, 97 and 102.
Other contexts included in Deposit A2, but stratigraphically distinct are the following:
a) XIII 35-6. Nos. 32, 55 (part), 65 and 71 belong to a level inside the Southwest House,
which ran over the early Augustan destruction deposit (Al), and was later sealed by the mid-
lst A.D. destruction deposit Cl . This may then be regarded as a later Augustan group, or more
generally, an early 1st A.D. build up between these two destruction levels (see also discussion
and list of finds under Deposit Al).
b) VIII 29. Five pieces, 9 (part), 40, 52, 61 and 64 are from the level (VIII 29) immediately
below the floor of the Tiberian "Room of the Antiquary", Deposit Bl, and sealed over by this
(see Section C, level 12).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
184 ROMAN POTTERY
c) The following come from

street: 3, 24-27, 44, 62, 76. Som
by joining sherds.
d) Nos. 53, 63 and 98 derive fr
the build up of the Southeast
In the catalogue which follow
come from the main southern
Chronology
As indicated above, the main so
half of the 1st century B.C. Th
B.C.94 However a number of sig
the early 1st century A.D. Thes
transitional 1st B.C. to 1st A.D
be considered intrusive in this
and the ware is otherwise first
Forms EAA 9, 21, 23 and 30). N
Italian sigillata (see catalogue
derive from separate provenien
the overall range of the A2 m
Also found in the levels of the
74, 79, 83, 85, 99, 119, 128-
loomweights W56-71; metal o
326, 334, 349, 353, 361, 367, 3
glass G2, 6, 14, 16, 20, 30, 34,
Catalogue
Black ware ( Kenrick' 's C2 ware)
Pure, dark-brown to dark-grey fabric
familiar in late Hellenistic deposits (e
material, and seems worth including f
which follow.
A2,l Platter 71/P73 rim and base frs, not joining, D. c. 40. Rouletting in two zones on floor, between concentric
grooves.
Profile of a second example. VI over threshold 'bu'.
A2,2 Plate (a) rim fr, D. c. 22. Worn, flaking surface, (b) base fr, D. c. 9. Rouletted. Illustrated together in
drawing, but possibly not the same plate.
*A2,3 Relief bowl 67/P251, rim fr, D. 17. Lustrous, waxy black slip. Egg and dart and running spiral pattern
beneath rim. Cf. Bl,21 (68/P23). IX 13
E Sig A
Unless otherwise noted, all have pale cream-buff clay, which is fine, hard, and chunky at breaks, with a dark orange-
red gloss, contrasting with the fabric.
A2,4 Hemispherical cup (a) rim fr, D. 9, (b) base fr, D. 5 (Samaria 16, Kenrick 323, EAA 22). Late 2nd B.C. to c.
10 A.D.
Bases of nine others.
*A2,5 Flat-based dish, profile except centre of floor, D. 15.5. Faint rouletting on floor (Samaria 10b?, Kenrick
319.2, EAA 12?). XIII 24A.
Rims of five others, D. 15-19.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 185
A2,6 Flat-based dish, base fr, D. 9. Ba

EAA 12, Hayes 71, Fig. 3.13).
A2,7 Small dish with curved rim (a
4). (b) 71/P257 profile except ridge
(c) 71/P83 base fr. with stamp, pe
Frs. of about 20 others including
A2,8 Large dish with curved rim;
decoration (Samaria 1, Kenrick 313
Frs. of about 15 others.
A2,9a Large dish with curved rim; rim fr, D. 38; unburnt (Form EAA 3). XI 16. (b) non-joining base fr, D. 12.
Burnt, worn and badly pocked, offset under base. Rouletting on floor. (Form EAA 4A?). VIII 29. (These
frs. are incorrectly associated in the drawing.)
A2,10 Small dish with offset under base, rim and base frs, not joining, D. 15. Fine buff clay, flaky red gloss. (Hayes
'71 Fig. 3,4; Antioch 115/6). This form develops at the turn of the century, 1st B.C. /Ist A.D. XIV 11.
Frs. of three others.
A2,ll Small carinated plate, rim to base fr, D. c. 18. (Samaria 5, Kenrick 317, EAA 7).
A2,12 Dish with overhanging rim, rim fr, D. c. 34. Dark red matt surface, flaky. Cf. the decorated plate form, no.
A2,13.
Frs. of one other.
A2,13 Plates with moulded rim (a) 71/P89 rim and base frs, not joining, D. 42. Good dark-red slip, mottled.
Stamped ovolo moulding on rim, with bead row above. (Antioch 140, Hayes '71 Fig. 3,5; Kenrick 318, EAA
Form 9, c. 50-25 B.C.)
Another very similar, (71/P88), D. 42.
(b) Same moulding with hearts above, rim D. 42.
Two others similar.
(c) Same moulding with running spiral above, rim D. c. 40.
A2,14 Lagynos 71 /PI 47, neck to shoulder and base frs, not joining, D (max). 19. Fine pale orange-pink clay, dark
red-brown slip, slightly glossy. Carinated shoulder, graffito on underside, see X45.
Cypriot Sigillata
The fabric is hard and fine, orange- or brown- to dark-red; the slip is similar in colour, ranging from orange-brown
to dark red-brown, near maroon in places, and sometimes metallic.
A2,15 Small bowl 71 /PI 56, profile, D. 14. The slip is dull and streaky inside, blotchy on lower outside wall. EAA
Form P22A, late 1st B.C./early 1st A.D. (Joins from steps du #2746 and df 21344 and XI 16.)
A2,16 Small bowl 71/P278, base fr, D. 7.5. Ring foot with groove beneath, groove and ridge above, rouletted.
EAA Form P14(?), late 1st B.C.
A2,17 Feeder jug 71/P286, rim and neck fr, D. 10. Conical mouth; everted lip with ridge and grooves; strainer in
neck; ridged handle. Similar to EAA Form P48, but with different rim. Another example was found at
Knossos in the Strat.Mus. excavation (P. Warren); cat.no. SEX/80/P459.
A2,18 Shallow dish 71/P279, profile exept centre of floor, D. c. 20. Low curved wall; low moulded ring foot. EAA
Form P5, early 1st A.D.
A2,19 Small plate 71/P256, profile except floor, D. 14.8. EAA Form P10(?), early 1st A.D.
A2,20 Krater 71/P277, rim, handle and upper body, D. 18.5. Peaked handle at rim, with lug at lower end;
crudely made, in contrast to rest of bowl. Decoration of horizontal grooves, vertical gougings, dots in
added white. EAA Form P34.
A2,21 Krater 71/P93, rim and body frs, D. 13.3. Base restored from fr. of similar vessel with ring foot, D
Good red-brown slip, metallic. Rouletting in two zones on body, and on rim.
Also frs. of a third example.
A2,22 Krater 71/P114, neck to base frs, D(max). 18. Decoration of horizontal and squiggly grooves, verti
gougings, and dots and chevrons in applied white. Form as preceding. Fragments found widely scatter
in this fill (XI 14, 16, 17; XIV 19; ec/ej).
A2,23 Krater 71/P276, neck, body and base frs, not joining, D. c. 48. Part of one astragal foot. Decoratio
grooves and rouletting, as illustrated. Heavy smearing marks around foot. EAA Form P38. Fragme
found widely scattered in this fill (XII ec/ej; XIV 14, 24, 28; XIII 10a, 35, 38 = Deposit Al; XI 18

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
186 ROMAN POTTERY
Italian Sigillata (and imitations)

All four fragments listed here come fr
evidence for their contexts. They shou
presented here. No Italian Sigillata was
deposit, the bulk of which should pr
body sherds, no profiles; no feature sh
see Y46), and the following:
*A2,24 Relief bowl, rim fr, D. c. 15

*A2,25 Relief bowl, body fr, D. c. 15.
silver mica; worn dark-red slip out
lustrous, plate 201. Athenian imi
*A2,26 Conical cup rim fr, D. 9. Fabr
= I(S) 13.
*A2,27 Small plate, rim fr, D. c. 18. Fabric 2. Form K205.3, dated c. 10 B.C. - 25/30 A.D. I(N) 12.
Also found: a stamped cup base, Y46 (qv.)
E Sig B
A2,28 Bowl 71/P186, pedestal base, D. 4.5. Bl ware. Micaceous; bright orange slip, pocked and flaking.
Rectangular stamp (8 x 5mm.) inside grooved circle, D. 3.2. See Y37. Form EAA 28?
A2,28a Bowl base 71/P85, spreading ring foot, D. 6.2. Bl ware. Groove on floor and beneath foot. Stamped. See
Y47.
Other slipped ware

A2,29 Small plate 71/P86, profile, D. 17. Soft-fired, red-brown clay with silver mica, especially in the slip; dull
red-brown slip lustrous inside, rough and pocked outside. Heavy ring foot, bevelled; on underside graffito
AF ligatured; slight ridge at junction of wall and floor; groove on lower wall and inside rim. Broad band of
rouletting between concentric grooves, D. 4.1-6.6. Rectangular stamp, 12 x 15mm., ASELLI. Local (or
Athenian?) imitation of Arretine. See Y6.
A2,30 Fluted bowls (plate 130a,b), local yellow-buff clay, red slip in and out. (a) Rim fr, D. 15, with start of
handle, (b) Rim, body and base frs, not joining (71/P281), D. 10.
Perhaps local imitations of the Cypriote type (cf. A2,20 and 22). Cf. Berenice B806.
A2,31 Broad hemispherical bowl, rim fr. D. 25.
Lead-glazed ware
* A2,32 Skyphos (a) rim fr. 7 1 /P269, D. 8. Fine dark-grey fabric, lead-glaze surface, varying from turquoise to light
green. Moulded decoration in relief with vine motif. XIII 34
(b) base fr, D. 5.9. Glaze yellow-green inside, whitish green beneath; perhaps from the same vessel. XIII
34. This belongs to Hochuli-Gysel's Tarsus Group 3 (Hochuli-Gysel Kleinasiatische glasierte Reliefkeramik
1977, 103, where, however, this piece has been given an incorrect provenience, and is dated too early); the
earliest datable fragments attributable to this group are from Haltern (pre-9 A.D.), cf. Hochuli-Gysel op.
cit. 37 and 167, T 194-5. Our pieces, from level XIII 34, part of a build up of strata over the Augustan
destruction deposit Al, and below the mid- 1st A.D. deposit Cl, are best dated 'early 1st A.D.'95
A2,33 Skyphos/beaker rim fr, D. c. 9. Fine brown fabric, hard. Silver-white glaze outside and extending e. lem.
inside lip. Straight lip.
Knidian ware
A2,34 Carinated bowl 71/P49, about three quarters, D. 17.2. Pink, gritty clay, hard; brown slip. Crudely
finished; surface rather gritty.
A2,35 Carinated bowl, rim and twisted handle frs, D. c. 15. Fine dark-brown clay, rough surface dark-brown
outside, dark-grey inside. Shape as no. 34. Not illustrated;
Also rim frs. of two others.
Thin-walled coarse ware

Small frs. of about twenty vessels include the following, all of fine, hard-fired fabric; wall-thickness 1.5-2mm.
A2,36 Barbotine bowl, rim fr, D. 8. Pale-brown, hard-fired clay; surface pale-brown inside, gritty and abrasive;
brown to black outside, smoothed but with sharp barbotine points.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 187
A2,37 Beaker 71/P263, about one hal

Small rim frs. of 2 or 3 others com
A2,38 Juglet, rim fr, D. 7. Pink fabr
A2,39 Beaker, vertical-lipped, rim an
*A2,40 Jug(?) rim and body fr, D. 9.
40a Also rim of a second, D. 10; gr
A2,41 Beaker, rim and body fr, D. 7.
41a Also rim of a second, dark red
A2,42 Beaker rim fr, D. 7.5. Brown
A2,43 Beaker?, base fr, D. 5. Pale bro
43a-d Also body frs. of four other
(grey and brown); one with curvin
*A2,44 Aco beaker 67/P217 body fr
pattern on lower body, palmettes b
Vegas RCRF Acta 11/12 (1969-70)
A2,45 Strainer, rim and body fr, D.
Localslipped ware
The fabric is usually fine, yellow- or cre
glossy) ranging from red-brown to dar
which are late Hellenistic forms and w
perhaps fall into the former category.
A2,46 Small dish, profile D. 17. Glossy

Cf. the E Sig A dish Form EAA 3.
Also frs. of ten others similar.
A2,47 Dish 71 /PI 42, about two- thirds, D. 21.5. Light-red to black slip, metallic in places. Rim slightly incurving;
carinated. Plain ring foot. Form as preceding.
A2,48 Hemispherical bowl, rim and body fr, D. 24. Pale red slip. Turned out lip.
Also frs. of three others similar.
A2,49 Hemispherical bowl, rim and base frs, not joining, D. 18.5. Glossy dark maroon slip.
Also frs. of six others, D. 18-20. Perhaps imitating the E Sig A bowl Form EAA 22.
A2,50 Carinated bowl, rim fr, D. 20.5. Slip pink inside, worn black outside.
Frs. of seven others.
A2,51 Small plate 71 /PI 57, complete, D. 13.6. Fine pink-buff with glossy self-slip. Grooves in floor and at rim.
Survival?
*A2,52 Plate rim fr, D. c. 20. Dark red, matt slip; maroon on outside. VIII 29.
Frs. of two others similar.
*A2,53 Shallow bowl 71/P232, about three quarters, D. 20. Carinated; grooved outside, at rim and beneath. XIII
wall 'dg' blocking #2607.
A2,54 Grooved bowl, rim, body and base frs, not joining, D. 27. Flaky red slip outside, dark maroon within.
A2,55 Jug, rim, handle and body fr, D. c. 8.5. Matt red-brown slip outside in upper body only. VI 18/XIII 34.
Also frs. of two others similar.
A2,56 Juglet, rim and handle fr, D. 7. Brown slip outside, red inside.
Also rim frs. of six others.
A2,57 Small bowl, rim to near base fr, D. 7. As no. 47.
Also rim frs. of six others. A2,58 Mug? rim, handle and base frs, not joining, D. 10. Profile as no. 47.
Also frs. of eleven others, including one from deposit Al.
A2,59 Juglet 71/P92, about one half, D. 8.5. Matt black slip in and out. The heavy ring foot, squat body with
slight carination, and incurving rim suggest that this is an Augustan form still using the Hellenistic black
finish.
A2,60 Modiolus, upper body and base frs, not joining; base D. 10. Fine pink-buff clay; light red slip, flaking. Start
of handle with reel. Cf. Hesperia XLI pl. 75 for a green-glazed example of this shape.
Miniatures and miscellaneous
*A2,61 Lid 68/P5, D. 6.8. Hard buff; crude. Brown paint splodges outside. VIII 29.
*A2,62 Table amphora stopper 67/P138. Ill Pit 12.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
188 ROMAN POTTERY
*A2,63 Bottle 71/P41, H. 4.8. Plain, pa

*A2,64 Jar 68/P9, H. 6.5. As no. 63. S
*A2,65 Pedestal bowl fr. 71/P117, D(m
Plain ware with painted decoration

A2,66 Modiolus 71/P96, about one half,
chestnut brown paint, thinly applied
A2,67 Jar, about one half, base missing,
inside, and in spiral decoration outs
Semi-glazed lekanai (and similar)

Frs. of about 1 7 include nos. 68-69 foll
outside surface usually smooth buff or cr
rim with double groove outside, as no. 70
a thin flaky coating to an excellent glos
also varying rim frs. and ring bases o
A2,68 Lekane, rim body and base frs,

Sabratha Pit 2 nos. 119-20.
A2,69 Hemispherical bowl, rim and body fr, D. 22. Soft yellow-buff; pale red-brown slip.
A2,70 Straight-sided bowl, rim fr, D. c. 22. Brown slip.
Coarse ware
*A2,71 Cook pot 71/P50, complete except one handle/profile except floor, D. 23. Hard dark-red with fine lime
grits; flaking surface, burnt. Rim turned out, with flat top. No flange. Slight ridge at neck. Horizontal
handles with triple groove. XIII 22 (7), on Floor 4.
Also rim frs. of about 15 others, orange-red to yellowish grey in colour.
A2,72 Cook pot, rim and handle fr, D. 13. Brick red. Grooved rim, slight flange, groove on shoulder. Vertical
handles.
A2,73 Cook pot 71/P169, profile except floor, D. c. 20. Dark grey, gritty; red at the core; some mica. Ridged
vertical handles. XII 23.
Also rim frs. from about 18 others.
A2,74 Cook pot with exterior flange, D. 13.5. profile except floor. No handle preserved. Brick red, outside surface
grey to black.
A2,75 Cook pot, rim and handle fr, D. 16.5. Brick red fabric, pink to maroon surface. Inside flange, groove on
shoulder, ridged vertical handles.
*A2,76 Trefoil jug 67/P176, about three-quarters, D(max). 14.7. Base missing. Hard red clay, cream slip. IV 4.
A2,77 Lid, profile, D. 14. Hard-fired, brown gritty. Crude cylindrical knob; rim turned up. Perhaps for small
casserole, as no. 79. XI 14.
Also frs. of 19 other lids; twelve similar to no. 77, seven with cylindrical knob and central depression, as
A 1,1 4. Brown to light-red or grey fabric about equally represented. D. 16-28. Frs. of one large lid, D. 28,
coarse, brown, gritty and very micaceous.
A2,78 Shallow casserole, rim and body fr, D. 16. Hard, gritty, red and grey at the core; surface red inside, grey
outside. Flanged and carinated.
Also frs. of 20 others, similar, D. 16-26. Two without articulated flange, as Al, 15.
A2,79 Deep casserole, profile except floor, D. 25. Hard-fired, pink; underside grey. Flanged and carinated.
Also frs. of six others, similar.
A2,80 Cooking dish with grooved rim, profile except centre of floor, D. 24. Light-red, gritty clay with brown
surface; underside blackened.
Also frs. of one other.
*A2,81 Cooking dish with external flange, rim and body fr, D. c. 30. Light-red, gritty; smooth inside surface. XIV
30.
A2,82 Small bowl, rim and body fr, D. 17. Hard-fired, pink gritty fabric. Not illustrated. Shape as Nl,39.
Also rim frs. of two others similar.
A2,83 Frying pan, profile except handle, D. c. 30. Heavy, brown, gritty and micaceous, blackened beneath. Not
illustrated. As Bl,24.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 189
Coarse ware dishes with applied red-slip

A2,84 Rim and base frs. of four, D.
Dark red slip with fine particles o
thickened rims, at oblique angle; (
173. From a source in Campania?
Plain ware
There is a great variety of plain ware forms. Of perhaps 45 different shapes, seven have been selected for illustration,
due to their better preservation, or particular interest. A number of the others are briefly listed and described, with
reference to other deposits where possible. An exhaustive study would require excessive space. The fabric varies and
is noted briefly under the types.
A2,85 Lid, profile, D. 9. Warm buff.

Also the frs. of eight others, with wide cylindrical knob, as for the coarse lids, but rim not turned up.
Fabric cream, whitish cream, sandy buff, or pinkish buff; D. 9-17.
A2,86 Pedestal bowls, rim frs. of three, D. 9.5-1 1 . As C 1 ,68-73. Bases of five, including one hollowed beneath and
moulded as C2,73. D. 5-6. One rim illustrated.
A2,87 Cup 71/P87, about two thirds, D. 8.8. Handle missing, but was attached inside rim.
Also frs. of about 16 others, D. 8.5-10. Fabric cream, cream-buff, pink-buff.
*A2,88 Strainer, profile, D. 6. No handle preserved. XIV 3O.A2,89 Shallow bowls, rim frs. of four, one with
incurving rim, three carinated with flaring rim; ring bases of about ten; D. 15-20. Not illustrated.
A2,90 Small basins, everted rims of five, D. 10-15; one grooved as no 91. Bases of eight, five flat, three with ring
foot. Two straight-sided "flower pots". Not illustrated.
A2,91 Basin, rim, handle and body fr, D. 30. Buttons applied to handle. Cf. A 1,25.
Frs. of about 20 similar, with flat rim, double groove, straight sides, applied handle at rim; three
preserving thumb impression at centre of handle. Fabric light orange-red, pink, buff, cream or greenish, D.
30-50.
About 20 other large deep bowls or basins are represented with these rim variations: seven with n
groove, D. 26-35; four with internal flange, D. 27-40; four with single groove, D. 33-38; two with doub
groove and wavy line, D. c. 36; one with triple groove, D. c. 42; one with raised transverse ridges. I
addition, one bowl had tripartite internal divisions.
A2,92 Stand or censer?, moulded base fr, D. 26. Cream-buff with lime and brown grits. For shape, cf. C2,73. N
illustrated.
A2,93 Jugs, base frs. of about 35, most with straight or spreading ring foot, D. 7-15; 12 with rounded ring foot
and concave underside with central button. Rim forms are varied - rolled, straight, turned out and flat or
ridged at lip, and flaring, D. 5.5-14. Most are soft-fired, cream or pinkish-buff, and comparatively thin-
walled, and hence very fragmentary and hard to restore. Not illustrated.
A2,94 Bottle, rim to shoulder fr, D. 3.5. Light-red with pale buff surface, burnished. Conical lip.
A2,95 Bottle, rim to shoulder fr, D. 4.2. Hard pink to buff; cream slip. Rolled rim.
Also rim frs. of four others.
A2,96 Beehive kalathos, rim fr, D. 30. Dark brown-buff, cream slip; interior grooves.
Also rim frs. of three similar, D. 26-30.
Lid fr, D. 28, with double concentric grooves.
Extension rings, frs. of eight, D. 24-27, W. 3-6.5.
Amphorae
*A2,97 71/P183, complete, H. 80.8. Hard pink to red clay, cream slip. Shoulder inscription KA in dark red.
Thickened rim, peaked handles (double rolled), neck ridge. Very slightly ribbed. Nipple base. XIV 30,
deposit.
Also frs. of 16 others with double rolled handles, most with rolled rim, one straight, one with flat lip,
sharply offset (see A2,102). Fabric: cream ware most common; some sandy brown, three light-red with
cream slip, one dark brown micaceous, one orange-pink. Illustrated are three, nos. 98-100:
*A2,98 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 10. Brick-red clay, pale buff surface. As 97. SE House Phase II, wall content.
A2,99 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 12. Soft, dark sandy-buff; lime grits; cream-buff slip; flat lip.
A2,100 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 12. Pale red clay, self-slip, smoothed. Flat lip, offset.
A2,101 71 /PI 22, about one third, rim to belly, H (près). 36, D. 8. Cream ware, slightly pink at core; some grits. A
slimmer form; peaked handles with round section. Local. XI 15.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
190 ROMAN POTTERY
Also frs. of 10 others of this form. M

cream at surface, one greenish.
*A2,102 Rim to lower body, pointed f
cream slip. Short, wide neck; hand
Also frs. of 15 others with flat or ov
clay most common; some sandy bro
A2,103 Rim, neck and start of handles
offset.
A2,104 Rim, neck and handles, D. 13.4. Hard brick-red with grey core. Grooved lip; ridged handle.
A2,105-108 Amphora bases
Of 64 amphora bases, 42 were pointed, either plain as 102, or with nipple marked off, as 97; 9 had a
broader base with nipple plain or slightly bevelled (105, 106, both local); 10 had a short conical or
cylindrical foot (107, sandy-buff with lime grits, local?); 3 were more tapering with conical foot (108, hard-
fired, maroon to grey; imported).
A2,109 Amphora stand, D. 14. Soft, pink to cream, porous; cream slip. Local.
Addendum
A2,l 10 Modiolus?, fragment of moulded vessel with satyr and grapes. Local buff fabric, unslipped. Ring handle;
ridge broken away at carination (near base?). A sport of the local potters' workshop? Fragments were
found scattered in Deposits A2 (XI 15; XII 25), B2 (XIV 27) and N2 (XIII 19c). plate 212D.
The 'Room of the Antiquary5 Tiberian Floor Deposit (Bl)

plates 126-7, 202.

In the west central area of the excavation a small, isolated area of floor was preserved, cut at the
west by a later well but extending further under the west baulk (see Section C, plate 8), cut at
the east by a later pit, and cut at north and south by the foundations of later walls. These later
features are shown on the floor plan, plate 16a; several of them derive from the turn of the first
to the second century A.D., when there seems to have been considerable activity in this locality.
In spite of the unsatisfactory, indeed totally negative, architectural aspect of this context, there
was found on this area of floor a cohesive group of pottery, which appears likely to have
belonged to a room, now lost. This lay on an earth floor, with a small number of other objects
(listed below). The earth layer above (VIII 27) contained sherds belonging to the mid 1st
century A.D., that below (VIII 29) Augustan over Hellenistic (2nd cent. B.C.). Thus the
group is both isolated and well stratified, and it has been selected as the best group belonging to
the Tiberian period.
The top of the fill was marked by a layer of fallen tiles, lying flat, with some stone tumble. In
the southwest corner, near the well cutting, was an area of yellow clay with plaster fragments,
and there were considerable traces of burning to the east of this. Possibly, then, the associated
building which is now lost suffered a destruction.
The floor deposit itself was excavated as VIII 28, a shallow lens of earth, little more than
lOcms. deep, over a hard packed earth floor.
The find circumstances make it almost certain that several objects of a totally different date
(nos. 2, 6, 10, 14 on the plan) also belong to this floor, and have not strayed from an earlier
stratum which might be adjacent in the slope of this site.96 Thus they are interpreted as
collector's pieces. They comprise an intact painted lid of Orientalizing date (Bl,20), an ape
figurine (TC25), a medallion with cock (TC72) and a mould fragment (TC72A), all evidently
collectibles with a quality of attraction for the curious. Apart from the figurine which appeared
in the tile and stone fill at the level of the top of the pot deposit, all lay on the earth floor.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 191
There is the further possibilit

included floor content and m
under Bl,21). One is reminded
reign of Nero by characters in
In addition to the group of pot
found in this deposit: terra
metal: iron nails (2, uncat.); l
Chronology
This deposit is marked by the first significant occurrence of E Sig B ware (nos. BI ,5-8) It should
then be later than the Augustan groups described above. The date given by Hayes for the
introduction of these small fine- walled bowls is early 1st century A.D. (EAA under Forms 1, 4
etc.). The few scrappy E Sig A and Italian Sigillata pieces found are contemporary, and we
note that Italian Sigillata was totally absent from the major Augustan deposits on this site. The
Cypriot and other wares are consistent with a Tiberian date.
Catalogue
Italian Sigillata
Bl,l Plate rim fr, D(est). 18. Grooved and rouletted. Fabric 2. Form. K208.
Bl,2 Bowl rim fr, D(est). 13. As Bl,l. Bl,3 Bowl base fr, D. 7. Fabric 3, good gloss. Form K203?
Bl,4 Relief bowl, body fr, D. c. 14. Vine with clusters, as A2,25 and C2,82 (Athenian copy of Italian Sig?) plate
201.
ESigB
All small frs. from thin-walled examples of Bl ware.
Bl,5 Bowl rim fr, D. 15. Form 21.

Bl,6 Bowl rim fr, D(est). 12. Related to the dish Form 9(?).
Bl,7 Bowl base fr, D. 3.6. Foot grooved outside and beneath; double groove on floor; central rosette stamp.
Form 30(?).
Bl,8 Dish base fr, D. 8. Grooves on floor, on foot and beneath. Rectangular stamp 5 x 8mm, illegible. Form
23-25(?).
Cypriot Sigillata
Bl,9 Krater 68/P14 about three-quarters. D. 15.5, H. 10.8. Astragal feet, no handles, rouletted as shown. Form
EAA P37, but with rim flat, not overhanging; c. 50 B.C. - 50 A.D.
E Sig A
Bl,10 Bowl rim fr, D. 11.5. Grooved in and out. Form EAA 17 (10 B.C. - 20/30 A.D.)
Bl,ll Bowl 68/P22 rim to carination, D. 10. Base missing. Form EAA 42.
Local colour-coated
Bl,12 Dish base fr, D. 11. Groove beneath foot, stepped underside, double rouletting on floor. Soft-fired, pale
buff clay with orange-red slip; worn. Local imitation of E Sig A Form EAA 4.
Bl,13 Bowl 67/P256 profile, D. 13. As B 1,1 2; slip flaking. Pronounced paring marks on the outside. Imitating E
Sig A Form EAA 22.
Bl,14 Bowl rim and body fr, D. 13. As Bl,12.
Bl,15 Jug rim fr, D. 9. As Bl,12. Rim grooved outside.
Bl,16 Conical bowl body fr, D(max). 9.5. Fine pale brown clay, matt red slip. Imitating E Sig B Form 30.
Bl,17 Lidfr, D. 16.2. As Bl,12.
Thin walled coarse ware

Bl,18 Beaker rim fr, D. c. 7.5. Fine pale-brown clay, gritty. Flaky light brown slip with mica.
Also found: bases of two beakers in fine, hard red fabric, as A2,37.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
192 ROMAN POTTERY
Knidian ware
Bl,19 Carinated bowl 68/P16 rim and b
Metallic slip, black inside; brown, re
stacking effect below carination. Cf. A
Survivals kept as Collector's Pieces

Bl,20 Orientalizing lid 68/P17 intact, D
B 1 ,2 1 Black ware relief bowl 68/P23 rim
surface. Elaborate handle imitating m
below reel; alternating rows of egg an
second fragment (perhaps from the sam
example should also be. plate 202.
2 1 a Other possible collector's pieces ar
lid, and 4th B.C. bg. sherd with roulet
rather than Latin ERAM) on the oth
Semi-glazed ware
Bl,22 Lekane rim fr, D. c. 37. Cream wa
Coarse ware
Bl,23 Small cooking dish rim fr, D. 18.
Bl,24 Frying pan 68/P18 about one thir
Bl,25 Small cook pot 68/P15 about thre
handles, small everted rim.
Bl,26 Large cook pot rim frs, D. 20. Bri
small flattened rim.
Bl,27 Large cook pot rim fr, D. 20. Pale pinkish brown, gritty. Double groove on shoulder.
Plain ware
Bl,28 Lid with spherical knob. D. c. 13. Brown-buff with cream slip. Trace of wavy line in thinly applied red
paint.
Bl,29 Lid with cylindrical knob. D(rest). 17. Cream ware.
Bl,30 Utility bowl 68/P19 about two- thirds, D. 30. Brown-buff gritty clay, cream slip. Rolled handle applied
beneath rim, with three thumb prints.
Bl,31 Squat jug 68/P20 about one half. D (max). 19.5, H (près). 16. Rim and handle missing. Cream ware. Thin
walled.
Bl,32 Stamnos rim and neck fr, D. 12.9. Cream ware. Groove outside rim and on neck between handle tops.
Other Tiberian material (B2)

PLATES 138-40
The Proveniences and The Nature of the Deposits

There is one principal deposit, which consists of a scatter of pottery and disintegrating mud
brick on an occupation level of packed earth, south of the street, stratified beneath Deposit N
(Neronian) and above part of Deposit A2 (Augustan), see Section H level 6. Included was
loose tip of burnt rubbish, from which a large proportion of the selected material is derived.
The excavated levels concerned are XIV Pit 4 (the tip) and XIV 8/9 and 23/24, which for
one stratigraphie unit. This deposit is separated from Deposit Bl by the street, and is at
distance of some 5 metres from it; it is however at approximately the same depth, and could
originally derive from the same building complex.98
Few items were selected for cataloguing from the other 32 excavated lots attributed to the
Tiberian period, or from other contexts. Those chosen derive principally from scant traces of a
occupation level beneath the floor of North House courtyard (I(N) 12) and early 1st A.D. build

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 193
up above Deposit Al in the Sout

from the construction of walls. Th
and each is marked with an asteris
The value of this material is that
Bl, offering a wider range of form
that group.
In summary the nature of this gr
Sigillata and other slipped ware
unidentified 7; Knidian 6; local 1
Of the imported wares E Sig A (a
mostly in the larger shapes. Som
quite common and E Sig B (14%)
conspicuously less common than
colour-coated forms, showing som
A forms 1 and 3, and Augustan
painted ware the large lekane wi
Coarse and Plain Ware. Most form
the two most common plain ware
basins. Fairly common, too, is th
kalathoi, as well as a variety of sm
Chronology
The same considerations apply a
Also found in these levels: lamp
objects M228, 313, 344; metallur
Catalogue
Italian Sigillata
From a total of 51 pieces, the following
significant, in view of the fact that this
B2,l Relief bowl rim fr, D (est). 12. Strai

K279. Fabric 2.
B2,2 Bowl rim fr, D. c. 12. Curving rim with straight lip; grape cluster appliqué. Form K218, da
25/30-50/60 A.D. Fabric 2.
B2,3 Relief bowl rim fr, D. c. 13. Overhanging lip. Fabric 2.
B2,4 Relief bowl rim fr, D. c. 16. Three body frs, not joining, probably belong: (a) pendant tongues and tend
near rim; (b) vine leaf; (c) vine leaf from near pedestal. Fabric 2. plate 201.
B2,5 Relief bowl 71/P334 two body frs, not joining. D(max). c. 16. Stamp of M. Perennius Bargathes of Ar
vine motif. See Y39. plate 201.
B2,6 Relief bowl handle support fr. Fabric 2. plate 201.
B2,7 Dish 71/P328 base fr. Fabric 1. Rectangular stamp 17 x 10mm: CANOPUS STATILIAE. See Y21. plate
123 no. 21.
*B2,8 Bowl 67/P283 base fr. with part of stamp CORNELIE in planta pedis See Y7. plate 123 no. 7.
B2,9 Large platter rim fr, D. c. 40. Fabric 1. Cf. Form K201.
B2,10 Conical bowl rim frs, D. 11. Form K208. Fabric 2. Also found: rim fr. of a second similar, D. 12.
B2,ll Plate floor fr. with part of rectangular stamp: RU... and T... in two lines. See Y31. plate 124 no. 31.
B2,12 Dish rim fr, D. c. 20. Articulated with grooves inside and out. Form K205. Fabric 2.
B2,13 Dish rim fr, D. c. 17. As B2,12.
*B2,14 Cup rim fr, D. c. 14. Grooves inside, rouletting outside. Form as K208. Fabric 3. I(N) 12.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
194 ROMAN POTTERY
B2,15 Cup rim fr, D. 12. Grooves insid

A second example also found, D.H.
*B2,16 Large dish rim fr, D. c. 35. Ver
B2,17 Large dish rim fr, D. c. 40. Groo
B2,18 Hemispherical bowl base fr, D. 7
B2,19 Dish base fr, D(max). 18.1, (foot
Bases of four others similar, one with t
with higher, curving foot, D. 8, and t
ESigB
B2,20 Bowl rim and base frs, not joining, D. 13 and 6.1. Overfired; dull red to grey-brown slip; micaceous.
Surface pocked and flaking. Darker band 15mm. wide at rim, from stacking. Grooved and rouletted as
shown. Rectangular stamp inside two grooves, illegible. Form 29.
Also found: frs. of eight others similar, some with plain, unrouletted band at rim.
B2,21 Large hemispherical bowl, rim fr, D (est). 18. Orange-brown micaceous clay, waxy gloss, mottled inside.
Probably B2 Form 76, and intrusive in this context (JWH).
B2,22 Conical bowl 71/P45 about two thirds. D.8. Rim grooved and rouletted. Form 30. Rectangular stamp
AQPON. See Y43. plate 124 no. 43.
B2,23 Conical bowl rim fr, D. 9.5. As B2,22, but straighter lip, without rouletting. Transitional to For
B2,24 Dish carination to base fr, D(max). 13.8, (foot) 9. Red micaceous, flaky; good waxy gloss of same
pocked outside. Form 5-7. For rim cf.B2,25-6.
B2,25 Dish rim fr, D. 17. Carination, ridge and grooves as shown. Form 7.
Two others, D. 18-18.5 one overfired dark brown.
B2,26 Dish rim fr, D. c. 17. As B2,25, but lower rim. Form 6.
*B2,27 Dish rim fr, D. c. 13. Good glossy slip, fired black outside, brown inside. Form 9. I(N) 12.
B2,28 Hemispherical bowl base fr, D. c. 8. Form 24?
B2,29 Hemispherical bowl base fr, D. c. 10. Form 14?
B2,30 Dish base fr, D. c. 16. Flat bottom. Form 18/19.
B2,31 Dish 71/P333 floor fr. with rectangular stamp KOIPANOT. See Y38. plate 124 no. 38.
ESigA
B2,32 Hemispherical bowl rim and base frs, not joining, D. 13 and 8. Straight lip. Form EAA 22A (1st B.C.).
Frs. of two others similar.
B2,33 Dish rim fr, D. c. 15. Straight lip. Rouletted. Form EAA 30.
B2,34 Hemispherical bowl rim and base frs, not joining, D. 12 and 7. Beaded lip. Form EAA 22B (Augustan).
*B2,35 Hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. 10.5. As B2,34, but a more rounded form. Form as B2,34. XIII 35.
B2,36 Large bowl rim fr, D. c. 30. Thick everted lip. also found: rim frs. of three others, D. 14, 19 and 27.5. Two
have an internal groove.
B2,37 Carinated dish, profile except foot (and floor), D. 14. Light rouletting on floor. Form EAA 30?
B2,38 Carinated dish, base frs; (a) ring foot, grooved beneath, D. 1 1; (b) low ring foot, flat beneath, D. 8.5. Form
EAA 30/33?.
B2,39 Dish rim fr, D. c. 28. Heavy flat-topped rim. Form EAA 7?
*B2,40 Dish with incurving rim, profile except centre of floor, D. 13. Faint double rouletting on floor. Form EAA
4. XIII 35.
Also found: about 45 feature sherds from at least 10 similar dishes, with incurving rim, D. 15
ring bases, D. 7-10, some stepped beneath (as A2,9b). Five with series of concentric grooves, ro
a combination of these on the floor. From dishes as A2,7-9 (Forms EAA 3-4).
B2,41 Bowl with overhanging lip, (a) rim fr, D. 18. Grooves on lip and inside; (b) base fr, with low fl
stepped underside and grooves on floor, D. 11. Form EAA 12.
B2,42 Bowl with overhanging lip, D. 30. Rim grooved; series of deeply cut stepped ridges inside (m
very fragile shape). Form EAA 28.
Cypriot Sigillata
About 1 1 fragments were found, including rim and base frs of kraters as A2,21 and Bl,9; D. (rim) 15-
7-8. One rim fragment of a small dish, a type not found in the other deposits, is catalogued here.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 195
B2,43 Cup rim fr, D. c. 11. Straight rim

early 1st A.D. Italian form (Haltern
Other Sigillata
The following are tentatively identified a
of similar colour, as E Sig B but with les
B2,44 Shallow flat-based dish, profile.

B2,45 Bowl base fr, D. 4.9. Slight ridge i
The following has rather soft orange-red

uncertain.
B2,46 Plate, heavy base fr. with ring foot, D. 9.6. Rouletting on floor.
Knidian Ware
B2,47 Carinated cup, profile, D. 16. Fine mauvish pink clay, hard-fired, mostly to grey; inside surface pale grey;
upper body outside coated with a smooth brownish cream slip, lower body grey, foot and underside pink.
Double groove at carination; foot undercut; amorphous attachment to handle. Form related to the
carinated bowl with twisted handle (see A2,34).
Local Colour-coated Ware

The following have the local light red to yellow buff clay, often containing small white grits, with a pale red, thinly
applied and streaky slip, sometimes varying to maroon on the outside. When an example seems to imitate a
particular Sigillata shape, this is indicated in the catalogue.
B2,48 Conical cup rim fr, D. 9.5. Straight lip. Cf. E Sig A Form EAA 42?.
B2,49 Carinated cup rim fr, D. c. 11. Everted lip.
B2,50 Dish base fr, ring foot D. 8. Floor rouletted.
*B2,51 Hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. 18. Cf. E Sig A Form EAA 22. XIII 36.
B2,52 Pedestal foot fr, D. 10. Cf. E Sig B Form EAA 26/8.
B2,53 Carinated cup 71/P81 D. 12. About one half; handle missing. Thick walled; low ring foot; slightly ledged
carination.
*B2,54 Carinated cup 71/P80 D(max). 12, H (est). 6.5. Rim and handle missing. Sharp carination; rim offset by
groove; restored as no. C2,59. North House, east wall foundation trench.
*B2,55 Salt cellar, profile, D. 9. Light yellow-brown slip, except foot and underside. Worn. Survival? XIII 2
B2,56 Large dish rim fr, D. 30. Imitating Black Ware dish? Cf. A2,l.
B2,57-64 Bowl rim frs, D. 17, 22, 25, 23, 22, 18, 10.4, 9. These frs. illustrate some of the variety of medium and
small bowl shapes made locally. Most have flat topped rims. Nos. 57-60 and 63 are rounded in profile, nos.
61-2 straight sided, no. 64 flaring. No. 59 is perhaps from a shallow mortar. No. 61 has a rectangular
profile, like the common large straight-sided basin (cf. A 1,25).
B2, 65-67 Jug rim frs, D. 10.5, 9, 14. No 65 has simple turned out rim, no. 66 is similar but thickened with slig
overhang, no. 67 has a vertical lip with overhang and grooves on the outside. All are slipped outside, and
inside the rim.
In addition a number of local base frs. were found, both of bowls and jugs; profiles uncertain. Most have
low, thick ring feet. None are illustrated.
Part-painted ware
Fragments were found of at least eight plain or banded lekanai, rim profile as Bl,22, lower body rounded. These are
in cream ware, or pink with cream slip, with a colour wash inside and occasionally in bands outside, varying from
red through metallic brown to a metallic light grey. Diameter range: rim 29-42, ring foot 9.5-13. Not illustrated.
Coarse Ware
A small selection of common forms is illustrated whose profiles show variation from examples found in Deposit Bl.
Lids
Frs. of about thirteen, diameter range, 15-40. Hard fired, coarse gritty; mostly red, with white grits; one grey at the
core. Two have burnishing marks on surface below knob and rouletted decoration at rim. Three are illustrated:

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
196 ROMAN POTTERY
B2,68 Lid fr, D. 21. Knob missing. Gro

B2,69 Lid fr, D(est). 15. Tall button kn
B2,70 Lid fr, D. 21. Burnished and roul
Cook pots
Frs. of about twenty five. Diameter range 12.5-29. Fabric dark red to brown or grey, with white grits; smoothed
surface of paler colour. Near spherical profiles, rims turned out and flat.
B2,71 Cook pot 71/P53 complete except one handle. D.I 7.5. Underside burnt. Flat everted rim. Slight flange in
neck. Ridged handle.
B2,72 Cook pot, profile except base. Dark grey gritty, with pale yellow-brown surface. Ridged handle. Flange at
up.
B2,73 Cook pot, rim to belly fr, D. c. 25. Flange inside neck. Collar ridge.
B2,74 Cook pot, rim fr, D. 18. Flat everted rim. Ridges on shoulder.
B2,75 Cook pot, profile except base, D. 13.5. Oblique, everted rim.
B2,76-7 Cook pot rim frs, D. 29 and 23. Wide, flat everted rims. No. 76 has flange inside rim. Both have pale red
gritty fabric with lighter red-brown surface, and thus differ from the common 2nd cent A.D. type with
similar profile.
Other shapes
B2,78 Cooking dish, profile except floor. D. c. 34. Hard black, with heavy grit, burnt. Red gloss on rim and inside
(worn). Thick, rounded rim, sloping and offset outside. An early example of Pompeian Red Ware?
B2,79 Cooking dish, profile except floor. D. c. 36. Coarse pale brown, gritty; hard fired. Underside burnt. Plain
curving wall; ridge at rim.
Miscellaneous coarse
B2,80 Jug rim fr, D. 10.8. Pale red clay. Vertical rim, ridged outside.
B2,81-83 Small cook pot rim frs, D. 8.8, 10, 12.5. Light red with white grits; pale grey to brown surface. Nos. 81-2
have everted lips, flat at top; no. 83 is turned out horizontal, as nos. 76-7 (in larger size).
Plain Ware
B2,84 Stamnos 71/P1 10 rim to shoulder fr, D. 1 1. Cream ware. Thickened lip inscribed X X III. Handle section
flat with slight ridges.
B2,85 Flask rim to shoulder fr, D. 2.8. Thin walled, cream ware, burnt to grey in places. Trumpet lip; neck with
slight bulge; collar ridge. Ridged handle.
B2,86 Flask rim and neck fr, D. 4. Pink to buff; surface burnt to grey. Funnel spout, ridged outside. Handle of flat
section.
B2,87 Pitcher(?) rim and neck fr, D. 7.5. Cream ware. Straight neck with small, angular inturned rim.
B2,88-89 Collared jar rim frs, D. 20 and 20.5. Gritty cream ware. Everted rims with flat top. No. 86 ridged and
grooved outside.
B2,90 Pitcher rim fr, D. 15.9. Cream to buff clay, gritty. Short neck with everted rim; slight collar ridge.
B2,91 Pitcher (?) ring base, D. 14. Probably from form as no. 90.
Plain ring bases from 14 others similar also found.
B2,92 Utility bowl rim fr, D. 37. Cream ware. Single groove on rim. Horizontal handle with thumb impression.
Rims of 20 others similar, D. 29-40. Rims are plain or have one or two grooves. Most are turned out flat,
a few turned up at a higher angle.
B2,93 Jug rim fr, D. 14.4. Fine sandy pink with cream slip. Turned out lip with overhang. Base perhaps as no. 94.
B2,94 Squat jug, base fr, D. c. 10. Cream ware. Small rounded ring foot. Cf. B2,93.
Ring feet of numerous other closed vessels also found, D. 4.5-14.
Other shapes which occur in plain ware include the pedestal bowl (one solid base, D. 5.5), beehive kalathoi (two,
D. 20-25), large mortar (rim D. 40) and amphorae (frs. of about 40).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 197
Southwest House: Claudian Destruction Deposit (Cl)

plates 141-9, 203-4.

The richest and most varied Roman pottery deposit found on this site occurred in the
Southwest House, at depth 14. 20-14. 80m., overlying an earth floor. Since this room is only
partly excavated, the deposit is not complete, and objects are more fragmentary than one
might expect. The floor on which the deposit lay had an irregular surface at the top of an
untidy build-up of 15- 25cms. over a primary well-laid earth floor. Those few objects which
were found on the floor include casserole (90), cookpot (104) and coarse jug (as 89), see plan
plate 15(b). On the primary floor sat another cookpot (B2,71), its mouth barely covered by
the earth floor above. This suggests that what little use was made of this basement room was
concerned with cooking or the preparation of food.
Most of the pottery and other finds were in the fill, fallen from above in a destruction quite
possibly to be attributed to an earthquake, since part of the east wall was found tilted at an
angle, (see Section A at plate 6) and no signs of a fire destruction were noted. The fill was
varied, as is to be expected from the collapse of an upper floor. Lying on the earth floor were
stones and disintegrated reddish mudbrick, with loose grey earth and tiles above them, notably
at the east side. Above this were lenses of yellow clay, further mudbrick debris and an
occasional patch of loose ashy earth with tile fragments, pottery and other objects.
The original levels as excavated were numbered XIII 14, 16, 18 and 32. These were
subsequently amalgamated into one unit due to the great number of cross joins which occurred
in the pottery fragments. The floor itself was cleaned as XIII 21.
In addition to the pottery deposit catalogued below as C 1,1-1 23, were found the following
objects: lamps: L102, 103, 111, 114, 141, 153, 171, 175, 281, 381, 685; coin: C86 (Zeus/Eagle
49-40 B.C.); metal objects M216, 235, 240, 296, 300, 372, 382, 386, 392 and (not cat.) hooks
(2), nails (17); terracottas: Female head (TC78), Seated woman (TC36), Aphrodite fr.
(TC33); loomweights: three pyramidal and two disk, including W73-4 (stamped); bone:
spoons etc. (E22-24), pin frs. (71/1 16 and 316), comb (E25), box fr. (E26); stone: millstone fr.
S43; glass: G43, 93, 139, 144?
Chronology
This deposit was found a little above a good earth floor (Section A at bottom of level no. 8).
Sealed below the floor was the Augustan floor deposit (Al), together with a slight build up
above this containing early 1st A.D. material (XIII 35-36). This build up was formed during
the intervening years of re-use of the building before it was furnished with its new floor, some
years before the destruction (Tiberian, or nearer to mid 1st A.D.?). The floor packing, with the
material immediately below, was excavated as XIII 22 and 34 and contained the cookpot
B2,71 (71/P53), six loomweights (71/160,161,162, 565,653a,b), a marble louter fragment
(S42a), and bronze coin (C86 Hellenistic).
The destruction deposit itself is well dated by the pottery which includes mid 1st A.D. types
in a wide range of wares, including Italian Sigillata (nos. 1-16; nb. rim with appliqué) and E
Sig B (Forms 5, 6, 30, 33 and 40). Cf. Hayes' Knossos group from Royal Road well (BSA 66
1971, 249). Also to be compared are the thin-walled wares, a one-handled mug and frying pan
handle. The date suggested by Hayes for our deposit is 50-60 A.D.
The deposit was overlaid by a layer some 70cms. deep containing a build up of later 1st A.D.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
198 ROMAN POTTERY
and early 2nd A.D. material. This

2).
It is perhaps surprising to find a similar destruction deposit in the East House, only some
10m. away along the south side of the street, which is also to be attributed to earthquake, but
appears to be marginally later (see Deposit Nl, Neronian). However, in the intervening space a
series of levels was found, partly disturbed towards the east, but in stratified sequence at the
west, which contained an Augustan earth floor (XIV 14), mid 1st A.D. wash levels containing
forms parallel with Deposit Cl (see Deposit C2, context no. 1), and, stratified above these,
destruction material of later 1st A.D. type, Deposit N2 (qv.). Thus, the more complicated and
less economic supposition of two earthquake destructions within a decade or two seems the
right one.
Catalogue
The Fine Wares
A total of 233 pieces of imported fine ware was found (185 after mending). The proportion of the different fine wares
occurring is as follows: Italian Sigillata (148 frs. before mending, 122 after) 63.5%; E Sig B (52 frs. before mending,
31 after) 22%; E Sig A (27 before mending, 26 after) 12%; other (6 frs.) 2.5%. Local colour coated wares (154 frs.
before mending, 60 after) occur in only about the same frequency as the Italian, or about 40% of the combined total.
Italian Sigillata
Of some 29 vases represented by fragments, 18 are selected for cataloguing, illustrating 9 different types.
Cl,l Puteolan relief bowl 71/P109 base, stem and lower body. D(max.pres.) 13.6, (base) 8.6. Fabric 1. Hunting
scene with mask; signature NNH in tabula ansarta, by N. Naevius Hilarus of Puteoli. Cf. Howard Comfort
"Puteolan Sigillata in the Louvre" (RCRF Acta 5/6, 1963-4, 7-28).
Cl,2 Relief bowl 71/P103 rim and upper body fr. D. 17.2, H(pres). 8.3. Fabric 2; excellent red gloss. Upper part
of relief has horizontal double palmettes, rosettes and circles.
Cl,3 Other relief bowl frs. (a-b) Rim and neck frs. not joining, D. 17.2. (c-d) Two pedestal bases, D. 8 and 5.
All four fabric 1.
Cl,4 Hemispherical bowl 71 /PI 26 base missing. D. 9.2. Spiral appliqué on the rim, imitating handle. Fabric 1.
Form K217.6; date range 35/40-80/90 A.D.
Cl,5 Cup base fr. 71/P326 small ring foot. Fabric 3. Rectangular stamp CARVI. See Y16.
Cl,6 Conical cups (a) rim fr. with spiral appliqué, D. 7.2. Fabric 2. Form K210.2; date range 5/10-45 A.D. (b)
Rim fr, D. 12. Ridges rouletted above and below appliqué. Fabric 2. Form K210.1. Not illustrated, (c)
Rim fr, D. 12. Ridged rim, slightly hooked; ridges rouletted. Fabric 2. Form K.208.1; date range 12 B.C. -
25/30 A.D.
C 1,7- 10 Small plates
Cl,7 71/P102 profile, D. 17. Fabric 4. Form K214.
Cl,8 71/P123 profile except foot, D. 17.5. Fabric 4. Owl appliqué. Stamp unclear, ATEI(?) in planta pedis. Form
K214. See Y52.
Cl,9 Rim with spiral appliqué on rouletting, D. 17. Fabric 1. Form K209; dated 10/15-45 A.D., plate
Also found: three others, one not rouletted (plate 204).
Cl,10 Rim with multiple mouldings, D. 17. Fabric 2. Form K224; dated 20-50/60 A.D.
Two others similar, plate 204.
Cl,l 1-12 Medium plates Cl,l 1. Rim fr, D. 25. Lion head appliqué. Fabric 1. Form K213; dated c. 30-80/
Also the rim fr. of another similar.
Cl,12 Base fr. 71/P325 about two thirds, D. 9.5. Central rectangular stamp ATEI EVHODI (both words
ligatured). Fabric 3. See Y 14.
Cl, 13- 16 Large plates
Cl,13 Rim fr, D. 34. Fabric 4. Form K213/215, dated c. 30 B.C. - 80/90 A.D.
Cl,14 Base fr. 71 /PI 88, about two thirds. D. 14.4. Trace of central rectangular stamp with swallow tail: E...DI on
upper of two lines. Fabric 4.
C 1,15-16 Rim fr, D. 35 and two base frs. with rouletting, D. 15. Not joining but possibly from the same vessel. Both
Fabric 2. Form K205; date range 10 B.C. - 25/35 A.D.
Also found: two rim frs. from a third similar plate. Fabric 4.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 199
ESigB
Cl,17 Conical bowl 71/P59, about two thirds, D. 13.6. Surface much flaking inside and out. Bl ware. Spiral, now
lost, was applied to rim. Grooves inside rim copy Italian sigillata. Early examples have elaborate
treatment of the foot; this one probably not before 50 A.D. Cf. Agora M33 (Plate 62); EAA Form 30 (and cf.
Form 70, early version).
Cl,18 Conical bowl 71 /PI 24 profile, D. 7. Bl ware. Applied spiral typical of 3rd quarter of 1st century A.D.
Also rim fr. of a third; same treatment of rim.
Cl,19 Deep bowl with straight lip, rim fr, D. c. 10. EAA Form 29. Base fr. not joining, D. 4.2., could belong.
Also rim fr. of a second without grooves, D. 10.
Cl,20 Salt cellar 71 /PI 25 about two thirds, D. 6.5. Small ring foot; lower body has flange with two grooves
above, one below. Two palmettes applied below rim. Rectangular stamp AQPON (N retrograde) inside
grooved circle. Cf. EAA Form 33, a related form which has formed lip with grooves. Mid 1st A.D. or a little
later. See Y42.
C 1,20a Salt cellar 71 /PI 1 intact, D. 5.5. As no. 20 except additional horizontal groove above palmettes appliq
and rouletting on ridge below. Worn rosette stamp.
Cl,21 Small dish 71 /PI 01 about two thirds, D. 14.6. Good waxy gloss, worn in places. Rosette stamp with dots i
interstices, inside triple grooves with rouletting. Related to EAA Form 5.
Cl,22 Small dish 71/P335 base fr, D. 9.2. Two thirds of floor. Excellent waxy gloss. Fired mottled black and
brown. Small ring foot, as Cl,13. Small rectangular stamp inside double groove. See Y45.
Cl,23 Small dish base fr. with broad foot, D. 1 1. EAA Form 13?
Cl,24 Small dish base fr. with low ring foot, grooved beneath, D. 8.8. Rouletting and stamped rosette on t
floor.
Two other bases with similar rouletting.
Cl,25 Small dish (a) rim fr, D. 16. Surface very worn. Similar to EAA Form 6. (b) Base fr. in similar condition,
not joining, may belong.
Cl,26 Small dish (a) rim fr, D. 16. Overfired E Sig B 1/2 ware. EAA Form 15. Rouletting on rim. (b) Base fr, not
joining, D. 13. Possibly the same dish. Fr. of rectangular stamp (M)AT-EOY in two lines. See Y54.
Cl,27 Straight-sided beaker, base fr, D. 9.5. Concentric grooves and ridges beneath. EAA Form 40. plate 204.
Cypriot Sigillata
Cl, 28 Lagynos handle, H. 8.5. Hard, dark orange-red fabric. Ribbed handle, probably from EAA Form 44/6.
Unidentified Sigillata ware

The following are small scraps, but do not seem to fit into any of the normal categories.
Cl,29 Flat-based dish frs, with incurving rim. D. c. 25. Profile as A2,7 (E Sig A). Fabric: flaky, brown, micaceous,
with orange-brown slip. Perhaps Athenian Sigillata? (suggested by Hayes). Not illustrated.
Also rim fragment of a second, with straight lip, profile as A2,28 (black ware). Darker brown fabric, less
mica. D. c. 30. Not illustrated.
E Sig A
Of the nine examples of this ware which occur in this deposit, all fragmentary, two bowl types and two small dishes
are selected for illustration, as either not occurring or being less well preserved in the earlier deposits. In addition to
these were found fragments of the dish with incurving rim {EAA Form 3/4; see A2,6); four examples (D. 25-35).
Cl,30 Hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. c. 15. EAA Form 22.
Cl,31 Small dish base fr, D. 8.4. Low ring foot; stepped underside. EAA Form 4?
Cl,32 Conical cup rim fr, D. 8. Thin walled. Two grooves inside rim. Samaria Form 24?
Cl,33 Conical cup base fr, D. 7.2. High ring foot; stepped underside. EAA Form 42; date range c. 10 B.C. - 20/30
A.D.
Cl,34 Small dish 71 /PI 28 about one third, D. 15. Floor and inside of foot missing. Double dipping streak. F
rouletting on outside. Samaria Form 12; EAA Form 30. Dated c. 10-50 A.D.
Cl,35 Small dish rim and base frs not joining. D. 16. Centre of floor missing. Slight ring foot. Rouletting on fl
Plain everted rim. Samaria Form 10. EAA Form 12.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
200 ROMAN POTTERY
Black ware
Fragments of three occurred in this depo
may well be survivals.
Cl,36 Large platter with thick incurvi

fired uniformly grey.
Cl,37 Platter 71/P127 profile except c
scratched with knife marks. Heavy m
Cl,38 Large platter, rim fr, D. c. 50. He
fabric, red at the core. Related in f
Local colour-coated ware

The local versions of imported sigillata w
brown colour coating. Variations on th
finished, with flaking surface. Of nine
either 1st B.C. survivals or imitate these
catalogue below.
Cl,39 Relief bowl, body fr, D. 15.5. Lo
imitating Italian vessels of early 1s
Cl, 40 Dish 71/P205 about two thirds,
underside, foot and a little above. Ho
Cl,41 Dish rim fr, D. 25. Incurving ri
Cl,42 Dish rim frs, D. 25. About one h
Cl,43 Dish 71/P1O7, D. 26. About two t
35-37.
Cl,44 Flat-based dish 71 /PI 52 profile except centre of floor, D. 14. Matt black paint, inside and out. Cf.
Cypriot sigillata EAA Form 10.
Cl,45 Shallow bowl 71 /PI 53 profile except centre of floor, D. 12.6. Red paint, fired brownish purple inside; slig
metallic lustre outside. Finger marks near base (as on E Sig A examples). A crude version of the following
Cl,46 Shallow bowl 71/P108 about three quarters, D. 15.9. Matt black paint.
Cl,47 Deep bowl with horizontal ribbing 71 /PI 16, D. 11. About three quarters.
Cl,48 Conical bowl 71 /PI 18 about three quarters, D. 12.7. Heavy and crudely made; worn. Imitating E Sig
EAA Form 30.
Cl,49 Conical bowl, D. 8.7. About one third. Good dark red gloss. Imitating Italian Sigillata, Loeschcke Form 7;
Goudineau Type 18; cf. Sabratha Pit 2 no. 29, dated from c. 12 B.C.
Cl,50 Hemispherical bowl, (a) rim fr, D. 14. Pale red slip inside, matt brown outside, (b) Base fr, D. 5. Not
joining. Brown paint in drips to base, outside. Imitating E Sig A EAA Form 45?
Cl,51 Carinated bowl fr, D. 11.5. Hard-fired pink clay; worn black paint inside and out.
Cups and larger bowls, closed shapes, pedestal bowls

Included in this section are the partly slipped wares and also a number of basically plain ware shapes, which
however have some painted decoration (nos. 56, 67-75).
Cl, 52 Bowl 71 /PI 97 rim fr, D. 25. Matt red-brown paint, fired yellow-brown outside. Flat inturned rim; tw
grooves outside. Worn.
Cl,53 Cup 71/P69 profile except lip, H. 8, D(rest). 9. Matt black paint. Lower body outside reserved, but has
spots and smudges.
Cl,54 Lekane 71 /PI 30 profile. D. 28. Light-red matt paint. Groove in outer edge of rim.
Cl,54a Rim and base frs. of at least ten similar lekanai; D. 16-43. One rim fr. illustrated, D. 34. Slight offset. Rim
ridged. Red paint.
Cl,55 Jar 71/P154 about three quarters, D. 14, H. 15.5. One handle only preserved. Coarse buff clay. Red slip on
upper body, with drips to the base, and inside the rim.
Cl,56 Jug 71/P211 base and body fr, about one half, D. 7.5, H(pres). 16. rim and handle missing. Buff clay,
cream slip, pale orange-brown paint in bands and floral decoration.
Cl,57 Jar rim frs, D. 12.2. Thin walled. Buff clay; matt black wash on the outside and over the rim inside.
Cl,58 Small jar, rim and body frs, D. 5, H(pres). 5. Buff clay, fully painted, black outside, brown inside.

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ROMAN POTTERY 201
Cl, 59 Tankard rim fr, D. 14. About one h

where it is fired yellow-brown. Worn
Cl,60 Jug 71/P64 H. 10.2, D. 6.3. Made u
upper half and over rim inside. Simple
Frs. of two others, both with red-bro
Cl,61 Jug profile, H. 12, D. 6. Thin walle
lip. Incurving lip.
Frs. of two others, one black, one re
Cl,62 Jugs with trefoil lip. Rim and upper
carefully articulated; one with straig
crimson. Not illustrated.
Cl,63 Pitcher?, body fr, D(neck) 7, H(pres). 12. Pale buff clay, soft fired; pale red-brown paint, mostly worn.
Outside decoration of horizontal grooves.
Frs. of a second similar.
Cl,64 Strainer? rim fr, D. 9.1. Cream ware; traces of matt black paint; wide flaring mouth with incurving lip.
Cl,65 Strainer 71/P212 neck fr, D. 5. Buff clay, red to black slip outside and inside to just below sieve; five
perforations.
Four others similar, D. range 4.5-5.5.
Cl,66 Strainer? rim fr, D. 10. Deep groove inside lip. Wide flaring mouth. Perhaps a variant on this shape?
Cl,67 Lid 71/P193 about two thirds, D. 9, H. 4.5. Cream-buff clay and slip; pale red-brown paint on knob and in
horizontal bands.
Cl,68 Pedestal bowl 71/P56 H. 8, D. 12. Complete. Soft-fired cream clay; red paint in dots on rim and in band
inside.
Cl, 69-74 Pedestal bowls 71/P1 19, P199, P120, P194, P192, one uncat. H. 5.3-6.5. D. 8.5-10.5. All have solid stems
with flat bases, wire-cut, a depression at the centre of the floor, of varying depth, and painted decoration of
dots or lines inside. Identified as a domed lid by Hayes and Catling ( VilD 221 and reís, there), nonetheless
the heavy base of some examples, the rough surface of the wire-cut base, the common occurrence of
internal decoration, and the existence of examples with moulded foot seem to point to use as a small open
shape, like a bowl of offerings. The shape has a traditional (even Geometric or Minoan) appearance and
may have a very long local history. Hellenistic forerunners were found in the area of the Palace car park
(information from Mervyn Popham). Modern thymiateria of this shape are still in common use. Thus I
take their function to be that of offertory vases or incense burners, though few show any trace of burning.
The deep internal depression is paralleled on a Flavian example from Ostia [Vegas Form 64, no. 2).
Cl,75 Pyxis rim and body fr, D. 8, H (près). 7.5. Buff clay, pinkish white slip, pale red paint in linear and floral
decoration. Thin walled. Globular profile. Survival?

Cl,76 Rough cast cup 71 /PI 00, profile, D. 10. No handle preserved. Fine orange-buff clay fired dark grey at the
surface; abrasive surface of added micaceous grit, except at rim. Cf. Cosa Form XLII bis, no. 336; Tiberian
to early Claudian.
Cl,77 Cup 71/P190, about two thirds, D. 10.5. No handle preserved. Hard brick-red clay, surface pink inside,
pale brown outside above stacking line. Smooth surface; profile as no. 78.
Cl,78 Rough cast cup 71/P67, straight-sided, D. 9. About two thirds, including start of ridged handle. Fine hard
gritty red clay; surface of same colour; abrasive texture inside and out. Straight lip; tiny flat base.
Cl,79 Hemispherical bowl 71/P195, rough cast, D. 15. Base missing. Rather pure red clay, hard fired to grey in
most places; black painted surface with metallic lustre, covered inside and out with fine micaceous grit,
except at rim.
Cl,80 Frs. of six other similar rough cast vessels, rim D. 10-10.5. Colour red-brown to black. Two are carinated;
two have circular ridged handles as restored on no. 78.
Cl,81 Bowl with indentations 71/P68, about one half. D. 9.2. Fine red clay, hard-fired to grey; lustrous metallic
black surface on upper body, red below; mauvish grey inside. Much of surface rough and gritty. Circular
indentations (made by pressure with the finger) horizontally around the body.
Cl,82 Bowl with indentations 71/P62, rough cast, D. 9.5. About three quarters, base missing. Fine red clay;
inside surface smooth, and a lustrous brownish red; outside surface abrasive, and varying in colour from
yellow-brown through red to near black. Indentations as no 81, but at an oblique angle.

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202 ROMAN POTTERY
Cl, 83 Small bowl with flat rim, D. 13

Also found: rim frs. of two others.
Cl,84 Juglet 71/P58, D. 5, H. 8. About one half, handle missing. Fine pale brown clay; smooth surface of same
colour.
Cl,85 Juglet 71/P144, D. 7.7. Light red; handle preserved.
Cl,86 Juglet 71/P57, D. 7.5. Pale mauvish grey. Higher rim.
Also found: frs. of six others of the same dimensions, red to brown.
Cl,87 Jug with handle to neck, D. 9.5. Profile. Light red clay; outside fired to pale brown on upper half, dark
brown in band on lower belly, red-brown at base. Decorative effect of kiln stacking?
Cl,88 Jug 71 /PI 39, handle to rim, D. 8.2. About one half. Red clay with white grits; smooth grey surface, pink
inside.
Also found: the rim frs. of two others, D. 8 and 11.
Coarse Ware
Cl,89 Jug with trefoil lip 71 /PI 32, rim to shoulder and base frs, not joining, D (max). 15.5, H (rest.) 14.5. Handle
missing. Fine light red clay; surface of same colour; thin walled. Cf. 1st A.D. import to Corinth Hesperia 42
(1973) 466 no. 135.
Also found: frs. of three others, D (max). 14.5-15, including 71/P21, found on the floor. Not illustrated.
Cl,90 Shallow casserole 71/P23, D. 17.5. Handles missing. Light red with white grits. Blackened from use; found
on floor.
Cl,91 Deep casserole rim fr, D. 18.6. Form as A2,79, but with wider rim. Dark red-brown clay, black surface.
Cl,92 Deep casserole rim fr, D. 22. Hard fired brick-red clay, pink surface.
Cl,93 Lid, D (est). 20. Coarse brick-red clay, pink surface. Cylindrical knob with hole pierced through centre.
Also found: two other lids, without central hole, one fired grey to the core; profiles as A2,85 and Bl,29.
Cl,94 Cooking dish 71/P7O, D. 25.5. About one half. Thin walled. Red-brown clay with small white grits; burnt
beneath. Strip handle applied to rim, indented with thumb prints.
Cl,95 Cooking dish, rim fr, D. c. 40. Gritty, dark brown clay; surface brown to black. See also Cl,96(d) below.
Cl,96 Frying pan handles. Four, none joining with dish wall frs. (a) Fine red clay with pink surface, as C74. L.
7.5, D. 5.6. Broad flaring knob with concentric grooves at the end. (b) Another similar of coarser gritty
clay, (c) Smaller; gritty brown clay with grey surface rid ged spirally, (d) Similar. L. 4.1, D. 3.1. Fabric
and colour as Cl,95, to which it may belong.
Cl,97 Amphora (amphoroid jar?) rim fr, D. 15.4. Hard pink fabric, grey surface and cream slip as Cl,99, which
could belong. Wide mouth.
Cl,98 Amphora rim fr, D. 13. Similar fabric fired pink at the surface.
Cl,99 Amphora stand 71/P76, D. 14.5. About one half. Hard brick-red clay with large white grits; fired grey at
the surface. Patchy cream slip.
C 1,1 00 Amphora stand, D. 15.5. Similar to no. 99, but with slight horizontal ribbing.
Also found: a second similar, D. 13.5.
CljlOl Small cook pot 71/P191, rim to belly and base, not joining. D. 8.5. Hard grey clay with white grits.
Cl, 102-3 Small cook pots with turned out rim. 102: D. 1 1 .5, thin-walled; buff fabric with red surface, fired brown-
grey in places outside. 103: D. 11. light red clay, fired grey outside.
C 1,1 04 Large cook pots with vertical handles, flat or ridged. Rim frs. of fourteen, six preserving profile rim and
handle to belly. Two have internal flange. D. range 14.5-24. Brick-red or pinkish red gritty fabric with
surface of same colour, brown or grey. Illustrated is 71/P24, D. 15, found on floor.
Cl , 105 Large cook pots with horizontal handles attached at rim. Rim frs. of three, D. 20.2, 24 and 27. Hard brick-
red clay with large white grits, fired to grey at the surface. One illustrated, D. 24.
C 1,1 06 Cook pot kernos, rim frs. with added miniature bowls above, D (est). 17. Normal cooking ware; hard gritty
pink clay, fired grey at the surface. Three bowls are preserved, D. 3.2, 3.6, and 5.6. Or perhaps from a
brazier with three supports for cooking pot? (JWH)
Cl,107 Dolium, rim fr, D. 24. Hard brick-red clay with white grits, fired grey at the surface.
Plain Ware
Cl,108 Lid 71/P105, D. 13.5. Cream ware, rather crudely made.
Cl,109 Four other lids, D. 10-15. Cream or pale buff clay and slip; carelessly made. One has upturned rim.
C 1,1 10 Pyxis rim fr, D. 8.5. Thin walled, fine pale buff clay, fired cream on the outside. Groove at the shoulder.
Also found: frs. of a second, D. 15.

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ROMAN POTTERY 203
C 1,1 1 1 Large bowl 71 /PI 29, D. 28.5. P

clay and slip. Underside rough.
C 1,1 12 Large bowl 71/P65, D. 33. About
rough. Lug handle with thumb prints
Also found: rim frs. of six other large
on the rim.
Gl,l 13 Bottle, rim to shoulder, D. 3.5. Cream ware. Shape as B2,85.
Gl ,114 Large jug rim fr, D. 14. Soft-fired cream-buff clay and slip. Shape as Cl,61.
Also found: ring bases of five, D. range 7.8-12.5.
Cl ,115 Jar rim fr, D. 13. Fabric as no. 114. Thickened rim; collar ridge at neck, horizontal grooves below.
Also two spouts, (D. 1, L. 3.5, and D. 3.5, L. 4.5) from similar large utility vessels.
Cl,l 16 Pithoid jar rim fr, D. c. 40. Cream ware; shape as Cl,107.
Gl,l 17 Beehive kalathos, four body sherds. D. c. 25.
Amphorae in local fabric

Cl , 1 18 Rim with thickened lip and double rolled handles. Local cream ware. Rim frs. of five. D. range 7.5-11.
One other of the same form has hard, pink gritty clay, fired cream at the surface, D. 1 1.5. From a second
location in Crete?
Gl , 1 19 Heavy thickened rim; handles of flat section. Rim fr. D. 15. Pale orange-buff clay, cream slip. Not
illustrated. As A2,102.
C 1,120 Rim fr. with flange inside and grooves outside, D. 14. Buff clay, fired cream at surface. Handles not
preserved.
Also found: peaked handles of round section from three amphorae; peaked handles with flat section of
two; bases of five with low knobs.
Imported amphorae (see also C 1,97-8)

C 1,121 Rim, handle and base, not joining. D. 10.5. Hard gritty, brownish-red clay; smooth coffee brown surface.
Thick ribbed handles. Base with knob could belong.
Other
Cl,122 Amphora stand 71/P140, D. 16, H. 9. Profile. Buff clay.

Also found: two others, D. 15 and 13. Orange-buff clay fired pale buff at the surface. See also
Cl,99-100.
C 1,1 23 Storage jar, D. 41. About one third, base missing. Pale brown clay with large white and dark grits, cream
slip. Surface pocked.
Other Mid-first Century A.D. Material (C2)

plates 150-5, 206.
The Nature and Proveniences of the Material

Material of this date from other deposits was amalgamated for the purposes of study and is
briefly listed here.101 Items are catalogued and illustrated in so far as they add to the main
deposit Cl . The group as a whole is best characterised as miscellaneous material of the period c.
25-50/60 A.D., since the proveniences are from all over the site. Some pieces, however, are
from better stratified contexts than others, and to provide an approximate order of
dependability these contexts are grouped below in nine categories. Each catalogued item is
given its original excavation level number, and also attributed to one of the following nine
categories:
1. Wash layer to North of the Southwest House, stratified beneath Deposit N2 and above
Deposit A2. XIII 19, 19A, 20; XIV 7, 22.
2. The same, less well stratified, and extending to the south and east. XI 11, 12 and pit 2;
XIII/XIV baulk #2492, 2487, 2494; XV 8.

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204 ROMAN POTTERY
3. Top of the Southwest Hous

residual in later layers. XIII
4. Fill of cist in street. IX 20.
with section, plate 12c).
5. Packing beneath East Hous
16.
6. Wash levels above Tiberian floor deposit, Bl. VIII 8, 10, 27.
7. Wash layer beneath North House courtyard, having similar material of Neronian
character above, Hellenistic below. I(N) 12 ##0315 and 0401; I(S) 15 (#0417, 0341) 16;
baulk #0842.
8. Contents of walls and other structures. 1st A.D. walls beneath North House ('ab', 'an-af );
North House court wall ('a'); North House east wall foundation trench (T at threshold);
North House, Rooms IV/V, north wall (V); street wall at NW (X wall 'dd' #0804); door
into East House ('ac' door); cistern at entrance to Southeast House Phase I; area of cobbled
paving ('ee') cut at east by House of Diamond Frescoes.
9. Residual material and isolated finds in Trenches II, III, V, VIII, IX, XI and XIV.
Chronology
As is indicated above, this is not a closed group like Deposit Cl, but an amalgamation of
smaller deposits, and should be given a wider chronological range. Some of the material is
stratified above Augustan or Tiberian deposits (Contexts no. 1, 6, 7), some stratified below
Neronian deposits (Contexts no. 1, 5, 7). The coin of Nero/Claudius (C147) in Context no. 5,
gives a useful date for this group, and a terminus post quern for the floor deposit Nl . But in general
terms the material is homogeneous with the larger, well stratified unit, Deposit Cl.
Other finds from these contexts include: coins C31, 53, 84, 107, 114, 134-5, 143 (Claudian)
and 145 (Claudian); lamps L233, 256, 260; looweights W74-7; metal object M350; bone
objects E27-35; glass G49, 102, 141, 214?, 219.
Catalogue
The Fine Wares
A total of 388 pieces of imported fine wares was found. These wares occur in the following quantities and
proportions: Italian Sigillata 31% (121 sherds); E Sig B 29% (113 sherds); E Sig A 32% (123 sherds); Gypriot 4%
(14 sherds); Gaulish 2% (9 sherds); "Pergamene" 1% (4 sherds); and other 1% (4 sherds). Not included in these
figures is the local colour-coated ware which occurred in a rather larger quantity (191 before mending, 1 72 after), or
33% of the combined total.
Imported Relief Wares

C2,l Italian Relief Bowl 67/P220, body fr, D(max.pres.) 15. Preserved are: moulding beneath rim with
rouletting and spirals below, and part of vintage scene. Probably by M. Perennius Bargathes (H.
Comfort). IX 20 (Context 4). Small base fr, D. 10, probably belongs. XIV 22 (Context 1).
C2,2 South Gaulish Relief Bowl, body fr, D(max.pres.) 15. Fine brown, granular fabric, darker than most
Italian sigillata and with distinctive white and dark particles visible under magnification. Good red-brown
gloss, of lighter colour and less lustrous than good Puteolan examples, as C2,l. Preserved are ovolo
moulding beneath rim, and on the body festoons with vine leaves above and below, and on either side
dolphins separated by an elongated whorl shell. XIII/XIV blk #2492 (Context 2).
Also lower body fr. with palmettes. I(N) 12 (Context 7).
C2,3 South Gaulish Relief Bowl 71/P47, body frs. Fabric and surface as no. 2. One fr, H (près). 4.9, has ridge
below rim with ovolo moulding and part of a relief scene with wreathed female figure bending forward.
XIV ee #2315 (Context 8).

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ROMAN POTTERY 205
Three other small frs. have vine l

(Contexts 7, 8 and 7 respectively),
C2,4 Eastern Relief Bowl, body frs. D
clay, micaceous; good waxy gloss as
ridges and large ovolo pattern in reli
Pergamene to Çandarli Ware (sugg
C2,5 Eastern Relief Bowl, body fr, H
gloss outside. This fr. is from near b
in the field. Origin uncertain. XIII
Italian Sigillata
Nos. 6-10 Bowls
C2,6 Hemispherical bowl rim and body fr, D. 9. Flat turned out rim. Rouletting and spiral appliqué ab
Fabric 1. Form K228B, date range 15-60 A.D. XIII 19 (Context 1).
C2,7 Vacant no.
C2,8 Conical bowl rim and body fr, D. 9.4. Spiral appliqué below rim. Form as Cl,6a. II 7 (Context 9).
C2,9 Jar rim fr, D. c. 14. Straight lip with groove inside and out; rouletting between grooves below. Fab
XIII 10a (Context 3). Cf. Pompeii 5, VI, /, no. CE 1585, pl. 121, no. 1.
C2,10 Dish? rim fr, D. 25. Vertical wall with ridges and grooves at rim. Rouletting and fruit stand app
Fabric 1. XI 9 (Context 9). Form K213?; date range 30-80/90 A.D. plate 209E no. 1.
Plates of the middle size range (D. 16-18). Rim frs. of six:
C2,l 1 Profile; horizontal grooves. D. 18. Form K205; date range 10/15-45 A.D. Fabric 2. VII(W) 15 (Con
5).
C2,12 Profile; double grooves. Form as preceding. D. c. 17. Fabric 2. I(S) 16 (Context 7).
C2,13 Profile; with rouletting. D. c. 17. Fabric 2. Related to Form K209, but with quarter-round moulding
beneath rim; date range 1-30/35 A.D. XIII 13 (Context 3).
C2,14 Profile; with spiral appliqué; Form K209, as Cl,ll above. Fabric 1. I(S) 15 (Context 7).
C2, 15 Profile; with fine vertical rouletting, head appliqué; double groove and ridge above, single below. D. c. 1 7.
Fabric 1. Form as preceding. XIV Pit 2 (Context 9). plate 209E no. 5.
C2,16 Five frs. not joining, rim to floor; stepped profile; rouletting inside. D. 1 7.5. Fabric 2. Form K207/214; date
1st cent. A.D. IX 7, VIII 7 Pit 4, IX 5 Pit 1 (all Context 9).
Plates of the large size range, D. 25-35. Rim frs. of seven:
C2,17 Vertical rim with hooked overhang, moulded inside. D (est). 35. Fabric 1. Form K201,2; date range 1-15
A.D. XIII 19A (Context 1).
C2,18 Grooves and rouletting outside, inside as no. 16. D(est). 25. Fabric 3. Form K205; date range 10 B.C. - 35
A.D. XIV 7 (Context 1).
C2,19 As C2,18, but with different rouletting and grooves. D(est). 35. Fabric 3. XIV 7 (Context 1).
C2,20 As C 1,11. Simpler profile. Lion's head appliqué. D. 27. Fabric 4.
Form K213; date range 30-80/90 A.D. VIII 10 (Context 6).
C2,21 Vertical wall. Thickened lip. Spiral appliqué. D (est). 29. Fabric 2. Form as preceding. Foundation of
North House east wall, at threshold (Context 8).
C2,22 Profile as Cl,7; mask appliqué. D(est). 25. Fabric 3. Form as preceding. I(N)12. (Context 7).
Also found: six stamped frs, 67/P201, P288, P290, 71/P322, P329, P330. For these see cat. nos. Y24, 30,
31, 5, 22, 33.
ESigB
All except nos. 29 and 38 have the normal orange-buff clay with mica, and good gloss of the same colour, badly
flaking in some examples, firm in others.
C2,23 Dish base fr, D. 12. Possible rim fr, not joining. EAA Form 2. XIII 19A (Context 1).
C2,24 Dish rim frs, as Cl,21 (71/P101). Cf. EAA Form 5. Frs. of three, D. 12. 12 and 12.5. XIV 7, XIII/XIV
2487, and fabric of south wall of street (Contexts 1, 2 and 8 respectively).
C2,25 Dish rim fr, EAA Form 6. D. 17. Cf. B2,26. Fabric of North House (Rooms IV/V north wall) (Context 8).
C2,26 Dish rim fr, EAA Form 7. D. 18. XI 11 (Context 1).

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206 ROMAN POTTERY
C2,27 Dish rim and base frs, EAA Form

7 (Contexts land 9 respectively).
C2,28 Dish rim fr, EAA Form 19. D.
C2,29 Dish profile, EAA Form 20(?).
example from XIV 7 (Context 1), D
C2,30 Bowl, base and wall frs, not joi
and 1).
C2,31 Bowl base fr. 71/P265, stamped nO0OT XIV 22 (Context 9). See Y51.
C2,32 Bowl base 71/P275, stamped IIANOY (in planta pedis) . X 10 (Context 9). See Y48.
C2,33 Small bowl rim fr, D. 8. Thin walled. Straight lip. Grooves inside and out; faint rouletting outside rim
(giving impression of burnished metal). Perhaps an early E Sig B imitation of Arretine. From fabric of 1st
A.D. wall fragment ('ab') beneath North House Court (Context 8).
C2,34-38 Conical bowls, rim and body frs, EAA Form 32.
C2, 34-35 Double groove inside lip, single groove outside; rouletted on lower ridge only. One example illustrated,
D. 10.2; both from VII(W) 15 (Context 5).
C2,36 71/P30 D. 11. Profile. Rouletting on lip and ridge at carination (but not all round). Unusually thick
walled, but clay and gloss as E Sig B. Surface of floor inside unslipped; broad rectangular stamp, illegible.
Form EAA 70 late; dated later 1st A.D. and so intrusive in this context. XI 9 (Context 9).
C2,37 D. 10. Ridge and groove inside; groove below rim outside and above and below ridge at carination.
Rouletted at rim and lower ridge. X 10 Pit 2 (Context 9). Also found: two others from VIII 27 and XI 1 1
Pit 2 (Contexts 6 and 1).
C2,38 71/P79 D. 14.4. Larger version of no. 35, fired grey with full black to red gloss. XIII 19A (Context 1).
C2,39 Bowl rim fr, D. 13.5. Thin walled; surface badly pocked. EAA Form 34. Non-joining frs. from I(S) 16 and
VIII 27 (Contexts 7 and 6).
C2,40 Bowl rim fr, D. 13. Similar; heavy walled. Clearing drain through north wall of street at west (Context 8).
C2,41 Bowl rim fr, D. 1 1. EAA Form 35. V 3A #0198 (Context 9).
C2,42 Bowl rim fr, D. c. 7. Slightly incurving rim, double groove outside. Thin walled. Good waxy gloss. EAA
Form 37. XI 11 (Context 1).
C2,43 Cylindrical beaker, base fr, D. 10. Good orange-red gloss. EAA Form 40. V 3A #0198 (Context 9).
C2,44 Small dish 67/P218, profile. D. 9. EAA Form 58 early(?). Good waxy gloss, pale orange-buff inside, pale
flesh colour outside. Light wheel marks inside. IX 20 (Context 4).
C2,45 Dish rim to base fr, D. 16. EAA Form 59(?). XIV 22 (Context 1).
South Gaulish Sigillata

C2,46 Ink well 71/P16, near complete. H. 6.9. Clay and surface as C2,2; clay slightly redder. Thick walled; wheel
marks beneath. Inside unpainted, and stained black. XI 9 #2179 (Context 9). Ritterling Form 13 (cf. LRP
p. 77).
Cypriot Sigillata
Fourteen sherds only of this ware occurred in these levels, including rim frs. of EAA Forms 10 (XIII 20 - Context 1.
D. c. 17), 31A (I Baulk #0842 - Context 7. D. c. 17), 33 (XIII/XIV 2492 - Context 2. D. 13), 37 (1st A.D. wall
fragments beneath North House court, aa-af. D. c. 9). Also neck and shoulder frs. of carinated lagynos, Form 44 or
45, body frs. of large krater as A2,23, and lug handle of a krater as A2,20. Most or all may be residual. None is
illustrated.
Pontic Sigillata
C2,47 Two bowl frs. (a) Rim, D. 16. Thick flaring rim, grooved inside, (b) Body fr, D(max). c. 14. Barbotine
floral decoration.
Both have pale salmon pink clay, with a brilliant orange- vermilion gloss, except that (b) is fired brown
on the inside. They may belong. Both from XIII 19A (Context 1).
E Sig A
A total of 123 fragments of this ware was found in these deposits, much of this probably residual. Included were the
following:

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ROMAN POTTERY 207
Small bowls and cups

Form as B2,32. rim frs. of at least three.
Form as B2,34. rim frs. of at least three.
C2,48 Shallow bowl rim fr, D. 10. Doub

1).
Also found: rim fr. of a second, D. 15.
C2,49 Stemmed cup base fr, D. 5.2. II baulk #0142. Form EAA 22.
Also found: frs. of two others, one with fine rouletting on floor (as A2,7). I(S) 16 and XIII 19 (Contexts
7 and 1).
C2,50 Jug rim fr, D. 13.4. Fabric of 1st A.D. wall fragments beneath North House court, 'aa'-'af (Context 8).
Small dishes
Form as A2,5. Base fr, D. c. 12.
Form as A2,7b. Floor fr. with palmettes and rouletting.
C2,51 Flat-based with stepped underside. Profile except centre of floor, D. 15. Rouletting on floor. XI 11 Pit 2
(Context 1). Forms K319; EAA 12; date range 40 B.C. - 10 A.D.
Also found: frs. of three others.
C2,52 71/P254 Flat floor, straight sloping wall. Profile. D. 15.4. Marked offset on underside. Surface worn.
XIII/XIV #2492 (Context 2). EAA Form 30; date range 10-50 A.D.( + ).
C2,53 Form as C2,52. Base fr, D. 6.2. Good red gloss. High foot; six grooves on the floor. XIII/XIV #2492
(Context 2).
Also found: base frs. of nine others, most grooved or rouletted.
C2,54 Form as C2,52. Rim frs. of three: (a) D. c. 16. Rouletted above carination. Fabric of north wall of North
House court (Context 8). (b) D.I 6. Straighter profile with sharp carination (cf. grey ware dish A2,2a.)
I(S) 16 (Context 7). (c) D,23. Rouletted above carination. I(S) 16 (Context 7).
Larger Dishes
C2,55 Rim with overhang, D. 31. Form as A2,12. XI 1 1 Pit 2 (Context 1).
C2,56 Rim with overhang, D. 28. Carinated. Slight ridge inside lip. XIII/XIV 2494 (Context 2).
Also found: rim frs. with incurving lip, Form as A2,9. Base frs. of nine dishes as A2,9 or 13.
Knidian Ware
Rim and handle fragments of five Knidian carinated bowls with twisted handles (form as A2,34). Hard-fired pink or
grey clay, rough surface.
C2,56a Relief bowl fr; brown fabric, brown metallic surface, mould made; thumb prints and smear marks inside.
Little preserved except corded band in relief and fr. of vine decoration. XI 11 (Context 2). Cf. R2,8 and
R3,4. plate 213.
Unidentified Sigillata
The following have a distinctive dark red clay with some mica and a deep red slip of a similar colour, flaking.
Possibly Athenian Sigillata (as suggested by Hayes).
C2,57 Bowl rim and base frs, not joining. Uncertain if belonging, (a) Rim, D. 15. Multiple grooves outside rim.
XIII 20 (Context 1). (b) Base, D. 8.5. High ring foot. Floor rouletted. II 7 (Context 9).
C2,58 Dish rim frs, D. 16.4. Perhaps imitating E Sig B Form EAA 60, which begins in its early form about the mid
1st century A.D. XIII 20, I(N) 12 (Contexts 1 and 7).
Local Colour Coated Ware
As in Deposit Cl, there is a great variety. The surface is matt, with the preponderant colour a bright red, as E Sig A,
but often lighter, as in the Pontic Bowl frs. (C2,47). But there is also a considerable variety due to the firing, and
colours range from yellowish-brown to red, maroon-brown and black. The slip coat is thinly applied and has a
tendency to flake off.
Many shapes are represented: cups, bowls, bottles, jugs, jars and dishes (large and small). Often these imitate
familiar imported shapes, in a heavier, less articulated version.
Five are selected for illustration. Others are discussed briefly in relation to examples already illustrated.

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208 ROMAN POTTERY
C2,59 Carinated cup, D. 10. Profile. S

orange-red. North House East wall f
Also found: frs. of at least three others.
C2,60 Juglet rim fr, D. 7.5. Hard-fired, metallic brown. VIII 8 and 27 (Context 6).
C2,61 Juglet(?) base fr, D. 6. Fabric as no. 60. From 1st A.D. walls beneath North House court, 'aa'-'af (Context
8).
Also found: frs. of three others similar. Rim and handle frs. of about eleven jugs with rims as A 1,1 (five),
B2,67 (three), B2,65 (three).
Bowls
Bowl shapes represented are: hemispherical bowls as Bl,13, four; one carinated bowl of Knidian form as A2,34;
shallow bowls with flat everted lip, as A2,48 and B2,57; imitations of the Italian form C2,9, and of stemmed bowls as
C 1,1-3. Base fragments show a variety of form: simple ring base; one or two articulated with grooves and ridges; flat
bases; base ridge with concave underside. No stamps or rouletting.
Also fragments of larger bowls with flat rim, as A2,48 and B2,57-8 (six); and a broad bowl with flaring lip, as
Cl,40.
Dishes
C2,62 Small dish 71/P39, D. 12.5. Profile. Worn. XIII 19A (Context 1).
Also found: rim frs. of two dishes, (a) Imitating E Sig B Form 5, D. 20; and (b) Large dish with incurving
rim, imitating E Sig A Form as A2,9. D. c. 28.
Other
C2,63 Bulbous unguentarium 71/P8, D (max). 5.7, H (près). 1 1.6. Fine pale brown clay; polished surface of same
colour; neck and whole of inside has matt dark brown, metallic slip. Flat bottom with knife paring marks.
XIII 14 (Context 3). For this shape, cf. BSA 11 (1982) 291, no. 129, - an example from Knossos, dated
50-100 A.D.
Also found: rim and neck frs. of two others similar. XIII 19 and I(N) 12 (Contexts 1 and 7). Also jar
fr, D. 13.5. AsCl,55.
Black Ware
Eight worn fragments, probably all residual, representing forms A 1,44 (heavy dish with incurving rim); Cl,25 (dish
with vertical, ridged rim); Cl,26 (similar, with decorated rim, but this one has reed pattern instead of ovolo); dish
floor fr. with rouletting; neck of flagon or bottle, thick walled with small aperture (D. 8mm.), tapering upwards from
neck (vertical handle perhaps belongs); and base fr. of small bowl (D. 10) with high ring foot and large palmettes
stamped radially on the floor above the foot. Not illustrated.
Part painted Ware

C2,64 Lekane rim and base frs, D. 32. Pale red slip inside and over lip. Worn and friable. From fabric of
Southeast House, phase I cistern ('eq') (Context 8).
Also found: rim and body sherds of 13 others similar, D. 22-40.
Thin-walled Coarse Ware

C2,65 Hemispherical bowl 71/P44, D. 9.3. Profile. High offset lip, slightly incurving. Dark brown to grey fabric
and surface (change at lower body from stacking effect). XIII 19A (Context 1). Cf. Cosa Form XXXVI
nos. 191-3 (Augustan).
C2,66 Bowl with barbotine decoration 71 /PI 67, rim and body fr, D. 6.8. Brown clay with matt pinkish brown
surface. Decoration of blobs and fine lines (floral?) . North wall of street at west - dd, #2335 (Context 8) . Cf.
Cosa Form XLII no. 423 (Tiberian-early Claudian). plate 211.
C2,67 Hemispherical bowl, rim fr, D. 9. Hard-fired dark grey clay, egg-shell thin. Combed decoration in form of
concentric arcs. XIII 20 (Context 1). plate 210.
Base fragments of twenty other vessels of this ware, fired light-red or grey, most with flat bottom; four
with small ring feet with grooves.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 209
Coarse Ware
Casseroles
Rim frs. of about twenty, as C 1,91; several have a strip handle attached to the rim, as Cl,95, but without the thumb
prints. Hard red clay with white grits, D. 19-26. Two others of different form are illustrated:
C2,68 Casserole, rim and handle fr, D. 18. Light red gritty. Vertical ridged handles. VIII 27 (Context 6).
C2,69 Casserole, rim and handle fr, D. 25.5. Brick-red with white grits, fired pale brown to light grey at the
surface. Horizontal handle formed from double strip of clay applied to rim. XIV 7 (Context 1).
Lids
Fragments often, two with pierced knob, as Cl,93, the rest solid. One has higher convex form, as Nl,29. Light red or
grey gritty fabric. D. 14-20.
Cooking Dishes
Form as A2,80: fragments of two; hard, gritty, grey-brown, micaceous; D. 15-23.
Form as Bl,24 (heavy frying pan): fragments of five, including one screw handle; pale yellow-brown, gritty.
Large cookpots
Form as C 1,1 04: rim and handle fragments of at least six, D. 16-20.
Form as B2,71 (small flat everted rim): fragments of four, D. 18-20.
Small cookpots and juglet

Form as C 1,101 (straight lip): rim, handle and body fragments of four, D. 11-20.
C2,70 Juglet, profile, H. 7.1, D. 3.5. Thin-walled. Pale reddish brown clay and surface; gritty; surface rough
except at lower body, which has scratch marks where smoothed on the wheel. Small everted rim. Handle
to rim. Ill Pit 12, #0439 (Context 9).
C2,71 Small cook pot, rim, handle and body fr, D. 1 1. Red clay with white grits, fired maroon-brown outside.
Everted rim; vertical handle to rim. XIII/XIV #2492 (Context 2).
C2,72 Small cook pot 67/P158, H. 14.1, D. 13.7. Complete. Fine browish red clay, with some white grits.
Blackened from use. Small flange. Vertical ridged handles to rim. Ill 10 (Context 9).
Plain Ware
A brief listing is given of the common types, noting quantities. In addition eight variations are catalogued and
illustrated.
Lids
Form as C 1,108; fragments of seven.
Pedestal bowls
Frs. of five, two with ridge at foot as Cl,68. All solid beneath. One larger, with moulded base, hollow beneath:
C2,73 Base fr, D. 13.4. Cream ware. SA 20 (Context 4).
Stands
C2,74 Base and stem fr, D. 13. Pale red clay, fired cream at the surface. XIII 20 (Context 1).
Also frs. of two others, D. 7 and 12,8.
Beehive kalathos
Form as A2,96. Body fr, D. 22. Pale pink gritty; interior cross grooving. Content of street north wall - x, #0804
(Context 8).
Also one extension ring fr, D. 23. Cream ware, oblique grooving, XIII 19 (Context 1).
Cups
Form as A2,87. Rim or handle fragments of six. D. 8.5-10.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
210 ROMAN POTTERY
Utility bowls
Form as Cl,l 12, standard straight-sided bow
25-40 (most c. 35). Most are cream ware (6
two grooves. Horizontal handles applied a
Large storage vessels (tubs, jars etc.) and Tra

C2,75 Tub rim fr, D. c. 50. Thick-walle
surface. Thickened rim with three d
C2,76 Jar rim fr, D. c. 50. Cream ware. E
pocket for gripping. XI 11 (Context 1
C2,77 Tray rim fr, D. 35. Hard, pinkish c
at rim. XI 1 1 Pit 2 (Context 1).
C2,78 Pithoid jar, rim and neck fr, D. 2
C2,79 Pithoid jar, rim and neck fr, D. 28
4).
3U&S
Base fragments of about ten, with ring foot and dropped floor, as B2,91. Cream ware, except two which are a pale
orange-brown. D. 10-12.
Amphorae
Fragments of at least thirteen in the local cream or orange-buff fabric (also body sherds of some six in different
fabrics). Thickened rim with double rolled handles as A 1,2 7 (four); with peaked handles of round section as A 1,31
(four). Pointed bases as A2,102 (eight), ridged as Al,29 (two).
Stamnos
C2,80 Rim and neck fr, D. 12. Light-red clay, cream slip. Ridged handle of oval section. XIV 22 (Context 1).
East House: Neronian Destruction Deposit (Nl)

plates 156-9, 206-7.

This deposit was found in the building named the East House, at the east central sector of the
excavation (plan at plate 16b; Section C no. 10, Section F no. 9). Original excavation level
nos. are VII 9b, 1 1-14, VII (W.ext.) 3, 3a, 3b; baulk below Wall 't', part; XII 13. The deposit
is the product of a violent destruction, unaccompanied by fire, possibly caused by an
earthquake. Two complete rooms and parts of two others were preserved at the edge of the
Little Palace cutting, and the finds from all are considered together here as one deposit. The
destruction deposit lay undisturbed on a yellow clay floor and was sealed by a thick spread of
roof tiles, over part of which was a later (Hadrianic) occupation level (Section C no. 5). The fill
contained brown earth and building debris: mudbrick, stones, tiles, plaster fragments. Whitish
ash on the floor seems to derive from a hearth or oven in Room II, not from destruction fires.
Only at the east edge, where cut by the near vertical scarp of the Little Palace excavation, was
the deposit open rather than sealed; and this may explain intrusions such as Nl,7 and 8.
Chronology
The East House in its final stage is dated by three coins: the first, of the mid 1st A.D. (C147,
Nero/Claudius) comes from the floor make-up; the second, which is closely contemporary
(C133, Nero and Octavia) from the fill of the north room, while the third (C154, Domitian)
derives from the silt accumulated above the ruins of Room III west wall. The character of the

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 211
pottery is consistent with a date i

from the deposits at Pompeii. Th
35/40-50/90; no. 2A 10/15-40
contemporary, 50-75 A.D. The E
A.D.), 60 early form (no. 11, 50/
rather later date. But the general
A.D., and only no. 8 appears to b
known at Pompeii. The thin-wal
(nos. 18-19).
There was no great accumulation
time lapse after the laying of the f
during the reign of Nero. The sug
Nero's thirteenth year - 67 A.D. m
the East House).
In addition to the pottery deposit
in this deposit:
Hellenistic brazier handle (H38,
510, 618; Coins C10, 33, 53, 67, 7
wall construction); Metal objects
bronze clamp, iron nails (17), ho
(V3); terracottas TC69, TC92; p
pyramidal (W78 and one uncat.);
dog.
Catalogue
The Fine Ware
The imported fine ware comprises 97 fragments (64 after mending), and occurs in the following proportions: Italian
19%, E Sig A 6%, E Sig B 75%. Local ware (37 fragments) represents 28% of the combined total. Significant pieces
are catalogued, the rest interpreted as residual.
Italian Sigillata
Five pieces are selected for the catalogue. Two (nos. 1 and 2 A) could possibly be residual, but all are of types which
could have been in circulation c. 50-75 A.D.
Nl,l Bowl rim fr, D. 18.5. Everted rim with rouletting. Fabric 1. Probably from a relief bowl; cf. Form K296
Nl,2 Hemispherical flanged bowl 71 /PI 64 about two thirds, D. 7.5. Fabric 1. Form K217; date rang
35/40-80/90 A.D.
N1,2A Small dish fr, D. 17. Profile as Cl,7. Fabric 4. Form K209.4; date range 10/15-45 A.D.
Nl,3 Large plate rim fr, D. 25. Thunderbolt appliqué. Possibly belongs with no. 4; same fabric; better gloss on
rim fr.
Nl,4 Large plate 71/P143, base, D. (foot) 9.3. Form K213; date range 30-80 A.D. Stamp .ANN in planta pedis,
within concentric circles. See Y2.
E Sig A
Nl,5 Plate rim fr. with flange D. c. 25. Matt orange-red slip, pocked on the inside. Form K332, EAA 37,
commonest 50-75 A.D.
E Sig B
Transitional Bl/2 ware, except no. 8, which appears to be a later form. Surface of most, and fabric of some, worn and
flaking.

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212 ROMAN POTTERY
NI, 6 Small conical bowl, rim and body

appliqué (as Cl,18) D. 13. One with lo
Nl,7 Bowl, profile except centre of floor
clay; good waxy surface gloss of same
Nl ,8 Bowl profile except centre of floor
EAA Form 80. Intrusive in this deposi
Nl,9 Shallow bowl, profile except centr
Nl,10 Small dish 67/P164, near complete
illegible. EAA Form 58, early version.
Nl,l 1 Small dish, profile except centre o
form.
Rim frs. of a second example.
Nl,12 Small dish, rim to base fr, D. c. 19. Flat bottom, straight lip. EAA Form 59.
Nl,13 Conical bowl rim frs, D. 13. Short overhanging rim, hooked up at the lip. Rouletted. Start of strip handle
applied to rim. EAA Form 74B.
ESigB(?)
The following has orange-brown fabric as E Sig B, though a little lighter in colour, except at neck and rim. Inside
surface pale coffee-brown, showing much mica, slip splashes dull medium brown; outside orange-brown gloss of
standard E Sig B colour, mostly worn off.
Nl,14 Lagynos 67/P144, rim to upper body fr, D. (shoulder) 13.8, (rim) 4.2. The neck is ridged. The handle (now
missing) was attached to the shoulder.
Nl,15 vacant no.
Local Colour-coated Ware

Nl,16 Small hemispherical bowl, rim and base frs, not joining, D. 10. Soft- fired orange clay, dark red slip.
Everted rim with overhang; ring foot; groove on floor above foot. Related to Pontic bowl, Form K390?
Rim and body frs. of three others, D. 8.5-9. Harder fired; two pale yellow-brown outside, bright
vermilion red inside.
Nl,17 Small jar, rim to body and base frs, not joining, D. 7.5. Thin streaky brown slip on the outside, and inside
rim with drips.
Thin-walled Wares
Nl , 18 Bowl, rim to lower body and base frs, not joining, D. 10. Shape and decoration as IG 1 . North Italian Grey
Ware, plate 206.
Nl,19 Carinated bowl, rim and body frs, D. 11. Form as IG 12. Start of handle. Floral design in relief
14-15. North Italian Grey Ware, plate 206.
Nl,20 Carinated bowl, rim to lower body fr, D. 1 1.8. Dark brown clay with tiny white grits, surface fire
Rough Cast Ware. Shape as Cl,78.
Nl ,2 1 Carinated cup, D. 9. About two-thirds. One handle preserved. Pale red-brown with small dark brow
white grits, some mica. Red-brown slip in and out, turning metallic purplish brown in patches
thickly applied. Rough Cast Ware.
Nl,22 Dish rim fr, D. 16. Thin-walled. Hard-fired to grey throughout. Local imitation of Sigillata s
Misfired in kiln. Not illustrated.
Coarse Ware
Nl,23 Cooking dish, D. 31. Profile except floor. Brown to grey fabric with many white, dark-brown and grey
grits. Much silver and a little gold mica. Lustrous red to yellow-brown slip inside and over rim. Upper
outside wall smoothed; very rough and pitted surface beneath. Pompeian-red Ware.
Nl,24 Baking-lid ('tegame') 67/P162, made up complete, D. 32. Fine brick-red clay, with small black grits,
slightly micaceous. Thin- walled for its size. Smooth matt inside surface with slight ridge mark (D. 12) from
stacking in the kiln. Wheel marks outside; tiny ring foot. Italian, related to the Pompeian-red Ware series.
Riley's lid Type 7, cf. Berenice II pp. 324-5, and refs. there. JWH)
N 1,25a Cooking dish, D. 31.5. Near complete. Heavy walled; hard-fired pinkish brown to black clay, gritty; some
mica. Smooth inside surface, with transverse burnishing marks very evident on the floor. Two horizontal
handles applied to rim, with thumb prints.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 213
Also: 25b-c. Rim fr. of a second exam

for the cook pot Nl,31 (not 33 as i
Nl,26 Frying pan handle fr, L. c. 5. Co
pierced at the end, as C1,96(C).
Nl,27 Lid 71/P166, D. 11.5. Hard lig
cylindrical knob, hollow beneath.
Nl,28 Lid, D. 17.5. Profile. As no. 27.
Nl,29 Lid 67/P165, D. 15.8. Intact. Bric
rouletting, above the carination. C
Probably belongs with the cookpot
Also found: frs. of six others, D. 17
Nl,30 Casserole, D. 19.6. About two-th
blackened outside. No handle survives. See no. 28.
Also found: rim frs. of a second, D. 18.
Cookpots
There are four forms, represented by nos. 31-34. Two are preserved in complete examples (Nl,31 and 33), the
others in fragments. There was a great quantity of this ware found, which did not make up (one full zembil).
Ten kiln wasters were included.
Nl,31 Large cookpot 67/P169, made up complete, H. 25.5, D. 13.4. Brown gritty clay, outside surface smoot
coffee-brown to black, inside rough. Broad ovoid shape with short vertical rim. Two vertical shoulde
handles, threaded with large clay suspension rings, D. 6. A slight horizontal groove at the shoulder mark
the position for the top of the handles. See also no. 29.
Rim frs. of four others, D. 13-16; one handle ring.
Nl,32 Cookpot, rim to shoulder fr. with handle, D. 16. Brick-red clay, smooth pink outside surface, red insid
High straight rim, slightly everted, flat on top. No flange. Ridged, vertical handle attached below lip.
Rim frs. of three others, D. 16-17, one with slight flange.
Nl,33 Cookpot 67/P167, complete except base fr, D. 18.7. Red clay with white grits, fired to grey inside. Smooth
exterior, red-brown to black; inside rougher and ribbed. Sharply everted rim with ridged vertical handle
attached below rim.
Rim frs. of six others, D. 20-26.
Nl,34 Cookpot, rim and handle to shoulder fr, D. 20. Hard, brick-red clay with brown surface outside. Everte
rim with flange, flat at the top; ridged handle attached below rim. Form as A2,75 and G 1,81; but these
have handles attached to rim.
Also found: rim and handle fr. of another, D. 18.
Nl,35 Trefoil jug, rim and handle fr, H (près). 11.5. Hard salmon pink clay, fired metallic grey at the surf
Micaceous. Ridges on neck, as Cl,89.
Also found: frs. of three others.
Gritty Porous Ware

Coffee-brown fabric crammed with large inclusions - white grit, small pebbles and quartzite - which obtrude and
speckle the surface. Outside surface pale brown to cream. The fabric is porous and light.
Nl,36 Stamnos, rim to shoulder and handle fr, D. 12. Everted lip, short neck, handle attached to rim. Also found:
rim and handle frs. of two similar, D. 14-15. Tall cylindrical neck fr. of an amphora, D. 13.5-15.
H (près). 19; slender handles of round section.
Nl,37 Amphora base and body frs. Tapering conical base, D. 5, with slight depression beneath. Light brick-red
clay, with cream slip outside.
Plain Ware
An unusually small proportion of the total; all shapes except the amphora (four examples complete or near
complete, and the fragments of about fifteen others) and the large bowl (Nl,38) are represented by fragments only.
These are not catalogued, since many could be residual. They include fragments of lids (3), form as Nl,28; stand or
censer base, D. 9.5, as C2,73; closed vessels with ring base, mostly jugs (c. 15); large straight-sided utility bowls with
flat rim, D. 29-35 (7), one with two grooves on the rim, one with groove at the rim edge, the rest plain; two smaller
bowls, D. 18 and 22, form as C 1,1 1 1. Also rim fragments of a large pithoid jar, D. 23.5, cream ware, form as C2,79.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
214 ROMAN POTTERY
From this group (of about 64) fourteen (
Nl,38 Large bowl, rim to lower body fr, D

Flat everted rim; horizontal ribbon han
inside.
Nl,39 Two handled bowl 67/P166, complet
especially near base. Flat everted rim;
Also found: rim to lower body fr. of
Nl,40 Bottle rim and neck fr, D. 4. Collar
Nl,41 Bottle 71/P165, rim and neck fr, D
Nl,42 Bottle rim and neck fr, D. 4.3. Pa
Amphorae
Nos. 43-48 are judged to be in the local f
Nl,43 67/P209, made up complete, H. 67.

for handles which are peaked, and gr
Nl,44 67/P198, complete except small f
Nl,45 Complete except rim, H(pres). 67
Also found: frs. of at least three othe
One of blotchy white fabric, with goo
Nl,46 Amphora stand 67/P170, complete
Frs. of four similar, D. 15-17.
Nl,47 Rim to shoulder fr, D. 6.8. Fabri
section. Cf. Riley nos. 107-8 with 'horn
running later, - into 2nd A.D. at Osti
NI, 48 Rim to shoulder fr, D. 9.5. Buff cl
beneath. Handles as Nl,47, but vertic
Nl,49 Rim to shoulder fr, rim D. 6.3. Dark
round section. Soft-fired rounded bas
fabrics?).
Nl,50 Rim to shoulder (rim D. 6.8) and nipple base. Dark brick-red clay. Form similar to Nl,49.
Nl,51 67/P208, base to neck (rim and handles missing) H (près). 84.5. Dark red clay, hard and rather pure; good,
thick cream slip well preserved inside, mostly worn off outside. Tall cylindrical form with pointed base,
carination at neck, start of double rolled handles. Shallow horizontal ribbing on the outside, widely
spread.
Also found: neck, shoulder and body frs. of a second; hard, pale mauvish-brown fabric; small grits
including silver mica, and some larger gold mica particles; outside surface fired pale yellow-brown; good
cream slip on outside only.
See also Nl,38.
Neronian fill to North of Southwest House (N2)

plates 160-2, 208.

This deposit lay in the deep fill against the street terrace wall, where the street runs between the
Southwest House (with the Claudian destruction, Deposit Cl) and the East House (with the
Neronian destruction, Deposit Nl) at depth 14.80m. The deposit was excavated as Trench
XIII (N) 14A, 15, 15A, 15B, 17B, 17C and 19 #2203. It appears to be a spread of redeposited
destruction material lying over a trodden earth occupation level, and to derive either from an
unexcavated building to the west, or from one to the north, later demolished by the
construction of the North House in the 2nd century A.D. There was a succession of comparable
earlier 1st A.D. levels in the same area, stratified in succession beneath this deposit, at the west
side: the Augustan (part of Deposit A2, XIII 23-25) and Claudian (part of C2, Context 1,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 215
XIII 19 #2205, 2208). These circ

sense as Cl or Nl - and the occurre
Thus it is treated strictly as a
contemporary with Deposit Nl, an
to the known types, are illustrate
Chronology
This deposit is stratified above early and mid- 1st A.D. levels. The imported fine wares belong
to the period 50-75 A.D., and are generally comparable with those of Deposit Nl. More
residual material is to be expected in a deposit of this kind, and this is no doubt reflected in the
comparatively high proportion of E Sig A sherds which occur here. However it may be thought
that the significantly higher proportions of Italian in relation to E Sig B ware, and the absence
of the latest E Sig B forms, does suggest a date marginally earlier than Deposit Nl.
Other finds include lamps L92, 140, 164, 196, 199, 205, 254, 261, 270, 274, 277, 282, 291,
337, 501, 538-9; terracottas TC39, 49; metal objects M287, 343, 346-7, 368; metallurgical
debris M564-5; bone objects E36-9; glass G28, 71, 124, 142, 295, 323.
Catalogue
The Fine Wares
Of a total 142 fragments the imported fine wares are found in the following proportions: Italian Sigillata 43%, E Sig
B 31%, E Sig A 21%, and Çandarli(?) 5%, with the addition of one sherd of Cypriot Sigillata and two of North
African Red-slip Ware (body sherds, intrusive).
Italian Sigillata
N2,l Cylindrical beaker rim fr, D. 9.5. Applied spectacle spiral, above two horizontal grooves. Form Haltern 16;
cf. Hayes (1973) 20 (25-50 A.D.).
N2,2 Cylindrical salt cellar, profile, D. 7, H. 2.6. Double horizontal grooves. Form K226 (Neronian/Flavian).
N2,3 Hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. 10. Head appliqué on high rim. Form as no. 4.
N2,4 Hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. 12.2. Spectacle spiral, rosette and heart appliqués. Form K217
(35/40-80/90 A.D.). Cf. Pompeii 5, vi 1, no. CE 327, pl. 122, no. 19.
N2,5 Small dish rim fr, D. 1 1. Profile as Cl,13. Form K215, cf. Hayes (1973) Form 1 ID. 1-30 A.D.; Pompeii 5, vi
7, no. CE 1787, pl. 122 no. 2.
N2,6 Medium dishes, rim frs. of at least twelve. D. c. 17. Illustrated are three decorated frs: with dog appliqué
(profile as C 1,7-8; spectacle spiral and rosette appliqué on rouletting (profile as C 1,10); dolphin appliqué
on rouletting (profile similar but with rim slightly hooked, and two grooves inside lip).
N2,7 Relief bowl body fr, D. c. 14. Festoons and vine leaf beneath rouletted ridge.
Also one conical base fr, D. 13.
N2,8 Bowl base fr. with lunate stamp, 71/P332. See Y36.
N2,9 Bowl base fr. 71/P5. D.(foot) 6. Stamp L.R.P. in planta pedis.
See Y25.
ESigB
N2,10 Conical bowl, D. 13.2. Profile. Poor spiral appliqué. Form EAA 70 (early form, 50-75 A.D.)
Also found: frs. of at least six others.
N2,l 1 Deep bowl 71 /PI 2 D. 12. Made up complete.Three grooves below rim. Stamped asterisk on floor inside
grooved circle. Form EAA 71. 50-100 A.D.
N2,12 Lagynos base and neck frs. D.(neck) 1.8; (ring foot) 5.9. Flaking orange-red clay; splashes inside neck and
on floor; worn; tiny pock marks outside. Small neck ridge. Globular form. For the contemporary,
carinated form, see Nl,14.
Also found: rim and base frs. of dishes, including Forms EAA 18 and 19/60.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
216 ROMAN POTTERY
Other Sigillata Ware (Çandarli?)

N2,13 Bowl base fr. with stamp, D. 5.
quality bright orange-red to dark red
two grooves on floor; large and unin
N2,14 Dish 71/P26, D. 24.8. Near comp
foot; centre of floor somewhat raised.
Form EAA LI.

The following have the local dark buff to pale cream clay with small white grits, and slip-coat of varying colours
noted.
N2,15 Large dish rim fr, D. 28. Dark red slip, pocked and flaking. Imitating the Italian form N2,5(?).
N2,16 Modiolus? rim fr, D. 11.3. Pale orange slip. Grooved at upper and lower neck.
N2,17 Bowl 71/P97, about half, base missing. D.20. Traces of black slip inside and out; worn. Grooved outside
rim; ridged on lower body.
North Italian Grey Ware

Small fragments occur of the hemispherical bowl with striated blobs, form IG 1. Rim to lower body fr. of form IG 4.
Not catalogued.

Fragments mostly of small bowls and juglets in pink or grey fabric, include the following:
N2,18 Hemispherical bowl, profile. D. 12.5. Hard-fired dark brown fabric, pale brown to maroon at surface.
Thickened lip; simple ring foot.
Base frs. of two others similar.
N2,19 Hemispherical bowl, rim to near base. D. 13.5. Hard-fired dark grey fabric. Broad flat rim, turned out.
Start of horizontal handle below rim.
N2,20 Juglet 71/P42 rim to belly, D. 6.5. No handle preserved. Fine, pale red clay; hard. Smoothed outside
surface.
N2,21 Ovoid beaker, rim to belly, D. 10.5. Start of one shoulder to belly handle preserved. Hard, brick-red clay
with some white grits. Pale mauvish-brown outside surface.
Coarse Ware
N2,22 Deep casserole with lid 71/P30. D. 20.7, lid 18.2. About three-quarters preserved. Pink to brick-red, gritty
clay; pink to red surface; blackened inside. High everted lip, sloping sides, slight carination. Vertical
handles (from carination to rim) now lost.
N2,23 Deep casserole, rim handle and body fr, D. 25. Fabric red at core, with small white grits; hard-fired, dark
grey at surface. Rough surface. High everted rim, vertical walls, sharp carination. Horizontal handles.
Also found: frs. often others in light-red to brown fabric, D. 17-24. One handle as no. 23; four vertical.
Also frs. of six lids, D. 17-20; red-brown clay; knobs as no. 22.
N2,24 Cooking dish, profile except centre of floor, D(est). 36. Pale grey-brown, gritty and micaceous; partly
blackened inside and out. Flat base; sloping wall, concave outside; horizontal pie-crust handle attached to
rim. Knife paring marks on floor in zigzag form.
Also found: rim frs. of four others; one screw handle in hard pink fabric. One dish rim fr. with small
flange, D. 35. Form as A2,80.
N2,25 Small cook pot, rim to belly and handle fr, D. 12.5. Hard brick-red clay with white grits, fired pale brown
to grey outside. Lip with slight inward curve, hardly thickened, no flange. Ribbed handle.
Frs. of four others, colour frequently mauvish pink to pale grey.
A kiln waster, about two-thirds complete, over-fired deep purple with surface speckled yellow-grey in
places, suggests that this type was locally made.
N2,26 Large cook pot 7 1 /P28, D. 20.5. Base and handle tops missing. Brick-red clay with white grits; surface fired
grey. High rim, flat at top; no flange; vertical ridged handles.
Also found: frs. of about fifteen others (incl. cat. no. 71/P99); D. 16-21 (most c. 17); rim H. 1.5-3. Colour
range: pale brown to dark grey. This is the most common form.

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ROMAN POTTERY 217
N2,27 Large cook pot 71/P27, H. 21.7

rim; flange.
Frs. of at least four others with flange, D. 16-20.
N2,28 Large cook pot 71/P55, profile except base and handle tops, D. 19.5. Light red to brown clay, with white
grits; grey at the core. Flange or ledge at the rim. Flat strap handle. Slight collar ridge where separately
made rim was attached.
Also one other, D. 14.
N2,29 Large cook pot 71/P29, D. 21.2. Profile except base and handle roots. Orange-brown clay. Top of r
grooved; pronounced collar ridge outside and flange inside.
Other large shapes - collared jar with horizontal handles and pithoi - are represented by small rim and
handles frs only.
Plain Ware
Lids
N2,30 High conical, D. 10.5. Profile. Cream ware, carelessly finished. High cylindrical knob. Fr. of a second
similar, D. 10.
N2,31 Low conical, D. 13. Orange buff. Tall cylindrical knob, hollow beneath. Two others similar.
N2,32 Low conical, D. 17. Profile. Cream ware. Flat cylindrical knob, hollow beneath.
Pedestal bowls (censers?)

Frs. of four, rim profile as Cl,73. D.(rim) 1 1, (bases) 4.2 and 5.1. Cream or orange clay; paint splashes inside. One
base concave beneath, one with short hollow stem. Not illustrated. See also N2,38 below.
Bottles, flasks etc.

Fragments of nine:
N2,33 Short conical neck, D.(rim) 3.5. Brown clay with pale cream slip.
Rim frs. of three others, D. 4.5-5.1 (one with handle attaching inside rim).
N2,34 Swelling neck, D.(rim) 3. Cream ware, but with small brown inclusions. Start of ridged handle.
N2,35 Tall conical neck with grooved lip, D.(rim) 4. Pinkish buff clay with cream slip.
N2,36 Broader neck with flaring lip, D. 6.4. Cream ware.
Also found: frs. of two others similar.
Bowls, stands and others

N2,37 Beehive kalathos rim fr, D. 23. Brown-buff clay and slip. Spreading, flat rim; vertical combing inside;
single groove outside at 7.5. beneath rim. Cf. A2,96. Not illustrated.
N2,38 Stand or censer, base fr, D. 29. Set off by deep grooves, as C2,73.
N2,39 Stand, base fr, D. 12.5. Hard-fired crimson red fabric; good cream slip outside, pink to grey inside surface.
N2,40 Deep hemispherical bowl, profile except base, D. 18.5. Light red clay with pale buff slip, flaking inside.
Flat everted rim.
Also found: rim frs. of three others, D. 20-22.
N2,41 Domed lid rim fr, D. 23. Light red to mauve, gritty; fired cream at surface.
N2,42 Large utility bowl 71/P95, D. 27. Profile except handles. Cream-buff clay, gritty. Two grooves on rim.
Concentric knife paring marks on underside.
Also found: frs. of 19 others, D. 26-36. Seven with two grooves, five with one, seven without grooves.
Handles are attached to rim with thumb print, as C 1,1 12.
Closed shapes, stamnoi, amphorae etc.

N2,43 Pitcher (?) rim fr, D. 16. Pale red clay with cream slip.
N2,44 Stamnos rim to shoulder fr, D. 1 1.5. Red-brown with small white grits, fired buffai the surface. Cream
slip. Cylindrical neck; start of handle with oval section.
Also found: frs. of about twenty others. Cream and brown-buff ware in about equal proportion, both
probably local. Ribbed vertical handles; ring bases with dropped foot and navel in central depression
beneath.
N2,45 Amphora stand, D. 14.5. Complete. Coarse with heavy brown grits; good cream slip.
Frs. of two others, D. 16 and 17.

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218 ROMAN POTTERY
Amphorae
Fragments of about eighteen. Most are local and of the same type as Nl,44. Rims thickened or rolled; handles of
broad ridged form (4), double rolled and peaked (14), or peaked and of round to oval section (9); tapering bases
with small nipple. Two of imported red ware, in the tall cylindrical form with pointed base, as Nl,51. Not
illustrated.
Other Neronian Material (N3)

PLATES 163, 208.
Contexts
All the catalogued objects come from proveniences south of the street (in Trenches X-XIV)
which are close to Deposit N2, and may have originally been associated with this. But the
circumstances of their excavation and their wide spread do not justify definite association or
detailed discussion. The proportions of imported fine wares which occur in these contexts are
given for comparative purposes, and are as follows: of a total 100 fragments the Italian
comprises 50%, E Sig B 25%, E Sig A 17%, Cypriot 5%, and Knidian 3%. Local colour
coated ware comprises 29% of the combined total (141).
Catalogue
1. Italian relief bowl, rim fr, D. 15. Fabric 1. X 7 and 9, XI 7 (joining).
Also: (a) four other relief bowl frs; and (b-f) medium and small dish rims with the following appliqués: cupid
with trumpet, spectacle spiral, rosette, garland, dog (plate 208); and stamped base fr. (see Y 19).
2. Plate profile, D(rim). 17, (base) 9. Fabric pale pink as Italian but comparatively coarse textured, micaceous and
with small white grits. Soft fired and crumbly. Dark red matt slip, worn and pocked. High foot as on Arretine
forms. Scratch marks outside; two broad concentric grooves on floor; ridging at lip and below rim rather crude;
fabric too coarse for finer grooves. Local Aegean imitation of Arretine? Cf. the Italian form K206. XI baulk
#2454, X 7/XI 4
3. Bowl rim fr, D. 10. Thin walled coarse ware. Fine hard brown fabric with surface of the same colour. Decoration
of impressed triangles, as on Cypriot sigillata. Italian? X 9. plate 208.
4. Bowl with barbotine decoration, rim fr, D. 1 1.5. XIII (N) pit 1. Italian. See IG 1 1. Also: 4a. frs. of a third with
decoration of concentric arches (plate 208); X 9. Cf. N 1,1 9.
5. Unguentarium, rim and neck fr, D. 2.4. Pale coffee brown, burnished surface. Import. XIV 5 #2310.
6. Amphora, rim to shoulder fr, D. 12.2. Pinkish red to brick red clay, light red surface. Import. X 9.
7. Amphora stopper 71/P38, D. 8. Disc with central boss. Broken at string hole. Incised letter phi. XIV 5.
Flavian Deposit Fl, Pit Fill

PLATE 166.
The Nature and Chronology of the Deposit

No destruction deposit datable to the last two decades of the 1st century A.D. was found, but
there were several contexts containing pottery of this date, specifically later E Sig B (B2 Ware,
Forms 62, 70) and earlier Çandarli forms. One of these, VIII 7 Pit 4, is selected for description,
as typical, though scrappy, and is identified as Deposit Fl . Then, as for the other periods, better
examples of these forms, and other pieces of interest from other levels are listed as Deposit (or
group) F2. In this instance, so few of the pieces from Deposit Fl are as complete or worthy of
illustration as those of the group F2, that they are not illustrated except in two cases (Fl,4 and
7), which have been inserted into the F2 series (plate 166), and the stamped base Fl,3 (qv.).
There are noticeable differences between this lot and earlier deposits not only in the Sigillata
forms (see under Fine Ware), but also in the cooking ware shapes and the plain ware shapes

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 219
and their surface treatment (e.g

silver or glass).
In addition to the pottery cat
terracotta TC42; metal objects
Catalogue
The Fine Ware
Seventy fragments of Sigillata ware are distributed as follows: Italian 23%, E Sig A 23%, E Sig B 35%, Çandarli
18%, unidentified 8%. Very fragmentary; only nos. 3, 4 and 7 are illustrated, the others being referred to illustrated
parallels in 1st A.D. deposits. To be noted is the continuing slow decline in the popularity (or availability) of Italian
imports, the fairly constant presence of E Sig A (though much is scrappy and probably residual?), the increase in
popularity of E Sig B ware, and the sudden appearance of Çandarli ware on the market in significant quantity.
These trends are borne out by the combined figures for all the Flavian material.
Italian Sigillata
F 1,1 Small bowls (a) rim fr. as Cl,6a, D. 7.5. Plain rim without appliqué or internal groove; (b) rim fr. as Cl,4,
D. 1 1. Fr. of small rosette appliqué, as F2,3a; (c) rim fr. as G 1,4, D. 11, but with higher lip, and no internal
groove. Fr. of larger daisy appliqué, as F2,36.
F 1,2 Small dish, rim fr, D. 19. Form as C2,15, rouletted. Fr. of spiral appliqué.
Fl,3 Eastern imitation of Italian Sigillata, 67/P206 dish base, D. 8.9. Stamped; see Y 18.
E Sig A
Fl,4 Conical bowl, base to near rim, D(max). 7. Worn. High flaring foot. Carination with groove below. Form
as Antioch 453/455 and 460; EAA 45-6; K334-5 (common at Pompeii).
ESigB
Fl,5 Small bowl, rim and body fr, D. 15. Form 70. Vertical lip, as F2,15.
F 1,6 Small bowl, rim fr, D. 10.5. Form 70 variant (?). Incurving rim with double rouletting on flattened top
surface of lip. Good waxy gloss.
F 1,7 Small bowl, rim fr, D. c. 14. Form 62B. Small horizontal ribbon handle applied to lip. Illustrated with the
matching dish form, F2,13.
Çandarli Ware and similar

Fl,8 Large plate, rim fr, D. c. 34. Profile as Cl,13.
F 1,9 Small hemispherical bowl, rim fr, D. 12.5. Pale fabric, bright orange gloss. Form LI 9. As F2,21.
Base frs. of two others, one in the early fabric, D. 4.5, one the late, D. 4.6.
F 1,10 Small bowl, rim fr, D. 11. Hemispherical form with flat lip, as F2,23. Two examples.
Local colour-coated ware (20 frs.)

Note that whereas the fine imported wares are almost 100% open shapes (bowls, dishes, plates), the local slipped
ware contains a preponderance of closed shapes, principally jugs.
Fabric: yellow-buff clay, soft fired. Matt orange, crimson and red-brown to black paint.
F 1 , 1 1 Closed shapes; rim frs. of three jugs with offset lip as C 1 ,6 1 ; D. 8- 1 3 . Two with plain flaring lips, as A2,40,
D. 6-8; two with trefoil lip (small short spout).
F 1,12 Bowl rim fr, D. 15. Orange-buff clay, red paint. Imitating the common E Sig B type, Forms 4-8. As F2,28.
Also found: ring bases of two similar, D. 6.2 and 7.5.

Ten frs. include one jug rim, as F2,30 and the following:
F 1,1 3 Small hemispherical bowl with everted rim, D. 12. As F2,29.

Also a second, D. 9.5.

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220 ROMAN POTTERY
Coarse Ware (17 frs.)

F 1,14 Casserole, profile, D. 16. Fine gre
22 and 24; thicker walled.
F 1,1 5 Lid, profile, D. 18.5. Pale brow
F 1,1 6 Frying pan, rim fr, D. c. 31. A
F 1,1 7 Cook pots. Rim frs. of six; thre
with flange, D. 18.5, as Nl,33; two wi
Fabric light red gritty, one grey at t
F 1,18 Two-handled bowl, rim to near
Plain Ware (18 frs.)

Nos. 19 and 22 have a lustrous silver- whi
ware.
F 1,19 Lid fr, D (rest), c. 8. Neatly made; flat-topped knob. Local buff clay with s
added pink.
Fl,20 Pedestal bowl, rim fr, D. 11. Cream ware. As Cl,73.
Flat base of a second, wire-cut, D. 5.8.
F 1,21 Bottle, rim and neck, D. 4. Yellow-buff clay with silver-white slip outside and over lip inside. Low conical
shape as Nl,33.
Rim fr. of another, D. 6; rim profile close to A2,95.
Fl,22 Stand fr, D. 10. Hard fired, cream to grey. As C2,73.
Fl,23 Large utility bowls: rim frs. of eight, D. 20-37. Cream ware; three a softer fired orange-buff, in one case
fired cream at surface. Profiles: two rounded as N2,40; the rest straight-sided as N2,42.
Fl,24 Amphorae, frs. of two as F2,39A; two as F2,39B.
Other Flavian Material (F2)

plates 166-8, 209, 213.
This group, not a stratigraphical unit, is a list of supplementary pieces which seemed worth
noting, and in many cases worth illustrating as better examples than those in Deposit Fl.
Of the 335 Sigilata pieces collected, 21% were Italian, 18% E Sig A, 48% E Sig B, 8%
Çandarli and 5% other or unidentified.
Other finds from these contexts included: coins C81, 127, 151; and bone objects E46-53;
glass G77, 82, 110, 134, 220.
Catalogue
Italian Sigillata plate 209B and F
Seventy frs. include the following which appear to be later forms, since these appliqué types do not occur in earlier
levels.
F2,la,b Relief bowls (Puteolan?); rim frs. of two, both D. 18. XIV 3; X/XI baulk #2483. Also two body frs, plate
209B.
F2,2 Small bowl, rim fr, D. 11.5. Everted lip; projecting, horizontal handle with part of spiral, plate 209F.
F2,3 Small bowls, rim frs. with appliqués: (a) small rosette (rim D. 12), from X7; (b) daisy (rim D. 13); (c)
rabbit (rim D. 12); D. floral festoon (rim D. 12.5). plate 209F.
F2,4 Small bowl, base fr, D. 3.4. Stamp in planta pedis. XI 4. plate 209F.
F2,5 Small dishes, rim frs. with appliqués: (a) rosette (rim D. 12), X/XI 2; (b) daisy (rim D. 18), X/XI baulk
#2483. plate 209F.
F2,6 Large dish, rim fr, D. 29, with bird appliqué, XI 9. plate 209F.
E Sig A
Sixty one frs, most perhaps residual; not catalogued.

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ROMAN POTTERY 221
Pontic Sigillata
F2,7 Shallow bowl 71/P259, rim to ba
Form as K387, EAA III; dated late
ESigB
161 frs, including ten profiles; very fragmentary. Five have only the centre of the floor preserved, and of these four
have stamped rosettes, one a rectangular stamp in two lines, but illegible (Form EAA 30; residual?). Only one fr.
(body sherd) of a closed shape.
F2,8 Small dish 71/253, rim to base fr, D. 15.2. Form EAA 20 (perhaps a late variant of this form?)
F2,8a Small bowl rim fr, D. 13. Form EAA 35. Worn. Residual? As C33.
F2,9 Small dish, rim to base fr, D. 17. Form EAA 53. XIII Pit 1.
F2,9a Small dish, profile, D. 14. Form EAA 57. Bl/2 ware.
F2,10 Small dish, Form EAA 58, frs. of at least four (D. 14-17). (a) profile, D. 18. Good waxy gloss. Degenerate
stamped palmette on floor, (b) rim to lower body fr, D. 17.5; spiral appliqué beneath rim.
F2,ll Shallow dish, rim to base fr, D. 15.5. Form EAA 59. Good gloss; flaking.
Fr. of a second, shallower example, D. 16.
F2,12 Small bowl, rim to base fr, D. 15.5. Form EAA 60. Dull surface; worn.
Frs. of a second large example, rim D. 32. As N3,la.
F2,13 Dish, rim to base fr, D. 19. Form EAA 62B. Good waxy gloss.
For a horizontal handle fr. of this type, see Fl,7. The rim fr. of a second example was found.
F2,14 Dish, rim to base fr, D. 18. Form EAA63(?), but with foot closer to that of Form 17. Thick waxy gloss.
Many scratch marks on the outside.
F2,15 Small bowl, profile, D. 11. Form EAA70. Poor surface, pocked. Rosette on floor.
15a Frs. of at least three others, D. 12-13. Also of the earlier version of this form (Form EAA30), a
stamped base, D. 6.5. (see introductory remarks above) and rim fr, D. 8, with finer rouletting. One body
sherd with incised decoration between double grooves comes from a superior example of this shape (plate
213)
F2,16 Small bowl profile, D. 7.2. Form £.4,471. Also frs, of two others, D. 12 and 12.5.
F2, 1 7 Large bowl, Form EAA76; (a) rim fr, D. 27. Dark crumbling fabric, dark red gloss, (b) base fr, D. 22; same
fabric and surface, but not the same bowl. Worn. Scratch marks inside and out.
Rim fr. of a second example, D. 24.
F2,18 Large bowl rim fr, D. c. 29. Form EAA78. Not illustrated.
F2,19 Small bowl rim fr, D. c. 15. Form EAASO.
Rim frs. of two others, D. 16 and 18, one with large groove inside lip.
Çandarli Ware
28 frs, very fragmentary; not illustrated.
F2,20 Small dish rim fr, D. 16. Form L9.

F2,21 Hemispherical bowl, Form LI 9; (a) rim fr, D. 12. Dark red clay and gloss (late fabric); outside surface
much scratched; (b) bases of two, D. 4.8 and 5.
Rim (D. 13) and base (D. 4.8) frs. also occur in the early fabric, with bright orange gloss.
F2,22 Large bowl, rim to base fr, D. 22. Form L26A. Base frs. of two others, D. 10 and 13. One of Form L26B, D.
11.
Other Wares (uncertain origin)

F2,23 Small bowl rim fr, D. 11. Hemispherical with flat-topped, incurving lip, overhanging inside. Pale red-
brown fabric with a little mica; orange gloss, as early Çandarli. Also a second example, D. 17.
F2,24 Large bowl, rim and body fr, D. c. 32. Wide rim with vertical lip. Fabric similar to 23; good gloss, darker
red, slightly mottled inside; scoring marks outside. For shape cf. A2,31.
F2,25 Large dish base fr, D. 9.1. Dark red clay and gloss, surface very worn. Many very fine particles of mica.
Worn stamp M I MO Y in planta pedis, inside concentric grooves. See Y55. Çandarli Ware? X7.
Cypriot Sigillata
Six frs, perhaps all residual, including Forms 1 , 7 A and 1 1 .

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222 ROMAN POTTERY
Local imitation of imported sigillata ware

F2,26 Medium dish, rim and body frs.
round moulding below rim, as C 1,1 3
Italian prototype cf. Kenrick B215

Fabric and surface as for Deposit Fl. 59
In this group the proportion of closed
or small dishes, which may in several ca
F2,27 Closed shapes: rim frs. often; var

F2,28 Open shapes, rim frs. of four ty
everted and overhanging lip; three
imitating the E Sig B Forms EAA4-8
bowl with everted rim, D. 25. As A
Thin-walled coarse ware (95 frs, including 9

F2,29 Hemispherical bowl 71/P51, D. 12
a second, D. 13.
F2,30 Juglet 67/P142, H. 10. Handle mi
clay, and smooth surface of same col
flat base, appears to be the forerunn
Flat bases of about twenty similar
represented.
Coarse Ware
Casseroles. Rim frs. of seven, four as F 1,14, D. 19-25, one with distinctive second flange beneath rim (F2,31). Three
of the later type with flat everted rim and small, pinched vertical handle beneath rim, fabric bright pink, fired to
grey at the surface, D. 19, 17 and 16, as Rl,4. Intrusive?
F2,31 Casserole, rim handle and body frs. (to carination), D. 22.5. Fine brick-red clay, fired brown at the surface.
Horizontal handles; distinctive groove outside and second flange inside, 1 .8 below the rim. Frs. of two
others, D. 24 and 25.
F2,32 Lids, frs. of 14 (20 frs.), as F 1,1 5, but most without ridging. Fabric hard, gritty and light red, brown or
grey; knobs vary from D. 2.2 to 4.4, most flat-topped, three with concave depresssion.
F2,33 Frying pans, (a) Screw handles and rim frs. of at least four, D. 26-32. Cf. Cl, 96 NI, 25. (b) Handle and rim
fr, D. c. 24. Pale red-brown; thin walled, carinated shape with near vertical handle in the form of a tube
attached to the rim.
F2,34 Cooking dish rim frs. D. c. 45. Thick walled, brick-red, gritty. Pale brown outside; smooth, glossy inside
surface, coated with very micaceous yellow-brown slip and burnished. Pompeian-red ware? Cf. B2,78.
F2,35 Cooking pots, (a) rim and handle frs. of at least 13, with near vertical rim, with or without flange, as
Nl,32.(b) Rim and handle frs. of eight with rim turned out near horizontal, five of these in the normal
range of colours (light red, brown or grey), three in a distinctive brick-red to pink fabric, fired grey at the
surface. It is difficult to be sure whether this distinctive 2nd A.D. ware is intrusive in these levels, or
whether it starts already before the turn of the century, but in view of the number of associated pots of this
shape in the earlier fabric, the latter seems a good possibility. Cf. also examples in the casserole shape
F2,31. It should be noted however that the presence of these sherds constitutes one criterion for the dating
of the excavated levels. 1 04
Plain Ware
By far the largest proportion is amphora, about 75% in weight. Of the rest, about 36% consists of large bowls, 34%
of jugs or similar closed shapes, and only 30% of other, including all the smaller shapes.
Fragments with the silver-white slip (5) or metallic pink (5) comprise lid (as F 1,1 9), bottle rim and neck as F 1,22,
jug handle (double-rolled) and ring base frs. D. 4.5-10.5; most of the latter are in a soft orange fabric.
F2,36 Smaller forms, and misc. (81 frs.) Too scrappy to catalogue, but a considerable variety of forms is
represented. Most occur in Deposit Fl, or are familiar from earlier and better deposits: (a) lids (5) as F 1,1 9;

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ROMAN POTTERY 223
(b) pedestal bowls (4) as Cl,73; (c)

carinated (71 /PI 3, D. 8) plate 168,
hemispherical forms (D. 18-31), with
extension ring, D. 24, lid, D. 25; (g
with incised wavy line decoration.
F2,37 Large utility bowls, rim frs. of
plain, or with one, or two grooves;
wavy line decoration on rim. Two
F2,38 Jug frs, rims of nine, D. 6-15, o
5.5-13.5, many with central depre
F2,39 Amphorae, about 458 frs, from
fabric, probably local (c. 65% of t
H (près). 59. tall cylindrical neck, na
fabric have small nipples, as Nl,43
section; rims thickened or rolled, D
fabric, fired cream at the surface (D
long pointed bases of five; rim, nec
round or double rolled. Also carinat
9, (carination) 16; bears graffito K
very gritty, micaceous; surface disi
heavy double rolled handles. Vegas T
red-brown with cream slip; one cy
F2,40 Amphora stands, frs. of two,
F2,41 Amphora stopper 71/P3, hard,
The Trajanic Deposits, Tl-3

PLATE 213-4.

These deposits are interrelated stratigraphically, and are discussed together, fo
separate catalogue of each. The best stratified group (Deposit Tl) is a deposit or tip of
found on a yard floor at the southwest of the North House, where there was a drain
into the street gutter and an abortive well cutting (Well 8b). The original excavation
for the yard tip was VIII 4, Pit 2. The yard floor ran over a late 1st A.D. fill (Deposit
original excavation no. VIII 7, Pit 4), and was itself overlaid by wash levels with
latest material found on the site.
The fill of the well is contemporary, but includes a proportion of earlier material; it is listed
separately as Deposit T2.
In the same yard area, at the same level but not excavated as part of the sherd dump, wa
found a further group of similar material, Deposit T3 (original excavation level nos. VIII 4-6).
These levels link the top of the well shaft with Deposit Tl, but do not constitute as clean
deposit since they contain several later (3rd A.D.) intrusions originating from the wash levels
above (forms as U67, U123, U153A).
In addition to the pottery catalogued below were found: lamps L123, 200, 225, 239, 259,
402; objects in stone S46; metal M201, 311, 379; and bone E54; coins C57, 137 and 155
(Domitian); glass G115, 154, 287, 315.
The Fine Ware
Deposit Tl is about equally divided (three ways) into fine or slipped ware, coarse ware and
plain ware. The sigillata ware (95 frs; 53 after mending) was composed of E Sig B (24%),

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
224 ROMAN POTTERY
Çandarli (19%), Pontic (19%),

and unidentified (2%). The unus
and E Sig A are taken to be resi
The material from the well cu
Çandarli (?) 1. But the bulk of th
the former.
From the general area of the yard (Deposit T3) comes a collection of 88 further sigillata
fragments. These provided a similar picture, except that the Pontic ware was not as frequent.
Proportions are E Sig B (30%), Çandarli (22%), Pontic (5%), Italian (9%), E Sig A (7%),
other (Cypriot, Knidian, N.African) (6%), unidentified (5%), and local (16%).
Deposit Tl Catalogue
Italian sigillata
Tl,l Dish base fr, 67/P123, Th. 6mm. Rectangular stamp 'AMAR' inside grooved circle, D. 2.5. See Y17.
ESigB
Tl,2 Medium dish 67/P108, D. 17.8. Made up complete. B2 ware; Form 60. Poorly applied stamp (rosette)
inside rouletted circle.
Rim frs. of two others, D. 17.5 and 19.
Tl,3 Large bowl, rim fr, D. 21. Form 73.
Tl,4 Medium dish rim frs, D. 17. Form 62A, as F2,13, but not rouletted.
Tl,5 Shallow bowl with low ring base, D. 7.5; Form 80, with groove and stepped depression in floor. A rim fr.
from Deposit T3 is drawn with this, D. 18.5.
Çandarli Ware
Tl,6 Small conical bowl 67/P109, D. 11.8. Made up complete. Flat bottomed. Form L17.
Tl,7 Small bowl, rim and base frs, not joining, D. 12.4. Form L19. As F2,21, but with lower lip.
Tl,8 Deep bowl, rim and body fr, D. 29. Hard, dark pink fabric, good gloss. Form L26A/B.
Tl,9 Bowl ring base fr, D. 8. Light red fabric, rather pure; good red-brown gloss, dull on the outside. Three
concentric grooves on the floor.
A non-joining rim fr. in the same fabric, D. 2 1 , could belong. They are placed together in drawing. Cf.
Form L26A.
Pontic Sigillata
Tl, 10 Shallow dish, rim fr, D. 15. Hard, fine orange-buff fabric with some mica; good orange-red slip inside and
on upper body outside. Applied spiral on rim. Form EAA III, K387.2. Kenrick relates a parallel from a
Kepoi tomb dated by a coin of Sauromates I to 93/4-123/4 A.D.
Also found: a ring base of this form, D. 7.5, with similar slip over all, but slightly coarser fabric. Cf. Agora
V, G61.
Tl,l 1 Hemispherical bowl, profile, D. 16. As 10, but fired darker and partly burnt. Rosette on floor inside crude
concentric grooves. Base marked off by broad grooves. Paring marks and scratches outside, especially on
lower body, which is unslipped. Form EAA IV, K393.
Tl,12 Hemispherical bowl with flange, D(max). 17. Profile, except lip and centre of floor. Form as the Çandarli
bowl Tl,7, but with higher lip and flange rising at a different (higher) angle. Fine, hard, red fabric; little
mica, occasional lime grits; good red-brown slip with metallic sheen inside; base and lower body unslipped;
scratch marks outside; rouletting on floor. Form K389, c. 50-100 A.D.
Knidian Grey Ware

Tl,13 Carinated bowl, base to near lip, handle missing. D(max).13.5. Hard brown gritty fabric; rough surface,
slipped inside and on upper body outside - metallic dark grey to brown inside, pale red-brown outside;
frequent scratch marks outside beneath carination.
Tl,14 Small dish, rim to near base, D. 14. Hard purplish grey fabric; rough surface, grey to brown beneath,
where not slipped, metallic grey to black inside. Similar to no. 13. Perhaps this ware?

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ROMAN POTTERY 225
Local colour-coated
Tl,15 Juglet 67/P1 1 1, H. 10.7. Made u
Wheel marks below rim and on low
Tl,16 Juglet 67/P72, H. 11.7. Compl
Also found: frs. of a second example
least three other jugs with red slip, s

Tl,17 Juglet 67/P1 12, profile, H. 8.8. Fine, hard, dark grey fabric; mauvish grey at the surface, darker at base
from stacking. Rough surface.
Bases of a similar type are common in the deposit, two of a similar mauve-grey colour, others pink,
brown or yellowish, 15 in all; D. 3.4-3.8.
Coarse Ware
Tl,18 Jug 67/P73, near complete. H. 15.6. Fine brick-red fabric with small white grits; rough surface, pink inside,
pale brown outside on upper body, darker below belly, lower 3.5cms. red (from stacking).
Tl,19 Cook pot 67/P1 14, H. 18. About three quarters. Fine, red to brown fabric; inside surface pale brown,
outside pale blue-grey, burnt beneath. Thickened rim of triangular section, turned out and down; slight
collar ridge.
Rim frs. of eight others, three with profile as no. 19, two with incurving rim (as T 1,1 7), but three with
flat turned out lip, as D4,59. These might be thought intrusions, since none occur among the many
cookpots in the fill of Well 8b, but one, of a warm brown fabric, has several large body fragments, and
seems likely to be an early example of this common 2nd A.D. form (see also under F2,35, and D4,59-61).
Other forms (in frs. only) are: frying pan with screw ridged handle, lids (2), jug with trefoil lip, and small
two-handled bowl as F 1,18 (D. 12).
Plain Ware (local fabric unless noted)

Tl,20 Lid rim fr, D. 14. Hard fired, pale pinkish buff fabric and surface, except upper body outside, which has
fired to cream.
Also found: rim fr. of a second, D. 20, of normal local fabric.
Tl,21 Large straight-sided utility bowls and similar: (a) with groove at outer, vertical edge, rim fr, D. 35. Pink
clay, fired cream at the surface. Flat ribbon handle applied beneath the rim. Two others similar, D. 24 and
35. (b) normal type, without the groove, rim frs. of four, D. 30-35 (as D4,90). (c) one with brown wash
inside, D. 35, profile as D4,43, but no internal groove, (d) one with pie crust and impressed circles, D. 34.
Censer? Cf. D4,51.
Tl,22 Spouted jug with filter 67/P1 13, made up complete, H. 19.3. Cream ware. Other jugs represented by base
frs. only, D. 5-11.5, at least ten.
Tl,23 Stamnos, rim to shoulder fr, D. 5.5. Fine, hard, brick-red fabric; rough light red-brown surface; two fine
bands in applied white on shoulder.
Rim, neck and handle of a second, D. 5.1, with distinctive yellow-brown fabric, grey at the core. Both
imports?
Tl,24 Small table amphora, rim to shoulder fr, D. 10. Local, soft-fired, orange-buff fabric with whitish cream
slip.
Tl,25 Bottle, rim and neck fr, D. 5.5; as Nl,43. Rim of a second, D. 6.
Tl,26 Amphora, rim and neck, D. 6.5. Gritty, pale brown fabric with good cream slip. Narrow neck; rolled rim;
peaked handles, as Nl,48.
Rim frs. of six others similar (D. 7-14); only one nipple base.
Rim frs. of three with collar rim, as Nl,50, D. 6.3-6.7. One soft orange-buff, two cream ware.
Tl,27 Beehive kalathos, body fr, D. 21. Cream ware; very heavy scorings on the inside. Not illustrated.
Deposit T2, the fill of Well 8b

A cutting was made for a well exactly over the massive west wall of the Minoan building, but
was abandoned at depth 2.70m. when it proved too difficult to cut through the hard limestone
blocks encountered there (plan at plates 3 and 18, Section C, nos. 8-9). Thus the well was

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
226 ROMAN POTTERY
never used, and it seems likely that

its filling in. Even so it appears th
there was a fair proportion of ea
cutting (see above, under Deposit
Eighteen items are selected for
Also found in this context: Lam
Catalogue
Fine Ware
T2,l E Sig B: Bowl frs. of Form 58 (D. 12) as F2,10; Form 60 (D. 18) as Tl,2; Form 74B (D. 18) rouletted, as
F2,13.
T2,2 Local dish, ring base, D. 1 1. Imitating the Çandarli form Tl,9(?).
T2,3 Local jug 68/P49, H. 18. About two thirds. Pale sandy buff; cream slip; matt black paint on upper body
outside and inside rim. Thin walled.

T2,4 Juglet 68/P38, H. 9. Near complete. Fine, hard red-brown fabric; mauvish-brown to grey surface. As
Tl,17.
Coarse ware
T2,5 Trefoil jug 68/P48, rim to lower body, D(max). 15.5. Reddish brown, grey at the core.
T2,6 Cook pot 68/P47, profile except base, D. 16. As N2,26.
T2,7 Cook pot 68/P46, complete except body frs, D. 16.5, H. 21.5. Vertical rim. As no. 7.
T2,8 Small cook pot 68/P50, profile, D.H. Fine red clay; outer surface grey to brown. As no. 7, but with single,
more angular handle.
T2,9 Cook pot 68/P45, complete except body frs, D. 16.5, H. 18.5. Dark grey-brown clay with small white grits;
fine yellow-orange slip, thick and well preserved beneath small everted rim. Blackened from use.
Plain ware
Mostly rather fragmentary; included are the following (local fabric unless noted):
T2,10 Plate base, low ring foot, D. 7.5. Soft buff with white grits; fine thick cream slip. Not illustrated.
T2,ll Lid fr, D. (knob) 2.2. Trace of silver- white slip and pink bands. Cf. NI, 19.
T2,12 Bottle rim and conical neck, D. 3.7. Whitish buff clay with silver-white slip.
T2,13 Straight-sided bowl 68/P42, D. 34. Cream ware. Profile of a second similar.
T2,14 Stamnos, rim and neck, D. 12.5. Broad mouth; rolled rim.
T2,15 Amphora, rim and neck, D. 6.6. Pale buff, sandy; white slip. Collar rim; groove between handles.
T2,16 Amphora, rim and neck, D. 7.4. Broad flaring lip with triangular section; slight collar ridge beneath. Soft
orange-buff clay with a little mica; reddish brown slip. Import?
T2,17 Amphora 68/P51, base and body, H (près). 55.5. Hard light orange-red clay, cream slip. Form as D4,135.
Import.
T2,18 Amphora stand, D. 17. Cream ware with large white grits. As D4,136b.
Deposit T3
Levels associated with the main deposit (Tl), but less well isolated stratigraphically (VIII
4-6); see introductory remarks to TI. Some sigillata fragments from other Trajanic contexts
are appended to nos. T3,l and 2.
Also found in this context: lamps L91, 116, 348, 432; metal object M261; coin C154.
Catalogue
Italian sigillata
T3, 1 Small bowl rim fr, D. 13.5. Rouletting and applied spectacle spiral. Pale yellowish fabric, as E Sig A. Good
dark red gloss.

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ROMAN POTTERY 227
Other forms as Cl,7 (dish) and Cl,4

#0599. plate 209.
See also under T3,ll.
Gaulish
T3,2 Body fr, of relief bowl, D(est).
acqueduct wall #0109.
2a-b Also found: two other frs: (a) b
body fr. with similar design. VIII 1
ESigB
Forms as in Deposit Tl: Form 60, 3 examples (D. 17-20); Form 80, one example (D. 14.5).
T3,3 67/P253 Conical bowl profile, D. 13. Worn, flaking, part burnt. Form 74A; pinched rim, vestigial ring foot
Also the rim fr. of another, D. 18.
T3,4 Large bowl rim fr, D. 28. Good waxy gloss. Form 76.
T3,5 Large dish rim fr, D. 27. Thick fabric, flaky; waxy gloss, flaking off. Form 77.
ESigB(?)
T3,6 Carinated cup, rim to lower body, D. 8. Fine grey to grey-brown, very micaceous, flaking as E Sig B. Black
slip, flaking, pocked. Perhaps an Eastern imitation of the later 1st A.D. Italian thin-walled grey ware? A
similar form occurs in Italian sigillata; cf. Pompeii 5 vi 1 no. CE 18 18/1, pl. 124 no. 10.
Çandarli Ware
T3,7 Saucer, profile. D. 16. Light soft orange-brown fabric; good orange-red gloss, flaking. Çandarli Form L9
(1st and early 2nd A.D.)
T3,8 Shallow dish with incurving rim, rim and base frs. not joining, D. 26 and 14. Pale reddish buff; good
orange-brown slip, dull red outside. Body and slip have silver mica. Transitional form L6-H4? Possibly
intrusive in this context?
Also found: the base fr. of another, in the normal late fabric, and the following intrusive types: (a) Large
bowl rim frs, D. 27. Form L26B. Late fabric. Cf. the Italian form Tl,8. (b) Deep basin rim and base frs, D.
c. 40. Form HI (as D3,4). Late fabric, (c) Small hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. 12.5. Fine red-brown, some
mica and lime grits; orange-brown slip; pocked, worn and flaking beneath flange. Form LI 9. A second rim
fr, D. 11 was also found.
Pontic Sigillata
T3,9 Cylindrical bowl rim fr, D. 16. Pinkish-brown inside surface, where unslipped. Lustrous orange-brown slip
outside, metallic where thick beneath lip inside. Barbotine floral decoration.
Knidian
T3,10 Bowl, rim and handle fr, D. 14. Pure, hard dark-brown (grey at the core); occasional white inclusions.
Slipped. Rough pale-brown surface outside; metallic purplish-brown inside. Profile as preceding, but with
higher lip above the flange.
Late Italian (not from this deposit)

T3,l 1 Hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. 13.5. Curved overhanging rim with barbotine decoration. MUM 1977 I 1.
Intrusive in mid 1st A.D. context. Late Arezzo decorative treatment, late 1st - early 2nd A.D. (JWH)
North African Red-slip Ware

T3,l la Bowl rim fr. D. c. 20. Form 8A, dated 80/90-160 A.D. LRP 35. For form, see Ul.
Local imitation sigillata

Fourteen scrappy fragments include: jug rim, handle and spout frs, shape as Tl,15 and 22 (spout), and the
following:
T3,12 Bowl rim fr, D. 22.5. Soft orange-buff; matt red slip. Imitating the Cypriot form P40, common 100-150
A.D. AsD4,13.

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228 ROMAN POTTERY
Coarse Ware
Included are the following, all fragmentary: thin walled juglet, D. 6.5, as T 1,1 7; cookpots with flat turned out rim as
D4,32 (five), D. 20, three with grey or brown fabric and surface, two pale pinkish-brown with mauvish grey outside
surface; cooking dishes with plain turned out rim, as S 1,11 (two), slipped with flange and broad grooved rim as
D3,17 (one); frying pan as N2,23, but with screw handle (one); casseroles as D4,24 and N2,22 (two); jugs as D4,64b
(two); trefoil jugs as D 1,9 (two);
One of each of these pairs has light-red to brown fabric fired pale grey at the surface, the others are pale brown or
red-brown, one grey at the core. This may suggest that these belong to a transitional stage when the new 2nd A.D.
'blue-grey' fabric had begun to replace the normal 1st A.D. brown ware.
Plain Ware (32 fis.)

All fragmentary, only one full profile. Most are shapes familiar from other deposits: incense burners (2) as Cl,68; lid
(profile) D. 14.5, as C 1,1 08; bottle rim frs (2) D. 4.5, with silver- white slip, as T 1,1 2; large bowl rim frs, one with rim
rising obliquely, close to D4,44, D. 24; one with pie-crust and incised wavy line on rim, D. 35. The amphorae are all
from forms not previously encountered, but better stratified and better preserved in later deposits.
T3,13 Stamnos, rim and handle fr, D. 5. One-handled. Dark-brown, with white grits and some mica; inside
surface mauvish brown; outside surface flaking. Swelling neck, thickened rim, as D4,57; oval handle
section.
Other Trajanic Material (T4)

Fifty five other lots of this date were identified, primarily on the basis of Eastern Sigillata B
forms and on cooking ware fabric and profiles. This material is discussed summarily, and seven
pieces are selected for cataloguing, but not illustrated in drawing.
The Fine Ware
132 frs. of Sigillata and similar local slipped ware were found in the following proportions: E Sig A 7%, Italian 21 %,
E Sig B 38%, Çandarli 2%, unidentified 4%, local 28%. The E Sig B forms (all B2 ware) represented were: Forms
29, 58 ( x 4), 59 ( x 2), 60 ( x 3), 70 ( x 2), 71 ( x 2), 74, 75 and 76 ( x 2); two stamps occurred, one large spikey
rosette, one small rosette inside concentric grooves with rouletting (plate 213). The local slipped ware included
about an equal proportion of jugs (and similar closed vessels) and bowls of varying form.
One lead-glazed fragment was included, D. 8, profile as A2,51, but with slightly higher lip; soft pinkish-buff fabric
with vitreous green glaze (weathered to white in places) on the outside and inside the rim; brownish yellow inside,
below rim; start of floral design in relief.
Two Italian sigillata fragments and one Gaulish are included with Deposit T3 (nos. T3,la, T3,2 and T3.11).
Otherwise this material remains unpublished, as including a fair amount of residual pieces, not worth noting per se.
Coarse Ware
The coarse ware is also rather scrappy, but it seems worth discussing, in an attempt to clarify the general distinction
between 1st and 2nd A.D. types. Thus a statistical comparison of types in this transitional stage with those of the
later 1st century A.D. on the one hand, and the mid 2nd century A.D. on the other, may be useful.
T4,l Cooking dish, profile as D3,10, D. 29. Brick-red fabric with many white grits and some mica; rough
outside, brilliant red slip within. Pompeian-red ware.
Also found: frs, from two others.
T4,2 Frying pan, rim fr, D. 29. Profile as N 1,1 6. Pinkish-brown to grey fabric, gritty. Frs. of at least two others.
T4,3 Thin-walled coarse ware; flat bases of fourteen vessels; rim frs. as D4,19, and Cl,88. Very fragmentary.
T4,4 Lids, frs. of eight, one with hole through knob, the rest of clumsy and heavy form, as D4,25.
T4,5 Jugs with trefoil lip, rim frs. of six. Four have hard grey or grey-brown fabric, one is brick-red with pale
mauvish-brown surface, one a brilliant red with blue-grey surface. All have slight groove or flange at lip, as
D4,55 (a plain ware example).
T4,6 Casseroles (a) Brown to grey fabric, thin-walled, form as N2,21, three (6 frs.) D. 19, 21, 23. (b) Pink fabric,
blue-grey surface; thick-walled; form as D4,23, but without groove, two (6 frs.) D. 24 and 27.
T4,7 Cook pots (a) Collar rim, brown to grey, no flange; form as Nl,22; rim frs. of five, D. 1 1-16. (b) Everted
rim of triangular section, as T 1,1 9; light red to brown fabric; three examples, D. 17, 21, 22; light-red with

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ROMAN POTTERY 229
blue-grey surface, two (four frs.) D. 17

with blue-grey surface, three example
D4,32; six rim frs. in pale red-brown to
Thus, in these levels the new 2nd A.D
(both casseroles and cookpots) and occu
Plain Ware
The plain ware is equally fragmentary, but is not informative.
Early to mid 2nd century A.D. - Hadrianic (Deposits D 1-6)

Deposit Dl
The early 2nd century A.D. was a period of great activity including new building in stone, and
was also marked by a destruction, surely the result of an earthquake, which left sometimes
massive remains over much of the site. The first building phase of the North House belongs to
this period, and the best stratified group, Deposit Dl, is a destruction deposit found on the floor
of North House Rooms V-VI.
Deposit D2
The fill in Rooms V-VI overlying the floor deposit (Dl) contains material very similar in
character to that of the floor deposit itself and of the Hadrianic cistern (Well 12, Deposit D4),
and represents in part upper floor fall from the same destruction. However this material was
not distinguished in the digging from the upper fill brought in as levelling material for the later
2nd-early 3rd A.D. rebuild above. Thus the finds from this context are in part mixed. They are
described separately as Deposit D2, and an attempt is made to isolate intrusive material which
derives from the later 2nd century levelling.
Deposit D3
There was similar levelling material above the other rooms of the North House, and this was
better isolated in the digging (see Deposit R2), but these rooms did not have the same quality of
floor deposit, nor the relatively undisturbed stratigraphy of Rooms V-VI. Significant material
from and over the floors of Rooms I and IV is listed separately again, as Deposit D3. Material
from Rooms II and III is not included, as being altogether too disturbed, although
paradoxically a number of Hadrianic coins were found in this area.
Deposits D4 and D5
In the central area of the excavation, on the site of the Southeast House, building activity, full
occupation and heavy destruction is indicated both by the fill of the cistern at Well 12 (Deposit
D4), and the related pile of rubble and other rubbish found lying on the courtyard floor nearby
to the west (Deposit D5). These are large and comparatively well stratified groups. They do
not, however, indicate a building phase or destruction at the Southeast House itself, for which
there is no structural evidence, and should be rather interpreted as redeposited destruction
material, presumably from higher up the slope to the west, or possibly from the North House.
Deposit D6
Other Hadrianic material was found in wash levels or fill which spread over much of the
excavated area, and a number of pieces from here are listed as 'Deposit' D6.

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230 ROMAN POTTERY
North House Rooms V-VI, Destruction Deposit on Floor I (Dl)

plates 172-3, 214-5. See plan at plate 19, Sections D no. 5, F no. 5. The original excavation level
no. is V 3 (part).
This is a good group, limited in size but showing a variety of typical vessels in use in one simple
living room at one time, - a set of fine dishes in four sizes and a number of different sized
pouring vessels, both coarse and finer, along with one table amphora.
Other finds from this deposit are as follows: coins C39, 165 (Hadrian?); metal M225; bone
E59.
Chronology
The fine ware, D 1,1-4, comprising late versions of E Sig B2 ware, shapes 60 and 70, point to a
date in the first half of the 2nd century A.D. The jug Dl,ll is very similar to the early 2nd A.D.
example Tl,22, whereas the thin-walled juglets Dl,7 and 8 relate to the Antonine or later type,
Rl,2. The trefoil jug, Dl,9, finds parallels with Agora G 188 (late lst-early 2nd A.D.) and M 101
(later in the 2nd century A.D. ?).
Consideration of these combined features gives a suggested date within the 2nd quarter of the
2nd century A.D., and the deposit may thus be described as a Hadrianic group.
Catalogue
E Sig B (all B2 ware)
Dl,l Small bowl 67/P90, D. 10.7. Intact. Rather thick-walled and crudely moulded; good waxy gloss. Form 70,
late in the series. Cf. Agora J29 (and dish J 28); AR 72/3 68 fig. 21 (right).
D 1,2 Small dish 67/P91, D. 15.5. Complete. Waxy gloss inside, badly flaking; matt orange-brown outside.
Rosette on floor; some scratch marks. Form 60. Cf. AR 72/3 68 fig. 21 (centre).
D 1,3 Medium dish 67/P92, D. 21. Complete. Good orange-red gloss in and out. Palmette; some scratch marks.
Form 60.
Also found: the fr. of a second (67/P243), D. 23. This one differs in having two small grooves inside at
junction of rim and wall.
Dl,4 Large dish 67/P245, D. 29.5. Profile except centre of floor. Form 60, a larger version.
Other colour coated ware, Plocal

Dl,5 Fish plate 67/P107, W. 15, L(rest).29. About one quarter. Fine pale reddish buff clay, light red to dark
brown slip with metallic lustre where thickly applied; smears and finger prints beneath end handles.
Mould made. The relief pattern includes: floral volute on handles, part of ship on floor and partial ovolo
border on floor and rim. One pellet mark from kiln stacking in centre of short side, two on long side,
enabling one to restore full length as 29. Perhaps a local imitation of a silver ware original. Position in
deposit/fill uncertain. Cf. Demeter Sanctuary 47, J10 PL 28; Pergamon XI 100 no. 415 pl. 55 and 80, dated 3rd
A.D.
Dl,6 Jug with indentations 67/P105, H. 12.5. Complete except part of rim. Fine sandy buff clay, fired yellow
surface, except for orange-buff zone at lower body and underside, from kiln stacking. Matt red to bro
paint down to belly and inside rim. Six indentations.

Dl,7 Juglet 67/P94, H. 11.5. Complete except chips. Fine pale reddish brown clay fired blue-grey on outer
surface, except lower body and base which retain original clay colour, due to kiln stacking. Surface rough.
Dl ,8 Juglet 67/P101 , H. 1 1 .5. Complete except rim and handle frs. Warm chocolate-brown clay, with surface of
same colour. Shape as D 1,7.
Dl,9 Trefoil jug 67/P104, H. 21. Made up complete. Red clay, fired grey at surface. Belly ribbed.
Plain ware
Dl,10 Juglet 67/P106, H. 13.5. Made up complete. Pale red-brown. For shape cf. Tl, 15 and RI, 1 1, also D4,60ff.

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ROMAN POTTERY 231
Dl ,11
Spouted jug with filter 67/P96,
grits.
Surface of upper body wet-smo
Dl, 12 Narrow necked jug 67/P103, H(
similar to D 1,11, but finer, more tap
D 1,1 3 Small amphora 67/P95, H. 33. C
grits, fired yellow-buff at surface. R
Dl,14 Amphora stand 67/P102, D. 14.
North House Rooms V-VI, Fi

PLATE 173.
The fill beneath the Severan floor (Floor II) of Rooms V-VI was excavated in one lot down to
and including the destruction deposit on the Hadrianic floor (Floor I) below. The group
presented above as Deposit Dl consists exclusively of the floor deposit, with the sole exception
of D 1,5, which seems very likely to belong. The rather slight contents of the rest of the fill
constitute Deposit D2, which will therefore include: 1) fragmentary remains from the floor
deposit not originally listed as catalogued pots on the floor, 2) fragmentary remains of upper
floor fall lying above rather than on the floor, and 3) any material placed within the area of
these rooms as levelling material for the later floor (see Deposit R3 for stratigraphically
comparable groups from other rooms in the house).
Deposit D2 is a small and rather scrappy group, adding little that is new and containing few
complete profiles. About 30% appears to be residual material, and this can be attributed to the
levelling fill for Floor II above, along with one later Çandarli bowl, D2,2, which gives a
construction date for the last phase of the North House in the late 2nd century A.D. The rest
appears homogeneous and contemporary with the floor deposit and with the Hadrianic cistern
fill, Deposit D4. Other finds from this deposit are as follows: lamps LI 18, 147, 255, 306, 341,
371, 423, 444, 456, 465, 551, 560, 626, 636, 640, 693; coins C75, 133; objects in metal M222,
312, 364; and bone E60-66; glass G45, 184-5.
The fine ware
Included are rim fragments of E Sig B Forms 58, 70, 71 and 80, profiles of two Çandarli forms (nos. D2,l and 2) and
the rim of one flaring bowl with relief decoration, perhaps local (D2,3).
D2,l Çandarli dish 67/P242, D. 18. Profile except floor. Form L9.
D2,2 Çandarli hemispherical bowl 67/P244, D. 8.8. Profile. Form H3, a type not starting before the late 2nd
century A.D., and thus intrusive in a Hadrianic deposit. It should belong rather to the upper fill below
Floor I.
D2,3 Bowl, moulded rim fr, D. 30. Reddish buff clay, red-brown paint, darker and with metallic sheen ins
Flaring rim with triple line of blobs in relief. Local?
The coarse ware

A very fragmentary lot. Both casseroles and cook pots have flat everted rims (as D4,22 and D4,32) and about ha
are in the new 2nd A.D. fabric (pink to light brown clay with a whitish- or blue-grey surface with matt finish),
rest light red or brown. The only other forms which occur are the cook pot with oblique triangular rim, as T 1
(three examples, all in 2nd A.D. fabric) and one with flange and external groove as D4,29. Similarly, of four tref
jugs two have the 2nd A.D. fabric, two purplish brown clay and surface.
The plain ware

In this category only one piece is noted: a local narrow necked amphora of a type found in early 2nd A.D. conte
and later, though not occurring (surprisingly) in the cistern.
D2,4 Amphora, narrow necked, D. 6. Rim to shoulder fr. Reddish buff with yellow-cream slip; local. As T2
and cf. Sl,24 and U119.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
232 ROMAN POTTERY
North House: Other Hadrianic Levels (Rooms I and IV), Deposit D3

plates 173-5, 215.
These contexts are within the area of Room IV and beneath the court floor (Room I). Rather
few pieces are selected for cataloguing and illustration, where they serve either to confirm the
interpretation of the stratigraphy, as discussed under Deposit D 1, or to supplement the forms
found in these deposits.
Other finds from these contexts are as follows: lamp L561; coin G171 (Hadrian); terracottas
TC90, 93; metal objects M232, 332; glass G26, 170.
Room IV
This room, adjacent to Room V, lacked a comparable floor deposit, but the material in the fill,
stratigraphically linked with V 3, being sealed beneath the Severan floor and overlying the
Hadrianic, is very comparable. Three pieces, late Çandarli basin and dish fragments (D3,4a,b;
Form HI, as U 18, and Form H2, as U20) and a flanged cooking dish (D3,5, as R2,17 and
SI, 11), should belong with the upper part of the fill, but the rest, though comparatively
scrappy, is a homogeneous and contemporary lot, with little residual material.
The fine ware includes fragments of the following: E Sig B Forms 20 and 72 (both survivals?), 58, 60 and 80, and a
small Pontic bowl (D3,2).
There was also a near complete amphora (D3,3) and the rim, handle and shoulder of another, as D2,4 (both
local).
D3,l E Sig B small bowl rim fr, D. 13. Form 72. Illustrated here as being a rare form, though probably a
survivor in this context (dated by Hayes to later 1st century A.D.).
D3,2 Pontic sigillata bowl rim fr, D. 16. As Tl,l 1, but somewhat heavier and thicker walled.
D3,3 Amphora 67/P172, H. 59.5. About three-quarters complete. Pale reddish buff clay, pale buff slip. Local.
Rim with triangular section, wide neck, sloping handle, cylindrical body, nipple base.
D3,4a Çandarli basin, rim to carination fr, D. 34. Form HI. Cf. U18.
D3,4b Çandarli dish base fr, D. 1 1.5. Form H2. This fr. is from Room I. Both types are dated to mid 2nd - 3rd
A.D., and likely therefore to belong to the levelling material of Floor II and not the destruction deposit on
Floor I. Cf. U20.
D3,5 Cooking dish, profile except floor, D. 32.5. Light red clay; white and brown grits; silvery mica an
occasional large flecks of gold mica; matt pale grey surface. Profile as the slipped example U72; perhaps
late 2nd A.D. form, since this profile has not appeared in any contemporary or earlier contexts. T
flanged rim is a late feature, cf. U66-68.
Room I
Beneath the court floor, in an area separated from Rooms IV-VI by a partition wall, and
slightly terraced up (see Section D nos. 4-6), was found a burnt earth level containing
predominantly coarse ware (level I(S) 13). This lay on Floor I and was designated by the
excavator as a cooking area. The pottery forms a good little group, including some quite large
pieces making up into profiles. Though possibly not in the same house at this period, since no
door links Room I with Rooms IV-VI, this cooking deposit is to be associated with level V 3,
and is part of the same destruction as Deposits D 1-2, left undisturbed by later clearing and
rebuilding operations. It offers a complementary series of pottery types.
From the cooking area proper, found in the ashy earth, come D3, 12-14, the others are from
the unburnt earth surrounds.
E Sig B
D3,6 Dish, profile except centre of floor, D. 23. Form 60, as H 1,3.
D3,7 Bowl, profile except centre of floor, D. 14.5. Form 80.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 233
Çandarli ware
D3,8 Hemispherical bowl 67/P241, D. 12. Profile. Form L19.
Also found: the base of a second, larger example, D. 6.5.
D3,9 Dish rim fr, D. 19.5. Form H2.
Pompeian-red ware
D3,10 Cooking dish, profile except centre of floor, D. 33. Grey to brown gritty clay, micaceous; orange-brown slip
inside.
Also found: a second example, smaller, D. 28.

D3,ll Jar rim fr, D. 9.5. Fine brick-red clay, fired matt yellowish-grey at the surface. Ribbed. No handle
preserved.
Coarse ware
D3,12 Casserole, rim to lower body fr, D. 20. Dark brown gritty, some mica.
Also found: rim fr. of a second similar, D. 16.
D3,13 Cook pot, rim to lower body fr, D. 15. Brick red, with pinkish brown surface; ribbed.
D3,14 Trefoil jug, rim fr, neck D. 6.8. Hard dark brown to grey, fired to a pale matt orange-brown surface.
Part-painted and plain ware

D3,15 Pyxis, body and handle fr, D(max). 13. Pale buff clay, cream slip, band and dot in added crimson. For this
ware, cf. 1st A.D. pyxides from Knossos KMF Tomb 232 (a low cylindrical form, handleless; information
from J. A. MacGillivray); for the shape, cf. our Cl,75.
D3,16 Bottle rim and neck fr, D. 5. Hard, pale red clay; cream slip. Ribbed.
D3,17 Large utility bowl rim and body fr, D. 36. Soft orange-buff; self slip.
Deposit D4 - Well 12
plates 175-182, 216.
The cistern denoted as Well 12 was situated in one corner of the courtyard of the Southeast
House. It was found choked with debris, including much pottery in a wide variety of wares,
preponderantly coarse and plain wares. This fill was homogeneous with a large dump found on
the court floor itself (Deposit D5), and a number of cross-joining sherds were found. It was a
large deposit consisting of some 36 zembils (c. 1200-1500 cwt.) of pottery and was processed
and a preliminary study made by J. Ellis Jones in Spring 1977. The following notes and
catalogue are based on his (much fuller) notes. Although it is thought that the original
construction of this cistern was Hellenistic, it must have been thoroughly cleaned out, probably
several times, before the early 2nd century A.D. No admixture of Hellenistic pottery was found.
A test through the cement floor found a deep well which produced the Orientalizing group
published in BSA 73 (1978) 45. The material from the cistern is a homogeneous lot, and
provides the best and fullest group from the early to mid 2nd century A.D. found on the site.
For this reason it seems worth while to publish it quite fully, at least so far as the coarse and
plain wares are concerned.
Other finds from this deposit are as follows: lamps L95, 136, 167, 209-10, 248, 296, 298, 305,
312, 349, 372, 404, 446, 534, 598, 621, 698; coins C58, 65, 69, 122, 170; terracotta TC94;
objects in bone E67-70; stone S42c, 50-1; and metal M214, 233, 252-3, 257, 267-9, 271-2,
283, 297, 342, 358, 360, 363, 394; metallurgical debris M571-3; glass G90, 157, 179-81, 201,
262, 278-9, 281, 299, 303.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
234 ROMAN POTTERY
The fine wares

Of a total 245 fragments found (2
proportions: Italian sigillata 9%
and unidentified 19%.
The first two categories are take
is by far the most common, and c
red slip, though an occasional f
stamped palmette and of concent
dishes, but most forms either ha
variety of shapes occurs: Form
71 and 80 (for quantities, see ca
The Çandarli ware is scrappy b
and the small hemispherical flang
appear.
Fragments of two kraters in Cypriot ware, with darker red clay and slip, occur. One is badly
worn, with surface weathered; perhaps residual. But this shape (EAA Form 40) is well placed in
the early 2nd century A.D.
Local ware in imitation of standard sigillata shapes include copies of E Sig B Form 59
(D4,12) and of Pontic bowls with overhanging rim (D4,13-14).
The coarse ware
A rough estimate of the number of vases represented gives 30 thin-walled juglets, 13 large
trefoil oinochoai, 14 casseroles, 16 lids, 75 cookpots and 21 cooking dishes. A selection of these
types is illustrated to show the range in what appears to be an experimental phase, which is in
some ways transitional between the 1st A.D. types and the later 2nd to early 3rd A.D. type
which are characteristically different in form and fabric. The thin-walled juglets have both th
high incurving rim common in the 1st century A.D. (D4,19c/d) and the straighter slightl
everted rim type set off by a groove and ridge (D4,19a/b) common later; the fabric is red or
brown, with hardly any of the silver or blue-grey surface common later. The same applies to the
trefoil mouthed oinochoai. The casseroles, both the shallow and the deep form, have turned out
and raised rims, and the earlier fabric. Most remarkable is the variety of cookpot types. Rims
range from slightly incurving to straight upright, everted, hooked, flat and turned dow
(overhanging). The fabric again is mostly red-brown gritty, often with purplish brown surfac
The cooking dishes are in brown ware, sometimes with red-brown slip, and are straight-sided
(D4,35) or shallower with curving wall and thickened or flat rim (D4,36-7). The hollow screw-
handled form was not found in this deposit.
The plain ware

Three shapes are by far the most common in this deposit: the broad straight-sided utility bowl,
the piriform or baggy jug and the amphora. A few other shapes occur, lids, shallow bowls,
decorated bowls or censers and large tubs or troughs; but most of these are represented by small
fragments and are better preserved in other deposits (for example the decorated censers of
Deposit D5). A much wider variety of types is found in the upper wash levels, Deposit U. The
straight-sided bowl is represented in fragments of perhaps 34 bowls, D. 25-37. The fabric is
varied, - pale buff, sandy yellow, orange-buff, grey-buff, grey-green, often gritty but with
slipped surface. Eight are selected for illustration, showing a variety of profile and rim

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 235
treatment. Rims are raised angu

inner edge) or two grooves.
manufactured in quantity at a
deposit is decorated with wavy
There were fragments of som
standard local ware, soft gritty f
brown and orange. A few others
jug (D4,55) normally in the th
perhaps flasks or table amphorae
and the rest wide necked jugs hav
feet (D4,60-65). A number of t
profile and in the angle of the h
Fragments of over 40 amphor
with hard brick-red, brown mic
colour. These are listed separ
manufacture, with the possible e
narrow-necked type D4,66 and
However, further study of the K
the provenience with certainty,
can be made.
Chronology
The cistern deposit is dated by the fine ware which relates closely to that of the Hadrianic
deposit Dl, but has a wider range, both in the variety of types as being a much larger deposit,
and chronologically, as being a rubbish deposit, not a floor deposit. The characteristics of the
coarse ware, too, are consistent with a date early in the 2nd century A.D.
The most common E Sig B shape is Form 60 (13 examples), which in the late form occurring
here belongs to the period c. 90-125 A.D. Form 80 is the next most popular form (with 7
examples) and is also a late form, with the same date range. The occurrence of Forms 58 (4
examples), 71 (3 examples) and 70 might suggest a date somewhat before the end of this period
(suggested date range 75-125 A.D.). Note also the presence of the earlier Forms 59 and 68, in
Bl/2 ware, which could however be survivals.
Çandarli ware occurs in Forms LI 9, of late fabric, and L26B, both datable to the early 2nd
century A.D., as is the Cypriot krater, EAA Form 40.
For the coarse ware it is to be noted that the fabric is almost exclusively the red-brown gritty
ware common to the late 1st century A.D., though often now fired to a purplish-brown surface.
The metallic whitish-grey or -blue firing common late in the 2nd century A.D. seems to occur
by chance or experimentation, especially on the jug form (see D4,19, 21 and 31) and is quite
exceptional.
Catalogue
E Sig B
D4,l Dish profile, D. 17. Double grooves beneath rim, inside and out, and on floor. Form 60. Cf. D 1,2-4.
Also found: frs. of 12 other examples, with rim D. 15, 17, 21 and 26. Two have rims with more
pronounced overhang. Grooves on wall as above; two or three grooves on floor, in two cases surrounding
palmettes, one rouletted between grooves.
D4,2 Dish, D. 14.2. Near complete. Rouletted on rim; two grooves inside lip, two on floor. Form 58. Cf. F2,10.
Also found: frs. of at least four similar.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
236 ROMAN POTTERY
D4,3 Conical cup, lip and carination

D4,4 Dish rim fr, D. 19. Black fabri
Form 59/7 1(?)
Also found: frs. of small bowls,
examples, one D. 10.5), Form 80 (
Çandarli ware
A total of 18 frs, all but one (D4,6) in the late fabric.
D4,5 Bowl rim fr, D. 23. Form L26B.

D4,6 Bowl base fr, D. 15. Chunky, pale red fabric, with silver and gold mica. Pale orange-red slip. Heavy ring
foot, square cut; two grooves on floor. Form L26(?)
D4,7 Hemispherical flanged bowl, rim fr, D. 15. Form LI 9.
Rim frs. of two others, one fired partly cream on outside surface.
Cypriot Sigillata
D4,8 Krater (a) base and lower body fr, D. 8.8. Dark orange-red clay and slip. Worn. Rouletted. (b) Shoulder
fr, probably from same vessel; rouletted.
D4,9 Carinated bowl, base and lower body, D. 7. Red clay, dark red slip (darker outside below carination).
Rouletted above carination.
D4,10 Krater rim fr, D. 24. Overhanging rim with groove above, concave outside. Fabric as no. 9; from a simi
krater of greater diameter? EAA Form 40, common early 2nd century A.D.
Local and unidentified

D4,l 1 Deep bowl rim fr, D. 20. Fine pale orange clay; thick glossy slip, mottled pink inside and out, excep
band outside rim above stacking line, where matt orange-red. Double grooves inside rim; four to
scratch lines outside rim. Flat base fr. preserves double concentric grooves on floor, no foot. Form as E
B 37/71, but perhaps another ware?
D4,12 Flat based dish, profile, D. 15. Pale buff clay, orange slip. Local, imitating E Sig B Form 59.
D4,13 Hemispherical bowl with overhanging rim, D. 12.5. About one half. As no. 12. Imitating Trajanic Po
type? Cf. T 1,10.
D4,14 Hemispherical bowl with overhanging rim, D. 8. About one third, foot not preserved. As no. 13.
Knidian
D4, 1 5 Carinated bowl, rim to lower body frs, D. 1 5. Brown to grey fabric; matt red-brown slip, metallic in p
Twisted handles.
Also found: rim, handle and body frs. of at least two others; rim and handle fr. of cup in similar fabric
with straight lip, vertical handle with thumb rest on outer edge of curve.

D4,16 Dimpled jar, rim to lower body, D. 8. Hard-fired, grey-brown fabric with purplish brown exterior. Six
dimples; central horizontal groove.
D4,l 7 Juglet, H. 8.5. Gritty orange fabric, with sandy brown exterior, grey in places. Curving rim, marked off by
groove outside, plate 216.
D4,18 Juglet, rim to lower body fr, D. 9. Dark red-brown fabric; surface purplish brown inside, grey-brown
outside. Short neck with flaring rim and collar ridge. Rather thick handle.
D4,19a-d Rim frs. of similar juglets, D. 3.5-6. Fabric varies from sandy buff to brick-red and purplish grey. Bases of
twenty eight were found, D. 3. 1-4.5. The stacking effect gives colour contrast on these, including dark grey
above purplish brown, blue-grey above sandy brown, grey-brown above bright orange.
D4,20 Jug profile, H. 17.5. Made up from fragments. Gritty orange-red clay, plate 216.
Frs. of two others, D. 7.2 and 5.2, the smaller of softer orange fabric with red slip.
D4,21 Trefoil oinochoai, rim and neck frs. of about thirteen. Hard gritty fabric, red to orange brown, sometimes
with grey core; surface blue-grey, brown-grey or red. Some are thicker walled in sandy brown, brick-red or
plum red fabric. Not illustrated, see D 1,9.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 237
Coarse ware
D4,22 Shallow casserole, profile except
Everted rim, sharp carination. Groov
Two others, D. 20.6 and 24.
D4,23 Deep casserole, profile except ce
brown exterior. As no. 22, but a de
Frs. of at least seven others; two h
D4,24 Small casserole, rim fr, D. 20. G
with interior flange; wall slightly co
Frs. of two similar, D. 20 and 18.
D4,25 Lid profile, D. 19. Grey to buff
D4,26 Lid profile, D. 25. Gritty pink t
Frs. of 14 other lids, D. 17-19 (whe
knobs as no. 25.
D4,27 Cookpot, rim to lower body fr, D. 19.8. Bright orange-red gritty fabric, with grey-brown surface. High
rim, slightly convex. Grooved handle.
Frs. of at least 18 others, D. range 12-20; two illustrated (D. 20 and 19).
D4,28 Cookpot, rim to lower body fr, D. 13.5. Red-brown fabric, with grey to black surface. High straight rim,
slightly everted, flat on top; slight collar ridge.
D4,28a A second similar illustrated, with strap handle to lip, D. 24. Dark purplish-grey to black, with white grits.
D4,29 Cookpot, rim to belly fr, D. 18. Gritty dark brown to black. Straight everted rim with internal hook, and
internal flange below. Broader shoulder.
D4,30 Cookpot rim frs, with profiles as nos. 27-29. Of about 20 other examples six are illustrated: (a) Rim D. 15.
Gritty orange-brown, sandy brown exterior, (b) Rim D. 12. About three quarters of rim. Brick-red with
sandy brown to grey exterior, (c) Rim D. 15. Brick-red to purply grey, (d) Rim D. 23. Six frs, two joining.
Grey-black with dull brown slip, (e) Rim D. 26. Thick, coarse orange fabric with white grits; burnt sandy
surface, (f) Rim D. 20. Similar to (e). Sharp internal flange. Collar ridge and slight additional ridge on
neck, (g) Rim D. 22. Thick everted rim, two external grooves. Dull orange-red, with purply-brown to
grey-black surface.
D4,31 Cookpot with curving everted rim, and internal flange, D. 17.5. Profile except floor. Dark sandy-brown
fabric with dark grits; surface fired orange-brown to blue grey.
Frs. often others, two illustrated, D. 20 and 23. One has slight collar ridge.
D4,32 Cookpot, rim to belly fr, D. 22. Orange-brown, gritty fabric. Low everted rim, ridged handle.
Frs. of about 20 others, D. range 16-22.5, two illustrated (D. 20 and 19). Fabric gritty sandy-brown,
orange-brown or red, with purply-brown, -red or -grey to -black surface.
D4,33 Cookpot, rim to lower body fr, D. 23. Gritty, pale buff-grey fabric, with darker buff surface inside, brown
grey outside. Burnt. Flat everted rim with slight ridge. Slight bulge to neck.
D4,34 Cookpot with overhanging rim; rim, neck and handle frs. (seven joining), D. 17. Brick-red fabric, grey at
the core, with red-brown to grey surface. Rim turned over and down. Slight bulge to neck.
D4,35 Cooking dish, profile, D. 37. Coarse orange-red to grey-brown fabric, gritty. Straight wall; lower body left
rough; pie crust handles. Burnishing marks on the floor; trace of trade mark beneath (Greek lambda?)
D4,35a Frs. of perhaps ten others similar, one illustrated, D. 32. Slight wheel ridging on wall.
D4,36 Cooking dish, profile except centre of floor, D. 38. Gritty orange-brown fabric. Low sloping wall with
thickened rim; lower body left rough, as pared by the knife.
D4,36a Fr. of another, transitional to rim type of D4,37; D. 35.
D4,37 Cooking dish, profile except centre of floor, D. 39.5. Coarse and gritty, brick-red to grey-brown clay, full of
large brown and white grits, including large flecks of golden mica, especially in slip; burnt. Thick red-
brown slip inside and over rim. Curving wall with thickened rim, flat on top, marked off outside by groove.
Outer wall facetted by knife paring marks, leaving lower body rough. Version of Pompeian-red ware
Fr. of one other similar.
D4,38 Frying casserole rim fr, D. 22. Fabric and surface similar to nos. 35-36; but the shape is that of a casserole,
with flange for lid. Small lug handles on rim.
D4,38a Frs. of five others, D. 23-28, one illustrated.
Plain ware
D4,39 Lid, D. 7.4. Complete. Pale pink to buff fabric, buff slip. Crude. Also found: two others similar.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
238 ROMAN POTTERY
D4,40 Hemispherical bowl (or lid?), rim t

D4,41 Shallow bowl (or lid?), rim and wa
D4,42-49 Large straight-sided utility bowl
drips over rim outside. Worn. Thicken
43 Rim and base frs. (not joining), D. 2
44 Profile except floor, D. 28. Pale grey
45 Rim to lower body, D. 27. Gritty b
46 Rim and handle fr, D. 37. Sandy yel
with thumb impressions, applied to rim
47 Rim and body fr, D. 26. Gritty grey
48 Rim and body fr, D. 30. Pale buff w
outside beneath rim.
49 Rim fr, D. 35. Yellowish-grey gritty, with pale orange slip. Worn. Curving everted rim with slight flange.
D4,50-52 Decorated bowls or censers
50 Rim fr, D. 32. Gritty buff clay. Flaring curved rim with milled edge; pie-crust decoration outside.
51 Rim fr, D. 36. Fabric, shape and decoration as 50, but with addition of small impressed circles inside rim
(made by straw end).
52 Rim fr, D. c. 40. As no. 51, but with addition of incised wavy lines.
D4,53 Bowl or tub rim fr, D. c. 71. Sandy orange clay. Flat rim with outer ridge. A second example in grey-buff
fabric, pink at the core.
D4,54 Trough? rim to base fr, D. 72.5, H. 13. Pink-buff with pink core; interior smoothed, exterior rough.
D4,55-65 Jugs
55 Trefoil rim, neck and handle fr, D(max). 6.3. Yellowish buff clay, pink and grey at the core; red-brown
slip. Groove inside lip; pinched spout, ridged handle.
56 Rim, handle and funnel neck fr, D. 4. 1 . Gritty orange-buff. High tapering neck with external groove.
57 Rim and funnel neck fr, D. 4.4. Soft, gritty yellow-buff to orange. Bulging neck. Also found: rim fr. of a
second, D. 4.6.
58 Rim and funnel neck fr, D. 6.5. Pink-buff clay with pale buff slip. Everted rim with overhang.
59 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 5.3. Gritty orange-brown clay. Two-handled jug (or small table amphora?).
Everted rim, intermediate between nos. 57 and 58; swelling neck with horizontal groove.
60 (a) Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 11.5. Soft, gritty buff, with orange-brown slip. Worn. Flaring rim with
vertical ridge. Ridged handle, vertical and straight.
60 (b) Base fr. of another similar.
61 Rim and handle fr, D. 12. Sandy-buff with dull ochre-brown slip. As 60 but lip more open, handle
rounded.
62 Rim to belly, D. 13. Gritty grey-buff. Thicker rim with flange; more angular handle.
63 (a) Base with ring foot, D. 9. Buff. Raised floor with central depression. From jug as no. 62.
(b) Base with ring foot, D. 7. Light grey. Similar to preceding. Thin-walled. Sloping floor with central
button beneath.
64 Rim frs. of some 24 others, D. 10-13. Fabric varies from soft and gritty light gvrey-buff to grey-green and
sandy or light orange-brown.
Five variations are illustrated: (a) Rim, neck and handle, D. 12.5. Gritty sandy-buff. Small rim with
outer ridge, (b) Rim and handle, D. 12. Light green-grey. Angled rim; high handle, (c) Rim and handle,
D. 13. Sandy-brown. Thick rim forming external flange; angular handle, (d) Rim, D. 10. Sandy-buff.
Finer. Low rim with groove on top and outside, (e) Rim, D. 10. Buff. Grooved below rim inside and out.
65 Baggy jug/pitcher, H. 34, D. 12. Made up complete. Gritty pink to buff clay; irregular sagging shape.
Flaring rim, thickened lip and angular strap handle of amphoroid type, plate 216.
D4,66-75 Amphorae - local types and similar.
Selected fragments from some thirty six amphorae, narrow-necked (66-68) and broader necked (69-75)
are listed here. Most appear to be of local manufacture.
66 (a) Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 7. Gritty cream-buff. Short neck; plain loop handles to broad shoulder.
Groove on neck.
(b) Base fr. from this or similar amphora; broad base with button knob.
Fabric as a.
67 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 7. Pale pink to yellow-buff. Similar to 66, but with higher collar rim
Also found: necks of two others similar.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 239
68 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 6.6.

handles with groove, rising to spur
Also found: necks of two others sim
69 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 10.6.
cylindrical neck. Not local?
70 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 10. Re
Grooved, vertical handles rising to
71 (a) Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 13
handles with slight ridge, rising to
(b) Base fr, from this or similar am
72 Rim, neck and handles fr, D. 1 1.6
sloping handles.
73 Rim, neck and handles fr, D. 13.
74 Rim, neck and handles fr, D. 15. P
75 Rim, neck and handles fr, D. 13.
D4, 76-81 Amphorae - imported types.
(76-77) and of light gritty porous f
76 Rim and neck to shoulder frs. (n
cylindrical body; vertical double-ro
77 Rim and neck fr, D. 15. Gritty s
cylindrical neck.
78 Rim, neck and handle frs, D. 15.
handles.
79 Rim fr, D. 13. Porous gritty ware; pale coffee brown with very large white and brown grits. Thin white
slip. Thickened lip. Strap handles attached at rim.
80 Collar rim fr, D. 12. Porous gritty ware, as 79.
81 Lower body and base frs, D. (base) 6; H (près). 38. Gritty brick-red fabric with red-brown slip. Hollow peg
foot.
D4,82 Amphora base types:
(a) Low button base, pale brown buff (local), (b) Round button base, pale pinkish buff (local), (c) Higher
pointed base, pale red-brownd. (d) Pointed base. Fine pink, fired cream at surface; (e) Hollow peg base,
slightly concave beneath, D. 7.5. Porous gritty ware, as 79. (f) Solid peg base, rounded at bottom, D. 6.2.
Porous gritty ware, as 79.
D4,83 Amphora stand, D. 15. Pale buff.
D4,84 Amphora stand, D. 14.5. Brick-red fabric with yellow-buff slip.
Deposit D5
A rubble and rubbish tip lying on the courtyard floor of the Southeast House, linked with the
cistern fill (Deposit D4) by several joining fragments. The original excavation level numbers
are XII 8 and 9 (also continued in the west baulk), plates 183, 213.
This is a substantial group of material, very homogeneous in character, not a destruction
deposit proper but evidently deriving from the clearance of such a deposit, rather than
representing a slowly accumulating rubbish tip. Though basically fragmentary, the group
preserves numerous profiles, especially in the popular E Sig B ware. It appears to cover a fuller
range of the wares in use towards the middle of the 2nd century A.D. than any one of the better
preserved deposits (Dl-4), already treated in full, but otherwise has little new to add, and is
monotonous in the sense that the popular forms are very numerous. For this reason it seems best
to treat it summarily and statistically, referring to the other deposits almost entirely for
illustration, but using this group to compare earlier and later periods in terms of the popularity
of forms.
Other finds from this context are as follows: lamps L90, 107, 124, 183, 217, 252, 262, 280,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
240 ROMAN POTTERY
311, 375/317, 344, 347, 359, 38

603-4, 617, 655; coin C5; objects
213, 219, 263, 270, 295, 371, 390
223, 234, 284.
The fine ware

There were 324 fragments of sigillata a
local and unidentified 12%, Italian sig
Most of the last three categories are scr
dark pink fabric and matt red slip (G
appliqué decoration, - a rudimentary ro
fragments occurred, one with grooved
Italian stamps, see Y3 and Y27.
The E Sig B, all except a few survivors B
in order of popularity (by sherd count r
few joins): Form 60 ( x 36), Form 80 (
( x 7), Form 62B ( x 2), Forms 73 and 7
the rims of Forms 70 and 62B and on thr
Deposit HI.
The Çandarli ware includes a number o
These much resemble Italian sigillata, bu
marks. Rim fragments of this shape num
squarish ring bases include two in a gra
Hayes in his discussion of this ware). Ot
and the large bowls L26A/26B (base fr
Not included in the count above are th
Coarse ware
Again a large sample of familiar types,
common types are represented in quant
1. Frying pans, as D4,35 ( x 18), two w
flange, as U67-8 ( x 2, one with pie-c
2. Casseroles, straight-sided and carina
fabric with matt grey surface, the othe
others with flange as D4,24.
3. Lids with crudely formed knobs, as
4. Cookpots with everted rim, as D4,32
This is clearly the popular form of thi
with the same rim type may have bee
5. Cookpots with flange and sharply in
grey surface, 44% in brown ware.
6. Cookpots with triangular rim sectio
represented.
7. Trefoil jugs, as D4,55 ( x 14), fabric as no. 6, except one fired sandy-buflfat surface. Two have spout so tightly
pinched as to be bridged.
Other forms include the cookpot with vertical rim, slightly incurving ( x4), and thin-walled juglets as D4,17
(x9).
The plain wares

These are represented in similar quantity, and are equally fragmentary. They have little to add to the full treatment
of the cistern deposit D4. The following is a summary list of the common types (with the number of examples found
given in brackets):
1. Straight-sided utility bowls, as D4,43-48 ( x 49).
2. Pithoid jars ( x 19), 14 with pie-crust.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 241
3. Pedestal bowls/censers ( x 13). Tw

4. Jugs etc. ( x 51 with ring foot; x 1
slip, perhaps in imitation of glass?
5. Flasks/bottles as D4,56-59 ( x 4).
6. Perfume/unguent jars with smal
7. Tub with bucket handle at sides,
8. Beehive extension ring ( x 1; D. c
9. Amphora stands ( x 5).
10. Amphorae ( x 25). Most common
hardly thickened and marked off b
variety, as D4,71a, D. 12-14 ( x 12). B
dark sandy buff and hard pink fab
One large fr. of a different type, w
Catalogue
D5,l Pedestal bowl/censer rim and body fr, D. 38. Soft-fired plain buff clay, self slip. Pie-crust decoration. Cf.
VilD 111, no. 193, fig. 16. Vegas Form 64.
D5,2 As no. 1 . D. 34.5. This has a more elaborately grooved decoration, with three wavy lines preserved outside,
another with dots inside the rim and vertical wavy lines inside the body (one preserved).
D6 - Other Hadrianic Material

PLATES 183, 213.
A number of other levels in Trenches I-VIII and X-XII (29 levels in all, co
baskets) contained pottery of Hadrianic character, as already defined in Deposi
of these were wash levels which contained redeposited destruction material, se
Section C no. 5, Section E no. 4 and Section H no. 2.
Publication of this material here is limited to a few brief remarks on its ge
relating it to the better deposits, and to a catalogue of ten types not previously n
The fine ware

Again the E Sig B ware is the most common, comprising 59% of the fine ware. The forms are virt
Form 80 ( x 21) and Form 60 ( x 15), but one fragment occurs of each of Forms 59, 71 and 76.
fragment of a dish (D6,5) intermediate between Forms 51 and 77, with double convex profile as Fo
walled and with vertical rim as Form 77; it is over-fired, has lug handle at rim and coarse roulet
The Çandarli ware (23%) is likewise restricted to two main types - the hemispherical bowl F
with three fragments of the later form H3; and the large bowl Form L26B ( x 3), with one fragment
HI. There is also one rim fragment of the bowl with flat rim as L27 (see Hayes EAA discussion u
Other wares (19%) include E Sig A ( x 5), Italian ( x 10), Cypriot/Pontic ( x 5), Knidian ( x 3), N.
They are very fragmentary and may be considered as largely residual. Two pieces of thin-walled N
ware are catalogued as IG 15a, b.
The coarse ware occurs in the same forms as in Deposit D5 and in similar proportions: type 1 ( x
( x 5) 8%, type 3 ( x 3) 6%, type 4 ( x 14) 24%, and type 5 ( x 5 ) 8%.
The plain ware is also similar. I note the occurrence of the traditional flat-based pedestal bowls o
and of two perfume/unguent jars(?) as VilD 168-70; both have small projecting flat bases.
Catalogue
Italian sigillata plate 213
D6,l Moulded dish rim fr, D. c. 18. Fabric 4. Short vertical ridges outside rim, oblique ones w
2, Pit 1.
D6,2 Hemispherical bowl rim fr, D. 13. Fabric 4. Degenerate rosette appliqué. X 2, Pit 1.
D6,3 Conical bowl fr, D. 7.5. Fabric 3. Rosette and dog appliqué. X 2, Pit 2.

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242 ROMAN POTTERY
ESigB
D6,4 Dish profile except floor, D. 31 . Form 53. Incurving wall, exterior lightly facetted, excellent waxy gloss. X
2, Pit 1.
D6,5 Large dish rim fr, D. 28. Fired grey-brown to black. Double convex profile as Form 51, but thick-walled
and with vertical rim as Form 77. Lug handle on rim; coarse rouletting. XII 7.
D6,6 Medium dish, profile except centre of floor, D. 16.5. Worn. Form 76. I(N) 10.
Çandarli ware
D6,7 Hemispherical cup, rim and base frs. not joining, D. 12.5. Form H3. X 2, Pit 1. plate 213.
Other slipped ware

D6,8 Bowl with flanged rim, rim fr, D. 18. Dark orange-brown, pure; slip of same colour. Paler than E Sig B.
Semi-lustrous but not waxy. Origin uncertain. Cf. A2,31 for similar Augustan form. XI 3.
D6,9 Stand(?) fr, D. 1.5-2.5. Hard pinkish buff clay, red-brown slip, flaking. Solid. Grooved spirally. Start of
handle. XII 7.
Plain ware
D6,10 Flagon, rim to shoulder and base frs, not joining, H (rest). 20. Pale buff clay; trace of silver-white slip. XI 3.
Mid to late 2nd century A.D. (Antonine-Aurelian) - Deposits Rl-3

This period, which saw a re-occupation and partial rebuild of the North House, over the top of
the Hadrianic destruction levels, was apparently a time of slow regrowth, of continuing
industry at and near the site and perhaps of business as usual. There is no destruction deposit of
the period to compare with those that both preceded and followed. Rather, the material is
preserved in isolated deposits, overlying the Hadrianic, and stratified beneath the latest floors
of the North House, which belong to the early 3rd century A.D. Contemporary material is
lacking from the south half of the site, although fragmentary evidence indicates construction at
the House of Diamond Frescoes, quickly followed by destruction (see under Deposit S2.)
The best stratified group, Deposit Rl, comes from a small rectangular compartment or cist
which survived sealed beneath the north wall of the courtyard, the only architectural unit
specifically attributable to this phase in this area.
Other deposits within the North House occur as packing fill beneath the floors of Rooms II,
IV, V and VI, as well as beneath the court floor (I), where there was a more substantial
terracing up and deep fill was needed around the large water-storage pithos sunk into the
ground at the centre of the courtyard. These are treated together as Deposit R2.
A third contemporary and homogeneous lot comes from the disused paved surface of the
street (VI,5). This was blocked off at the east end during the latest occupation period and
seems to have formed an internal passageway. See Deposit R3.
Deposit Rl (Antonine-Aurelian) II Pit 2 (cist)

PLATES 184, 216.
This is a small well-sealed deposit in the cist fill. Since the north wall of the court ran over the
top of the cist, the fill pre-dates the final construction period of the court. The deposit consists
almost entirely of coarse and plain ware. Fine ware was represented by six fragments only: E sig
B Form 80, two rim frs, D. 16 and 18, one fired pink to cream inside, both worn and flaking;
and Çandarli, base frs. of forms HI and H2, and Rl,l below; also found, glass bottle G298.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 243
Rl,l Çandarli hemispherical bowl, (a) r

scored inside, (b) base fr, from a sim
cut ring base, pointed cone beneath
Coarse ware
R 1 ,2 Thin- walled juglet 67/P 1 1 , H.
outside, except near base (due to sta
Rl,3 Jug rim to near base, D. 6.5. Hard,
slip with drips, metallic warm brown
above belly. Rim pinched slightly ou
Rl,4 Casserole 67/P98, D. 14. About t
surface. Flat rim, angular carination
Rl ,5 Cooking dish, D. 28.5. Complete ex
micaceous, with much silver and som
brown slip inside, also micaceous. A
Also found: fr. of another, D. 29, w
Rl,6 Cookpot 67/P100, H. 27. About
fired pale grey at surface. Collar nec
missing). Slight ribbing. For lid, se
Rl,7 Cookpot, profile except base, D.
Rl,8 Lid profile, D. 15. Pale buff, gri
Rl,9 Ribbed amphora, handle and b
chocolate brown inside, grey to blac
Plain ware
Rl,10 Bowl rim fr, D. 18. Fine pale brown-buff, some mica; cream-brown slip. Surface stained blotchy purple,
perhaps from burning. Perhaps imitates Çandarli shallow dish, Form H2.
Rl,l 1 Jug 67/P 10, H. 18.8. Complete except rim frs. Pale brown-buff, self slip. Smooth upper body, with very
slight ribbing; knife scorings beneath carination.
Rl,12 Bucket 67/P99, complete except body frs, H. 27. Local pale brown-buff clay and slip. Round at base but
oval at rim, D. 22.5-28.
Also found: large bowl frs, as D4,45.
Deposit R2, packing fill beneath the Severan floors of the North House
PLATES 185-6.
The following levels are treated together as Deposit R2, and comprise below floor fill fro
Rooms I-VI: I(N) 1 1 Pit 3; I(S) 9-12; II 7, 7b, 8 and Pit 8; III 3 and 9a; IV 2, 2a, 2b and 3;
IV/V(E) baulk 2; V baulk 1 and 3(part).
Inevitably in the process of terracing, filling and rebuilding there is some disturbance
earlier deposits, and these fills do contain a substantial amount (about 10-15%) of
recognisably earlier material; however these pieces are generally scrappy and are ignor
except in the case of five Italian sigillata fragments (four with relief, one stamped base) and tw
E Sig B profiles of forms not preserved elsewhere (R2,l-5).
The fullest and best preserved deposit comes from beneath the court floor (I(N) 12 Pit
and these are the pieces listed in this deposit, and illustrated where they supplement Depo
Rl. Pieces from Rooms II-VI are noted under each ware or type on a statistical basis on
except for those of intrinsic interest.
Chronology
Although this deposit does represent a transitional phase between the Hadrianic and the
Severan, both stratigraphically and in the range of its fine and coarse wares, it should not be

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
244 ROMAN POTTERY
taken as a closed group databl

consideration both of the quantity
ribbed coarse ware of Severan type
this transitional period, deposited
Also found in these levels: lamps L
V9-19; metal objects M191, 199, 2
M544; and bone E83-94; glass G7
Catalogue
The fine ware
Fine slipped wares occurred in the follo
Sigillata 18%, E Sig B 21%, Çandarli 41%
The first three categories can be regarde
in the catalogue except for fragments of It
elsewhere (R2,l-5). The Çandarli ware is
R2,l Italian relief bowls, four body fr

Fabric 2. to (a) Vintage scene: head and
hand; border of spirals above. Mould
Similar; head and torso with part of
Olive above moulding with grooves.
From I(S) 11 and 13. Mid 1st A.D. s
R2,2 Italian cup base fr, D. 4.1. Fabric 2
124 no. 55.
R2,3 Large hemispherical bowl, rim and body fr, D. 18. Hard pinkish buff, granular; little mica; semi lustrous
gloss, slightly mottled inside, scored outside. Late Italian?
R2,4-5 E Sig B 41 fragments of this ware were found, all perhaps survivals by now. Represented are Forms
59,60,61,70,77 and 80. The following two profiles have not occurred in early deposits:
4 Shallow dish, D. 16. Profile except centre of floor. Flaking slip, pocked inside. Trace of poor rouletting on
rim. Form 61; later 1st century A.D.
5 Large dish, D. 29. Profile except centre of floor. Pale, flaking micaceous fabric; gloss orange-brown to
black, burnt. Form 77; early 2nd century A.D.
Çandarli ware
In all 78 fragments were found, and though less than 50% of the total slipped ware in these fills, this is surely the
common fine ware in use in this period. Most are in the late fabric, dark plum red with matt red slip of the same
colour; but included are three rim and base fragments of the large basin, Form HI, in a paler, more granular fabric.
Forms represented are HI (seven, see U 18-1 9), H2 (twenty-seven), H3 (sixteen), H4 (four small rim frs, see U25).
Two of the common forms are illustrated.
R2,6 Shallow dish rim fr, D. 19. Late fabric. Base restored from non-joining fr. Form H2.
R2,7 Flanged hemispherical bowl, profile, D. 13. Late fabric. Lower rim than Rl,l. Form H3.
Knidian ware
R2,8 Relief lagynos, shoulder fr, D. 10-13. Pale brown, grey at the core; lustrous and metallic chestnut brown
surface. Vine leaf in relief. I(S) 13. plate 213.
Local slipped ware

R2,9 Hemispherical bowl, rim to near base, D. 14. Orange-buff; matt surface with slip in and out, fired blotchy
pale red and grey.
R2,10 Thin-walled dish, profile, D. 25. Fine pale brown-buff; matt black paint, flaking. Residual.
R2,l 1 Large bowl with overhanging rim, rim to lower body, D. 32. Pale reddish brown, grey at the core; some
large grits, micaceous. Traces of red slip, as E Sig B, inside and out.
R2,12 Flagon, rim and neck fr, D. 6. Soft orange-buff; bright vermilion red to brown slip. Wheel marks
resembling grooves beneath rim.

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ROMAN POTTERY 245

R2,13 Ribbed jar, profile except centr
Also found in I(N) 12 Pit 3, frs. of
surface, two with purplish-brown sur
R2,14 Ribbed juglet, base of two, D. 3
Frs. of four others in the fill of Ro
Coarse ware
R2,15 Cookpot profile, D. 19. Pale bro
Rim and body frs. of two others, b
brilliant red fabric, fired grey outside
R2,16 Casserole, profile except centre
below.
A second example, near complete (67/P44), D. 20, in brighter red fabric, comes from I(S) 11.
Also found: frs. of three others in brown ware, D. 20-21.
R2,17 Cooking dish, profile, D. 34. Red-brown gritty; silver and gold mica; pale red-brown slip inside; bevelled
above base outside. Pompeian-red ware?
Also rim frs. of two others, D. 28 and 29; one ribbed; both burnt, and for a complete example see U65,
from IV 2 (baulk), which may belong here.
R2,18 Frying pan profile, D, 29. Brick-red gritty, fired grey at outer surface; partly burnt. No handle preserved.
Ribbed.
Two others, D. 30, without ribbing.
R2,19 Lid fr, D. 25. Hard, pink granular unslipped. Fired pale grey at outer edge of rim. N. African, LRP 208,
Form 196 A.
R2,20 Fire screen/brazier stand fr, D. (base) c. 20, irregular; H (près). 7.5. Hard, brick-red to pink, gritty with
some mica; grey at surface. About half of circumference preserved, including a finished edge, for an
opening, and air hole (D. 2) to left of this. Trace of burning on the inside.
R2,21 Other forms represented are the following:
trefoil jug, as D4,55, two rim to shoulder frs, brick-red gritty with matt grey surface.
Ribbed amphora, as S 1,9, handle and rim, D. 4.5. flaky dark-brown ware full of tiny particles of mica;
grey-black at surface; the handle of another from Room III fill.
Plain ware
R2,22 Utility bowl profile, D. 30. Hard pinkish-red, some mica; fired cream to white at surface; wet smoothed.
Profile of a second, D. 37; soft orange fabric, cream-buff at surface.
R2,23 Pithoid jar, rim to shoulder fr, D. 27.5. Pale sandy buff, white slip. Grooved decoration on neck of
intersecting wavy lines.
Other open shapes represented are: small lids (two), the bucket (handle fr. in orange fabric) as R 1,1 2, and pedestal
bowls as Cl,73 (two). Closed shapes include the baggy jug, as R 1,1 1 (frs. of eight, most white ware, one orange-buff,
one yellow); flagon rim, as R2,12, and amphorae - rim frs. of eight, all narrow mouthed, six with thickened rim, D.
7-10, as D4,68,in white ware; two with collar rim, slightly thickened and marked off by a groove, D. c. 5 and 6.5, cf.
D4,67
'Deposit5 R3 - material from other late 2nd A.D. contexts

PLATES 186, 217.
I. Lying on the paved surface of the road, and representing the latest period of its use as a
throughway, before being blocked about the beginning of the 3rd century A.D., was found a
small group of very similar character (VI 5). The occurrence of R3,2 and 3 suggest that this fill
belongs to the very end of the 2nd century A.D.
Included also were lamps L295, 353, 460, 531, 591, 601, 633; coins G21, 61, 78?, 173
(Antoninus Pius); terracottas TC80-1; metal M210, 230, 236; and bone E95-8.
The fine ware was all Çandarli, except for three residual pieces (E Sig A and Italian sigillata)

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
246 ROMAN POTTERY
and R3,3-4. The Çandarli includ

and H5 (one possible rim fr, D. 1
The following are noted, to sup
R3,l Hemispherical bowl 67/P247, pro
R3,2 Dish profile (non-joining frs.) D. 2
Form H4, common in early 3rd A.D.
R3,3 Lid rim fr, D. 37. Hard, dark red
N.African red-slip ware, LRP Form 1
R3,3a Vault pin, head fr. D.(disc) 9, (st
discussion under U165. plate 217.
The coarse ware includes fragments of lids, cookpots, cooking dishes and oinochoai, as Deposit R2; the plai
is very scrappy, but it is worth noting that most (c.78%) of the fragments are ribbed or grooved.
II. From the southwest yard, overlying the Trajanic pit (Deposit Tl) come the followi
R3,4 Knidian relief bowl 67/P249, rim to lower body, D. 12. Pale brown fabric with a few lime grits, s
micaceous. Matt orange-brown slip inside and out, worn. Mould made; design of vines bordered
and below by grooves; trace of similar (?) moulded design below carination. Cf. LRP 412; Spitzer
Hesperia xi 1942, 162-92. Joining frs. of this vase were found in the upper levels above (IX 2). plate
R3,5 Fish plate 67/P134, L(pres). 25.5, L(rest). 30, W(est). 20; about one third. Hard light red clay, r
pure, red-brown slip, flaking. Two fish in relief on the floor, rosette beneath. Local, imitating a type f
the Pontic Region (Hayes). Joining frs. from VII 1-4, IX 6 and the make-up of the court floor (I
whose use was of Severan date, plate 217.
Also from the make-up of the court floor (I 7 and 8) and perhaps pre-dating its use in th
Severan period:
R3,6 Pontic Sigillata(?), small rectangular dish fr. 67/P264, H. 2.2, l(pres). 4.6. Fine red-brown with good
orange-brown gloss. Low ring foot (rectangular); ridge between grooves around floor. Flat rim, slightly
raised, with three grooves and moulded floral decoration, plate 217.
North House Room III, Deposit SI (Severan, - early 3d century A.D.)

plates 187-9, 218, 220.
The latest phase of occupation on this site is best represented by a small group found in th
North House on and over the floor of Room III, in the northeast corner (III 1 snd 2), see plan
at plate 22 (b). Found in situ on the floor were SI, 1-5, 10, 14, 17-18, 20-23.
The fill in Room III was encountered immediately beneath the 1967 surface, or terminus of
the 1942 excavation, and consisted of loose greyish earth with building debris - charcoal, wall
plaster, marble slab fragments - and much broken pottery. This fill, along with the floo
deposit, may have resulted from a minor and localised destruction, or from hasty abandonmen
and subsequent building collapse; elsewhere in the building the latest levels rather indicat
abandonment, as do those in the contemporary structures at the south of the site. From the fill
of Room III come Sl,7-9, 11-13, 15-16, 19, 25, 27 and 31.
Stratigraphically this fill was continuous with a tip of ash, charcoal and metallurgical waste
outside the threshold in the street to the east; one jug (Sl,6) and several amphora fragment
(Sl,24 and 26, 28-30) from here are included; the metallurgical debris is M581-600.
Thus Deposit SI (SI, 1-30) consists of the Room III floor deposit along with the material
from the fill lying over this in Room III and extending through the door into the street to th
east; these are treated as one unit.
The same floor continued to the west into Room II, which contained only scrappy material,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 247
and to the south into Rooms IV an

and were partially eroded away at t
to the west are listed with Deposi
for the latest occupation of these b
The chronology of the deposit

Deposit SI bears a general resemblan
in the Royal Road (North) (Hayes)
(late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.). The follow
the 3rd century A.D., closer to Ago
A.D.). The Çandarli bowls, Sl,l a
imitating a 2nd A.D. E Sig B dish sh
the early 3rd century. The ribbed
the juglet S 1,6 in Agora Group J.
type, but does not occur as late as
already the 3rd century type (Haye
variety, common after c. 240-250
coin evidence, C182-3 (330-335 A
century A.D.
Other finds included lamps L129
480, 520, 565, 594, 615; coins C
(Constans); objects in bone E99; m
glass G242, 297A.
Catalogue
Çandarli ware
S 1,1 Large dish 67/P151, D. 36. About two thirds. Hard red fabric, small flecks of silver mica, darker red slip.
Scratch mark on floor above foot. Form H4.
Sl,2 Small dish profile 67/P148, D. 22. As no. 1. Worn and chipped.
Also found: profile of a third, D. 18.5.
Other Çandarli forms were represented by fragments in the fill above the floor and outside the threshold
as follows (24 frs.): HI (one, D. 34), H2 (two, D. 17 and 22), H3 (6 bases), H5 (one, D. 11).
Other slipped ware

S 1,3 Dish 67/P145, D. 26.5. About one half. Hard brownish red fabric; some silver mica; good red-brown to
maroon slip, slightly metallic where thickest. Two grooves; slight ledge at junction of wall and floor
Imitating E Sig B dish shape, Form 60.
S 1,4 Ribbed jar 67/P30, H. 9.4. Intact. Hard-fired red, micaceous clay; surface purple-brown inside, greenish-
grey outside. One-handled. Cf. Agora K103 (mid 3rd A.D.).
SI, 5 Ribbed jar 67/P25, H. 9.3. Intact. As no. 4, but fired grey throughout, and without handle. Cf. Agora K101
(mid 3rd A.D.).
From the fill came five others (three near complete), H. 9.5-10; also the following:
S 1,6 Ribbed juglet 67/P29, H. 1 1.9. About three quarters. Hard red, gritty clay, with some mica, fired purple-
brown inside, grey outside above stacking line. Cf. Agora J 43 (2nd-early 3rd A.D.)
S 1,7 Other juglets (a) Rim and handle fr, D. 5.7. Hard red, fired grey at surface; glossy black slip outside, rough
(cf. blister ware). A second, non-joining fr. comes from the court floor, I(N) 8. (b) Rim fr, D. 7. Hard pink,
fired pale grey outside. Form as S 1,7a. (c) Rim fr, D. 9. Pale brown, fired pale grey outside. Higher lip.
S 1,8 Mug with white slip decoration, base fr, D. 3. Hard red, fired grey outside above stacking line. Dots in
applied white. Cf. Agora M 147. plates 220 and 193 (with Deposit U).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
248 ROMAN POTTERY
A rim fr. with collared neck, as U3

S 1,9 Thin-walled, ribbed amphora, ne
fabric, micaceous and flaky; grey su
Frs. of two others also found in thi
Coarse ware
S 1,10 Frying pan 67/P153, D. 27. Mad
Screw handle. Trace of potter's signa
S 1,1 1 Cooking dish, D. 30. About one h
slip inside and over rim; burnt. Pom
Also found: frs. of three others, D.
S 1,1 2 Lid, broken away at rim, D (re
S 1,1 3 Lid, knob only, D. 3.4. Hard-fire
outer surface.
S 1,1 3a Trefoil jugs; rims and necks of two; brick-red fabric fired grey at the surface; spout pinched tightly, in one
case touching. Cf. D 1,9.
S 1,1 4 Casserole 67/P147, D. 21. About one half. Brick-red, some mica; pale brown surface; slight ribbing below
carination. Cf. Pergamon XIV 139 no. K233 pl. 40, dated 3rd A.D.
Also found: frs. of four others.
SI, 15 Cookpot rim frs, D. 19.5. Hard red; grey outer surface; large flecks of gold mica. Rim turned down, slight
ribbing.
Also found: frs. of two others.
SI, 16 Cookpot rim fr, D. 15. Hard brick-red; pale red surface; silver and gold mica. Thick everted rim; external
groove.
Plain ware
51. 17 Platter 67/P150, D. 40. About one half. Soft orange-buff clay, buff slip. Crudely made; underside rough;
paring marks on wall.
51. 18 Straight sided utility bowl 67/P146, D. 34.5. Made up complete. Soft, pale orange-buff clay, whitish outer
surface; wet-smoothed; underside left rough. Slight ribbing inside.
Also found: large frs. of a second similar from the floor deposit (67/P149), and two others from the fill
(one having horizontal handles with thumb impression, and without grooves on the rim).
S 1,1 9 Straight-sided utility bowl, D. 46. About one half. Fine cream-buff clay. Two wavy lines incised on rim
between grooves.
Other open shapes in plain cream ware include censers and bucket. Decorated rim frs. of two censers, one with
flaring rouletted rim, D. 34, one with pie crust and rouletting, D. 35, cf. D5,l-2. Bucket, handle and wall fr, D. 22 at
handle; hard pink clay; incised wavy line. Cf. Rl,12.
Sl,20 Stamnos base to neck 67/P26 D(max). 17, H(rest). 28. Soft, pale buff clay; incised wavy line; wheel ridge
marks.
Sl,21-31 Amphorae. Nos. 22-25, 27-29 and 30(?) appear to be of local fabric.
S 1,21 Table amphora 67/P155, H. 42. Complete except one handle and floor. Hard pinkish red, micaceous;
cream surface. Broad cylindrical neck. Slight wheel ridging. Cf. Agora M 177 (2nd and 3rd A.D.)
51.22 Amphora 67/P154, H. 41.5. About one half. Soft buff clay, cream-buff slip. Base nipple in depression.
Pronounced ribbing on shoulder. Cf. Agora G197 (2nd A.D.) and M102 (early 3rd A.D.). VilD type 2.
51.23 Amphora 67/P152, rim to shoulder and body frs, D(max). 30, H(rest). 65. Short neck, offset rim. Ware as
Sl,22.
S 1,24 Rim to shoulder, D. 6. Pinkish clay fired cream at the surface; smoothed. Straight lip, sloping handles,
slight ridging. As S 1,22.
S 1,25 Rim, neck and handles fr, D. 8.4. Hard pink with white slip. Tall cylindrical neck; thickened lip; vertical
handles.
S 1,26 Rim and handle frs, D. 15. Hard pink, white and dark grits, some mica; white slip.
S 1,27 Rim and handle fr, D. 20. Cream ware, core slightly buff; small brown and white grits; wet-smoothed
surface. Heavy rolled rim; heavy handle applied beneath rim. Cf. VilD type 15.
S 1,28 Rim, neck and shoulder fr, D. 1 1. Pale orange-buff; little grit; smoothed surface. Rolled rim, short ribbed
neck, sloping handles.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 249
S 1,29 Rim and neck fr, D. 9.5. Dark ye

Also found: two other examples, on
S 1,30 Rim fr, D. 24. Light red, fired
conical mouth, chamfered rim with
S 1,31 Rim and neck, D. 7. Hard dark r
ridge below; long narrow neck, rid
'Deposit' S2 - other late 2nd/

Early in the work of processing
the material from the 86 upper
post-date the latest buildings -
form as Deposit U. However, thes
2nd - early 3rd A.D. horizon exte
places difficult to isolate and ha
It is the purpose of this section t
the material deriving from them,
occupation in various sectors of
There are four main sectors. Fir
in and adjacent to Room III has
seem to have suffered abandonm
and western part of the site, leve
evidently homogeneous potter
abandonment level of North H
south a small area of house floo
and 29-30; Section A no. 2), while
Diamond Frescoes, which is how
1 . From the abandoned rooms o

of the slipped dish U36 (Rm V
(Rm IV), and amphorae U127
(Court floor make-up).
2. From the field deposit (VI
Çandarli U18a,b and U26 (also
U31, local slipped ware U34 an
158-9, with amphora stand U
3. From the Southwest House, at
U39, from the fill over the floo
U132.
4. On the floor of the House of Diamond Frescoes was the jar U105.
Other finds associated with these deposits are as follows: lamps L50, 69-70, 115, 126, 193
227-8, 230, 237, 243, 288, 307, 355bis, 366bis, 415, 421, 454-5, 512, 516, 524, 568, 616, 620,
659, 679, 696; coins C9, 96, 140, 142, 161, 164, 172, 178 (Lucilia), 180 (Constantius II, 318
A.D.); terracottas TC47, 79, 86-7; objects in stone S52-4; clay K35-6; faience V20; bone
E100-109; and metal M188, 190, 195, 209, 212, 258-9, 317, 329-30, 335, 381, 388-9; glass
G52, 80-1, 97, 100, 111, 121, 178, 182, 194, 206, 230, 241, 247, 260, 276, 308.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
250 ROMAN POTTERY
Deposit U (Upper levels)

plates 190-9, 217-22.
Wash levels had accumulated over the entire site, deepest in the southeast and east, where the
late Roman buildings were terraced right down onto the Minoan, and in the central east area,
- shallowest in the northeast beneath the 1942 excavations. The pottery from 86 upper levels,
as excavated, was marked with area and level number and then amalgamated to form a
substantial group. This will include all the material post-dating the final Severan occupation
levels; it will also include a certain amount of disturbed material of Severan date (see discussion
under Deposit S2); there are also some earlier pieces re-deposited by the processes of erosion,
and others included due to uncertainty in the stratigraphy (e.g. U65). All this is presented here
in summary form, with the double purpose of publishing the latest material on the site, and of
illustrating some types not found in other deposits. In addition, for some wares a wider range is
available in this larger group: this applies especially to Çandarli ware, and some plain ware
types such as amphorae, whose range and variety at Knossos is itself of some interest.
Catalogue
The fine ware
There was a total count of 1,542 pieces (including 21 catalogued pots) of sigillata or similar slipped wares. These
occurred in the following proportions: Çandarli 42%, E Sig B 17%, local and unidentified 16.5%, North African
red-slip ware 14%, Italian 5%, E Sig A 4%, Cypriot or Pontic 1 %, and Knidian 0.5%. Three sherds were identified
as Late Roman 'C ware. Of these categories the Late Roman 'C, the North African red-slip and the Çandarli wares
are described and illustrated (Ul-27) plates 190-1 and 219, as are a few unusual pieces of Cypriot and Knidian
ware (U28-33) plates 192 and 219. The rest are ignored as being either residual (E Sig A, E Sig B) or not useful in
this context (local and unidentified). All, however, except featureless body sherds were kept and are stored in the
Stratigraphical Museum. For stamped sherds from these levels, see Y5, 8, 13, 20, 22, 26, 50.
North African red-slip ware plates 190, 219

This ware has characteristically hard, light-red fabric, granular or gritty in the thicker walled pieces. It has a slip of
the same colour, tending to orange; thick and glossy. It is fully described by Hayes in LRP. Our pieces are listed in
order following the LRP typology of forms.
Ul Carinated bowl rim fr. 67/P269, D. c. 22. Form 8A. Rim rouletted; internal grooves. One other example.
Residual.
U2 Bowl rim fr. 67/P270, D. 9. Form 14C. Fine, hard fabric. Wheel marks.
U3 Dish 67/P3, D. 24. Profile except centre of floor. Form 27. Three grooves. Grey core; surface slightly pimply.
U4 Dish 67/P271, D. c. 28. Profile except floor. Form 31,4.
U5 Large bowl rim fr. 67/P237A, D. 36. Form 45A. Rouletted. Large bowl base fr. 67/P237B, D. 6. From a
similar but smaller example.
U6 Large bowls, rim and base frs. of two similar, 67/P272A,B, D. 24 and c. 8.5. Groove on rim. Rouletted rim
and floor.
U7 Large dish 67/P79, D. 29. Profile except floor. Form 50A. Mid 3rd A.D.
U8 67/P272 as U7, D. 26. Form 50A/B. A more slender form. 4th A.D.
U9 67/P23 as U7, D. 37. Form 50B. Outside slipped for only 2cm. below rim. Late 4th A.D.
U10 Dish rim fr. 67/P276, D(est). 25. Form 58. Groove on rim.
Uli Dish rim fr. 67 P274, D(est). 28. Form 58. Two grooves on rim.
U12a,b Dish, base and rim frs. of two, 67/P277A,B, D(rest). 15.5 and 17.5. Form 59B. Slight step under base,
groove and ridge on floor; two grooves on rim.
U13a,b Dish 67/P275A,B, base fr, D. 1 1, rim fr, D. 30. Form 59B. Stamp and groove on floor, grooves beneath.
Rim ridges. 4th century A.D. c Body fr. with vertical grooves, Form 59A (2nd half 4th A.D.) plate 219.
U14 Dish rim fr. 67/P278, D(est). 30. Form 61A.
U15 Jug body fr. 67/P279, D(max). c. 10. Form 171. Olive spray appliqué.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 251
Late Roman (Ci (Phocaean)

U16 Dish rim fr. 67/P280A, D(est). 24. Fo
red, unslipped with scratch marks.
U17 Dish rim fr. 67/P280B, D(est). 36.
Çandar H ware plate 191

All have the late fabric: deep brownish r
dull outside with wheel marks. Hayes Fo
approximately the following quantities:
Form 5 (from a rim count) about 15. Fo
U18 Large conical bowls. Form 1. (a) r

preserved.
U19 Large conical bowl. Form 1. Base 76/P246, D. 9.8. Three sagger marks. Marked carination. A less broad
example, with steeper sides. Cf. VilD 2 (destruction material).
U20 Shallow dish profile 67/P12, D. 19. Plain rim. Knife paring marks on outside. Form 2.
U21 Shallow dish profile 67/P46, D. 19. Rim slightly thickened; slight groove on floor. Form 2. IV(N) 2.
U22 Shallow dish profile 67/P20, D. 19.5. Thickened rim. Form 2.
U23 Hemispherical flanged bowl 71/P249, D. 13. Profile. Form 3.
U24 Hemispherical flanged bowl, profile; a smaller version, D. 7.
U25 Dish 67/P67, profile except floor, D. 23. Form 4.
U26 Dish 67/P38, D. 37. Made up complete. Knife paring marks on outside, heavy wheel marks inside foot. Floor
scratched from use; underside pocked.
U27 Bowl with upright wall, rim fr, D. 15. Slight carination on lower body. Form 5.
Pontic and Cypriot sigillata plates 192, 219

U28 Shallow bowl rim fr, D. 13. Fine red fabric and gloss, metallic where darker. Pontic sigillata, cf. Kenrick
387.1 and 2.
U29 Shallow dish rim fr, D. 16. Rouletted. Cypriot sigillata, EAA Form 4B. 1st A.D. survival.
U30 Krater (a) rim fr, D. 10.5. Pink to red fabric with some lime grits; pale red matt slip inside, glossy yellow-
brown outside. Thick rim with grooved edge. Ridge below rim with single line of rouletting. Cypriot sigillata
EAA Form 40, and cf. K385. (b) base fr, D. 5. Spreading ring foot. Rouletting. From this or a similar form.
(c) Also two body frs. plate 219.
Knidian relief ware plates 192, 219

U31 Lagynos 67/P262, shoulder fr, D. 23. Hard pink to grey fabric; black slip outside with matt surface. Moulded
decoration of vine leaves on shoulder. 2nd A.D.
U32 Jug fr. 67/P248, part of one plastic wing only, 7.8 x 3.9. Hard pink fabric, slightly gritty; light red slip, worn.
U33 Patera rim fr. 67/P260, D (est). 20. Hard, pale-brown fabric, grey at the core; light red slip tending to brown
inside. Moulded with vertical grooves outside. Imitates metal type, cf. Agora M 209. Early 2nd A.D.
Local fine ware plates 192, 219

The following have the local pink or brown-buff fabric, with matt slip of pale red-brown to maroon colour. They are
comparatively soft-fired.
U34 Bowl rim and handle fr. 67/P261, D (est). 11. Poor light-red matt surface. Moulded, with peal decoration;
part of applied horizontal handle at rim. Local imitation of Knidian? (Hayes), plate 219.
U35 Shallow dish 71/P251, profile except centre of floor, D. 13. Dark red-brown inside, lighter and splodgy
inside. Imitating Çandarli Form H4.
U36 Flat based dish 67/P68, profile except centre of floor, D. 22. Pale red-brown. Slight step at start of wall; knife
paring marks outside.
U37 Flat based dish 67/P69, profile except centre of floor, D. 26. Matt pale red-brown slip except underside.
Pronounced step inside; three broad grooves on floor; two scratch grooves beneath. Incurving rim.
Included in this category are examples of the common small jar, usually ribbed, of Severan type (U39-50), a
number of decorated pieces (mostly survivals) and a few less common forms (U38, 58-62).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
252 ROMAN POTTERY
U38 Deep basin frs. 71/P271, rim and bod

hard-fired; pale buff slip outside, dark b
base fr, D. 17, from II 2a. Restored H
U39 Small ribbed jar 71/P60, D. 9.4. Abou
grey surface. As Sl,5. XIII 29.
U40-44Ribbed jars, rim frs, D. 9-12. Fabr
pieces are pale grey with pink core, dar
Frs. of about 16 other examples were fo
all everted, range from a near vertical
most common form is that of U42.
U45-50 Ribbed and unribbed jugs, rim frs. of about 12, D. 7-9; for profiles see Sl,6-7. Of 36 bases of this and the
related mug form, 12 show ribbing, 24 not. Six base profiles are illustrated, nos. 46-48 with ribbing, nos.
49-50 without. Diameter range 2.6-3.8.; fabric and colour range as for nos. 40-44. Often the lower body
and base are fired pink, where the rest of the vessel is grey, due to the stacking effect. Small drainage hole at
the base of U48.
U51-52 Unribbed jars, rim frs. of two, D. 12 and 12. Fabric and colour as U40. No. 52 shows rim profile turned
down below the horizontal.
U53-57 Mugs with white slip decoration. Fabric and colour as nos. 40-44. plate 19.
53a Rim fr, D. 6. Flaring lip, collar ridge, trace of floral decoration.
53b Rim fr. of a similar example, D. 6.5. Double collar ridge. Undecorated. I(N) 8, Severan court; floor content
54-56 Body frs. with floral decoration; white on red or brown surface. Base, D. 3.1. Single row of dots, white on
grey.
U58 Bowl rim fr, D. 1 1. Pale brown, gritty; rough surface. Broad everted rim; collar ridge. Residual (late HL?)
U59 Strainer, body fr. Hard grey, with rough surface.
U60 Amphora, rim and neck, D. 4.8. Hard red micaceous. Cylindrical neck with small triangular lip.
U61 Flask/jug rim and neck, D. 7.6. Hard brown, litle mica; smooth grey surface. Broad everted lip.
Also found were the bases of three ribbed amphorae, of brown micaceous fabric, as S 1,9.
U62 Jug rim fr, D. 12. Hard red with white grits, some mica. Rough red to grey surface. XIV 20.
Coarse ware
An attempt is made here to summarise in catalogue form a large body of material, illustrating only a few, mostly late
forms for their own interest or for their variation from previously noted types. An estimate is made under each type
of the number of vases represented by the fragments found.
U63 Lid 67/P28, D. 19.8. Complete. Hard red, gritty; burnt. Crudely made, warped. Slight ribbing. The knob is
formed by a crude cylindrical projection. Cf. Agora K107 (mid 3rd A.D.).
Frs. of about 19 others, gritty red or brown, heavy and clumsy. One is carefully made and symmetrical
with disc knob, as N2,32; three smaller with depression on knob, as A 1,1 4.
U64 Frying pan 71/P252, D. 31. Straight-sided. About half. Slight ridge on inside at start of wall; corresponding
groove at outside angle.
Frs. of about 12 other examples (ten with screw handles), D. range 25-31 (most c. 30). Some have slightly
flaring profile as SI, 10. Hard dark-brown, gritty fabric, many with pink and white grits; some have
greenish-grey fabric; most are partly burnt. Thick walled, inside smoothed.
U65 Broad cooking dish 67/P74, D. 35. High angled rim with slight ridge; two concentric ridges on underside. IV
2 baulk; perhaps belonging with the later 2nd A.D. fill. Cf. R2,17.
Frs. of about 16 others, D. range 23-26. Fabric as U64.
U66-68 Cooking dishes with flanged rim, profiles except centre of floor.
66 Small dish, D. 13. Rather fine red-brown fabric. Residual (late HL?).
67 Ribbed dish 67/P15, D. 20. Dark brown to black. 4th-5th A.D. (JWH)
68 Heavily ribbed dish 67/P255, D. 23.5. Coarse red with many white and some brown grits; some mica. Part o
potter's signature on underside -NOY. plate 220.
68a Base fr. of another with the same potter's signature, plate 220.
U69-72 Cooking dishes with curving wall and interior red slip; Pompeian-red ware; profiles except floor. Coarse
gritty fabric.
69 Dish fr, D. 27. Hard brown to grey; burnt. Rough exterior, red-brown slip inside.
70 Dish fr, D. 33.5. Ribbed. Dark grey to black; red slip inside and over rim.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN POTTERY 253
71 Dish fr, D. 28. Thick, overhanging

flecks of mica; burnt. Red-brown sli
72 Large dish fr, D. c. 45. Gritty orang
rough exterior; thick red-brown mic
Also found: frs. of five others.
U73 Casserole, rim to lower body, D. 20. Hard brown, gritty; rough grey surface. Rim turned down as S 1,1 5.
Frs. of four others, D. 18-24; one has hard gritty, pink fabric fired blue-grey outside, cream inside. Eight
others with raised rim profile, as S 1,1 4, D. 16-25.
U74 Cookpot 67/P76, D. 15. About one half. Ribbed; flaring rim, thickened as S 1,4.
Frs. of about 15 others, D. range 12-28. All have hard red or grey fabric with small white grits; rough
surface, usually grey or blue-grey; one red, one with yellow surface (slipped?).
U75 Cookpot rim fr, D. 27. Hard, dark grey-brown with small white grits; rough blue-grey outer surface.
Ribbed; overhanging rim as S 1,1 6.
Frs. of one other, D. 13.
U76 Cookpot rim fr, D. 22. Hard orange-brown with white grits. Ribbed; rim above horizontal, as Rl,7.
U77 Flanged cookpot rim fr, D. 23. Hard, grey-brown gritty; grey to black core; burnt surface. Pronounced
ribbing; flaring rim with internal ridge. 4th A.D. (Hayes). II 2A. Cf. VilD 126 nos. 94, 98.
Frs. of two others, D. 19 and 23. XIII 28 and II(N) 1.
U78a-e Frs. of a variety of other types: three unflanged as Tl,9; one with flange as D5,63-5 and 66d-f; these may
all be 2nd A.D. survivals; one with incurving rim.
U79 Trefoil jugs, frs. of 18 (cf. D 1,9; D4,55). Hard and rather pure brick-red fabric; rough surface, in three cases
of the same red colour, but most metallic grey with a green or bluish tinge. The lip is pinched tightly at the
spout, and on one example (which has an internal groove, as D4,55) is touching.
Plain ware
Again an attempt is made to summarise in catalogue form a large body of material, which includes a great variety of
forms; and a count of vessels represented in fragments is given. The fabric is within the normal local range, orange to
cream-buff, unless otherwise noted.
U80 Large platter 67/P42, D. 40. About one half. Soft orange-buff clay, self-slip. Rough underside, pocked; knife
paring marks outside on wall. Cf. S 1,1 7.
U81 ,81 a Large straight-sided bowls, frs. of about 42, D. range 30-40. Local fabric varying from soft-fired orange to
buff or cream. 22 have grooved rims, 10 have plain rims, ten have incised wavy lines (from one to three,
often between grooves), in two cases also on the floor, plate 221. Cf. S 1,1 9.
U82-88 Bowls and censers with pie-crust rim, frs. of 12, D. 21-40. plate 221.
82 Small bowl 67/P282, D. 21. Profile. Rim grooved and notched. Cream ware.
83 Bowl rim fr, D. c. 30. Heavy thickened rim.
84 Bowl rim fr, D. c. 40. Red wash on rim.
85 Censer rim fr, D. 30. Red to black wash inside and out.
86 Censer rim fr, D. 35.
87 Censer rim fr, D. 30. Pie crust, notches, impressed circles.
88 Large censer (?), rim fr, D. 40. Triple grooves.
Also found: frs. of seven small pedestal bowls as C 1,33-36. Residual?
U89-93 Miscellaneous small bowls etc. Local fabric.
89 Bowl rim fr, D. 18. Flat grooved rim, trace of red wash.
90 Bowl rim fr, D. 14. Soft orange-buff; overhanging rim.
91 Bowl, profile except centre of floor, D. 10. Cream ware.
92 Dish, profile except centre of floor, D. 25. Soft orange.
93 Bowl rim fr, D. 13.5. Hard pink with white slip. Barbotine decoration, plate 221. XIII 28.
U94-96 Lids. Local fabric, plate 221.
94 Lid, D. 7.8. Sandy micaceous with buff slip. Crude form, common in coarse ware.
94a Lid fr, D(rest). 13.5. Flanged.
95 Lid fr, D. 15. Flanged.
96 Lid fr, D. 18. As U95, but with grooves and incised wavy line.
U96-106 Jars, storage jars, basins etc.
97 Ribbed jar rim fr, D. 10. Gritty pink with yellow slip. Overhanging rim.
97a Frs. of 5 others with this profile or thickened flaring rim.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
254 ROMAN POTTERY
98 Bucket with interior grip handle,

Frs.
of 5 similar. Churn or vomit b
99 Early Christian chafer, body fr,
triangles?), and incised floral desig
100 Beehive kalathos rim fr, D. 23, and
and grooved, plate 221.
101 Tub with horizontal side handles
102 Pithoid jar rim and neck fr. 67/
103-4 Pithoid jar rim and neck frs, D
neck.
Frs. of 4 other examples D. 30-35.
105 Storage jar 71/P151, D. 25. Profile
shape, with tall conical neck; start of
Vegas Form 48 for the general type.
106 Situla rim fr, D. c. 40. Overhangi
in imitation of metal, plate 222.
U 107-1 12 Jugs and other pouring ves
107 Jug rim, handle and neck fr, D.
ribbon handle in imitation of metal, plate 222.
108 Ribbed jug 71/P2, D. 7. Complete except base. Cream ware. Rim as U107.
Frs. of about 20 others, D. 6-9, most with ribbing less pronounced.
109 Baggy jug with raised base 67/P40, D(max). 11. Rim missing. Ribbed. Cream ware. Profile as SI, 20. No
illustrated.
1 10 Flagon rim to shoulder fr. 71/P36, D. 9.5. Soft red-brown, some mica; cream slip, flaking. Broad flaring rim
with hollowed upper surface; narrow neck. Slight ribbing.
1 1 1 Flagon rim fr, D. 8. Stepped rim, with slight overhang.
12 others with flaring lip, D. 4-9. One has button appliqué at handle top.
112 Small jug with trefoil lip, rim to belly, D(max). c. 8. Fine light-red fabric, cream slip. Fr. of one other similar.
U 1 1 3-6 Small one- and two-handled amphorae or flasks, rim and neck frs.
113 Funnel neck D. 4.4. Cream ware; one handle.
114 Funnel neck, D. 4.1. Dark buff, fired cream at surface. Two handles.
Frs. of 6 others, D. range 4-7.
115 Narrow neck, thickened rim, D. 4.5. One handle.
116 Broad cylindrical neck, square everted rim with groove, D. 7.8.
U117-8 Amphora stoppers, 71/P7 (D. 5.3) and 71/P66 (D. 5.5), both in form of miniature jars, plate 220.
U 119-158 Amphorae
Frs. of about 95 were found, including a bewildering variety of forms and fabrics. An attempt is made here to
differentiate local from imported pieces and to illustrate and discuss those with distinctive profile or fabric.
They are arranged in groups of broadly similar form for convenience, reference being made where possible
to the rich Villa Dionysus type series.
Probable proveniences of imports include Spain, Gaul, Italy, the Aegean, Tunis, Cyprus, Egypt and
Numidia.
U 119-125 Local types. The fabric varies in colour from cream (clay and surface) to pink, buff, pale brown, or
orange-red at the core fired cream at the surface (or with cream slip), and to orange-red throughout. It is
always comparatively soft-fired, and has varying amounts of white and brown grits, - usually rather pure;
not micaceous.
Ul 19-120 Local shape as Sl,21; VilD type 2. At least 14 examples, of which two are noted:
U 1 1 9 Rim to shoulder 7 1 /P25, D. 6.5. Light orange-pink, smooth surface of same colour. Slight collar ridge at base
of neck, - a late feature?
120 Rim and neck fr, D. 6.8. Distinctive light pink porous clay, full of small white and brown grits, and some
mica; poor cream slip. Not illustrated. Cretan provincial?
U121-122 Tall cylindrical neck with thickened lip, as Sl,25. Four narrow-necked examples, D. 6-8, six broad-
necked, D. 10-14, - one of these in the same distinctive pink porous ware as U120 (not illustrated). Two
narrow necked variants are noted:
121 Rim to shoulder, D. 7.4. Rim with slight overhang; shorter neck with bulge; the lower part of the neck is
conical and set off by a ridge.

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ROMAN POTTERY 255
122 Rim and neck fr, D. 5. Rim offset

U 1 23-4 Ribbed amphorae, as S 1 ,2 1-2; sh
handles. VilD type II (later versions).
123 Rim to shoulder fr, D. 8.8. Cream ware.
124 Rim to shoulder fr. 67/P66, D. 9. 1 . Variant in red fabric. Light-red pure clay; wet-smoothed surface of same
colour. Cretan?
U125 Narrow-necked, local shape of related form, but with double-rolled peaked handles. Rim to shoulder fr, D.
7.3. Local cream ware. Early 2nd A.D. survival?
U 126- 132 Fragments of related or similar forms in various wares, probably not local.
126 Rim to shoulder, D. 7.8. Hard pink, rather pure. Slight bulge in neck, horizontal incision on each side
between handles.
127 Belly to base frs. not joining, 67/P282, D(max). 30. Pale pink porous fabric with brown inclusions and some
mica. Ribbed. Small cylindrical foot.
128 Rim and neck fr, D. 10. Hard dark red clay with crimson slip.
129 Rim and neck fr, D. 7. Hard dark brown with lime grits, micaceous.
130 Rim and neck fr, D. 10. Hard dark red with many small white lime and quartzite grits. Oval handle section.
131 Rim and neck fr, D. 13. Soft red, rather pure; smooth pale orange-buff slip, micaceous. Oval handle section.
132 Belly to base fr. 71/P136, D(max). 36. Hard pink with brown grits, wet-smoothed surface. Ribbed. XIII
27a, set in Severan floor.
U133 Rim to belly and base frs. not joining, 67/P97, D. (rim) 13, H(est). 83. Hard bright brick-red, fairly pure;
cream slip. VilD type 33-4. Aegean?
U 134-143 Red ware with white or cream slip (as U133); other rim and base profiles.
134 Everted rim, thickened with slight overhang, D. c. 18.
135 Thickened rim with overhang and additional ridge below, D. 16.
136 Thickened rim with concave outer surface, pronounced overhang, D. 18.
137 Broad overhanging rim, D. 16. Micaceous.
138-143 Conical and pointed bases. No 139 of Cypriot fabric (Hayes).
U144 Rim, handle and shoulder, and base frs. not joining, D. 6.8. Hard red with small brown and white grits;
some mica. Lip offset by deep groove and ridge; high swung handles rising from rim; cylindrical base with
high ring foot. At least seven examples represented, including one tall ribbed neck. Aegean type. Cf. Ostia
III 631 no. 39.
U 145- 147 Red ware amphorae with conical tapering neck and overhanging lip. Hard, dark-red with w
brown grit. Handle of round section, possibly grooved as no. 108. Frs. of five.
145 Rim and neck, D. 10.5. Slight ribbing on lip and upper neck.
146 Rim fr, D. 13.6. Pronounced ridge on lip, groove below rim.
147 Rim fr, D. 10. Simple overhanging rim.
U148 Red ware, ridged handle of round section. Cf. nos. 145-147.
U149 Neck and shoulder fr. 67/P168, D. (neck) 10.5, (max) 26. Hard light-brown to mauve, with lime
mica; cream slip. Tall cylindrical neck with high conical lower section, set off above and below. Vil
18, late in the series; 2nd A.D. survival?
U150 Rim to shoulder 67/P21, D. 13. Hard, brilliant light-red fabric with fine white particles; creamy wh
outside. Heavy hooked rim with knife paring marks outside. Short conical neck; low ring handle
walled. Stamp MEF retrograde on shoulder. Cf. Ostia III 629 no. 25. Tunisian (Hayes).
U 15 1-2 Amphorae with incurving rim
151 Rim fr, D. 20. Hard red fabric, fired cream at the surface. Chamfered lip, as S 1,30; VilD type 1
other examples, all local cream ware.
152 Rim fr, D. 15. Hard red with cream slip. Incurving lip with slight bevel.
U 153-1 58 Amphorae with funnel rim.
153 Rim fr, D. 15. Hard light-red to mauve with cream slip, as U149. Flaring lip with overhang; slight
top. Perhaps from small table amphora with raised floor and ring foot. Non-joining frs. also found,
profile, shoulder to base.
153a Rim fr. and neck to shoulder fr. not joining, D. 12.3. Ware as U153. Small vertical rim.
154 Rim fr, D. 16.5. Hard bright red fabric with white grits; grey at the core; cream slip. Heavy mou
Dressel Form 20; and cf. Ostia III 152 no. 102. c. 100 A.D.
155 Rim and neck fr, D. 1 7. Light, pale sandy-brown, porous ware; large white grits; greyish cream slip
thickened rim; two grooves, crudely done, beneath rim. Handles of oval section attached to rim. Sp
Cf. Ostia III 628 no. 18 (4th A.D.)

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
256 ROMAN POTTERY
156 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 20.5. S

smooth cream surface. Thickened rim
reading uncertain. Cf. Ostia III 626 n
157 Rim, neck and handles fr, D. 23. Bu
line. Long handles of oval section.
158 Rim, neck and handle fr, D. 23.5. L
long conical neck with a series of tw
U 159- 160 Amphora stands.
159 Stand 67/P41, D. 13.8. Light, gre
160 Stand, D. 14. Coarse pink with c
U 161-164 Amphora frs. with graffit
161 Handle with graffito 67/P35. Har
{VilD type 2).
162 Body fr. with dipinto 67/P71. Soft
running vertically in matt red: A.B?
163 Body fr. with dipinto 67/P33. Sof
running horizontal, ... rax. Cf. VilD t
164 Neck and handle fr. 67/P21. Hard
Finely written dipinto in matt red,
U165 Vault pin, head missing, L(pre
flattening to curved end. Surface fin
217. For a smaller example, probably
discussion BSA 78 (1983), 98-9 and 10
225-250 A.D. Examples have also bee
different interpretation of their
communication) as supports for dead-
Balboura.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Section 7
The Lamps
(PLATES 224-274)
H. W. and E. A. CATLING
Page
Introduction 258
Catalogue 260
Early Lamps (LI- 11) 260
Knossian Late Hellenistic wheelmade lamps (L12-23) 261
Late Hellenistic lamps with collared filling hole (L24-27) 261
Fragments of Late Hellenistic wheelmade lamps (L28-30) 261
Knidos lamps (L31-35) 262
Hellenistic mould-made lamp (L36) 262
Ephesos lamps (L37-57) 262
Local Late Hellenistic mould-made lamps (L58-80) 263
Cretan mould-made ivy-leaflamps (L81-204) 265
Ivy-leaf fillers (L205-6) 273
Outsize and double ivy-leaflamps (L207-9) 273
Double ivy-leaflamps (L2 10-225) 273
Miscellaneous and unassigned ivy-leaflamps (L226-251) 274
Mould-made Roman lamps:
Early Italian lamps (L252-278) 275
Double volute lamps (L279-281) 277
Other early lamps 277
Broneer XXV lamps arranged
(L341-353), love-making (L354-366bis), genre scenes (L367-373),
doubtful (L374-389), animals and birds (390-439), florals etc.
(L440-453), "wreath and mask" (L454-471), rosettes (L472-498),
scallop shells (L499-501), unidentified (L502-531ter), with decorated
shoulders (L532-569), with shoulder tongues (L570-612)
Globule lamps (L6 13-635) and variants (L636-7) 302
Imported lamps: Corinthian and Attic (L638-649) 302
Red-on-White lamps (L650-657) 303
Double or single hanging lamps (L658- 673) 303
Multiple lamp (L674) 305
Plastic lamp (L675) 305
Elaborate handles (L676-687) 305
Signatures and devices (L688-702) 306
Commentary 307
257

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
258 THE LAMPS
INTRODUCTION
The Terracotta Lamps

More than 1380 lamps and fragments were recovered, 710 of which have been included in the
Catalogue. The series is of interest as the first large collection to be published from a settlement
site in Crete. Apart from an insignificant number of very scrappy Archaic/Classical wheelmade
lamps the material is of late Hellenistic and Imperial Roman date with particular emphasis on
the later first, the second and the earlier third centuries A.D. Almost throughout, imported
lamps are found side by side with locally made material, including lamps from Italy, Corinth,
Athens, Asia Minor and Cyprus. Both in late Hellenistic times, and again from the middle of
the first century A.D., types of lamp are found which are peculiar to Crete, apart from the few
exports that have so far been reported. Lamp makers in Crete also copied standard Hellenistic
and, especially, Roman mould made lamps. There is firm evidence that one lamp maker made
both the distinctive Cretan 'Ivy Leaf lamps and produced lamps with discuses with designs
familiar from one end of the Roman world to the other. While there is much that is familiar in
the repertory of discus ornaments, several are rare types, while for at least one I have been
unable to find a parallel.
This study has been very long - too long - in gestation. I am grateful to Mr. Sackett for his
original invitation to study the material for publication, and his patience while it has been in
preparation. As will at once be apparent this is not an expert study, but very much the account
of an interested layman. I first learned of the interest of Roman lamps during two periods of
study in 1955 in the storerooms of the American Excavations in the Athenian Agora, when Dr.
Judith Binder (Judith Perlzweig as she then was) explained some basic facts, and showed me
some of the material which was later to figure in her Agora vii. I have benefitted from the
appearance since I began this work of many major lamp publications, not least from the work
of Donald Bailey in his magnificent publication of the London collection. (BMC i, ii, and iii
with iv still to come) and his invaluable report on the lamps excavated between 1971 and 1975
at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi. I do not pretend to have combed the literature exhaustively, but
have tried to present it as source material on which others may work, others, that is, who will
have a far clearer picture than I of the wider relevance of the UM series.
I am grateful to Zillah Pettit and Emma Faull for excellent drawings; I am also grateful to
Sheila Raven who made the photographs. Jacqui MacGillivray made fair copies of the
catalogue cards which have been the core of my work. Other typing was done by Eleni Louka-
Hatzi. I was helped by Donald Bailey to examine part of the London collection, and by Roger
Moorey to restudy lamps in Oxford. I have received immense help and support from Elizabeth
Catling, both in the original study of the material at Knossos, in the organisation of the
uncatalogued pieces and in the preparation of the illustrations. Without her help, the task
would have remained an aspiration.
The arrangement of the Catalogue leaves much to be desired. For reasons which need not
concern the reader, final catalogue numbers were allocated prematurely, with the result that
some items are out of place. Some of these anomalies are referred to in what follows. The
arrangement is partly chronological (thus, Hellenistic lamps precede Roman lamps); in
general, Broneer XXI-XXIV lamps precede Broneer XXV and XXVII. The large number of
Broneer XXV lamps has been arranged in sequence of discus scenes, beginning with deities and
following a sequence generally similar to many lamp publications. There are separate
categories of Corinthian and Athenian imports, hanging lamps, fragments of large handles and

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 259
reflectors, multiple lam

entry normally gives exc
Museum number (e.g. C
calculated, two overall dim
('shoulder and discus fra
state of the mould ('cris
can be identified as plaste
fabric is given, including
'paint', or 'glaze'. 'Glossy
degrees of lustre can be t
of lustre. In many cases,
state of wear. 'Dribbled' m
reserved area. 'Dabbled'
result of careless handlin
Terms used for parts of
writers), the flat, curved
normally round area whic
which can be little more
may project some way fr
into the lamp's circumfe
may well be 'blackened',
usually divided from the
within groove or foot ma
factory-owner, or, rarely
the similar, functional fe
form (vine or acanthus)
The lamp's context is qu
cases, this covers a cons
piece to known materia
classifications of shape (
lamps). This practice has
abjure reference to such
selecting comparanda, pre
In the light of the occurr
paid to the Sidi Khrebish
East Mediterranean. Major
and Trier) have helped sol
same use, finally, has be
able to do so, I have sugg
Relatively few lamps hav
not thousands, must hav
Herakleion Museum lam
museo di Iraklion' in An
Kommos are illustrated He
at Ayia Theka and Mát
Sakellarakis published elev
Herakleion, in ADelt 20 (1

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
260 THE LAMPS
been reported from deposit

174-5; 190-191. J.W. Ha
249-275, with plates 39-40.
H.W. Catling, BSA, 76, 10
JHS 73 (1953) 127, fig. 13
Marathianou Lakkos Tomb
from the Monasteriaki Ke
parallels in the UM series.
ADDENDUM
The volume in honour of Professor N. Platon, Eilapini (Herakleion, 1987),

by V. Apostolakou on the 'Ivy Leaf lamps of Crete. This only became available
catalogue and study had been completed. A number of complete lamps
illustrated, drawn from the collections in the Ayios Nikolaos Museum an
Collection. The majority of items are without history, and their value for th
therefore somewhat restricted.
CATALOGUE
L6 (71/L277) plate 246. 5.5 x 1.6. Part section, rim and
Early lamps wall. Start of nozzle. Light red clay, cream surface,
LI (67/L349) plate 246. D. c. 9.0. Almost complete partly covered glossy black wash. Wheelmade. XI 29,
section, including central cone. Flat base, flat rim. late HL.
Grey clay, light grey self-slip surface. Nozzle dipped in Howland Type 21. 5th cent B.C. ? Attic.
semi-glossy black wash, worn. Wheelmade. N House, L7 (71/L66) plates 224, 246. D. 7.8, H 2.7. Nozzle, part
Rooms IV/V; content of E wall-2nd A.D. of rim and wall lost. Raised base (cutting marks),
Howland Type 12. 6th cent B.C. ? Attic. horizontal strap handle. Wheelmade. Rather soft grey
L2 (67/L353) plate 246. 7.0 x 3.0. Part section rim to clay, part covering of matt dark brown wash, lighter
floor, part of nozzle. Flat base and rim. Red clay, patches. XI 33, 2nd cent B.C. (to post-150 B.C.).
rough plain finish. Nozzle and interior coated matt Howland 2 IB. 5th cent B.C. A Knossian example is
dark red/brown. Wheelmade. VI 8, Archaic- Demeter 44, H. 104 and pl. 26. (Deposit H contained
Classical? material of the 5th cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D.).
Howland Type 12. 6th cent B.C. ? Attic. L8 (67/L354) plate 246. 4.0x2.5. Shoulder and lug
L3 (67/L351) plate 246. 6.5x2.5. Part section, rim to fragment, wheelmade. Red clay, glossy black wash
floor. Pale red clay, thick walled. Plain tan surface, out, red in. VI 10, mixed 1st cent B.C.-lst A.D.
roughened. Wheelmade. VI, Roadway cist. See Howland Type 25B. Second half 4th cent-first
Deposit C2(4), Claudian. quarter 3rd cent B.C.
Near Howland Type 12 cf. a Knossos lamp BSA 45,L9 (71/L290) plate 246. 4.0 x 4.5. Nozzle, part rim and
175, fig. 13B (kilns) and PI. 12c, from a late 5th cent wall section. Wheelmade. Pink clay, cream surface,
B.C. group. part cover of glossy black wash. Underside of nozzle
L4 (67/L350) plate 246. 4.7 x 2.0. Part section, rim to knife-trimmed. XV 10a, HL to 1st cent B.C.
floor. Brown clay, matt red wash (very worn). ? Howland Type 21.
Wheelmade. VII 35, late 4th-early 3rd cent B.C. LIO (71/L274) plate 246. 5.7 x 3.5. Part of base and wall,
Howland, Type 12. See L3. 6th-5th cent B.C. remains of ? horizontally pierced lug. Wheelmade.
L5 (67/L348) plate 246. 8.5 x 3.0. Part section, rim to Red-brown clay, mottled plum red-dark brown wash,
floor. Start of nozzle. Light red clay, very fine cream in and out. XI content of road terrace wall.
surface, nozzle end dipped in glossy dark red-black Geometric-ClassicaWHL.
wash. Nozzle blackened. Wheelmade. VI 7 and 11, LI 1 (67/P120) plates 224, 246. D. 6.3, Ext L. 10.2, H. 2.8.
street and content of wall, ? Late HL. Intact save nozzle-tip, lost. Wheelmade, rather thick
Howland Type 12a. 6th cent B.C. ? Attic. walls. Lower part knife-trimmed. Flat base. Horiz-

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 261
ontal strap L21 (67/P1 18) SML 614 plate

handle. 247. D. 5.9, Ext L. 8.5, H.
Yellow clay:
wall dipped in 2.8.thinHandle, rim chip lost,
mattotherwise intact. Thick
red w
mixed HL/lst walls. Cutting marks
cent underfoot. Nozzle blackened.
A.D.
Cretan version of
Pale buff clay, wheelmad
very rough finish. Nozzle and adjacent
Howland 21, wall coated matt much
with black. E House, VII(E) 16, elonga
1st cent
Knossian example A.D. Close to is
LI 3. Demeter 33,
fig. 16. L22 (67/P179)
Deposit E SML 623dated
is plate 247. D. 5.9, Ext L. 8.2, H.
late 3r
3.4. Handle, nozzle tip lost; otherwise intact. Thick
walls. Orange buff clay, plain finish, nozzle and
Knossian Late Hellenistic
adjacent wall dipped matt black wash. Well 1, Deposit w
L12 (71/L67) SML 152 plates 224, 246. D. 6.3, Ext L. H 14, late 3rd cent B.C.
8.2, H. 3.4. Tip of nozzle and handle lost, otherwise L23 (71/L32) SML 155 plates 224, 247. D. 6.1, L. 12.5,
intact. Thick walls. Flat base (cutting marks). H. 3.2. Complete, intact. Handle at steep angle.
Orange-bluff clay, coated matt reddish brown, worn. Circular groove underfoot gives impression of sepa-
Nozzle blackened. XI 47, HL to 1st cent B.C. rately added base. Nozzle blackened. Buff clay,
L13 (67/P211) SML 155 plates 224, 246. D. 6.4, Ext L. coarse, grit temper. Dark red matt wash on upper
9.0, H. 3.0. Handle lost, otherwise intact. Thick walls. part. House of Diamond Frescoes, Room I, upper fill;
Cutting marks underfoot. Pinkish buff micaceous clay. late 2nd cent A.D.
Rough plain finish. Nozzle (blackened) and adjacent
wall dipped in matt black wash. Well 1, Deposit H 14,
late 3rd cent B.C.
Late Hellenistic lamps with collared filling
Close to the Knossian lamps Demeter 33, E. 32, 33,hole
pl. 15 and fig. 16 - mid-late 3rd cent B.C. deposit.
L24 (71/L40) SML 156 plates 224, 247. D. 5.9, Ext L 8.7,
L14 (72/L7O) SML 153 plates 224,246. D. 5.8, Ext L. 8.2,
H. 3.4. Much of nozzle lost, otherwise intact. Handle
H. 3.4. Handle and nozzle tip lost, otherwise intact.
at steep angle. Flat base, cutting marks. Nozzle
Cutting marks underfoot. Thick walls more upright
than LI 3 and LI 4, nozzle root narrower. Nozzle blackened. Pinkish clay, cream surface finish. Re-
served. XIV 15, early to mid 1st cent A.D.
blackened. Soft pale buff clay, partly coated matt
Profile as BSA 45, 190, 4:3, fig. 32.5 and PI. 14F,
plum to dark brown wash. XIII Cleaning. dated to the second half of the 2nd cent B.C.
Unstratified.
L25 (71/L58) plates 224. D. 6.2, Ext L. 8.3, H. 3.7.
L15 (71/L31) SML 620 plate 246. D. 6.3, H. 3.6. Handle,
Nozzle and part of wall lost, otherwise intact. Thick
nearly all nozzle lost, otherwise intact. Cutting marks
walls. Handle at steep angle. Flat base, cutting marks.
underfoot. Thick walls. Fine buff clay. Upper part
Pinkish-buff clay. Partly coated semi-glossy red to
coated matt plum brown wash; blobs and dabble on
dark brown wash. XI 30, Deposit H29, third quarter
reserved parts. XII 17, mixed 1st cent B.C.-early 2nd 2nd cent B.C.
cent A.D.
L26 (71/L63) SML 616 plate 247. D. 6.2, H. 3.4. Nozzle
L16 (71/L62) SML 617 plate 246. D. 6.8, H. 3.5. Handle,
and part of wall lost. Handle at steep angle. Flat base.
nozzle, part of wall lost. Thick walls. Cutting marks
Soft buff clay. Coated semi-glossy reddish-brown to
underfoot. Walls slope inward more than L14 and
dark brown wash, worn. XI 27, Deposit H30, packing
LI 5. Buff clay, smooth surface finish. Patches of semi-
under Augustan floor, 3rd quarter 2nd cent B.C.
glossy black wash. XII 36, late 3rd-early 2nd cent
B.C. L27 (71/L39) SML 619 plate 247. D. 6.4, Ext L. 7.7, H.
LI 7 (68/P26) SML 622 plate 246. D. 6.4, Ext L. 10.0, H. 3.5. Handle, spout and part of wall lost; recomposed.
3.0. Handle lost, otherwise intact. Thick walls. Flat base, cutting marks. Nozzle blackened. Buff-
brown clay. Plain surface finish. Reserved. XI 16, last
Cutting marks on underfoot. Nozzle blackened. Buff-
quarter 1st cent B.C.
brown clay. Plum-brown wash on nozzle and close to
it. VIII 32, 4th-3rd cent B.C.
L18 (67/P180) SML 624 plate 246. D. 6. 1, Ext L. 1 1.3, H.
3.1. Chip of nozzle lost, otherwise complete and intact. Fragments of Late Hellenistic wheelmade
Thick walls. Cutting marks on underfoot. Nozzle lamps
(blackened) knife-trimmed. Coarse clay (many inclu- L28 (67/L302) SML 621 plate 247. L. 4.7. Nozzle,
sions) overfired greenish. Plain rough finish. Partly blackened. Cream clay. I 5, late 2nd-early 3rd cent
coated dark (discoloured) wash. Pit 65, late 2nd-early A.D. As the nozzle of LI 3.
1st cent B.C. L29 (71/L68) SML 615 plate 247. 6.8x5.0. Nozzle
L19 (71/L53) SML 618 plate 247. D. 6.0, Ext L. 9.6, H. (blackened) and wall fragment. Orange-buff clay,
3.0. Part of wall and base lost. Thick walls. Cutting rather coarse. Coated plum red to brown wash. XI 47,
marks underfoot. Nozzle blackened. Pinkish-buff clay, HL to 1st cent B.C.
cream surface finish, rough. Reserved. XI 14, Augu- L30 (71/L280) plate 247. 8.0x8.0. Nozzle and part of
stan, 1st cent B.C.-lst cent A.D. wall. Tip of nozzle blunt and angled, with hint of
L20 (67/L164) SML 609 Not illustrated. 5.0x2.8. Body flukes. Pink-buff clay, rather coarse. Coated matt light
fragment near handle. Grey clay, coated black wash. to dark brown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Al;
I(N) 12, 1st cent A.D. early Augustan.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
262 THE LAMPS
Cf. the No relief ornament on

complete the shoulder. Flat oval base.
Ephesos lam
whose fabric Brown clay, micaceous. Coated in very darkis
description matt grey
sim
date is wash. XI 14, Augustan.
suggested.
Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent B.C.
L38 (71/L224) SML 607 plate 247. 8.0x4.7. Handle,
Knidos lamps collar and part of body. Handle ribbed; small oil-holes
See Howland, Agora iv, 126-7 and Bailey BMC i, 124-31. not fully pierced. Trace of leaf garland on the
L31 (71/L41) SML 272 plates 225, 247. Est D. 6.8, H. shoulder. Grey clay, rather coarse. Coated semi-glossy
3.5. Handle, nozzle, parts of wall lost. What remains black wash. X 11, early 1st cent A.D.
recomposed. Wheelmade. Double convex body, deep- Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent A.D. The
ly sunk discus with filling hole. Raised base, concave ornament may recall Corinth 67, fig. 29:22.
underfoot. On the shoulder, applied, a "Knidian leaf L39 (71/L311) SML 605 plate 247. D. 4.5, Ext L. 7,8.
and plain disk. Rather granular grey clay, plain Part of collar, etc. and nozzle. Only one of two
surface finish. XI 19, 1st cent B.C. (? second half). surviving small oil-holes fully pierced. Indecipherable
BMC i, pls. 64-65, Q 332-342. Second half 2nd trace of shoulder ornament. Grey clay, very
cent-first half 1st cent B.C. micaceous. Coated matt grey wash. VI 7, 1st cent B.C.
L32 (67/L309) SML 599 plate 247. D. 6.6, H. 4.3. Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent B.C.
Handle, nozzle, discus and half body lost. Recom- L40 (71/L236) SML 601 plate 247. 4.0 x 2.2. Handle and
posed. Features as L31. Grey clay, partly coated matt collar fragment. Grey clay, micaceous. Coated matt
dark grey. IX 3, mixed 1st cent A.D. dark grey wash. XI 19, 1st cent B.C. (? 1st half).
Second half 2nd cent-first half 1st cent B.C. Last quarter 2nd-most of 1st cent B.C.
L33 (71/L233) Not illustrated. 5.2x2.0. Rim, wall and L41 (71/L235) SML 602 plate 247. 3.8 x 1.5. Collar and
nozzle fragment, including applied leaf and disk. Grey filling hole fragment. Grey clay, micaceous. Coated
clay, hard; partly coated matt grey. XI Unstratified. matt dark grey wash. XI 19, 1st cent B.C. (? 2nd half).
Second half 2nd-first half 1st cent B.C. Last quarter 2nd-most of 1st cent B.C.
L34 (67/L271 bis) plate 247. 2.0x1.6. Fragment with L42 (71/L228) SML 212 plates 225, 248. D. c. 5.6, Ext L.
slave-mask affix from wall. Red clay, rather coarse, 11.0. Handle, part of shoulder and nozzle, all
surface reduced grey. I 9 pit 2, 2nd cent A.D. underside lost. No collar. Three small oil-holes, two
Second half 2nd-first half 1st cent B.C. fully pierced. On the shoulder in relief row of dots
L35 (71/L294) plate 247. 2.6x2.0. Fragment, as L34. above "arrowheads". Grey clay, micaceous. Coated
Worn mould. Red-brown clay; affix grey clay. XIV 7, dark grey semi-glossy wash. XIV 11, Deposit A2,
Claudian. Augustan.
Second half 2nd-first half 1st cent B.C. L34 and L35 Last quarter 2nd-most of 1st cent B.C.
L43- (61/L225) Not illustrated. 5.0 x 4.8. Collar and filling
illustrate a common wall decoration of Knidos lamps
many are illustrated BMCi, pls. 69-71. Ours are even hole (small oil-hole larger than usual). Trace of relief
more schematic than any of these. on what remains of shoulder. Grey clay, soft. Coated
semi-glossy dark grey wash. XIII 25b.
Last quarter 2nd-most of 1st cent B.C.
Hellenistic mould-made lamp L44 (67/L310) SML 604 plate 248. D. 5.7. Part of
L36 (67/L366) plate 247. 4.7x3.7. Nozzle bridge frag- shoulder, collar, etc. Two surviving small oil-holes
ment, with slave mask in relief, trace either side of fully pierced. Rosettes in relief on the shoulder. Grey
something. Grey clay, coated glossy black wash. N clay, rather soft. Coated matt dark grey. N House, V
House, I(s) 13, Hadrianic and later. 4, mixed HL-lst cent A.D.
Cf. Délos 60, no. 2467 and pl. 13; on either side of Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st B.C. A Knossos
the mask is a leaf in relief, suggesting one way of example is RR/K/60, no. 35, BSA 66 (1971) 253 and
restoring the traces on our fragment. This Delos lamp pl. 34e. The group is dated 20-1 B.C. by Hayes. The
belongs to Group I of Bruneau's very wide range of ornament occurs on Howland's lamp 651 (late
'Lampes dites d'Ephése'. Bailey {BMC i, 90, n. 2) 2nd-early 1st cent B.C. context), Agora iv, 168, pl. 49.
suggests the term 'Ephesos Lamp' ought to be Also Corinth lamp 320, p. 160 and p. 67, fig. 29:34.
restricted to Howland Type 49a and Bruneau's Group Note BMC i, Q, 168, 177, 185 and 191, all found at
V of his 'Lampes dites d'Ephése'. The origin of L36 Ephesos, with slightly differing rosettes.
may well have been in Asia Minor. L45 (71/L226) SML 606 plate 248. 6.5x5.6. Handle
stumps, part of shoulder and collar. Relief key pattern
between pairs of dots. Light grey clay. Coated semi-
Ephesos lamps glossy dark grey wash. XII 12, Augustan.
Howland Type 49 - Agora iv, 166-70; Bruneau in Délos 72-73 Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent B.C. A rather
('Lampes dites d'Ephése' Group V). Bailey in OpAth VI, different key pattern on BMC i, Q,200, from Ephesos.
1969, 66, describing no. 224. Bailey in BMC i, 88-93. L46 (67/L245) SML 290 plates 225, 248. 5.0x2.8.
L37 (71/L30) SML 168 plate 225, 247. D. 6.2, Ext L. 9.0, Fragment of shoulder and top. Relief triple leaves
H. 3.6. Part of handle, most of nozzle lost. Mould alternating with "cabled, cigar-shaped objects" (BMC
made, biconical body. Three small oil-holes surround i, 101 on Q, 165 and 168). Grey clay, soft. Coated matt
the central filling hole, all enclosed by flaring collar. brown-black wash. N House, I(N) 12, 1st cent A.D.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 263
Last quarter L53 (71/L288) plate 248. D. 5.6. Handle stump,

2nd-much of shoulder
1st c
recalls Corinth 67,
and wall fragment, fig.
non-joining 29:15
triangular nozzle tip.
2431-2, (Group I of Bruneau's "Lampes dites Worn mould. Relief on shoulder- three parallel bands
d'Ephése", pl. 13). BMC i, Q 178 from Ephesos lacks of oblique strokes. Grey clay. Coated matt black wash.
the filling pattern. The motif on the Pergamon mould SW House, Room I, Deposit Al; Augustan.
Schäfer, 147, pls. 68-9 T.4 is similar. Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent B.C. Cf. Corinth
L47 (67/L246) SML 208 plates 225, 248. 3.0x2.4. 67, fig. 29:4-6, 159-60, no. 316 and pl. VI.
Shoulder fragment. Relief maeander. Grey clay, L54 (71/L28) SML 305 plates 225, 248. D. 5.8, H. 2.9,
coated matt black wash. I(N) 12, 1st cent A.D. Ext L. 10.8. Handle lost; what remains intact. Worn
Last quarter 2nd-first quarter 1st cent B.C. Very mould. No small oil-holes. Triangular nozzle, black-
close to Délos 58-9, nos. 2387, 2394, Group I of ened. Concave underfoot. On the shoulder, in relief,
Bruneau's "lampes dites d'Ephése". A more canonical dots and separate spirals. On the bridge, floral
Ephesos lamp, BMC i, Q 200, has a wider maeander between parallel rows of dots. Fine cream clay. Coated
border. matt orange-brown wash. XII 14, 1st cent A.D. into
L48 (67/L159) SML 610 plate 248. 3.0x2.5. Shoulder 2nd.
and filling hole fragment. Relief ornament of swag ? Much of 1st cent B.C. ? Imitation Ephesos. Close
between vertical line of three dots. Grey clay, coated parallel Agora iv 169, no. 658. The design is akin to
in black wash. I(N) 15, Deposit H35, mid-1 st cent Corinth 67, fig. 29:41; p. 165-61, no. 368 and PI. VI
B.C. (lamp type different).
Last quarter 2nd- 1st cent B.C. The design may L55 (71/L37) SML 215 plates 225, 248. Est D. 6.0, Ext H.
resemble Délos 76, no. 3180 and PI. 19 (Group IX of 3.2. Handle, part of collar and shoulder, base and
Bruneau's "lampes dites d'Ephése"). much of body lost. A small oil-hole remains. In relief
L49 (67/L312) SML 600 plate 248. 2.2 x 1.7. Fragment of on the shoulder, separate spirals; on the nozzle bridge,
collar and shoulder. Tongue in relief. Light grey clay. olive spray. Grey clay. Coated slightly glossy dark
Coated semi-glossy dark grey wash. IX 3, mixed 1st grey wash. XII 12, Hadrianic.
cent A.D. Last quarter 2nd-first quarter 1st cent A.D. For
Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent A.D. Délos 72, spiral, no. L54. The nozzle bridge ornament recalls,
nos 2952, 2957 (pl. 17). Bruneau's Group V of his but is not the same as Délos pl. 12, nos. 2370, 2381; pl.
"lampes dites d'Ephése". The motif appears on the 13, no. 2469.
Group II lamps Délos 2703, 2716, 2720, 2724. See also L56 (67/L297) SML 611 plate 248. 4.7x2.0. Collar,
BMC i, d 193 and Corinth 67, fig. 29:55. handle stump, shoulder fragment. Grey clay. Re-
L50 (67/L247) SML 291 plate 225, 248. 4.0x2.0. served. II 7, mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D. Class
Fragment of shoulder and collar. Relief garland-cable doubtful.
and three lobed leaf. Coated black wash. VII 2, L57 (67/L360) SML 608 plate 248. 3.9 x 2.4. Handle root
Deposit S 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. and collar fragment. Grey clay, coated black wash.
Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent B.C. As Délos 73, Wall makeup, N House courtyard, late 2nd cent A.D.
no. 2997, pl. 17. Group V of Bruneau's "lampes dites
d'Ephése". Corinth 67, fig. 29:11. Recalls a Pergamon
lamp, Schäfer 146-7, pl. 69, T.2. Local Late Hellenistic mould-made lamps
L51 (71/L234) SML 603 plate 248. 3.8x2.0. Handle, L58 (68/P4) plates 226, 248. D. 6.2, H. 4.0, Ext L. 10.8.
shoulder and collar fragment. Relief ? vine leaf and Handle lost, otherwise intact. Deep bodied, with pair
cluster on shoulder. Grey clay. Coated dark grey. XI of relief nipples between filling hole and nozzle
14, Augustan. (blackened). The (lost) handle had three grooves and
Last quarter 2nd-much of 1st cent B.C. a 'frill' (Hayes) at junction with body. Worn mould.
L52 (71/L232) SML 148 plates 225, 248. Est W. 7.4, Ext Pinkish buff clay, rather coarse. Cream surface, coated
L. 10.0. Handle, much of collar, part of nozzle and mottled matt reddish brown wash. Bulldozed area -
underside lost. Recomposed. Differs from the preced- surface, Severan (and to 4th cent A.D.)
ing in that the collar entirely surrounds shoulder. A Late 1st cent B.C. Nearly identical Knossian lamps
small oil-hole on the fully preserved side of the nozzle; have been reported by Hayes, 'Four Early Roman
triangular nozzle terminal. Raised rim encloses filling Groups' BSA 66 (1971), 249-275. These include
hole. Spiral volute in relief, its stems on the nozzle, RR/K/60, nos. 36, 38, op. cit. 256 and pl. 39e and f
spirals on the shoulders, which are also decorated by (dated c. 20-1 B.C.) and MW 58-9, no. 65, op. cit. 262
long tongues above a cable border. The (lost) handle and pl. 40c.
triple ridged. Grey clay, rather micaceous, soft. L59 (68/P12) SML 157 plates 226, 248. D. 6.2, H. 4.0,
Coated matt dark brown wash. SW House, Room III, Ext L. 10.8. Handle, part of nozzle lost. As L58. Grey
first phase; mid-late 1st cent B.C. clay. Coated glossy black wash. VIII 29, 1st cent A.D.
First cent B.C. Close to Délos 75, no. 3155, pi 20 with 2nd cent intrusions.
(Group VIII of Bruneau's "lampes dites d'Ephése"), Late 1st cent B.C. See L58.
apart from latter's round nozzle. BMC i, 1 1 1-1 12, Q L60 (71/L42) SML 627 plate 249. D. 6.4, H. 3.6, Ext L.
204, pl. 38. from Ephesos. Corinth 165 no. 367 and pl. 10.1. Handle, tip of nozzle lost; rest intact. No nipples,
VI. For the shoulder ornament, Corinth 67, fig. 29:46; otherwise as L58. Fine brown clay, soft. Coated semi-
for the neck, op. cit. 68, fig. 30:13. glossy orange-brown wash. XII 25b, late 1st cent B.C.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
264 THE LAMPS
BSA 66, 262, pl. 40a,

shoulder, repeated on the no. 64
prominent lugs. Flat base, of M
cent B.C. ovoid. Fine grey clay, coated semi-glossy dark grey
L61 (71/L231) SML 172 plates 226, 248. Est D. 7.4, H. wash. XI S. baulk 14-16, #2489, Augustan.
5.2. Nozzle, much of wall, part of shoulder lost. Four- The shape, and ornamental scheme with rays
ribbed handle. Near L58. Remains of incised signa- recalls Howland's Type 52 Lamps, {Agora iv,
ture underfoot: ...AOT. Grey-brown clay, rather soft. 190-193), particularly no. 726, pl. 51 (dated third
Coated glossy orange-brown to dark brown wash. XI quarter 1st cent B.C.-early 1st A.D.). ?Late 1st cent
17, Augustan (and much HL). Late 1st cent B.C. Cf. B.C.
L58, etc. L69 (67/L233) SML 626 Not illustrated. 5.0 x 4.5. Part of
L62 (71/L227) SML 169 plates 226, 249. D. 6.2, Ext L. shoulder, filling hole and nozzle ridge. Relief rays on
8.8. Handle, nozzle, part of wall lost. As L58. Deeply the shoulder. Grey clay, soft. Coated semi-glossy black
incised signature underfoot: AP (prominent serifs). wash. VII 3. Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Grey clay, rather soft. Coated semi-glossy dark grey ?Late 1st cent B.C. Akin to Howland Type 52. See
wash. SW House, Room I; XII 36, Tiberian. L68.
Late 1st cent B.C. See L58. L70 (67/L233) SML 626 plate 248. 4.8 x 2.3. Shoulder
L63 (71/L229) SML 170 plates 226, 249. W. 6.6, Ext L. and filling hole fragment. Mould made with retouch
9.5. Handle, shoulder and filling hole fragment. Four- on the tongues. Nipple over tongues. Grey clay, semi-
ribbed handle, iugs' on opposite sides of the body. glossy black wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late
Otherwise as L58. Grey clay, rather soft. Coated 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
glossy black wash. XI 14, Augustan. ? Akin to Howland Type 52. ? Late 1st cent B.C.
Late 1st cent B.C. See L58 for the general type. L71 (71/L20) SML 309 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.8,
L64 (71/L159) SML 159 plates 226, 249. W. 7.4, H. 3.5, Ext L. 10.2. Handle, parts of body, base and nozzle
Ext L. 9.2. Handle, part of wall and nozzle lost. As lost. Recomposed. Worn mould. Round nozzle, ring
L63. Grey to buff clay - ? burnt. Partly coated matt foot, slightly concave underfoot. Tongues on the
orange-brown wash. XI 16, last quarter 1st cent B.C. shoulder. Double ridge, and groove on nozzle bridge.
(Augustan). Fine brown clay, soft. Coated matt orange-dark
Late 1st cent B.C. brown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl;
L65 (67/P89) SML 166 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.3, Claudian.
Ext L. 10.6. Handle, nozzle end lost, rest intact. Akin Howland Type 52, particularly Agora iv, 193, no.
to L63. From a very worn mould, retouched, 755 and PI. 51 (no nozzle-bridge ornament). A
particularly the ladder pattern either side of the nozzle comparable Knossian lamp is no. 63 in the Well
root. Four 'nipples', more closely resembling rivet MW/58-9, BSA 66, 261 and PI. 40c, left, though this
heads. Very small lugs. Nozzle blackened. On the had handle frills and nipples at the base of the nozzle.
underfoot, in very low relief, the signature TOS;. The group dates 20-1 B.C.
Pinkish clay, compact, hard. Coated in matt dark L72 (71/L230) SML 171 plates 227, 249. Est D. 10.0.
brown wash that has peeled. II 7, mixed 1st cent Handle stump, part of right shoulder and filling hole.
B.C.-2nd cent A.D. Relief ornament (crisp - some retouch) large boss
Late 1st cent B.C. A Knossos lamp, no. 38 from cross-hatched (thyrsos-head?) and scroll. Grey-brown
RR/K/60, BSA 66, 256 and pl. 39f, also has four clay, soft. Remains of glossy black wash. XII 24, late
nipples, but no other decoration. The group is dated c. 1st cent B.C.
20-1 B.C. ? 1st cent B.C. This design is not easily paralleled.
L66 (67/P118) SML 161 plates 227, 249. D. 6.1, H. 3.5, Notice, however, the three lamps Délos 90-2 nos.
Ext L. 1 1.3. Handle lost, otherwise intact. A clumsier 4220-22, pl. 22, probably from Pergamon, decorated
version of L58 etc. with two pairs of parallel lines on with fronds and ivy berries ('guirlande de feuilles et
the shoulders each side; inconspicuous nipples. Re- corymbes de lièvre') - last quarter 2nd- 1st quarter 1st
touch on the 'frill' at the handle root. Concave cent B.C.
L73 (71/L25) SML 158 plates 227, 249. D. 5.1, H. 3.2
underfoot. Nozzle blackened. Buff-brown clay, hard.
Coated metallic plum wash, large areas blotched (4.2 to handle top), L. 1 1.6. Vertical ring handle with
dark. V 4, mixed HL-lst cent A.D. deep central groove, deep shoulder, plain nozzle
Not before the late 1st cent B.C. bridge, round nozzle. Large filling hole enclosed by
L67 (71/L45) SML 173 plates 227,249. D. 7.0, H. 3.8. ridged rim. Slightly concave foot, ill defined. In light
Handle stump, much of shoulder, wall and base; relief on the shoulders, double stems. Worn mould.
filling hole; very worn mould. Frills at base of handle. Nozzle blackened. Buff brown clay. Largely coated
Nipples and parallel lines as L66, but an ivy leaf in matt plum-red wash. XIV 3, Trajanic.
relief on the left shoulder. Fine grey clay, soft. XI, S. ? Late 1st cent B.C. Perhaps related to Chypre 63, no.
baulk 1-2, Flavian-Trajanic. 141 and pl. 8.
Though the form and ornament is near the Ivy Leaf L74 (67/L295) SML 275 plates 227, 248. 5.0x4.5.
class, this seems to precede that class and have its roots Shoulder and filling hole fragment. Relief shoulders;
in local LHL mould made lamps as L58, etc. worn mould - two frontal Erotes with clasped hands,
L68 (71/L43) SML 209 plates 227, 247. W. 7.0, H. 3.3, heads close to each other. Grey clay. Coated matt
Ext L. 8.2. Handle, much of upper part and nozzle wash. II 7, mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D.
lost. Mould made. Parallel ridges and grooves on the Second half 2nd cent-early 1st cent B.C. Howland's

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 265
'Kite-shaped' lamp, Type

design alternates with 47B
tongues. Agora iv, 204-05, nos. (v
Agora iv, 154-5
797-803 andand
pl. 53, dated late pl. 48,
1st cent B.C.-early 1st n
reported from cent A.D.
Délos. Délos 887
'Lampes aux Eros
L77 (71/L276) plateaffrontés'
249. D. 5.7, Ext L. 6.0. Handle, part pl
distinguishes threeof base, wall andversions,
collar, recomposed. Wheelmade. th
palmette, 2) a dramatic mask,
Biconical body, flaring collar. Red-brown clay, rather 3)
clear to which, coarse.
ifCoated any,red-dark brown of wash, mottled.
these XI S. L
lamps date to the second
baulk #2489, Augustan. half of
the 1st cent B.C. Other
The shape example
is otherwise unrepresented.
including one L78 (67/L346) plate 249. Paphos
from Ext L. 4.4, W. 4.6. Nozzle T. 27
1 18 and two in bridge.
NicosiaMould made, relief without
ornament of winged pr
nos. 132-3, pl. 8.
caduceusOziol
with oblique strokes suggests
either side. Grey clay, m
early as the coated matt rd
mid-3 red-brown cent
wash. Content of in wall, late view
37, pl. 94. Bailey,
2nd-early 1st B.C. BMC i, 236
attributing Q,509 to
? 1st cent B.C. the
Carthage pl. XXXIII, 256Levant
(of rather
the same type. different form) has a caduceus on the nozzle (1st cent
L75 (67/L224) SML 553 plate 249. D. 5.3, Ext L. 5.6. B.C.). The fine Broneer XXI lamp Agora vii, 73, no.
Part of shoulder and filling hole area, two joining. 16, has a relief caduceus on each nozzle. Perlzweig
Mould made with retouch (parallel grooves). Grooves refers to Prime 452, fig. 560.
and nipples. Pinkish buff clay, fired ash grey in part. L79 (71/L268) SML 270 plates 225, 249. D. 6.2, Ext L.
Coated reddish brown wash. V 3a, first half 1st cent 8.6. Handle, (four ribbed) part of shoulder and filling
A.D. hole, underbody and base. Worn mould. Relief
This lamp's place is equivocal, but it may best be shoulder ornament, running spiral. Grey clay, soft,
seen as of the main type of L58 etc. buff surfaces. Matt red wash. XIII/XIV #2492. To
L76 (71/L254) SML 543 plate 249. D. 5.8. Shoulder and mid 1st cent A.D.
filling hole fragment. Relief ornament on the shoul- This lamp has no parallel.
ders - triangular arrangement of largish globulesL80 (67/L293) SML 625 plate 249. Ext L. 6.4. Base, part
between pairs of parallel grooves. Buff-brown clay, of handle and underbody. Mould-made, oval base,
coated semi-glossy brown wash. XIV 4, 1st cent A.D. three-rib handle. Grey clay, coated. I(N) 15, Deposit
? Related to lamps of the type of L58. A possible H35, mid 1st cent B.C.
influence is Howland Type 56, where imbricated leaf Perhaps to be compared with L69 and L70.
Cretan mould-made ivy leaf lamps

Nearly 200 lamps and fragments, L8 1-251, are attributed to this class, which seems almost
entirely restricted to Crete. The easily recognized distinguishing features occur on a number of
different lamp shapes and sizes. A majority has a body round in plan, prominent nozzle bridge
and carefully modelled round nozzle mouth. The profile is usually biconical, the shoulders
deeper than the underbody. The base may be concave, with or without foot ring. Except
outsize lamps, there is a vertical ring handle, almost invariably with deep central groove. The
filling hole varies in size; it is placed centrally in a quite deeply concave discus surrounded by a
low rim which may be grooved. The outer discus is often picked out by crisp encirclings. As well
as lamps of standard size with long nozzle, there are several with short nozzles. Outsize lamps
with single nozzles may have ring handles, but reflectors in the form of an acanthus leaf were
also used, and for the large double lamps which show the lamp type in its most splendid form.
The main decorative motif is the relief ivy leaf which appears as a heart-shaped device with a
deep vertical groove dividing into two halves, each lobe picked out by a prominent impressed
circlet. The leaves are always point down. Their most frequent use is to pick out the nozzle
bridge, but they are also common on the shoulders at right angles to handle and nozzle, less
frequently on the shoulders near the handle. Nipples are usually present, two near the handle
attachment, two either side of the nozzle root. Vertical grooves are also very commonly used on
the shoulder, usually to separate other motifs from one another. The grooves occur singly, in
pairs or in threes; their arrangement is the same on both shoulders. The syntax of the standard

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
266 THE LAMPS
ivy-leaflamp ornament, r
grooves, nipple, groove (s
group of motifs. One of the
or without a medial line. T
over it. The shoulder orna
shorter, and appear over
of impressed circlets, or cir
lines. The family relation
must have been a very ric
the material that follows
double lamps are treated
another section (See now
There is a very strong s
provided the inspiration f
series. Cf. e.g. L208 and
L81 (67/P131) nozzle (blackened) is 160

SML very neatly modelled
platein two 2
Handle, part degrees. Fine
of groove just inside the discus rim. Crisp
underbody an
walls. Rather mould. Standard syntax
worn mould.with a groove count 2-3-3-2.
Stand
arranged Buff clay,(from
1-2-2-2 compact. Coated slightly metallic
handle plum red t
concave. wash (including
Filling hole inside). VII 5, late 2nd-early 3rd
small, off
compact clay. cent A.D.
Coated matt dark
ing much of the
For inside).
shape (but not syntax) PAE 1969, pl. 278b left.Wa
Severan. For the same syntax see the Knossian lamp BSA 67,
L82 (71/L218) SML 593 plate 250. D. c. 6.0. Part of 278, no. 102, fig. 5. The same syntax, with the
nozzle, shoulder and discus. Worn mould. Syntax of addition of chevrons on the nozzle, on the Knossian
what remains as L81. Grey buff clay, soft. Coated lamp Demeter 50, J. 35, and pl. 30 (late lst-mid 2nd
matt red wash. XIV 1 (Trajanic) and XI 3 cent A.D.). Cf. also PAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 278b second
(Hadrianic). from right, pl. 278d, middle.
L83 (67/L185) SML 532 plate 250. 3.3x2.5. Shoulder L89 (67/P51) SML 146 plates 228, 250. D. 9.0, H. 4.3,
and discus fragment. Rough modelling. Two circlets Ext L. 14.3. Handle, small part of shoulder and discus
above the nipple. Syntax perhaps as L81. Light brown lost; recomposed. Worn mould. Two small filling
clay, coated red wash. N House, Room V final phase; holes. Syntax as L88. Nozzle blackened. Pinkish buff
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. clay. Partly coated matt dark brown wash. VII 2, late
L84 (67/L205) SML 566 plate 250. 3.0 x 2.6. Shoulder 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Syntax perhaps as L90 (71/L212) SML 210 plates 228, 250. Est D. 9.0.
L81. Light brown clay, coated plum red wash. E Fragment (3 joining) of shoulder, discus and under-
House, Deposit Nl, Neronian. body. Crisp mould. 'Ear' lug and syntax as L88. Buff
L85 (67/L206) SML 565 plate 250. 3.2x3.0. Part of brown fine clay. Coated semi-glossy plum-brown
shoulder and discus. Crisp mould. As the last. Light wash. XII 9, Deposit D.5, Hadrianic.
brown clay, coated dark brown wash. N House, Room L91 (67/P117) SML 130 plates 228,250. W. 8.9, H. 3.8,
V, final Phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. Ext L. 12.6. Handle and scraps of nozzle lost.
L86 (67/L200) SML 569 plate 250. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulder Recomposed. Mould rather worn. Lugs and syntax as
and discus fragment. Crisp mould; two grooves on L88. The moulds for L88 and L91 must be closely
discus. Syntax as L81? Light brown clay, coated plum akin. Reddish buff sandy clay. Coated matt light red
red wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. wash (including inside). VIII 6. See Deposit T3,
L87 (71/L217) SML 524 plate 250. Ext L. 7.9, D(nozzle) Trajanic, with later intrusions.
3.7. Nozzle and part of shoulder. The round nozzle in Cf. HM 923, Mercando pl. XXXIV.7.
two degrees. What remains of syntax as L81. Buff clay, L92 (71/L54) SML 150 plates 228, 250. D. 7.5, Ext H.
soft, coated matt red-brown wash. XV 1, upper wash, 3.8, L. 8.5. Handle, part of discus and shoulder, much
late 2nd to 4th cent A.D. of underbody, base and nozzle lost. Crisp mould.
L88 (67/P37) SML 213 plates 228, 250. W. 8.7, L 14.5, Syntax as L88. The nozzle was inset. Buff clay, coated
Ext H. 3.5 (to handle top 5.6). Most of body lost; matt plum-brown wash. XIII 15a, Deposit N2,
recomposed. Thin walled. 'Ear lugs'; the ring handle Neronian.
has one deep and two shallow grooves. The round L93 (71/L6) SML 258 plate 250. Est D. 8.0. Handle

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 267
stumps, muchleaf,of
on the nozzle. Two small circlets above the nozzle
shoulder and
Syntax nipples. Groove
probably as countL88.
2-3-3-0 (the place Fine
of the last bu
dark brown wash. XI
grooves is taken by 1, Grey
the first chevrons). latebuff clay. 2nd
L94 (71/L219) SML 572
Coated matt plum-brown wash. VIII plate
7, Flavian. 25
discus and L105 (71/L221) SML 558 plate Crisp
shoulder. 251. 5.7x3.0. Shoulder,moul
L88. Buff-brown clay.
discus and nozzle fragment. Coate
Crisp mould. Plain discus.
cleaning; to late No circlets2nd-early
above nozzle nipple. Otherwise as LI 04. 3rd
L95 (73/L309) plate
Buff clay, soft. Coated 250.
semi-glossy plum-brown6.5x2.
wash.
Crisp mould. XI 5, mixed lst-3rd cent A.D. probably
Syntax
clay. Coated L106 (71/L220) SML 560 plate 251. 5.5x4.0. Shoulder,
semi-glossy red w
D4, Hadrianic. discus and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. As LI 05.
L96 (71/L223) SMLNozzle blackened. 571
Buff-brown clay.plate
Coated semi- 25
discus and glossy plum-brown wash.
shoulder. XI 5, mixed lst-3rd cent
Crisp moul
L88. Pink-buff A.D. clay. Coated m
wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. L107 (71/L222) SML 570 plate 251. 6.0x3.1. Shoulder,
L97 (67/L198) SML 557 plate 250. 4.0x2.6. Shoulder discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn mould.
fragment. Crisp mould. Syntax perhaps as L88. Light Groove count ?-3-3-2; nozzle chevrons. Pink buff
brown clay, coated reddish brown wash. E House, clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit
Deposit Nl, Neronian. D5, Hadrianic.
L98 (67/P87) SML 306 plates 229, 251. D. 5.8, H. 3.0, L108 (71/L4) SML 554 plate 251. D. 6.5. Handle
Ext L. 10.1. Handle, part of nozzle and base lost, attachment, discus and shoulder fragment. Crisp
otherwise intact. Crisp mould. Nozzle mouth in one mould. Plain discus. Circlets either side of ivy leaf tip.
degree. Three concentric moulded ridges on discus. Groove count 3-3-(3)-?. Buff clay. Coated matt red
Standard syntax with a groove count 3-3-1-2. Nozzle wash. XI 4, Trajanic, late lst-early 2nd cent A.D.
blackened. Buff brown clay. Coated metallic golden- L109 (71/L213) SML 573 plate 251. Est D. 6.0, Ext L. 3.0.
mottled brown wash. N House, Rooms IV/V, final Handle stump, part of discus, shoulder, underbody
phase - content of S wall. Late 2nd cent A.D. and base. Crisp mould. Two concentric mouldings on
L99 (67/L230) SML 582 plate 250. 4.0 x 2.5. Shoulder discus. Standard syntax; groove count 2-3-2-?. Buff-
and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Three concentric brown clay, coated matt orange-brown wash.
mouldings on discus. Syntax may be as L98. Light XII/XV baulk, mixed HL-R.
brown clay, coated matt dark plum wash. N House, LI 10 (67/L186) SML 530 plate 251. 8.0x4.5. Discus,
Room I, pit 3, Deposit R2; late 2nd cent A.D. shoulder, start of nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
L100 (67/L196) SML 547 plate 250. 4.0x3.0. Shoulder Two concentric mouldings on discus. Standard
and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Syntax probably as syntax; groove count ?- ?- 3- 2. Pink buff clay, coated
L98. Cream clay, coated plum red wash. N House, I dark red wash. VII 4, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
12, lst-2nd cent A.D. LI 11 (71/L48) SML 310 plates 229, 251. D. 6.0, H. 3.8,
L101 (67/L204) SML 567 plate 250. 3.0 x 2.5. Discus and Ext L. 8.2. Handle and part of nozzle lost. Crisp
shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Syntax perhaps as mould. Plain discus. Standard syntax (nozzle chev-
L98. Light brown-grey clay. Coated dark red wash. N rons, without ivy leaf) with embellishments, isolated
House, I(S) 15, Neronian with 2nd cent A.D. impressed spirals below each nipple and either side ivy
intrusions. leaf tip. Groove count 2-3-2-0 (subsumed by first
L102 (71/L13) SML 316 plates 229, 251. D. 5.9, H. 3.2. chevrons). Pink buff clay, fine, coated matt red wash.
Handle and much of nozzle lost, otherwise intact. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian.
Crisp mould. Discus plain, no groove on rim. Large The syntax is as HM 927, Mercando pl. XXXIV.5.
filling hole, off centre. Standard syntax, with chevrons LI 12 (71/L3) SML 234 plate 251. D. 7.0, H. 3.0. Handle
on nozzle. Groove count 2-2-3-2. Nozzle blackened. roots, part of discus, all shoulder, part of nozzle. Worn
Fine buff-brown clay. Coated slightly glossy reddish- mould. Discus rim set off either side by fine groove.
brown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; Moulding on discus. Long ivy-leaf on nozzle bridge,
Claudian. with close set parallel oblique lines either side
A Knossian example BSA 11, 290 no. 133, fig. 7 and continuing beyond leaf, towards nozzle tip. Unusual
PI. 44a (Group dated 50-100 A.D.). shoulder ornament, relief spirals replace nipples, and
L103 (71/L287) plate 251. D. 7.4, Ext L. 9.0. Much of there are no ivy leaves on the shoulder. The syntax
handle, nozzle, part of shoulder and underbody lost. reads 'spiral, two grooves, tongue with dot in centre,
Crisp mould. Plain discus and rim. Standard syntax; two grooves, reserved space, two grooves, similar
groove count 1-2-3-2. Chevrons on nozzle. Light tongue, two grooves, spiral'. Greenish clay (overfired).
brown clay, coated mottled plum-red wash. SW Coated dark brown wash. XI 3-4,
House, Room I, Deposit CI; Claudian. Trajanic-Hadrianic.
Near the Knossian lamp no. 62 from the Well LI 13 (71/L60) SML 313 plates 230, 251. Est D. 6.4, H
KQ/51/13 BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40d, left. ? Claudian. Handle, part of discus, shoulder, underbody, b
L104 (67/L321) SML 562 plate 251. Ext D. 6.0. Shoulder, Crisp plaster mould. Five concentric mouldings co
discus and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Two discus. Border of tongues on the shoulder. Carefu
concentric mouldings on the discus. Chevrons, no ivy made ring foot with interior ridge. PMould archet

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
268 THE LAMPS
a metal lamp. Buff clay,

tongues. Greenish clay, fine.
coarse. Coated matt dark grey C
wash. XIII 19, wash.
Claudian.
N House, II 7, mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd cent
Perhaps akinA.D. to the HM lam
XXXVI. 1. L122 (67/L243)) SML 399 plate 252. 5.8 x 4.0. Discus and
LI 14 (71/L61) SML 329 plates 230, 251. D. 8.2, Ext L. shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Multiple mouldings
3.7. Shoulder, discus and start of nozzle fragment. enclose an otherwise plain discus. Light buff-brown
Crisp and precise mould. Shoulder border of tongue granular clay, reduced in part, coated matt dark
and dart pattern (darts terminate in circlets). Pair of brown thin wash. IX 3, mixed 1st cent A.D.
circlets above nipple, another pair adjacent . Fine From a large lamp akin to L209.
groove inside discus rim. A beautifully made piece,L123 (67/L188) SML 529 plate 252. 4.5x2.0. Small
close to its metal archetype. Buff clay, coated orange- fragment of discus, shoulder and nozzle. Rather worn
red wash. SW House, Room I; Deposit CI, Claudian. mould. Double outlined tongues on shoulder - ?
LI 15 (67/L214) SML plates 230, 251. Est D. 6.0. chevrons on nozzle. Light brown clay, coated matt
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp brown wash. VIII 4, pit 2, Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
mould. Border of tongues as LI 14; chevrons at start of L124 (71/L161) SML 194 plates 230, 252. 5.0x2.1.
nozzle. Buff clay, coated matt plum red. VII 3. See Shoulder fragment. Worn mould. Quadruple outlined
Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. tongues. Buff clay, fine. Coated semi-glossy dark
LI 16 (67/L218) SML 585 plate 251. 4.5x2.0. Shoulder brown wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Border of long Probably misclassified as an Ivy Leaf lamp. Cf. the
tongues. Reddish buff clay, coated matt red wash. tongues on Délos no. 250, pl. 13, assigned by Bruneau
VIII 5. Deposit T3, Trajanic with later intrusions. to Group I of his "lampes dites d'Ephése".
LI 17 (71/L59) SML 230 plate 251. D. 7.2, H. 2.8, Ext L. L125 (71/L33) SML 328 plates 230, 252. D. 6.2, H. 3.6,
9.1. Handle, part of nozzle lost. Crisp, probably Ext L. 1 1 .0. Handle and part of nozzle lost. Fairly
plaster, mould. Small handle, six concentric mould- crisp mould. Chevrons on the discus rim, discus plain.
ings on discus. Large filling hole. Border of tongues on Long tongues and darts on the shoulder, no nipples,
shoulder, volutes at nozzle stem. The concave base is chevrons on the nozzle. Two isolated spirals by the
defined by three concentric grooves; within, an incised discus rim facing the nozzle, in the position frequently
Tau with double circlet terminals. Beautifully made. used for an ivy leaf. Buff brown clay, fine. Coated matt
Buff brown clay, fine. Coated blotched matt plum- red wash. XI S. baulk 1-2 #2482, Flavian-Trajanic.
brown wash. SW House, Room I, XIII 34; early-mid As HM 932 (no provenance), Mercando pl.
1st cent A.D. XXXIV, 9, p. 235, n. 4.
Probably an Italian import. Vindonissa 230 (42) fig. L126 (67/L215) SML 591 plate 252. D. 6.0, Ext L. 7.5.
6.1 lamp from Pompei, (Loeschke Type V). The Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn
device underfoot appears on the bridge of Tarsus plaster mould. Moulding on mid-discus. Shoulder
Lamp 140 - Tarsus 109, pl. 98, from the "Roman ornament of tongues on each of which is an impressed
Fill", dated first third of the 1st cent A.D. Goldman circlet. An ivy leaf is imposed on the nozzle chevrons.
cited Vindonissa 245/6 (57/8) fig. 9:190. It also occurs, Cream clay. Coated drab plum-red wash. IX 2,
underfoot, at Isthmia - Isthmia pl. 13, no. 3079 Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
(incomplete). See Agora vii, 54-5 on the 4th cent A.D. L127 (71/L57) SML 220 plates 230,252. Est D. 6.4, H. 3.2,
T Est L. 11.0. Much of shoulder, discus, nozzle, part of
connected). underbody. Crisp mould. Concentric mouldings on
LI 18 (67/L282) SML 323 plate 251. 6.5x3.0. Discus, discus, otherwise as LI 26. Different mould. Buff
shoulder and underbody fragment. Crisp mould. brown clay, fine. Coated matt light brown-plum
Deep discus, one groove at its edge. Border of double- wash. XIV, pit 2, mid-lst cent A.D.
outlined tongues. Neatly coiled spiral at the nozzle L128 (67/L216) SML 590 plate 252. 6.4x3.5. Shoulder,
root. Granular buff-brown clay, coated light plum-red discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp plaster
wash, blotched towards black. N House, Room VI, mould. As LI 27. Brown clay, coated red wash. N
Deposit D2; Hadrianic and later 2nd cent A.D. House, I 15, Neronian (with 2nd cent intrusions).
Close to LI 17. Both are probably misclassified as L129 (67/L217) SML 588 plate 252. D. 6.O. Shoulder,
Ivy Leaf lamps. discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As
LI 19 (67/L219) SML 584 plate 251. 4.5 x 3.0. Discus and LI 27. Reddish grey clay, coated plum red wash. N
shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Plain discus, House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent
A.D.
long double-outlined tongues. Light brown clay,
coated matt dark plum red wash. N House, II 6, to L130 (71/L269) SML 327 plate 252. Est D. 8.4. Handle
mid 2nd cent A.D. stump, discus and shoulder fragment. Very worn
L120 (67/L226) SML 579 plate 251. 5.0x4.0. Shoulder mould. Mouldings on discus, which has remains of two
and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus, filling holes. Tongues with impressed circles on the
prominent rim, large filling hole. Long double- shoulder. Buff-brown clay, coated matt plum-red
outlined tongues. Reddish brown clay. Coated dark wash. XII/XV baulk, mixed HL-R.
matt red wash. Deposit Fl, Flavian. ? filler. L131 (67/L221) SML 587 plate 252. 4.6x3.0. Shoulder,
L121 (67/L236) SML 580 plate 252. 3.0 x 2.8. Discus and discus and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Ivy leaf on
shoulder fragment. Worn, crude mould. Plain discus, the nozzle bridge, separated from a nipple by two

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 269
grooves. Shoulder ornament

separated from ivy leaf by two grooves each side. Ring of
tongues, below which
foot. Buff brown clay,are impresse
fine. Coated matt plum-brown
2nd-early 3rd A.D.
wash. XIII 17c, Deposit N2, Neronian.
L132 (67/L223) SML 586 plate 252. 5.2x2.5. Shoulder A Knossian example BSA 77, 291, no. 134 and fig. 7
fragment. Crisp mould. As L131. Nozzle blackened. with pl. 44b (from a group of c. 50-100 A.D.). From
Reddish-brown clay, coated matt red wash. VII 5, to Herakleion is A.Delt 20 (1965), Chr 562, pl. 708d,
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D., with earlier coins. bottom right. The decorative scheme appears on the
L133 (67/L323) SML 504 plate 252. 4.5 x 2.5. Discus and eared lamp from Knossos, Sanatorium JHS 73 (1953)
shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. As 127, fig. 13. Another comes from Mátala, PAE 1969,
L131. Pink-buff clay, soft. Coated matt red wash. 246-8, pl. 278b.
Drain N of street, N House yard, to 2nd half 1st cent L141 (71/L47) SML 236 plate 252. D. 6.0, H. 3.2, Ext L.
B.C. 8.0. Handle, parts of shoulder, underbody and nozzle
L134 (67/L335) SML 330 plates 230, 252. Est D. 6.6, Ext lost. A scrap of nozzle may belong. Crisp mould. Flat
L. 8.6. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody base. Plain discus; chevrons on nozzle in place of ivy
fragment. Worn mould. Three concentric grooves on leaf, otherwise as L140. Buff brown clay, fine. Coated
the discus. Variant shoulder ornament with nipples matt dark plum-brown wash. SW House, Room I,
and ivy leaf but no grooves - syntax: nipple - short Deposit Cl; Claudian.
double outlined tongues above two impressed circlets, L142 (67/L228) SML 577 plate 252. 5.0 x 3.2. Section of
ivy leaf, tongue and circlets, nipple. Pink buff clay, discus, shoulder, underbody and base. Plaster mould.
coated semi-glossy plum red - plum brown wash. VIII Concentric mouldings enclose a large filling hole.
7, Flavian. Parallel grooves in groups on the shoulder. Light
L135 (67/L220) SML 589 plate 252. 6.0 x 5.0. Discus and brown clay, coated dark red wash. N House, IV 3,
shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Two concentric Hadrianic, and to late 2nd cent A.D.
grooves on discus within prominent rim. Ivy leaf on L143 (67/L182) SML 533 plate 252. 6.0 x 3.4. Discus and
chevrons at nozzle root, prominent nipple. Very shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Mouldings on discus
carefully made even, double outlined tongues. Red- inside rim. Ivy leaf at nozzle root. Shoulder ornament
dish brown clay, coated red wash. VI I I/I X baulk, of parallel grooves. Nipple separated from ivy leaf by
mixed 1st cent A.D. two grooves. Grey clay, coated dark brown-black
L136 (73/L305) plate 252. 7.1 x 4.0. Discus and shoulder wash. VII 8, Hadrianic.
fragment. Crisp mould. Succession of four concentricL144 (67/L178) SML 539 plate 252. 5.0 x 2.8. Discus and
grooves/mouldings on the discus. Apart from the shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Moulding on
nipples, all the ornament (including the ivy leaf) is discus within rim. Shoulder ornament of close-set
impressed. Syntax - nipple, small tongue above two parallel grooves passing below nipple, reaching as far
large circlets, ivy leaf, tongue and circlets, nipple. as the nozzle bridge ivy leaf. Reddish clay, coated red
Cream clay, coated glossy dark red-brown wash. Well wash. N House, Room V final phase; late 2nd-early
12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. 3rd cent A.D.
For some of the elements in this syntax cf. the L145 (67/L229) SML 576 plate 252. 3.5 x 3.5. Discus and
outsize Mátala lamp, PAE 1969, pl. 278b, left. shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus. Grooves
L137 (61/L267) SML 541 plate 252. Est D. 6.0. Handle, run up to, but not under, nipple. Light brown clay,
shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. What coated red wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
remains of discus plain. On shoulder neat double L146 (67/L227) SML 578 plate 253. 3.5 x 2.5. Discus and
outlined tongues above separate right handed spirals. shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. As LI 45. Red
Buff brown clay, soft. Coated matt plum-brown wash. clay, coated red wash. VIII 4, Hadrianic.
XIII/XIV baulk, Claudian. L147 (67/L225) SML 347 plates 230, 253. 6.2x3.5.
L138 (67/L222, L237) SML 332 plates 231,252. 4.5 x 6.0. Shoulder and underbody fragment. Crisp mould.
Handle, part of discus, shoulder and underbody. ?Retouched. Parallel grooves - ? disintegrated ton-
Fairly crisp mould. Two concentric grooves on discus. gues. Light brown clay, coated plum-red wash. N
Shoulder as LI 37. Granular light buff-brown clay, House, Room VI, Phase 1 fill; Deposit D2; Hadrianic
coated plum red-brown matt wash. I(N) 12, 1st cent and to later 2nd cent A.D.
A.D. L148 (67/L235) SML 581 Not illustrated. 5.0x2.5. Small
L139 (71/L18) SML 307 plates 231, 252. D. 6.2, Ext H. discus and shoulder fragment. Parallel grooves on
2.2, Ext L. 10.2. Handle, parts of underbody lost; shoulder. Light brown clay, coated plum red matt
recomposed. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Discus plain. wash. VII 3, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Shoulder as L137; ivy leaf at nozzle root with three L149 (67/L232) SML 583 plate 253. 4.6x4.8. Handle,
oblique grooves either side. Ring base, concave fragment of shoulder and underbody. Fairly crisp
underfoot. Brown clay, fine. Coated slightly glossy mould. Grooves on tongues. Light brown clay, coated
plum-dark brown wash. XIII 10a, SW House, Room matt dark plum red wash. N House, II 9, mixed
I; late 1st cent A.D. HL-R.
L140 (71/L15) SML 315 plates 230,252. D. 6.1, H. 2.2. L150 (67/L231) SML 596 plate 253. 3.0x2.3. Shoulder
Handle, nozzle and part of underbody lost. Crisp and underbody fragment. Quite crisp plaster mould.
mould. Two concentric mouldings on discus. Close-set Parallel grooves. Cream clay, coated brown wash. N
rays on the shoulder; nipples either side of nozzle root House, I(N) 12, 1st cent A.D.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
270 THE LAMPS
L151 (71/L38) L160

SML(71/L17) SML 233129
plate 253. D. 6.6,plate
H. 2.9, Ext L. 22
L. 11.3. Handle1 1.6. lost, otherwise
Handle, part of underbody and base lost. Fairly
Concentric grooves
crisp plaster mould. Discus on discus.
rim defined by a very fine
shoulder ornament, groove either side. Shoulder
chevrons as LI 59. At nozzle root on
leaf. Groove count 2-4-3-1. Nozzle blackened. either side, two concentric circles within nozzle
Orange-buff clay, coated matt red wash. XII 15, 1sttriangle. Underfoot slightly concave (no ring). Buff
cent A.D. clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. X 8,
L152 (71/L34) SML 136 plate 253. D. 7.0, H. 3.0, Ext L. Neronian/Flavian.
11.3. Handle, small part of shoulder, underbody andL161 (67/L248) SML 379 plate 253. D. 6.5, Ext L. 8.0.
nozzle lost. Fairly crisp mould. Very close to L151 but Handle stump, shoulder, discus and part of nozzle.
the greater size may suggest a previous generation. Crisp mould. Discus as LI 60. Shoulder as LI 58.
Ring base, concave underfoot. Cream buff clay, fine. Spirals and hatched nozzle as LI 59. Circlets in
Coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. SW House, triangle as LI 60. Cream clay, coated matt dark brown
Room I; early-mid 1st cent A.D. wash. VIII 7 pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian.
L153 (71/L12) SML 165 plate 229, 253. D. 6.2, H. 3.4, Ext L162 (67/L250) SML 406 plate 253. 4.8x3.0. Discus,
L. 10.0. Nozzle, small part of shoulder and discus lost. shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Fine
What remains intact. Fairly crisp mould. Standard chevron band on shoulder below discus rim. Circlets
syntax (chevrons on nozzle). Groove count 2-3-2-0. on lower shoulder, spiral and chevrons on nozzle,
Concave underfoot. Pink buff clay. Coated matt red- circlet in the triangle. Buff brown clay, coated matt
dark brown wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; dark plum red wash. VII 6-7, Hadrianic.
Claudian. L163 (67/L251) SML 561 plate 253. 4.2x3.0. Discus,
L154 (67/L199) SML 555 plate 253. 6.0x3.0. Discus, shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp plaster mould.
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Two Three concentric mouldings form the discus rim. On
concentric mouldings on discus. Standard syntax the shoulder a run of impressed double concentric
(chevrons on nozzle), with small circlets beside lateral circles with minute circlets above and below, offset.
ivy leaf and above nozzle nipple. Groove count Relief spiral at side of nozzle root, nozzle hatched,
?2-3-2-0. Grey clay, coated matt dark brown wash. N impressed concentric circlets in the triangle, with
House, Room V, bench at W; late 2nd cent A.D. minute circlet beside. Pink buff clay, evenly fired
L155 (67/L174) SML 540 plate 253. 4.8x3.0. Discus, medium hard; matt plum red wash. N House, II 5-7a,
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp. Plaster Neronian.
mould. Prominent discus moulding. Syntax as LI 54, L164 (71/L245) SML 384 plate 253. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus and
but no circlets beside the lateral ivy leaf. Nozzle nozzle fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Chevrons on
blackened. Grey clay, soft, coated plum-red wash. N discus rim, two fine concentric grooves inside.
House, I(S) 13, Hadrianic (and some later). Concentric circles at nozzle root in place of spirals,
L156 (67/L252) SML 559 plate 253. 4.2 x 2.3. Nozzle and nozzle hatched, three concentric circles in the triangle
discus fragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus, herring as L161. Buff clay, coated matt plum brown wash.
bone on nozzle, grooves on shoulder. Light brown XIII 15b, Deposit N2, Neronian.
clay, coated dark brown wash. II 3, Severan. L165 (67/L285) SML 419 plate 253. 5.8 x 2.0. Discus and
L157 (71/L215) SML 544 plate 253. Est D. 6.4. Discus, shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Discus rim as
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould. LI 60. Shoulder as LI 59. Light brown clay, coated
Plain discus. Chevrons on nozzle. Shoulder ornament dark brown wash. I(S) 15, Neronian (some 2nd cent
confined to fairly evenly spaced ivy leaves. Buff brown intrusions).
clay. Coated matt red wash. XIV 23, Deposit B2,L166 (67/L281) SML 396 plate 253. 6.0x3.5. Handle
Tiberian. stumps, discus and shoulder fragment. Worn plaster
L158 (68/P39) SML 628 plate 253. D. 7.1, H. 3.1, Est L. mould. No discus rim. Shoulder ornament as LI 59.
1 1 .6. Handle, part of underbody and nozzle lost. Pink buff clay, coated dark red wash. Unstratified.
Rather worn mould. Fine groove just inside rim, L167 (67/L317) plate 253. D. 5.4, Ext L. 7.0. D. 5.4, Ext L.
discus otherwise plain. On shoulder, two lines of 7.0. Handle, much of shoulder, nozzle and underbody
circlets offset from each other. Above nozzle, im- lost. Crisp mould. Unusual syntax, ivy leaf on the
pressed isolated spiral either side. Shallow trough nozzle, with circlets either side of its tip. On the
leads to nozzle hole, narrowing from the rim; shoulder, 'noughts and crosses' arrangement replace
impressed circlet within the triangle. Dirty white clay, lateral ivy leaves, ivy leaves replace nipples beside
coated matt plum brown wash. VIII, Well 8b, handle. Groove count: 2-2-2-2. Cream clay, coated
Deposit T2, Trajanic, with 1st cent A.D. material dark red-brown wash. Well 12, Deposit D4,
redeposited. Hadrianic.
L159 (71/L26) SML 232 plate 253. D. 6.5, H (to handle) L168 (67/L286) SML 433 plate 253. 4.0 x 2.8. Discus and
4.0, Ext L. 10.6. Nozzle tip lost, otherwise intact. shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Concentric
Crisp mould. As LI 58 but one incised zig-zag line is grooves on discus. On shoulder, 'noughts and crosses'
threaded between the two runs of circlets, and each and a pair of grooves. Light brown clay, coated matt
side of the nozzle is hatched with incised lines from the dark brown wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early 3rd cent
spiral on. Ring base. Brown clay, coated matt plum A.D., with earlier coins.
brown to dark grey wash. X 10 pit 4, Claudian. L169 (67/L287) SML 405 plate 253. 3.5x3.0. Discus,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 271
shoulder, underbody Close to HM 926 (no provenance) Mercando PI.

fragment. Wor
as LI 68. On shoulder XXXIV.4, p. 235, n. 4.
parts of two re
and crosses' as LILI
76 (67/L207)
67. SML 564 plate 254. 6.0x2.4.brown
Light Discus, c
matt red wash. shoulder
II 4, and nozzle
to fragment.
3rd Fairly crispcentmould. A.
L170 (71/L214) SML 437 plate 254. Est D. 6.0. Handle Syntax, etc., as LI 75. Groove count ?- 2- 1 -2 . Reddish
attachment, shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly brown clay, coated dark red wash. II 4, to 3rd cent
crisp plaster mould. Plain discus. Either side of handle, A.D.
two grooves followed by 'noughts and crosses' panel, L177 (67/L180) SML 535 plate 254. 4.3x3.0. Discus,
then four grooves. Buff clay, fine, coated plum brown shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Double
wash. SW House, Room I; XIII 34, early-mid 1st moulding on discus. As LI 75, but nozzle flange ends in
cent A.D. a boss which may have been a volute. Reddish clay,
A Knossian lamp BSA 77, 291 no. 135, fig. 7 and pl. coated dark red wash. VII 9, to Trajanic.
L178 (67/L175) SML 536 plate 254. 4.3x3.8. Discus,
44c (group dated A.D. 50-100) has a similar syntax,
but there is a spiral in place of the lower circlet in each shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. As LI 75.
'noughts and crosses' group. Pale grey clay, coated dark plum red wash. VIII 2,
L171 (71/L49) SML 164 plates 233, 254. D. 6.4, H. 3.8, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Ext L. 7.5. Handle, much of underbody and base, part L179 (71/L256) SML 393 plate 254. Est D. 6.4, Ext L. 7.4.
of shoulder and nozzle lost. Fairly worn plaster mould. Discus, shoulder and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp
Plain discus. Variant syntax, chevrons on the nozzle, plaster mould. Nozzle flange ends in relief spiral.
with a circlet beside. On the shoulder, between pairs Impressed circlet in the nozzle triangle. Discus rim
of grooves, ivy leaf and 'noughts and crosses' group. defined by two fine grooves. Shoulder ornament of a
Groove count 2-2-2. Yellow-buff clay, soft. Coated single line of circlets. Buff clay soft. Coated matt red
matt plum red wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit C I; wash. XII 15, 1st cent A.D.
Claudian. L180 (67/L284) SML 402 plate 254. 6.5x2.2. Discus,
L172 (71/L216) SML 563 plate 254. 6.5x2.5. Discus, shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. As LI 79,
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Plain with addition of groove on discus, and no spirals
nozzle. Chevrons on nozzle. Shoulder as LI 70. Buff attached to nozzle flanges. Grey clay, coated matt
brown clay, coated matt red wash. XIII pit 1, dark grey wash. N House, Room V, final phase; late
Trajanic. 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L173 (71/L21) SML 218 plates 233, 254. D. 8.5, H. 4.1, L181 (67/L249) SML 426 plate 254. 4.5 x 3.0. Discus and
Ext L. 1 1 .0. Most of nozzle, much of discus and shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Discus edge
shoulder, part of underbody and base remain. Fairly marked by single fine groove. Shoulder as LI 79. Grey
crisp plaster mould. Air hole on discus (at 6 o'clock). clay, coated matt orange wash. N House, I(S) 16,
Two concentric grooves within discus rim. Nozzle Claudian.
mouth in two degrees. Prominent ring foot. Standard L182 (71/L272) SML 421 plate 254. EstD. 6.0. Discus and
syntax, but fussy detail. The pairs of grooves either shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Discus plain,
side of the nozzle root are also hatched. The nozzle ivy discus rim picked out with tongue and dart in relief.
leaf is set on hatched lines. Groove count ?-3- 3-2 Circlets on shoulder as LI 79. Buff clay, fine, coated
(hatched). Nozzle blackened. Buff clay, coated dark plum brown wash. XIII 1, to mid 3rd cent A.D.
brown wash. XII 1,2 and 6, Hadrianic. LI 83 (71/L241) SML 403 plate 254. Est D. 6.5. Discus and
LI 74 (67/L190) SML 550 plate 254. 4.3 x 3.0. Discus and shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus and rim.
shoulder fragment. Worn mould. Fine groove either Shoulder ornament of circlets above incised hatching.
side of discus rim. Fragment only of shoulder Grey-brown clay. Coated matt plum-brown wash.
ornament nipple, flanked by vertical chevron panels XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
in place of grooves. Light brown clay, coated light L184 (71/L243) SML 391 plate 254. 6.5x2.4. Discus,
brown wash. VII 4, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp plaster mould.
L175 (71/L279) plate 254. D. 6.5, Ext L. 8.5. Handle, Plain discus set off by fine deep groove. Slight nozzle
much of nozzle, underbody and base lost. Fairly crisp flange set off at one end by impressed semi-rosette,
mould. Unusual syntax. The nozzle is flanked by circlet at the nozzle opening. Triangle reserved.
curved ornaments with concave surfaces (Bailey) in Alternation of circlets and single rays on shoulder.
the manner of Loeschcke's Type I or Broneer Type Nozzle blackened. Pink buff clay, soft, coated matt red
XXII early imperial Italian lamps, but without the wash. XIII 30, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
characteristic volute terminals. This feature may for L185 (67/L254) SML 542 plate 254. 4.4 x 2.7. Discus and
convenience be called a 'volute flange'. In the space shoulder fragment. Rather worn mould. What re-
between, chevrons, and (very compressed) a line of mains as LI 84. Grey clay, coated matt brown wash. N
impressed circlets between the curved ornaments and House, Room V, final phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent
the discus rim. On the shoulder a familiar arrange- A.D.
ment of nipples either side of an ivy leaf, separated by L186 (71/L246) SML 431 plate 254. 4.0x3.0. Discus,
grooves. Groove count 2-2-1-2. Grey clay, coated shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp plaster mould.
semi-glossy very dark plum red wash. SW House, Moulding on discus. Nozzle flange with spiral
Room I, Deposit Cl; Claudian. terminal. Two bands of circlets, offset from each other,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
272 THE LAMPS
impressed on LI shoulder.
95 (67/L255) SML 546 plate 254. 3.6 x(Cf.
2.0. Nozzle and L161
Coated matt plum start of shoulder fragment. Crisp mould.wash.
brown Nozzle
L187 (71/L253) SML
flange, 428
hatched, with relief plate
circle and dot terminal, in 2
shoulder place of spiral (? imitating
fragment. rivet head). Probably three
Crisp moul
three fine circlets in the nozzle triangle. grooves.
concentric Start of border of circlets Sh
clay, coated on shoulder.
matt Light brown clay, coated
plum red red wash. N wash
3rd cent A.D. House, I(N) 6, late 2nd-early 3rd A.D.
L188 (71/L242) SML 424 plate 254. Est D. 7.0. Discus and L196 (71/L239) SML 283 plates 225, 254. Est D. 6.8.
shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus set Discus and shoulder fragment. Where were handle
off by a single deep, fine groove. Shoulder as LI 86. and nozzle attached? Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus.
Buff-brown clay, coated semi-glossy plum-brown Shoulder ornament of individual impressed spirals
wash. XIII 19a, Claudian-Neronian. (right handed) with a zone of offset circlets above and
L189 (67/L258) SML 383 plate 254. 7.0x2.5. Discus, below. Red-buff clay. Coated semi-glossy plum-brown
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould. wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian.
L197 (67/L280) SML 422 plate 254. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder
Discus rim marked from shoulder by fine groove; two
grooves on discus just inside rim. Hatched nozzle and discus rim fragment. Crisp mould. Shoulder
flange with relief spiral terminal. Shoulder ornament reserved; relief spiral from nozzle flange. N House,
as L186. (Cf. L161). Grey clay, fine. Coated matt Room I(S), Neronian (some 2nd A.D. intrusions).
red wash. VIII 4, late 1st and early 2nd cent LI 98 (67/L344) SML 297 plate 254. L. 4.3. Shoulder and
A.D. underbody fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Relief spiral
L190 (67/L257) SML 427 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.8. Discus and (? at head of volute flange) at end of border of neat
shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Very precise double outlined tongues. Trace of mouldings sur-
mouldings on discus and either side its rim, suggesting rounding discus. Grey clay, hard. Coated matt dark
archetype very close to a metal original. Shoulder brown wash. IX 3, mixed 1st cent A.D.
ornament as LI 86 but circlets closer set. Grey clay, This must go closely with LI 17. Two similar
coated matt dark brown wash. N House, Room I(N) Isthmia lamps, Isthmia 59, nos. 2452-53 and pl. 28, are
6; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. classed as Type XXIVD by Broneer, said to be rare in
Circlets as densely set as this occur on the Knossian Greece. He refers to the Loeschcke Type I lamp from
fragment KW/51/13 no. 59, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b, Pompei, Vindonissa 230, fig. 6, left, which evokes, in
whose context was Claudian, or slightly later. turn Corinth ill, no. 458 and pl. XXV. Unlike L198,
L191 (67/L256) SML 525 plate 254. 2.8x2.5. Discus, however, the tongues on those two lamps are well inset
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould. from the edge of the shoulder. Is LI 98 a Cretan
Plain discus. Minute dots on discus rim. Large double imitation of an Italian original?
circlet with small circlets above beside top of nozzle LI 99 (71/L260) SML 646 plate 254. Est D. 8.0. Discus and
chevrons. Reddish brown clay, coated red wash. VII shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus, set off
5, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. from shoulder by deep groove. Relief spiral from
L192 (71/L247) SML 509 plate 254. 3.5 x 2.0. Discus and nozzle flange (as LI 86). Buff clay, coated matt red
shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Discus rim set off wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian.
either side by deep fine groove. On shoulder, zone of L200 (67/L288) SML 400 plate 254. 4.8x1.8. Handle
double concentric circles impressed, with, above and stump, shoulder and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp
below, line of offset very small circlets. Buff brown mould. On shoulder, border of impressed concentric
clay, coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XI 5, circlets. As LI 92. Grey clay. Coated drab brown
mixed lst-3rd cent A.D. wash. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
A Knossian example (with more elaborate discus)L201 (67/L278) SML 508 plates 254. 3.8 x 1.4. Shoulder
in KW/51/13 no. 58, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b and underbody fragment. Crisp mould. Border of
(Claudian or slightly later). individual impressed spirals with minute circlets
L193 (67/L279) SML 358 plate 254. 3.5x3.0. Discus, between. Brown clay, coated reddish brown wash. N
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Three House, Room V, final phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent
fine grooves set off discus from shoulder. Border of A.D.
close set impressed double concentric circles recalling L202 (71/L240) SML 430 plate 254. 5.0 x 1.8. Shoulder
L192. But nozzle suggests this must belong to Broneer and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould.
Type XXV or XXVIII. Brown clay, coated matt As L201, with rather larger circlets. Buff clay, soft.
plum-red wash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd Coated matt red wash. X 9, Neronian.
cent A.D. L203 (71/L283) plate 254. Est D. 6.0. Shoulder and discus
Corinth 103, fig. 48:23. Isthmia pl. 28, no. 2482 (Type fragment. Worn mould. Plain discus, marked off from
XXV-Type XXVIII). shoulder by fine groove. Two nipples at base of nozzle;
LI 94 (67/L305) SML 434 plate 254. 3.3 x 2.0. Discus and small ivy leaf impressed between. Dark brown clay,
shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Discus rim coated matt dark brown paint. XI S Baulk 1-2,
defined by fine deep groove either side. On shoulder, Flavian-Trajanic.
isolated pair of impressed concentric circles. Brown L204 (71/L285) plate 254. 4.7x4.0. Discus and nozzle
clay, dark brown semi-glossy wash. VI 5, late fragment. Worn mould. Plain discus. Tiny relief ivy
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. leaf on nozzle bridge, circlets either side. Light brown

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 273
clay, coated semi-glossy dark

Further from the metal original is an inferior lamp p
Neronian. of this size from Mátala, PAE, pl. 278d., left.
Ivy-leaf fillers Double ivy-leaf lamps

L205 (71/L27) SML 126 plates 233, 255. D. 8.7, H. 4.6. L210 (73/L301) plates 233, 256. (Body) W. 1 1.6, H. 5.6, L.
Handle lost, nozzle chipped. Crisp mould. Ring 17.7. Handle, most of one nozzle lost. Recomposed.
handle. Ring foot, slightly concave underfoot. Deep Crisp mould. Ring base. Discus marked from shoulder
concave discus, central filling hole, ? two unpierced by deep groove. Outer ornament of fine rays, inner of
small air holes beside. On discus rim-top, chevrons 7-petalled rosette with impressed circlets between the
interrupted twice. Ivy leaves with circlet below tips petal tips. Chevrons or herring bone on each nozzle -
either side of spout, shoulder decorated with long ivy leaf with two grooves either side in the space
tongue and dart (ending in circlets) border. Fine buff between nozzles. On the shoulder four nipples with
clay. Coated in thin matt wash, dark brown, through rays between; two grooves between the front nipples
plum-brown to orange. XIII 17c, Deposit N2, and nozzles (blackened). Pink buff clay, soft, coated
Neronian.
matt orange-brown wash. Well 12, Deposit D4,
The ornament recalls the ivy leaf lamp from Hadrianic.
Mátala, PAE 1969, pl. 278d, right. Generally similar double nozzle ivy-leaf lamp (plain
L206 (71/L281) plate 255. D. 7.8. Discus and shoulder discus) from Knossos, Sanatorium tombs, JHS 73, fig.
fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L205 but chevrons 13, bottom centre.
on discus rim are larger and coarser. Light brown L211 (67/P61) SML 522 plate 257. Ext W. 15.5, Ext L.
clay, coated matt pale red wash. XI 9, Claudian (mid 22.0. Most of shoulder and discus, part of one nozzle.
1st cent A.D.). Recomposed. Worn mould. Discus plain except single
groove. Nozzle opening in two degrees. Nozzle flanges,
between them an elongated ivy leaf with a circlet
between it and the discus. On the shoulder, lateral ivy
Outsize and double ivy-leaf lamps
leaves between nipples, both picked out with im-
L207 (67/P60) SML 149 plates 232, 255. Discus, part of pressed circlets. Thick walls. Pinkish buff clay. Coated
shoulder and lug-handles, part of nozzle, underbody matt dark brown wash, fired red in patches. VII 3,
and scrap of base. Worn mould. Small filling hole in late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
centre of discus, air hole (at 6 o'clock). Prominent L212 (71/L2) SML 312 plates 232, 255. Opening, D. 3.8,
nozzle flanges (no volutes); elongated ivy leaf in the Ext L. 6.8. Nozzle. Crisp mould. Opening in two
triangle. Lateral ivy leaves between nipples beside degrees. Large ivy leaf with double impressed circlets
lugs, picked out by circlets. Pinkish buff clay, soft. imposed on incised chevrons. Pink clay, coated glossy
Coated in matt dark red wash. VII 3, late 2nd-3rd red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic.
cent A.D.
For a complete lamp of this nozzle type, HM 921
L208 (67/P48) SML 254 plates 232, 255. D. 12, W. 14.3, from Axos, Mercando pl. XXXIV. 1 1, p. 235 and n. 7.
L213 (71/L55) SML 518 plate 255. D. 5.7, Ext L. 11.0.
H. 6.0, Ext L. 21.6. Handle, small parts of discus,
shoulder, underbody and foot lost. As L2O7; plaster Discus D. 8.0. Non-joining discus and nozzle frag-
mould; round nozzle mouth in two degrees, connected ment. Crisp plaster mould. Triple concentric mould-
to the body by lateral flanges, discus decorated with ings on the discus, prominent rim. Nozzle opening in
two degrees. Close to a metal original. Buff clay.
16-petal rosette in relief, filling hole at its centre, air
hole at '7 o'clock'. Incised design on lugs. Ovoid Coated matt red wash. XII 6 and 8, Hadrianic.
underfoot, on which the impressed inscription L214 (71/L147) SML 652 plate 255. Est D. 5.0. Fragment
FAMOY. Pale buff clay. Top and spout coated of nozzle opening. Crisp mould. In two degrees, with
metallic brown wash, dripped and dabbled on side. part of lateral flange. Blackened. Buff brown clay.
VII 3, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. Coated semi-glossy, plum brown dark wash. XII 1-2,
Somewhat similar syntax, but a more carefully mixed 2nd-3rd cent A.D.
moulded rosette is the Knossian lamp Demeter 51, J.37 L215 (67/L296) SML 523 plate 255. D. 5.6. Fragment of
and pl. 30. Deposit J is dated late lst-mid 2nd cent. nozzle opening. Crisp mould. In two degrees. Rela-
L209 (73/L3OO) plates 231, 256. W. 11.2, H.5.5, L 22.5, tively small wick hole. Pinkish clay, coated matt red
Wt. 256g. Complete and intact. Very close to a metal wash, black on lip. N House, II 7a, mixed 1st cent
original. Ring foot. Three-ribbed handle; discus with B.C.-2nd cent A.D.
high rim, concentric ridge and groove ornament on L216 (67/L291) SML 408 plate 256. 5.0x4.5. Nozzle
discus. Very large nozzle mouth, in two degrees. fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Part of opening (in two
Double lugs either side. Relief ivy-leaf on nozzle degrees) and lateral flanges. Cream clay, coated glossy
bridge, with a circlet and spiral on either side. Three dark plum-red wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early 3rd cent
grooves either side of ivy leaf, with nipple beyond. A.D. (with earlier coins).
Shoulder ornament of large tongues above isolated L217 (71/L278) plate 256. 5.2 x 1.2. Most of handle lug.
impressed spirals. Nozzle blackened. Light buff clay, Quite crisp mould. Antithetic floral design in relief.
coated matt plum-red paint, with darker patches. Pink buff clay, coated red-brown matt wash. XII 9,
Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Deposit D5. Hadrianic.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
274 THE LAMPS
L218 (67/L208) SML 414 plate 256. 5.8x2.0. Most of one degree, chevrons on nozzle. Blackened. Reddish
handle lug. Crisp mould. Floral design as L217. brown clay, coated red wash. VII 2. See Deposit S2,
Pinkish buff clay, coated plum-red wash. Above N late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
House, I(S) 4, to 4th cent A.D. L231 (67/L259) SML 574 Not illustrated. 4.2 x 2.8. Part of
L219 (67/L1 74) SML 537 plate 256. 4.2 x 3.3. Fragment of nozzle. Blackened. Reddish brown clay, coated red
lug and shoulder. Fairly crisp mould. Concentric wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian.
circlets, grooves and nipple. Orange clay, coated dark L232 (67/L253) SML 435 plate 257. 2.5x2.0. Tip of
red wash. Above N House, II surface. To 4th cent nozzle with wick-hole. Crisp mould. Trace of hatched
A.D. nozzle flanges, with stud (not spiral) simulating
L220 (67/L298) SML 737 plate 256. L. 3.8. Lug handle. attachment. Granular pinkish clay, coated matt red
Fairly crisp mould. Volute terminals. Light brown wash. Patches of darker wash. N House, Room III,
clay, coated dark brown wash. N House, Room V, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
final phase; late 2nd-êarly 3rd cent A.D. L233 (67/L342) SML 552 plate 257. 4.2 x 2.8. Discus and
L221 (67/L209) SML 260 plate 256. 5.0x4.2. Handle, shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Plain
triple ridged. Light brown clay, semi-glossy reddish discus - ivy leaf, grooves and nipple. Buff clay, coated
wash. N House, V 3a, first half 1st cent A.D. semi-glossy plum/brown wash. VI 18, cist, Deposit C2
L222 (67/L210) SML 519 plate 256. 7.8 x 4.6. Discus and (4), mid 1st cent A.D.
shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Con- L234 (67/L192) SML 550 plate 257. 2.0 x 1.8. Shoulder
centric grooves on the discus. Ivy leaf, nipple and fragment. Crisp mould. Trace of discus rim, promi-
concentric circlets on shoulder. Surface of ivy leaf nent nipple, circlet, groove. Light red-brown clay,
picked out with incision. Brown clay, coated dark coated dark red wash. V 5, mixed, HL and Roman.
plum-red wash. VII 4b, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. L235 (67/L201) Not illustrated. 4.5x2.8. Discus and
L223 (67/L306) SML 640 plate 257. 2.8 x 1.6. Discus rim shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus.
fragment. Crisp mould, air hole. Buff clay, very fine. Ivy leaf and flanking grooves. Provenience uncertain.
Coated semi-glossy red wash. VII 9, to Trajanic. L236 (67/L193) SML 549 plate 257. 3.0x2.5. Shoulder
L224 (67/L211) SML 521 plate 256. 6.0x4.0. Discus fragment. Very crisp plaster mould. Ivy leaf with
fragment, with trace of shoulder. Crisp mould. Five concave sides, circlet. Reddish clay, coated red wash.
concentric ridges and grooves on discus, circlet and VIII 4, late lst-early 2nd cent A.D.
trace of something else on shoulder. Pink buff clay, L237 (67/L194) SML 545 plate 257. 5.0x4.0. Discus,
coated dark plum-red wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, shoulder and nozzle root fragment. Worn mould.
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. Small filling hole with air hole at 6 o'clock. Two
L225 (67/L244) SML 510 plate 257. 4.0x2.8. Discus concentric mouldings on the discus. Ivy leaf at nozzle
fragment. Worn mould. Concentric ridges, of which root. Grooves either side. Light brown clay, coated
two are picked out with fine chevrons. Cream clay, plum-red wash. VIII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early
coated plum-red wash. VIII 4 pit 2, Deposit Tl, 3rd cent A.D.
Trajanic. L238 (67/L1 77) SML 538 plate 257. 4.0 x 2.8. Discus and
shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Plain
discus. Ivy leaf. Grey clay, coated dark plum-red
wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (with some 2nd
Miscellaneous ivy leaf fragments cent A.D. intrusions)
L226 (67/L197) SML 516 plate 257. 6.0x3.5. Shoulder L239 (67/L202) SML 568 plate 257. 4.0 x 3.5. Discus and
fragment. Crisp mould. Large ivy leaf with double shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus,
circlets, a single circlet above, a double at the side. groove on the rim. Lateral ivy leaf, nipple beside it,
Light brown clay, coated plum-red wash. N House, circlet on one side of the lip, single groove. Pink-light
Room IV, Phase I fill; Hadrianic, and to late 2nd cent brown clay, coated dark red wash. VIII 4 pit 2,
A.D. Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
L240 (67/L176) SML 531 plate 257. 4.4 x 3.8. Discus and
For a similar leaf the Knossian fragment H. 114,
Demeter 44 and pl. 26. (Deposit H dates from the 5th nozzle fragment. Worn, rather clumsy mould. Small
cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D.). air hole on discus at 6 o'clock, on inner moulding. Ivy
L227 (67/L212) SML 520 plate 257. 6.0x4.0. Shoulder leaf on short nozzle, part of rim of wick-hole. Grooves
fragment. Crisp mould. Nipple, circlet and ? hatched either side of ivy leaf. Light brown clay, coated dark
nozzle flange. Brown clay, coated plum-red wash. VII brown wash. VII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L228 (67/L203) SML 517 plate 257. 5.8x2.8. Shoulder shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Discus
fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Lateral ivy leaf, nipple covered in metallic concentric mouldings. Lateral ivy
and circlets. Red clay, coated red wash. VII 3. See leaves, grooves. Light brown clay, coated dark red
Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. wash. E House, Deposit Nl, Neronian.
L229 (67/L260) SML 575 Not illustrated. 3.4 x 2.0. Nozzle.
Reddish clay, coated matt red wash. N House, II 6, to shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Discus plain apart
mid 2nd cent A.D. from groove inside rim. Lateral ivy leaf. Grey clay,
L230 (67/L261) SML 416 plate 257. 4.0x2.8. Nozzle, coated dark brown wash. I(N) 12, 1st cent A.D.
including wick hole. Fairly crisp mould. Wick hole in L243 (67/L187) SMI 526 plate 257. 4.0 x 3.3. Discus and

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 275
nozzle root fragment. Fairly

Plain discus, wick hole inset, separated from discus rim cri
mouldings within discus
by line of three circlets. Grooves. Creamrim.
clay, coated Iv
three circlets red wash. N House, Roomit
between V2; lateand
2nd-early 3rddiscu
cent
coated matt dark
A.D. red wash. IX
2nd-early 3rd cent
L248 (73/L307) plate 257.A.D.
5.6 x 3.5. Handle stumps, part
L244 (67/L183) SML 528 plate 257. 2.6x2.8. Shoulder of shoulder and underbody. Grooves on foot and
fragment. Crisp mould. Elongated ivy leaf between shoulder. Cream clay, coated glossy red to plum-red
grooves. Grey clay, coated dark red wash. wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic.
Unstratified. L249 (67/L238) SML 713 plate 257. 4.5 x 2.8. Discus and
L245 (67/L181) SML 534 plate 257. 2.5 x 2.3. Discus and shoulder fragment. Worn mould. Plain discus; nipple
shoulder fragment. Discus rim and interior moulding. on shoulder. Brown clay, coated red wash. N House,
Ivy leaf, grooves either side. Red-brown clay, coated I(S) 15, Neronian.
red wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (with 2nd cent L250 (67/L184) SML 438 plate 257. 3.3x2.2. Shoulder
intrusions) fragment. Very crisp plaster mould - nipple with
L246 (67/L195) SML 548 plate 257. 2.5 x 2.3. Discus and impressed circlet, grooves either side. Light brown
shoulder fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Plain discus, clay, coated dark red wash. N House, II 7, mixed 1st
ivy leaf. Light brown clay, coated red wash. II 7, cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D.
mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D. L251 (67/L239) SML 594 plate 257. 4.8 x 2.8. Discus and
shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Plain discus. Nipples
Unassigned ivy-leaf lamps and grooves. Grey clay, coated dark brown wash. N
L247 (67/L234) SML 595 plate 249. 4.5x4.5. Discus, House, I(S) 15, Neronian (and some 2nd cent A.D.
shoulder and nozzle fragment. Rather worn mould. intrusions).
Mould made Roman lamps

In this long section of the catalogue are included those lamps which are of distinctively Roman
character as defined by Perlzweig in her introduction to Agora vii. The arrangement is very
roughly chronological, but within main chronological divisions by class of subject - the final
part of the catalogue deals with undoubted imported lamps - Corinthian, Attic, Red-on-
White. While it is likely that much of the remaining material (particularly the very numerous
Broneer XXV lamps) was manufactured in Crete, and, in the case of lamps with the FAMOT
signature, almost certainly was, certainty in many cases is impossible.
Though recent major lamp publications, notably Agora vii and BMC ii, have preferred not to
use the Broneer classification, I have chosen to revert to it, as much for my own instruction as
anything else. I also have made use of Bailey's and Trier's general classification of figure types.
Though small collections of Cretan Roman lamps have previously been published, notably
by Mercando, this is the first large assemblage to be made available. It has, accordingly,
seemed appropriate to present a very high proportion of the recognizable material, both
complete and fragmentary.
Early Italian lamps (Broneer xxi-xxiv)

L252 (71/L29) SML 231 plate 258. W. 7.0, H. 4.3, Ext L. Recalls BMC i, Q, 721, pp. 341-2 and pl. 134,
10.0. Complete save nozzle tip wick hole. Handle with attributed to Italy and dated latter part of 1st cent
two grooves. Pelta-shaped discus, plain, central filling B.C. or early 1st A.D. This once had an applied band
hole; plain shoulders, which are divided from the handle, and has a relief slave mask near the nozzle.
nozzle by flanges recalling the volute flanges of L253 (71/L75) SML 715 plates 234, 258. D. 7.4, H. 3.5, L.
standard early Roman lamps. The nozzle tip was 10.8. Part of discus, shoulder and underbody lost.
probably triangular. A champlevé peita on the flat Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus, central filling hole;
base. Buff brown clay. Coated mottled semi-glossy air hole, separated from plain shoulder by two
plum-red wash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. mouldings. Long nozzle, triangular tip. Yellow-buff

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
276 THE LAMPS
clay, fine. and shoulder

Coated fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
slightly glossyFine rays p
1 1 , on shoulder and moulding separating shoulder and
Hadrianic.
Variant of discus. Further short
Broneer XXII.rays on steep slope of discus.
Close t
II, Vindonissa Reddish brownno.
385, clay, coated semi-glossy
318dark brown
(sligh
8-petal rosette wash, blotched
on red. VIII 4 pit
discus and 2, Depositshoul
Tl,
early Imperial, Trajanic.
but post- Augustan
L254 (71/L293)L260plate
(67/L316) SML 182 plate258.
234, 258. 4.5 x 4.0. Discus
D. c. 7.0
nozzle fragment. and shoulder fragment.
Fairly Fairly crisp mould. Con-
crisp p
missing inner centric grooves separate
discus will shoulder and have
discus. On the been
outer discus slope, many
(preserved) part petalled rosette; covered
triple moulding in
Triangular surrounds Grey
nozzle. filling hole. Grey clay. Coated
clay, semi-glossy coate
XIII 17a, plum-red wash.
Deposit N2, IX cist, DepositNeronian.
C2 (4), mid 1st cent
Loeschcke A.D.
Type II. There are sev
illustrated Trier dated to the 1st half of the 1st cent Similar Bhenghazi 50, nos. 339-341; 58, no. 407, pls.
A.D. A complete example (with coarser rays) came X and XI, all dated within the first two thirds of the
from the Roman Fill at Tarsus - Tarsus 109, no. 143 1st cent A.D. Cf. also Q.857 and 1022, BMC ii, both
and pl. 98. dated to the first half of the 1st cent A.D.
L255 (67/L121) SML 656 plate 258. 3.0x2.5. Discus, L261 (71/L93) SML 731 plate 258. 4.3 x 3.5. Shoulder and
shoulder and nozzle volute fragment. Fairly crisp discus fragment. Mouldings on shoulder, many
plaster mould. Very narrow shoulder, separated from petalled rosette on slope of discus surrounding flat
discus (fine rays) by concentric mouldings. Vesicular reserved area. Brown clay, soft. Coated red wash.
buff clay, evenly fired medium hard, coated semi- XIII 17, Deposit N2. Neronian.
glossy plum-brown wash. N House, Room V, Deposit L262 (71/L27O) SML 645 plate 258. 4.0x3.0. Discus
D2; Hadrianic, and to late 2nd cent A.D. fragment. Many petalled rosette and concentric
1st half of the 1st cent A.D. Recalls Broneer XXI or mouldings around filling hole. Buff brown clay, coated
XXII, Corinth no. 396 (pl. VII) and Q, 1002, BMC ii, matt plum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D5,
205 and pl. 28. ? Italian import. Hadrianic.
L256 (67/L357) plate 258. 6.5x4.0. Discus and nozzle From a lamp as L260-261. ? Broneer XXII or
volute fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Very neat XXIII. 1st cent A.D.
nozzle volute. Discus decorated in four zones sep- L263 (67/L82) SML 300 plates 243, 258. 4.0. x 2.7. Discus
arated by ridges - tongues - dots - rays - chevrons. A fragment. Crisp mould. (Remains of) rosette sur-
beautiful piece. Red-brown clay, coated dark brown - rounding small filling hole. VIII 4, late lst-early 2nd
red brown wash. IV 20 cist, Deposit C2 (4), Claudian. A.D.
Broneer XXI or XXII. Probably Augustan. The Uncertain relationship.

syntax of ornament points closely to a metal origin. An L264 (71/L78) SML 641 plate 258. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder,
Italian lamp of the 1st quarter of the 1st cent. A.D. in discus and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Very neat
Berlin - Heres no. 3, P. 12 and pl. 2 -, an elaborate volute, continuing as rib. Concentric grooves on
Broneer XXI has a similar narrow zone of tongues in shoulder. Greenish clay, fine. Coated plum-brown
the same position; Chypre 82, no. 172 and pl. 1 1 has a wash. XIV pit 4, Deposit B2, Tiberian.
zone of rays in the same position as this with Early 1st cent A.D. ? Broneer XXI or XXII.
mouldings either side. Cf. also Waldhauer 38, no. 204, L265 (67/L118) SML 637 plates 234, 258. 3.0x2.8.
pl. XX a dilychnos from Kerch. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould.
L257 (67/L338) SML 655 Not illustrated. Est D. 8.0. Volute. Knob not spiral. Fine concentric grooves on
Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. shoulder. Grey clay. Coated drab dark brown wash. N
Volute rib. Concentric mouldings on the shoulder; House, Room I; I(N) 10, Hadrianic (some later).
short rays on discus. Filling hole was probably ? Broneer XXI or XXII. Early 1st cent A.D.
surrounded by concentric ridges. Fine buff clay. L266 (67/L116) SML 639 plate 258. 4.0x2.5. Shoulder,
Coated matt orange-brown wash. VII 28, to mid 1st discus, nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Similar to L265.
cent A.D. Cf. L255. Needle air hole. Yellow clay, fine. Coated brown
L258 (67/L329) SML 276 plate 234, 258. Est D. 7.5. wash. N House, I(N) 12, 1st cent A.D.
Discus and shoulder fragment. Mould beginning to Earlier 1st cent A.D.
wear. Concentric mouldings on the shoulders, short L267 (67/314) SML 287 plate 258. Est D. 7.4. As L266.
close-set rays on the discus slope, part of the concentric Needle air hole at nozzle root. Light grey clay. Coated
mouldings surrounding (lost) filling hole. Cream-buff matt plum-brown wash. N House, wall content. 1st
clay, fine. Coated plum-brown wash. VII 8, early-mid cent B.C.-lst cent A.D.
1st cent A.D. Broneer XXI-XXIII. Earlier 1st cent A.D.
Cf. VAM no. 69-Op. Ath VI, 37, pl. V, Broneer L268 (71/L149) SML 653 plate 258. 4.2 x 2.0. Fragment
XXII said to be 'only one generation from its Italian as L266. Scrap of something on discus - ? ground line.
Archetype'. BMC ii, 232, nos. 1090-91 are very Buff clay, fine. Coated matt plum-brown wash. XIV
similar - dated late 1st cent B.C. to first third 1st cent pit 4, Deposit B2, Tiberian.
A.D. ? Broneer XXIII. Earlier 1st cent A.D.
L269 (71/L95) SML 650 Not illustrated. Est D. 6.0.
L259 (67/L165) SML 295 plates 243, 258. 5.0 x 2.8. Discus

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 277
Shoulder and grooves. Fragment of relief

discus - ? drapery. Light buff
fragment.
Three grooves clay.
on Coated matt plum-brown wash. VII 18, early 1st
shoulder. Ma
Buff clay, cent A.D.
fine. Coated matt plum
XIV 8, Deposit Broneer B2, XXII or Tiberian.
XXIII, 1st cent A.D.
Earlier 1st cent A.D. L276 (67/L317) SML 334 plates 234, 258. Est D. 8.0.
L270 (71/L258) SML 176 plates 235, 258. (a) 8.0 x 5.0 (b) Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn plaster
3.0 x 2.5. (a) crescent handle plate (b) discus frag- mould. Four shoulder grooves. Upper part of divine or
ment. Crisp mould. Filling hole enclosed by con- human figure to left, arms raised. Unidentified. Brown
centric mouldings, beyond which very fine rays. clay, soft. Coated semi-glossy light brown wash. VII
Yellow clay, covered semi-glossy plum red-orange 27, Augustan and to mid 1st cent A.D.
brown wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian. Broneer XXII/XXIII.
Broneer XXI. The handle plate close to BMC ii, L277 (71/292) plate 258. 2.2 x 1.8. Shoulder and discus
205, and pl. 28, Q, 1002, which has the same fine rays fragment. Crisp mould. Triple mouldings on the
in the discus slope. Cf. the handle Agora vii, 74, no. 30, shoulder; uncertain discus subject - ? gladiator(s).
and the lamp loc cit no. 22. - both late 1st cent B.C. Cream clay, coated dark brown wash. XIII 17a,
into 1st cent A.D. Deposit N2, Neronian.
L271 (71/L158) SML 647 plate 258. 3.0 x 2.2. Discus and Broneer XXII/XXIII, 1st cent A.D.
L278 (67/L337) SML 654 plate 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder
shoulder fragment. Crisp mould. Very fine concentric
grooves separate shoulder and discus. One double and discus fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Groove at
outlined ivy leaf preserved on shoulder. Cream-buff edge of discus, two fine ridges enclosing unidentified
clay. Coated semi-glossy dark brown wash. XII 12, subject - top corner of wing of an Eros or Nike?
mid 1st cent A.D. PEagle. Fine buff clay. Coated semi-glossy plum-
BMCii, 188 and pl. 22, Q,962 (Broneer XXIV) has brown wash. VIII 27, Augustan and to mid 1st cent
a shoulder ornament of a continuous border of similar A.D.
but less elaborate leaves, dated second half 1st cent
A.D.
L272 (71/L65) SML 174 plates 234, 258. D. 7.6, H. 2.8, Double volute lamps
L279 (67/L289) SML 242 plate 259. Est D. 10.8, L. 21.0.
Ext L.9.0. Part of discus, much of nozzle lost. Mould
(plaster) beginning to wear. Ring foot. Three con- Handle plate, much of underbody, part of discus and
centric grooves on shoulder. Cavalryman to left. Fine shoulder lost. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Four grooves
clay, reduced to grey. Coated semi-glossy orange- separate shoulder and plain discus. Large wick holes
brown wash. SW House, Room I; XIII 35, early-mid in pointed voluted nozzles. Buff brown clay, coarse
1st cent A.D. with grit. Coated matt plum-brown wash. IX 2, late
Broneer XXII or XXIII. Motif Bailey III (b)i, not 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
I(d) XII (M. Curtius). Chypre 97, nos. 222-23 and pl. Broneer XXI. The Ontario lamp 385 (Egyptian)
13 belong to the same series. Agora vii, 75, no. 37 and also has a plain discus. Cf. Qedem no. 48 (with relief
references. ornament), 1st cent A.D.
L273 (71/L76) SML 278 plates 234 (incomplete), 258. Est L280 (71/L14) SML 145 plates 235, 259. D. 7.1, H. 3.6, Est
D. 7.0, Est H. 2.7. Shoulder, discus and nozzle L. 12.2. Handle, part of base and one nozzle lost.
fragment. Crisp mould; single fine groove separatesFairly crisp mould. The metallic features are very
shoulder from discus. Trace of discus ornament - distinct, notably in the false rivet heads associated
couch-leg - ? love-making. Buff-brown clay. Coated with the prominent nozzle flanges and the handle.
semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XIII 1, to mid-3rd The tiny scallop in the centre of the discus copies the
cent A.D. scallop-shaped filling-hole cover of a metal lamp, and
Broneer XXIII, mid 1st cent A.D. is not an absurdly shrunken discus device. Illegible
L274, (71/L80) SML 341 plates 234, 258. Est D. 7.2. Non- inscription of three letters impressed on the underfoot.
joining fragments of shoulder and discus. Very crisp Nozzles blackened. Buff brown clay, coated matt pale
plaster mould. Four fine grooves on shoulder. Re- red wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
mains of kantharos with reeded lower body and spray Broneer XXI. For shape cf. Menzel fig. 25. 1st cent
of vine leaves. Buff clay, fine. Coated glossy dark A.D.
L281 (71/L282) plate 259. Est L. 6.5. Nozzle and part of

brown wash that has run off the relief leaving much of
the ground colour showing. XII 12, Deposit N2, mid underbody. Fairly crisp mould. Large wick hole.
1st cent A.D. and Neronian. Volutes. Nozzle blackened. Light brown clay, fine.
Broneer XXII or XXIII Isthmia 63 no. 2538 and pl. Coated matt light red-brown wash. SW House, Room
29 ("This is a rather common design, but details I, Deposit Cl; Claudian.
differ") Délos XXVI, 126, and pl. 29 no. 4596, with Broneer XXI, 1st cent A.D.
comment and parallels. An elaborate version in
Nicosia (1966/II-3/5, BCH 90 (1966) 286, fig. 27) has
no provenance. Cf. also Trier pl. 41, no. 103 fromOther
the early lamps
2nd half of the 1st cent A.D. grave 169. L282 (71/L52, L160) SML 229 plate 259. D. 6.4, Est L.
L275 (67/L315) plate 258. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder and discus 9.0. Part of shoulder, discus and underbody lost.
fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Three shoulder Fairly crisp plaster mould. Groove between shoulder

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
278 THE LAMPS
and discus. Ridge encloses

discus. Cream clay, desi
fine. Coated semi-glossy plum-red
remains of the wash.
underfoot final le
U. Light
clay, Broneer XXIII.fine.
Oak wreath perhaps as
red BMC ii, 87
Coated
wash. XIII 17, fig. Deposit N2,
101, Q 1212. Notice the upper volute inset from Ner
Broneer XXIII. the lamp
A edge. similar lamp
and pl. 18 L290 (67/L1
has a 17)simpler
SML 656 plate 259. 3.0 x 2.5. Discus and
scallop
A.D.). Well nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Air hole between
represented at De
4607-9. volutes. 4 grooves
Kenchrai 30, on shoulder.
no. Indecipherable
139 design and
L283 (67/L326-327) SML
- ? drapery. Clay reduced 342
light grey. Coated, drab p
259. Est D. 7.0. dark
Two brown wash. Nfragments
House, I(S) 13, mixed 1st and o
nozzle. Fairly 2nd cent A.D.
crisp mould. Tong
discus separated ? Broneer
by XXIII. ridge and gr
Buff clay, L291 (71/L210)coated
fine, SML 638 plate 259. 4.2 plum-r
x 3.4. Discus and
Deposit Fl, nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Plain discus,
Flavian.
Broneer XXIII Bailey
separated from shoulder by threemotif
grooves. Needle air V
ii, 162 and pl. hole. CreamBenghazi
11. white clay, coated plum-red wash.
50 XIII an
69, pl. XIII, no. 465;
1 7a, Deposit N2, Neronian. 70, pl. X
L284 L292 (71/L23)
(67/L318) SML SML 141 plates
649 234, 259. D. 7.7, H. 2.9,
plate 2
nozzle fragment.Ext L. 12.1. Fairly
Complete except handle crisp
and chips. Fairly m
grooves crisp mould. Needle
between air hole just beyond the
nozzle andthree
needle air hole.ridges
Footwhich separateofthe plain couch
shoulder from the -
blackened. discus. Dolphin to right. Light
Pink-buff buff clay, coatedcoat
clay, semi-
wash. VII 7a, mid-late
glossy plum-brown wash. X 10,1st cent
Pit 4, Claudian.
Broneer XXIII. Broneer
For XXIV. Baileythe
motif IV (a) xi. Cf. L412, a
couch,
67, fig. 70 and Broneer
pl. XXV fragment,
13. though Later this is a different
1st
L285 (71/L188) series
SML (noticeable in294
the anal fin, in particular).
plates
non-joining Perhaps the same series as Chypre
fragments of125-6, pl.shoul
18, no.
mould. Two 321. A very similar series is
grooves represented by Berlin 30,
between s
Nozzle blackened. Grey
pl. 14, no. 101. buff
The dolphin swims to left Argos, 40, pl. cla
brown wash. X/XI baulk 4-5, Mid 1st cent 5, no. 219. The lamp type is commonest in the 2nd
A.D.-Flavian. half of the 1st cent A.D. Cf. BMC'û, 191 and pl. 23, no.
Broneer XXIII. 972, made in Central Italy, found at Ephesus, an
L286 (71/L56) SML 345 plate 259. 6.0 x 5.5. Shoulder andearlier generation mould. Dated A.D. 50-75.
L293
discus fragment, all nozzle. Crisp mould. Needle air(67/L340) SML 651 plate 259. Est D. 7.5. Discus,
hole between nozzle and discus. Shoulder separated shoulder and nozzle fragment. Worn plaster mould.
from discus by three grooves. Trace of something onPlain shoulder separated by single groove from discus.
discus - ? foot of frontal standing figure. Nozzle Trace of something - ? wing - on the left. Buff clay,
blackened. Buff clay, fine. Coated semi-glossy plum-fine. Coated matt orange-brown wash. East House,
brown wash, mottled to dark brown. XIV pit 2, mid Deposit Nl, Neronian.
1st cent A.D. Broneer XXIV.
Broneer XXIII. Nozzle and volutes much as the
Italian lamp Q947 BMC ii, 181, pl. 19 (2nd half 1st
Broneer xxv lamps, arranged by subject
cent A.D.).
Deities
L287 (67/L358) plate 259. Shoulder and discus fragment,
L294 (67/L34) SML 138 plates 235, 260. 6.6x6.5.
all nozzle. Quite crisp plaster mould. Needle air hole
between nozzle and discus. Two grooves between Shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Filling
shoulder and discus. Grey clay; coated matt brown hole on discus' right side, needle air hole in the two
wash, very mottled. VIII 24, mainly 1st cent A.D. grooves dividing rim and discus. Small tongues on
Broneer XXIII. shoulder. Bust of Serapis to left. Thick walled. Detail
L288 (67/L120) SML 648 plate 259. 4.6x4.3. Shoulder, of hair and drapery particularly careful. Pink clay,
discus and nozzle fragment. Very worn mould. Needle coated matt brown wash. VIII 6, mid-late 2nd cent
air hole on discus. Tongues on shoulder, small volutes A.D.
on nozzle. Discus figure illegible. Clay reduced. See L296.
Coated matt drab dark brown wash. VII 3. See L295 (67/L35) SML 263 plate 260. 6.6 x 4.6. Discus and
Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. shoulder fragment. As L294. Worn. Air hole low, left.
Broneer XXIII. Pink buff clay, coated matt pale brown wash. VI 5,
L289 (71/L157) SML 183 plates 234, 259. 4.1x3.5. Deposit R3, late 2nd cent A.D.
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Quite crisp Same generation mould as L294, if not same mould
mould. Needle air hole on moulding between nozzle later in its career. HM 953 might be same series -
and discus. Small neat tongues on discus, very neat Mercando 237 and n. 36, pl. XXXVI. 10 referring to
volute. Trace of oak leaf on discus - ? oak wreath. G. Libertini, // Museo Bescari (1930) no. 1287 and T.
Ridge and two fine grooves separate shoulder and Szantleleky, Ancient Lamps (Amsterdam, 1969) n. 184.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 279
A very worn illustrates material in HM. Chypre

example 199 and pl. 32, no.
Corinth 1
Benghazi 133, no. 598. 918, fig. 9 mus
rather L300 (67/P88) SML
different 128 plates 235, 260. D. 8.0,Cartha
version H. 3.4,
no. 823. Ext L. 9.9. Nozzle lost; what remains intact. Worn
L296 (73/L318) plates 235, 260. 2.6x2.7. Discus frag- mould. Rather thick walls. Two grooves on handle
ment. Fairly crisp mould. Part of bearded head to front. Filling hole at 10 o'clock. Air hole above heart-
right. Light brown clay. Coated matt almost black shaped nozzle. Ridge separates shoulder (tongues)
wash. Well 12. Deposit D4, Hadrianic. from discus. Flat base defined by groove. Artemis
Bailey motif group II, for this is very close to the standing frontal, in a short chiton, buskins, looking
London fragment Q, 1073 BMC ii, 43, fig. 47 and 226, three quarter right. Right arm akimbo, left extended
pl. 37 dated to the 1st quarter of the 2nd cent A.D. holding bow. To left, seated hound looking back to
right. To right, small altar. Yellow buff clay, coated
and tentatively identified as a portrait of Hadrian; it is
also noted that Herakles is an alternative. Other matt plum-red wash (dabbled on the underbody). N
examples Hermitage no. 216, pl. XXI, Kenchreai, 29, no.House, Room V, makeup of wall; ? later 2nd cent A.D.
137, pl. 6. Délos nos. 4604-5, pl. 30. Bruneau discussesBroneer XXV. See L301, 302.
L3012nd
the identification op. cit. 128. 1st quarter of the (67/L71) SML 192 plates 235, 260. 6.8x6.5.
cent A.D. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp
L297 (67/P53) SML 216 plates 235, 260. Est D. 7.8, Ext L. mould. Filling hole at 9 o'clock, air hole above nozzle.
9.5. Part of handle, much of discus, part of shoulder Fine groove either side of ridge separating shoulder
and nozzle. Two grooves on handle, small tongues on and discus. Small tongues on shoulder. Artemis as
shoulder. Two ridges divide shoulder and discus, small L300 on discus. Yellow buff clay with sand and mica.
filling hole off centre, needle air hole on grooves. Rather metallic plum-red wash. N House, Deposit R2,
Heart shaped blackened nozzle. Bust of Athena later 2nd cent A.D.
Promachos to left, wearing crested Corinthian helmet. Broneer XXV. See L300, 302.
The gorgoneion appears to be worn as a pendant, and L302 (67/L72) SML 201 plate 260. 4.5x2.0. Discus
has prominent scaly locks. Buff brown clay, fine. Top fragment. Worn mould. Part of Artemis as L300, 301.
coated matt pale red wash. Ill E. edge. Probably Grey buff clay. Dark brown matt wash. VII 3. See
associated with Deposit SI, late 2nd-early 3rd cent Deposit S3, late 2nd - early 3rd cent A.D.
A.D. The subject of L300-302 was popular in Crete.
The respective roles of Athens and Corinth in the Mercando cites four examples all signed FAMOT in
development of the Athena Promachos type are HM, including 9266 and 6212. Mercando 236, n. 24,
discussed Agora vii, 1 1 1-1 12. pl. XXXV, 1 1 and 12. Another comes from Knossos,
L298 (73/L303) plates 235, 260. 5.6x3.2. Shoulder and BSA 72, 104, L. 1. L300 is a later generation than
discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Grooves on L301. A Benghazi fragment, Benghazi 105-6, no. 725,
shoulder. Athena, left, armed with helmet, shield and pl. 21 and fig. 8 is of this type. Bailey (loc. cit) notes
spear. Light brown clay, coated matt brown to dark the scene probably shows the statue of Artemis
brown wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Laphria at Patrai (Pausanias vii, 18, 6). Benghazi 923
Broneer XXII-XXIII. Discus type Bailey I (a) ix; and 1059 (figs. 9 and 10) are similar, said to be local.
Trier M. 29. A popular motif. In Crete, HM 6278L303 - (67/L313) SML 318 plates 236, 260. Est D. 7.2.
Mercando PI. XXXV.5 and p. 236 with n. 20 and Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould.
parallels. Agora vii, 82, no. 116. Délos 127 and pl. 29, Ridge and fine groove separate shoulder and discus.
nos. 4600 and 4601. Others at Tarsus - Tarsus 125 and Heart-shaped nozzle. Double outlined tongues. (Part
pl. 107, no. 341 (Factory Deposit) and from Cyprus - of) death of Aktaeon. Buff clay, partly coated matt
Chypre 151, and pl. 23, no. 440, with numerous plum brown wash. VIII 4.
references. BMC ii, p. 13 and fig. 9, p. 188 and pl. 22, Broneer XXV. L303-311 show a stag to right
Q,962. Popular in the 1st cent A.D. attacked by three hounds, one at the neck, one at the
L299 (71/L22) SML 127 plates 235, 260. D. 7.7, H. 4.7. rump, one at the underbody. Though this might
Nozzle, part of shoulder, discus and underbody lost. merely be a scene of the chase it is tempting to identify
Fairly crisp mould. Grooves on handle, tongues on the stag as Aktaeon, completely metamorphosed. A
shoulder. The flat base outlined. Bust of Tyche (or more conventional version is Bailey's I (d) iii - BMC
Cybele) to left, wearing corona, cornucopia over the ii> Q, 771, seen again on e.g., Benghazi 156. This
left shoulder. Buff brown clay, fine. Semi-glossy interpretation of a discus type obviously popular at
reddish brown wash, dripping onto underbody and Knossos may be strengthened by the frequency of the
base. Unstratified. Artemis type, L300-302 and parallels quoted.
Broneer XXV. The type is familiar in Crete, e.g. theL304 (71/L121) SML 267 plate 260. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder
2nd cent A.D. tomb in Herakleion, Plateia Das- and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and groove
kaloyianni, A.Delt 20 (1965) 562 and pl. 708, 2nd row, separate shoulder and discus. Tongues on shoulder. As
middle. A fragment was found at Knossos, BSA 72, L303 - forepart of stag, part of one hound. Buff clay,
104, L. 6. Another comes from Kavousi (Mercando coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XII 2, mixed
PL. XXXVI.9, p. 237 and n. 35 on HM 3263). Note 2nd cent A.D. (and to early 3rd). See L303.
BCH 95, 479, no. 40 and fig. 41, a Corinthian lamp L305 (73/L316) plate 260. 4.0 x 2.0. Shoulder and discus
from Patras (no cornucopia). Op. cit. 493^, figs. 56-8 fragment. Worn mould. As L303, 304. Forelegs of stag

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
280 THE LAMPS
and one hound.are of Light

the same type, while thebrown
base signed [ F AMO] Y clay
red-brown. Well 12,
no. 848 may be from Deposit
the same mould; this has pelta-
L303. feet. BMC iii, Q, 1877, from Cyprus, also with pelta-
L306 (67/L55) SML 266 plate 260. 5.6 x 2.8. Shoulder and feet, has the same discus ornament. From Knossos,
discus fragment. Worn mould. As L303-5. Hind legs Demeter 52 and pl. 30, Deposit J.50 (context date late
of stag, much of one hound. Yellow-buff clay, slightly lst-mid 2nd cent A.D.) may be of the same series.
metallic plum-red wash. N House, Room VI; Deposit Further afield are Tarsus pl. 98, no. 139 (from the
D2, Hadrianic and later 2nd cent A.D. See L303. 'Roman Fill') and Chypre 148-149, nos. 427-30, pl. 23,
L307 (67/L8 1 ) SML 268 plate 260. 5.0 x 2.0. Discus nozzle described as a 'Genius'.
fragment. Worn mould. Air hole above heart-shapedL313 (67/L68) SML 369 plates 236, 260. 3.5x2.5.
nozzle. As L303-6. Part of lowest hound. Pale buff Shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Tongues
clay. Coated red to brown wash. N House, Deposit on the shoulder, separated from the discus by ridge
R2, later 2nd cent A.D. See L303. and groove. Remains of [Eros and] boat - left hand
L308 (67/L37) SML 325 plate 260. 6.0 x 5.0. Shoulder and part of boat. Buff-brown clay, coated glossy dark red
discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Central filling wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early 3rd cents A.D. See L314.
L314 (67/P82) SML 131 plates 236, 260. D. 8.1, H. 2.9,
hole. As L303-7. Most of subject preserved. Clay fired
grey, coated reddish brown matt wash, blotched dark Ext L. 9.5. Most of nozzle lost, otherwise intact.
brown. I(N) 11 pit 3, Deposit R2. Later 2nd cent A.D. Rather worn mould. Three vertical grooves on
See L303. handle. Small tongues on broad shoulder, separated
L309 (67/L38) SML 325 plate 260. 5.2 x 4.0. Shoulder, from discus by ridge and groove. Filling hole at 3
discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. Central o'clock, air hole above nozzle. Concave underfoot set
filling hole, air hole above nozzle. As L303-8. Body of off by groove. Heart-shaped nozzle with two im-
stag and lowest hound. Pinkish buff clay. Coated matt pressed circlets. Eros, three-quarters left, head turned
dark brown. IX 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. to right, wings displayed right arm raised, left hand
Broneer XXV. See L303. resting on the gunwale of the planked boat (? clinker-
L310 (71/L81) SML 333 plates 236,260. 6.7x4.1. Shoul- built) with prow and stern posts, in which he crouches.
der and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Promi- VIII 8, early-mid 1st cent A.D.
nent ridge and groove separate shoulder (with very Broneer XXV.
worn tongues) from discus. ? Death of AktaeonL315 - (67/L167) SML 309 plate 236. 5.8x2.2. Shoulder
hound leaping (at the rump of the stag), oversha- and discus fragment. Fairly worn mould - trace of
dowed by a leafy tree. Orange buff clay, coated matt tongues on shoulder. Head and displayed wings of
red wash. XV 3, upper wash - to Severan. frontal figure - ? Eros or Genius. Light brown clay,
The complete scene is preserved on the local coated reddish-brown wash. N House, Room VI,
Benghazi lamp Benghazi 137, pl. 27, figs. 10, 18, no. contents of S wall; later 2nd cent A.D.
962, where two hounds attack the back legs of a stag. Carthage 196, no. 936, pl. LXXXV, described as
The Benghazi fragments 960 and 961 are the same; six 'Genie ailé, debout de face...'
other fragments are mentioned, from early to mid L316
3rd (71/L133) SML 349 plates 236,260. 6.2x5.2.
century A.D. contexts. Handle, shoulder, discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
L311 (71/L113) SML 285 plates 236, 260. Est D. 7.5. Two grooves on handle. Shoulder separated from discus
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp by two ridges and two grooves. Eros with Herakles
mould. Heart-shaped nozzle. As L303-309. Forelegs club frontal. Grey clay, matt orange-brown wash.
of stag and lowest hound. Buff clay, coated plum- XII 2, mixed 2nd cent A.D. and to early 3rd cent A.D.
brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. L317 + L375 (71/L100+ 104) SML 189 + 335 plates 236,
See L303. Benghazi 137, no. 963, pl. 27, fig. 10 260, 262. D. 8.0. Shoulder, discus and underbody
(unslipped, local clay) preserves the complete scene, fragment, two joining. Fairly crisp mould. Large
described merely 'stag attacked by three hounds'. filling hole. Prominent ridge and groove separate
L312 (73/L302) plate 260. Est D. 8.0. Part of shoulder, shoulder (ivy leaves impressed) and discus. Winged
discus, underbody and nozzle. Crisp mould. Plain Eros astride a dolphin to right; Eros, head back, blows
shoulder, ridge and two grooves separating it from the a conch. Dolphin with elaborate tail. Fine buff-brown
discus. Large filling hole at 8 o'clock; air hole; heart- clay, semi-glossy reddish-brown wash. XII 6 and 8,
shaped nozzle. Eros frontal, to left of a ? tree-stump on Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
which the lionskin hangs, wings displayed, Herakles For a Cretan example (different series), A.Delt 20
club in the left hand, right hand on right thigh. Stands (1965) 562 and pl. 708.8, top, centre - 2nd cent A.D.
on double ground-line. Light brown clay, coated semi- tomb in Herakleion, Plateia Daskaloyianni. A differ-
glossy dark red-brown wash, blotched dark brown. ent version is BMC ii, 361, Q, 1379. Closer is BMC iii,
Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. Q, 3026, pl. 99 (Ephesos). Professor Warren kindly
Broneer XXV. Bailey I (b) i, BMC ii, Q.809, where allows me to mention an identical lamp from his
he is described as urinating. This may well have come excavations at the Stratigraphical Museum Extension
from the Gamos workshop, for a parallel signed (with site at Knossos, from a 2nd cent. A.D. (see now
pelta-shaped feet) is figured by Menzel (57, no. 316, Warren in AR 1987-88 94 and fig. 38) context. Agora
fig. 47) while Bailey restores [FAMO]T on a Benghazi vii, 742-5 are both later and represent a rather
lamp of this type - Benghazi 123, no. 848. Nos. 844-47 different version, where Eros is wingless.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 281
L318 (71/L74+P61)House, Roomplates 236,

III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent 260
handle, A.D.
shoulder, discus, underbod
Five joining. Broneer XXV. plaster
Crisp See L325. mould
separate shoulder
L324 plate 237. 6.2 x(tongues) and
5.8. Shoulder and discus fragment.
pressed circlets Worn behind
mould. Discus as L323. Foliate shoulder.
heart-sh
ened). Two winged See L325. Erotes wrestle.
[F]AMOY. BuffL325 clay,
(71/L64) SML 205fine.
plates 237, 261. 4.0x2.3.
Coated d
House of Diamond frescoes, Room I fill; late Fragment of discus. Crisp mould. As L323, (lower
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. part). Brown clay, very fine. XIII 1 #2555, SW
The complete lamp from Hagia Pelagia, Mercando House, latest phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
pl. XXXVI.3 = HM 9710 is also signed TAMOT. At Bailey motif I (a) xiii. Mercando 237 and n. 33 with
D. 8.0, this may be a later generation mould than pl. XXXVI, 5 and 6 notices HM 6276 and 6277, with
ours. Tarsus 127, no. 378 and pl. 109 shows two Erotes the same scene and oak leaves on the shoulder. She
of similar type 'dancing or playing'. mentions a fragment at Phaestos (F.1652 b) from H.
L319 (67/L69) SML 348 plates 236, 261. 6.0x5.0. Photini, and suggests they are close to the work of the
Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Tongues Gamos Shop. This is supported by Benghazi 132, nos.
on the shoulder, interrupted by a raised panel; ridge 915-16, pl. 26, figs. 9, 16, plus several uncatalogued
and groove divide shoulder and discus. [Remains of] for the same or parallel moulds, of which 915 is signed
Eros riding a hippocamp left, scallop as background. TAMOT. Most of these date to the mid-3rd cent A.D.
L326 (67/L347) plate 261. 4.2 x 3.6. Shoulder and discus
Filling hole; air hole not pierced completely. Buff clay,
reduced grey. Coated orange-red matt wash. N fragment. Very worn mould. Filling hole at 8 o'clock.
House, II surface - to 4th cent A.D. Florals of uncertain type on shoulder, separated from
The motif occurs at Knossos, Demeter 51, J. 46 and discus by ridge and groove. Frontal head - ?gor-
pl. 30. A Nereid rides a sea-bull (no background shell) goneion. N House, Room V, upper wash; late
on BMC ii, Q886. 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L320 (71/L136) SML 202 plates 236, 261. 3.5 x 2.2. Discus ? 3rd cent A.D.
L327 (67/P509) SML 598 plates 237, 261. 4.2 x 3.9. Discus
fragment. Worn mould. Air hole between legs of Eros
(?) to left, drapery flowing behind. Discus defined by fragment. Crisp mould. Filling hole at 5 o'clock. Part
two fine grooves. Buff clay, coated matt dark brown of gorgoneion, snakes knotted under chin. Whitish
wash. XV 1-upper wash - to 4th cent A.D. buff clay, greenish surface. Coated matt dark brown
This may be the design of Agora vii, 1 15, no. 715-16, wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
pl. 16 (second half of 3rd cent A.D.) Perlzweig refers to Bailey I (d) vii. Close in style (though not in detail)
Corinth 195, no. 616 and pl. XXVII. Also Menzel fig. is Tarsus 1 10, no. 149, pl. 99, 'Middle Roman Unit', a
47.1. lamp of Broneer XXIII, dated A.D. 25-50. Other
L321 (67/L80) SML 354 plates 236,261. 4.5 x 3.5. Discus Gorgoneia are quite different - Agora vii, 77, no. 60;
fragment. Rather worn mould. Eros as Harpocrates, 118, nos. 771-72 and pl. 17; Corinth 175, no. 445 and
seated frontal. Fine modelling, notably of the head, in pl. XXV. Benghazi, 129-130, nos. 894-899, pl. 26, fig.
threequarter view. Orange clay, coated matt red to 9.
plum-red wash. II 3, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. L328 (71/L127) SML 199 plates 237, 261. 4.6 x 4.8. Discus
A very different Harpocrates from a Tiberian fragment. Rather worn plaster mould. Air hole at 7
context at Benghazi - Benghazi 39, no. 232 - is o'clock. Part of frontal head of Zeus Ammon. Pink
paralleled by BMC ii, pl. 2, Q 769 (late 1st cent buff clay, coated semi-glossy dark red wash. XI 3,
B.C.-early 1st cent A.D.). Hadrianic.
L322 (67/L52) SML 139 plates 236, 261. 5.8x4.0. Chypre 112, no. 269, pl. 15, belongs to the same
Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. series, unlike Chypre 201-2, nos. 585-7, pl. 33. Also
Tongues on shoulder, separated from discus by ridge from Cyprus (Ayios Serghios) is a very elaborate
and groove. Filling hole at 10 o'clock. Pan running to version, BCH 90 (1966), 380, fig. 140. See also Corinth
right, pedum in left hand, on ground line. Perhaps a 175, no. 444, pl. XXV, and Waldhauer no. 352, pl.
second figure on the lost part. Orange-red clay, coated XXXVI (from the Chersonese). From Knossos, not
matt red wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late illustrated are the fragments L. 7 and 23, BSA 72, (P.
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. 105). Said to be from 'Egypt' is BMC iii, Q 1907
Tarsus 114-115, nos. 194-196, and pl. 101, show (Broneer XXIII), first half 1st cent A.D. 'Smyrna' is
other aspects of Pan. the provenance of Oxford 1910. 702 with the same
L323 (67/P24) SML 144 plates 237, 261. D. 9.3, H. 3.6, subject.
Ext L. 11.3. Complete (recomposed of three) except L329 (71 /LI 80) SML 483 plate 261. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder,
handle, scrap of underbody and base. Worn mould. discus, underbody fragment. Crisp mould, large
Three grooves on handle, small tongues on the broad double outlined tongues on shoulder, separated from
shoulder separated by ridge and two grooves from discus by ridge and groove. Trace of Zeus Ammon's
discus with filling hole at 8 o'clock; air hole above head on discus. Buff brown clay, coated semi-glossy
heart-shaped nozzle. Recessed base, defined by a plum-brown wash. X 9, Neronian.
L330 (77) plate 261. D. 8.2, L. 10.5. Complete, recom-
groove. Frontal head of Dionysos. Pink-buff clay, top
coated matt dark brown wash, underbody dabbled. N posted. Very worn plaster mould. Two grooves on

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
282 THE LAMPS
handle. coated metallic

Shoulder plain dark brownapart
wash. VIII 4, late from
cross axis. lst-early 2nd
Large cent A.D.
filling hole 6
hole. Herakles and the Nemean Lion - Herakles, Broneer XXV. This may be part of a Bailey motif I
nude, club laid aside, struggling to left, lion's head (a) ii Zeus + eagle + thunderbolt. Cf. e.g. Carthage
caught in the crook of his left arm. Light brown clay, 126, no. 403 and pl. XLV.
coated in semi-glossy dark red wash, dribbled on theL337 (71/L79) SML 196 plates 237, 261. 2.5 x 3.2. Discus
underbody - reserved surface areas cream. Unstrati- fragment. Fairly worn mould. [Part of] gryphon
fied (S extension). galloping right. Pale grey clay, fine; coated semi-
Fragments of the same subject from Knossos are L4 glossy plum-brown wash. XIII 17a, Deposit N2,
and 5, BSA 72, 104. HM 2962, Mercando 237, n. 37, Neronian.
pl. XXXVI, from Kavousi is smaller, and probably a Bailey motif I (e) iii; Trier M. 161. Benghazi 117, no.
later generation. Other fragments, Benghazi 149, nos. 81 1 , pl. XXIII and fig. 8 is a different series - Broneer
1061-63 and fig. 10. Mid 2nd-mid 3rd cent A.D. A XXII, first half 1st cent A.D. Carthage 111-112, nos.
different version Corinth 253, 1169-1172, pl. XXIX. 306-09 and pl. XXXVII are all Broneer XXII. See
Agora vii, 773-775 and pl. 17. also Menzel, 34, nos. 133-134 and fig. 28; BMC ii,
L331 (71/L1O3) SML 191 plates 237, 261. 3.8 x 3.5. Discus 169, no. Q,901 and pl. 14 ( A.D. 40-80). See also
fragment. Worn mould. Satyr or Silenus head. Buff- Tarsus 129, no. 403, and refs.
brown clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. XII 6, L338 (67/L21) SML 352. Not illustrated. 6.0 x 5.0. Shoul-
Hadrianic. der, discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. Plain
Bailey motif I (a) XIII, as BMC ii, Q895, 1071-72. shoulder separated from discus by two grooves. Air
Menzel, no. 180, fig. 31.14. A different series is Chypre hole at 7 o'clock. [Part of] winged creature. (? as
137, nos. 378-81, pl. 20. L336). Grey-buff clay, coated dark brown metallic
L332 (71/L59) Not illustrated. 4.0x4.3. Discus fragment. wash. N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill, Hadrianic and
Crisp mould, high relief. Part of head and mouth of later 2nd cent A.D.
Silenus mask. Light buff-clay. Self-slipped surface Broneer XXV.
finish. XV 1, late 2nd-early 3rd (and some to 4th)
cent A.D. fragment. Very crisp mould, high relief. Filling hole.
L333 (67/L59) SML 351 plates 237, 261. 6.0x4.0. Herakles, three-quarter left, fights the Lernaean
Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster hydra. He stands, nude, legs apart, impressed circlets
mould. Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder for nipples and navel, grooves for sternum and belly
(tongues) from discus. [Part of] sphinx couchant, to musculature. Smaller incised lines for the pubic hair.
right. Clay reduced grey, coated matt grey wash. N Behind Herakles a confusion of relief may represent
House, Deposit R2, late 2nd cent A.D. See L334. the Lion skin. Grey-buff clay, coated matt pale plum
L334 (67/L74) SML 366 plates 237, 261. 4.0 x 2.2. Discus wash. VIII/IX baulk, mixed 1st cent A.D.
fragment. Crisp mould. As L333. Yellow-buff clay, Bailey motif I (d) i. A close parallel for the motif is
metallic chocolate brown wash. N House, Room V, London 68/6-20/169 (Broneer XXVII) signed
final phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. AKTAOT. See also Vindonissa 393, no. 394, pl. VII.
Close to Corinth 197, no. 628, pl. XXVII. (Broneer The same scene, but in different versions, includes
XXVII). Chypre 155, no. 455, pl. 24; Agora vii,. 1 18 and pl. 23 f
L335 (67/P7) SML 219 plates 237, 261. D. 7.2, H. 3, Ext L. and g, both from the Kerameikos. There is a similar
9.4. Handle, part of shoulder, discus, underbody and syntax in scenes showing Herakles in the Garden of the
base. Worn mould. Two grooves on handle. Ridge Hesperides - Carthage 127, nos. 411-412, pl. XLV.
and two grooves separate plain shoulder from discus. L340 (67/L340) SML 299 plates 237, 261. 3.5 x 2.5. Discus
Filling hole at 9 o'clock. Air hole below the discus fragment. Worn mould. [Part of] Odysseus and the
design of a sphinx, frontal, wings displayed, feet on a ram, to right. Pinkish buff clay, coated glossy red
spreading acanthus leaf. Pinkish buff sandy clay. Top wash. N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill, Hadrianic, and
and handle coated matt pale red wash, dabbled on to later 2nd cent A.D. See L409.
underbody. Surface, to 4th cent A.D. A Knossian lamp, (Broneer XXV), from Marath-
A popular design (Bailey I (e) ii). From Knossos, ianou Lakkos Tomb 1, no. 1 preserves the complete
Demeter 52, J. 51, and pl. 30 (crisper). From Crete, scene, which was popular elsewhere - Benghazi 124,
HM 6281-82, Mercando pl. XXXVI, 15-16, p. 237 nos. 851-52. Berlin 16, no. 23 and pl. 6 (double nozzle)
and n. 39. Benghazi 127, no. 881, pl. 25, fig. 9. Carthage and 26, no. 128, pl. 17. Op. Ath VI, pl. VII, 128-130
153, no. 604, pl. LXI (Broneer no. XXIV acanthus); (Broneer XXV's, perhaps from Cyprus) have now
169, no. 726, pl. LXIX (with leaf) (Broneer XXV) been transferred to the British Museum, and have
Berlin 84, no. 536, pl. 58 is a different series. Italian been republished as BMC'ûi, Q, 2482-84. L409 is same
lamps of this design BMC ii, Q, 1284-85, pl. 67 date subject.
A.D. 90-140.
L336 (67/L15) SML 725 plate 261. 7.3x1.6. Shoulder,
Gladiators
discus, nozzle and underbody fragment. Crisp mould.
L341 (67/P64) SML 142 plates 238, 261. D. 8.9, H. 3.4, L.
Plain shoulder divided from discus by two grooves.
Impressed circlet behind nozzle. [Part of] ? sphinx on 12.3. Complete and intact. Crisp mould. Two grooves
discus. Filling hole at 7 o'clock. Buff brown clay, on front of handle. Ear lugs (double volutes) with

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 283
impressed circlet Broneer XXV. Bailey

on Motif IIIthe
(c); [The thrax wasunder
shoulders on the lamp's
equipped with loin-cloth, cross-
helmet, round shield, sword,
grooves separategreaves and has binding on the sword-arm]. See BMC (tongu
shoulder
Filling hole at 7
ii, 54-5 and
o'clock,
refs; op. cit, 173, Q, 918 (from Cyprus).
air hole
shaped nozzle.L349On
(73/L310) plate 262. Est D. 8.0 (9.2 x 7.0). Handle,
discus, gladiato
? cypress tree ?
shoulder,palm frond.
discus and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp Loi
crested helmet, greaves,
mould. Two grooves on handle. Ridge and groove swor
rectangular shield,separates shoulder (tongues) from discus. Helmet of
armed with
ment recalls a gladiator to right - ? as L347-8. Orange-buff clay,(apart
hoplomachos
clay. Upper part glossy redcoated
wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic.
metallic
and dripped L350 on (71/L73) SMLunderbody.
273 plates 238, 262. Est D. 7.6. N
Phase 1 fill, Deposit
Handle, shoulder, discusD2; and underbody Hadrian
fragment.
cent A.D. Fairly crisp mould. Grooves and incised hatching on
Broneer XXV. See L343. handle. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues
L342 (67/P83) SML 255 plate 261. D. 8.8, H. 3.7, L. 12.4.and darts) from the discus. Filling hole at 5 o'clock, air
Top of handle lost, otherwise intact. Mould somewhat hole at 6 o'clock. Gladiator to right with part of the
worn. As L341. Pinkish buff clay. Surface as L341 grounded shield of a second behind - the lost fragment
(light to dark brown). 118, 2nd cent A.D. probably showed a kneeling figure. Buff clay, partly
Broneer XXV. See L343. Mould probably same coated matt plum-brown wash. House of Diamond
generation as L341 but not identical mould. Frescoes, Room I, upper fill; late 2nd cent A.D.
L343 (67/L77) SML 259 plate 261. 8.0x3.0. Handle, Broneer XXV. Bailey motif II (c) i. The gladiator is
shoulder, discus and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp equipped as hoplomachos. The complete scene may have
mould. As L341 (shield and part of helmet crest). been as Agora vii, 124, nos. 838-39, pl. 19, cited by
Grey-buff clay. Dark brown wash on top. II 6, to mid Bailey, Benghazi 107, on the fragments 736-37, fig. 8.
2nd cent A.D. Perlzweig (loe. cit.) cites Corinth 199, no. 645, fig. 123.
Broneer XXV. Mould close to L341-2. Not one of L35 1 (67/L75) SML 356 plate 238. 4.0 x 4.6. Shoulder and
the more popular gladiator motifs. Vindonissa 342, no. discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Ridge and
139, pl. X had the same figure to left, with no tree groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. [Part
frond. Eared lamps with figured discus are relatively of] gladiatorial duel - hoplomachos to right on left of
rare.
scene. Orange buff clay, remains of (very worn) semi-
L344 (71/L109) SML 667 Not illustrated. 4.4x3.5. glossy reddish-brown wash. VII 5, late 2nd-earlier
Handle, shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn 3rd cent A.D.
mould. Two fine grooves on handle. Tongues on The complete scene may have been as Vindonissa
shoulder. [Part of] gladiator to right (head). Buff clay. 370, no. 115, pl. IX. Bailey in publishing related
Semi-glossy plum brown wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, fragments from Benghazi [Benghazi 108, no. 744, PI.
Hadrianic. 22, fig. 8; 125, nos. 859-860 fig. 8, perhaps also nos.
L345 (71/L91) SML666 plate 262. 5.0x2.5. Shoulder 861-862) cites Berlin no. 552.
(handle scar) and discus fragment. Rather worn L352 (71/L89) SML 481 plate 262. 5.7x3.2. Shoulder,
mould. Ridge and groove divide shoulder (tongues) discus and underbody fragment. Very worn mould.
from discus. Helmet of gladiator to right. Pink buff Ridge and groove separates shoulder (trace of
clay, coated matt red wash. XV 6, upper fill to late tongues) from discus; raised panel at cross axis. Part of
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. ? As L341-343. ? gladiator moving right. Light buff clay, coated semi-
L346 (71/L209) SML 734 Not illustrated. 3.5 x 2.6. Discus glossy plum-brown wash. XV 3, upper wash - to
fragment. Worn mould. Gladiator (head, feet and Severan.
shield lost). Pink-buff clay, coated matt red wash. XIIL353 (67/L66) SML 365 plate 240. 3.6x3.5. Handle,
2, mixed 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge
L347 (71/L24) SML 177 plate 238, 262. D. 8.0. Much of and groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus.
shoulder, all discus, part of nozzle. Very worn plaster [Part of] duel between bestiarius and lion or bear. Pale
mould. Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) from buff clay, largely reduced. Pale red wash. VI 5,
discus. Filling hole at 7 o'clock. Air hole above Deposit R3, late 2nd cent A.D.
blackened nozzle. Gladiator three quarter to right - Broneer XXV? Perhaps to be restored as Benghazi
thrax. Brown-buff clay, fine; slightly glossy plum-red to 134, no. 938, fig. 9.
brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. L353bis (67/L76) SML 679 Not illustrated. 4.0x3.8.
Broneer XXV. Earlier generation mould than Shoulder and discus fragment. Ridge and groove
L348, q.v. separate shoulder (tongues) and discus, with almost
L348 (67/P85) SML 162 plates 238, 262. D. 7.6, H. 2.9, L. central filling hole, incompletely pierced air hole at 6
10.0. Complete, intact. Very worn mould. Two o'clock. Impressed circlet at nozzle. Gladiator to right
grooves on handle; heart-shaped nozzle. Slightly and beast - ? lion. Orange-buff clay. VII 3. See
concave base outlined by a groove. As L347. Yellow Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
buff clay, fine. Top coated glossy chocolate-brown
wash, dabbled and dribbled on underbody. VIII 5. Love making
See Deposit T3, Trajanic with 3rd cent intrusions. L354 (67/P171) SML 171 plate 239 (incomplete). D. 7.7,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
284 THE LAMPS
H. 3.0, Ext L. BMC ii 69-70, Q. 1401, 1406

10.2. for composition not
Fragmentar
shoulder, discus, underbody,
detail. Closer, probably, are the fragments Benghazi n
Composed of six135, nos. 945-47, (part
fig. 9. now mis
mould. L359 (71/L102) SML 336 plate
Prominent ridge 239. Est D. 10.0. Shoulderseparate
der (herring and discus fragment.from
bone) Crisp mould. Ridge and grooveunusuall
nozzle, blackened. Lovers
separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Part of lower on a
clay, coated left sector of discus
dark brown - ? love-making. Buff clay; semi- matt w
NI, Neronian. glossy plum-red wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
In the L360 (67/P17) scene
complete SML 198 plates 239, 262. 4.0the
x 3.5. Discus woman
on cushions; her
fragment. Very crisp companion
mould. Filling hole. [Part of] k
thighs, holding her
unexplained subject left
- to right a ? seated figure, right leg ab
recalls BMC ii, arm
65,extended holdingnos.
a wreath, with a stooping
Q, or 1407-1
126, no. 4591, kneeling draped
pl. 29female figure(lamp
clasping the former at type a
190, no. 889, pl.
the LXXXI.
waist. ? Erotic. Buff-brown clay, coated matt dark Beng
948-50 and red wash. N House, Room V final Phase; lateOxfor
(unpublished)
L355 (71/L5) SML 2nd-early 3rd132 cent A.D. plates 239
Handle, shoulder, The bold, even crude use of incision on and
discus the mould un
Very worn mould. Vertical
makes this a distinctive piece in style as well as subject. rin
type. GrooveL361 (67/P55) SML 135 plates 239, 262.
separates D. 7.7, Ext H.
plain sh
Large filling 3.1, L. 10.7. Part at
hole of shoulder,
6 all underbody
o'clock. and base
clay. Coated lost. Part of relief red-brown
matt badly abraded. Recomposed of
rianic. (Hayes three. Crisp mould. Ridge and three
considers grooves separate
pottery
lamps second shoulder (tongues
half 2nd and darts) cent
from discus. An im-A.D.
The ring handle makes
pressed circlet on a
the ridge each side of handle. FillingCre
certain. Trier M. 132. The scene, with minor hole 7 o'clock, air hole 5.30. Heart-shaped nozzle,
variations, is common. Cf. BMC ii, 69, fig. 71, Q,800; blackened. Congress between woman and stallion.
pl. 18, Q,937. The latter (though handleless) is a close Palm frond, vase in the field. Pinkish-buff clay, fine.
parallel for lamp form. It is dated A.D. 40-80. Others Coated thin pale matt red wash. II 7, N House, mixed
include Vindonissa 396, nos. 419^-21, pl. VIII, Carthage 1st cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D.
138, nos. 488-490, pl. LI. Op. Ath VI, pl. V, no. 62. Broneer XXV. Bailey motif III (g) Hi. This
L356 (67/L86) SML 343 plates 239, 262. 6.5 x 3.5. Nozzle parodies such love-making scenes as BMC ii, 327, Q,
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Large filling 1295, pl. 18. Other scenes involving equids include
hole at 3 o'clock. [Part of] love-making. Pale buff clay, Waldhauer nos. 495 and 498, and Agora vii, no.
coated matt dark brown wash. N House, I(N) 10, 833.
Hadrianic. L361bis (67/L54) SML364 plate 238, 262. 4.2x3.0.
Broneer XXV. Complete scene depicts woman Shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp plaster mould.
kneeling, facing to her right, her companion behind Ridge (with impressed circlet near handle) and three
her, lifting drapery, usually set on couch, though not grooves separate shoulder (tongues and darts) and
as high as this appears. Cf. BMC ii, 66, fig. 69 Q,887, discus. Top left sector discus - tree or frond. Yellow-
888, and 166, pl. 13. Others include Vindonissa 368, no. buff clay, coated matt brown wash. II 2, N House; late
89 and pl. VIII. 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L357 (67/L87) SML 200 plates 239, 262. 3.5 x 3.0. Discus As L361; probably same mould.
fragment. Fairly worn mould. Love-making. NakedL362 (71/L132) SML 719 plate 262. Est D. 7.5. Handle;
woman to right, crouching - ? over companion. shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Two
Orange buff clay. Coated glossy orange red wash. VII grooves on handle, ridge and groove divide plain
9, to Trajanic. shoulder from discus. ? Love-making, (? right end of
The complete scene is unknown to me. Almost the couch). Buff clay, coated matt brown wash. XI 2, late
same fragment of it is preserved Carthage 163, no. 683, 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Broneer XXV.
pl. LXVI, which has rather more of the drapery
hanging from the couch. A similar scene is perhaps L363 (67/L26) SML 304 plates 239, 262. 2.5x2.0.
suggested by the Argos fragment, Argos 41, no. 221, pl. Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould.
5. Two grooves separate plain rim from discus. [Part of]
L358 (67/L74) SML279 plates 239, 262. 6.5 x 4.0. Shoul- ?love-making. Drapery. Buff clay, coated matt brown
der, discus and underbody fragment. Rather worn wash. I Surface, Severan to 4th cent A.D.
mould. Groove separates shoulder (tongues) from Cf. drapery on, e.g. BMC ii, 69, Q, 1079, fig. 71 and
discus. [Part of] love-making - man reclining on pl. 37.
couch, facing left. Pale buff clay, coated matt dark- L364 + 582 (71/L9+ 131) SML 257 + 264 plates 262, 270.
brown wash. I 1 1-1 2a, N House; to late 2nd cent A.D. D. 9.O. Two non-joining frs. Handle; shoulder, discus,
The complete scene shows a couple on a partly underbody, base and nozzle fragment. Very worn
draped couch, the man reclining to left, weight on the mould. Two grooves on handle. Large filling hole off
left elbow, partly supported by a folded bolster, his centre towards 7 o'clock, unpierced air hole with
companion crouched over him, also facing left. Cf. discus at 6 o'clock. [Part of] love-making - legs, part of

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 285
couch. Yellow buff

Shoulder clay;
and discus fragment. coated
Crisp mould. Ridge
brown wash. X and groove
2 separate broad
pit 2,shoulder (tongues) and
Hadrian
Broneer XXV.discus. Akin,
Top left quadrant - perhaps,
unexplained ? pastoral
69, QJ371 (and scene - pl.
goat to right.80).
Orange buff clay, coated matt
L365 (67/L138) dark SML 671
red wash. I(S) 13, plate
Hadrianic (and some later). 2
discus and L370 (71/L202 fragment.
nozzle SML 140 plates 239, 262. 3.6 x 2.1. Discus
Fair
and groove fragment. Fairly crisp
separate mould. Unexplained subject. (to
shoulder
Bottom of design Nearly nude male- figure
? three-quarter
love-mak to right,
Pink clay, cream drapery self
slipping from his right shoulder. V
slip. Buff clay,
Surf
Broneer XXV. fine. Coated matt plum-brown wash. House of
L366 (71/L201) SML499 plate 262. 3.5x3.5. Shoulder Diamond Frescoes, Room I; late 2nd cent A.D.
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and Recalls the frontal Herakles, Corinth pl. XXVII, no.
two grooves divide shoulder (tongues) from discus. 620. Cf. also the frontal Dionysos, Tarsus 126, no. 369,
[Part of] ? love-making - bolster and drapery from pl. 108.
couch. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt plum-brown wash. L371 (67/L84) SML 733 plates 239, 262. 2.3 x 1.8. Discus
XI 5, mixed lst-3rd cent A.D. Perhaps akin to L358. fragment. Crisp mould. Unexplained subject - from
L366 bis (67/L24) SML729 Not illustrated. 4.8x3.0. centre of discus torso of naked male turned three
Shoulder and discus fragment. Two grooves separate quarter left. The arms flexed at right angles at the
shoulder (raised panel at the cross axis) from discus. side. Room for at least one other figure in the scene.
Lower right discus sector - love-making (?) (cushion Fine modelling. Pale buff clay, coated metallic plum
or couch). Pink buff clay; coated matt brown - dark wash. N House, Room VI, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and
brown wash. VII 3, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd later 2nd cent A.D.
cent A.D. Cf. the size and style (though not the mould) of
L372.
L372 (73/L311) plates 239, 262. 2.5x1.8. Discus frag-
ment. Fairly crisp mould. Unexplained subject -
upper part of semi-draped youth frontal, head three
Genre scenes
quarter left, left arm wrapped in drapery, right
L367 (67/L17) SML362 plates 239, 262. 5.8 x 3.2. Shoul-
extended. Room for at least one other figure in the
der and discus fragment. Very worn mould. A ridge scene. Cream clay, coated matt plum-red wash. Well
between two grooves separate plain shoulder from12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic.
discus. [Part of] boar hunt - tree, hindquarters of Cf. modelling of L371.
hound moving to left. Orange-buff clay. Coated dark
brown wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. fragment. Worn mould. Man wearing short chiton
Two Hermitage lamps - Waldhauer, 52, nos. crouched to left over an animal with which he is
346-347 pl. XXXVI, from the Chersonese and Kerch struggling. Buff clay, plain surface finish. XII 6,
respectively - preserve the subject - a boar in the Hadrianic.
upper field, hound in the lower, tree to suggest the The complete scene, which appears to be rare, is
forest.
preserved on four lamps in Cyprus - Chypre 98, nos.
L368 (67/L58) SML 357 plates 239, 262. 3.8 x 4.0. Two 226-229, pl. 13 - where Oziol identifies the animal as
joining; fragment of shoulder and discus. Crisp mould. a pig and suggests the man is a slave.
Ridge and two grooves divide shoulder (tongues) from
discus. Part of central filling hole. Part of right hand
half of discus. Unexplained pastoral scene. Small, Scenes of doubtful identity
rather heavy figure seated to left, with sheep to left L374 (71/L129) SML 500 plate 262. 4.5x2.7. Shoulder
behind. Part of quadruped above (with long, twisted and discus fragment. Worn plaster mould. Ridge and
tail); another below. Orange buff clay, coated matt two grooves divide shoulder (tongues) from discus.
plum wash. VIII 6, mid-late 2nd cent A.D. Part of unexplained subject. Buff clay, fine. Coated
Bailey motif III (a) i (without close parallel). Not semi-glossy dark red wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd-early
the same as sheep-milking of, e.g, Menzel fig. 33:9 or 3rd cent A.D.
Trier pl. 18, 47. An alternative might be Orpheus - a L375 Joins L317 plates 236, 260, 262.
different version of Corinth 205-206, no. 703 and fig. L376 (67/P54) SML 147 plates 239, 263. D. 7.4, W
139, or the scene Chypre pl. 15, no. 253 {not Orpheus, (including ears) 8.0, H. 3.2, Est L. 9.5. Handle, part of
since the musician plays a flute). The seated figure underbody and base lost. Extremely worn mould.
recalls the right hand figure Waldhauer 63, no. 489, 'Ear' lugs - trace of ridge separating shoulder
pl. XLVI (Broneer XXVI, from Chersonese) where (tongues) and discus. Heart-shaped nozzle. Filling
two seated apes face each other across a table. It is hole at 8 o'clock, air hole at six o'clock. Single frontal
possible that the fragment Benghazi, 138, no. 970, fig. figure on discus, perhaps as L377. Pale buff clay,
10, is part of the same scene (this would preserve the coated matt plum-red wash. N House, II 4a, late
complete upper animal, and merely the rump of one 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
sheep). See L377.
L369 (67/L57) SML 288 plates 240, 262. 4.4x3.8. L377 (67/P56) SML 269 plates 239, 263. 6.0x6.0.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
286 THE LAMPS
Handle; shoulder
212, Q, 1023, and
pl. 32, and 59-60,discus
fig. 63, with many fr
mould. L376; filling
references. As hole
Our figure will have been the left hand at 9
of draped female
combatant, who notfigure,
infrequently appears alone - e.g.fro
himation, apparently holding
Corinth 172, no. 432, fig. 97 (Broneer XXII).
hands belowL386the (71/L162) SML 497 breast.
plate 263. 5.5x4.0. Handle; Sand
Coated matt dark brown-reddish
shoulder, discus and underbody fragment. Worn
mixed lst-2nd cent A.D. mould. Ridge and fine groove separate shoulder
The figure remains unidentified. (tongues) and discus. Head of figure. Orange-buff
L378 (67/L64) SML 206 plates 239, 263. 4.5 x 2.6. Discus clay, coated semi-glossy dark red wash. XII 8, Deposit
fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove. [Part D5, Hadrianic.
of] figure standing frontal (left leg), drapery blowing Unexplained subject.
to right over a low altar. Buff clay, core reduced. V 5, L387 (71/L46+ 177) SML 184 plates 238, 263. D. 7.7, L.
mixed, HL and Roman. 10.5. Handle, shoulder, discus, nozzle and underbody
Unexplained subject. fragment. Rather worn mould, two fine grooves on
L379 (67/L13) SML 726 plate 263. 4.0 x 3.2. Shoulder and handle, ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues)
discus fragment. Thick wall. Worn mould. Ridge and from discus; heart-shaped nozzle, impressed circlet
groove separate broad plain shoulder from discus. beside it. Air hole. On underbody an 'arrow' shaped
Unexplained relief. Sandy buff clay, coated matt dark mark in low relief- ? fortuitous. Part of lower half of
brown to plum red. N House, Room IV, latest phase; standing figure. Buff brown clay, fine; coated glossy
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. orange-brown wash. XII 6-7, Hadrianic.
? Subject. Broneer XXV. Unexplained subject.
L380 (67/L83) SML 302 plates 239, 263. 2.5 x 2.0. Discus L388 (67/L53) SML 657 plate 263. 4.3 x 2.5. Shoulder
fragment. Crisp mould. From centre design. Lower discus fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge and groove
part of woman wearing long chiton hurrying to left. separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Upper part
Orange clay, coated red wash. I 5, late 2nd-early 3rd of ? Nike with palm frond. Grey buff clay, patchily
cent A.D. coated matt dark brown wash. I(N) 1 1 pit 3, Deposit
? Maenad, as BMC ii, 139, Q, 787 and pl. 3. Also R2, late 2nd cent A.D.
Agora vii, 75, no. 36, pl. 2, and refs. Perhaps a variant of BMC ii, 26, Q, 1402 fig. 22 and
L381 (71/L275) plate 263. 3.4x2.4. Discus fragment. 370, pl. 84. See also Corinth 193, no. 600, pl. XII,
Rather worn mould. From centre of discus - lower where she looks left, away from the frond, not at it, as
part of woman in long chiton to left. Grey clay. here.
Coated matt dark brown wash. SW House, Room I; L389 (71 /LI 24) SML 723 Not illustrated. Est D. 7.0.
Deposit Cl; Claudian. Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould.
? Maenad. Similar to L380. Large filling hole. [Part of] standing winged figure.
L382 (67/L60) SML 195 plates 239, 262. 3.5x4.0. Buff brown clay. Coated matt red wash. X 2,
Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge early-mid 2nd cent A.D.
separates shoulder (tongues) from discus. Lower left Subject unexplained - ? Nike.
sector - woman in long chiton to right - something -
?tendril - behind her. Buff clay, coated dark plum
Animals and birds
wash, crackled. V 5, mixed fill beneath N House, HL
and Roman. L390 (67/P4) SML 143 plates 240, 263. D. 7.8, H. 2.9, L.
? Maenad, as Carthage 109, no. 289, pl. XXXV. 10.1. Tip of nozzle lost, otherwise intact. Very crisp
L383 (67/L61) SML 368 plates 239, 263. 4.2. x 3.0. Discus mould. Two grooves on the handle. Groove separates
and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. Ridge between shoulder (tongues) from discus. Panels on shoulders at
grooves divides shoulder (tongues) from discus. cross-axis. Filling hole at 5 o'clock. Two impressed
Impressed circlets either side of nozzle. Lower part of circlets at base of nozzle (blackened) Lion sejant,
female figure wearing chiton and himation. Yellow rampant to right. Head and mane very fully worked -
clay, coated. V 5, mixed fill beneath N House, HL and Pretouched. Pinkish-buff clay. Top coated matt red
Roman. wash; underbody dabbled. II 4a, N House; late
Unexplained subject. 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L384 (71/L90) SML 480 plate 263. 4.7x2.2. Shoulder, Broneer XXVII. Type as Mercando pl. XXXVIII.
discus and underbody fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge 4 = HM 9268. This particular lion seems rare, though
and blurred grooves divide shoulder (double outlined lions in general as main ornament were popular,
tongues and darts); lowest part of ? draped figure. particularly on later lamps, e.g. Corinth 259-261, nos.
Grey clay, reserved. XII 2, 3rd to 4th cent A.D. 1216-1239, pl. XVIII and Agora vii, nos. 970-987, pl.
Unexplained subject. 21. The type occurs (very worn) on the Broneer
L385 (71/L85) SML 204 plates 239, 263. 3.2x2.6. XXVII lamp Carthage, 190, no. 892, pl. LXXXI,
Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. marked C MAR EV.
Ridge separating shoulder (tongues) from discus.L391 (71/L108) SML 338 plates 240, 263. 6.5x4.5.
Upper part of boxers, to right. Buff clay, coated matt Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge
red to dark brown wash. XIV 1, Trajanic. and two grooves divide shoulder (tongues) from
The scene should probably be restored as BMC ii, discus. Filling hole off centre towards 6 o'clock. Lion,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 287
couchant, raised tail,

trated). The subject of to left.
Carthage pl. Buf
XL is the same, but
glossy, orange-brown
the treatment differs. wash. X
Hadrianic. L398 (71/L122) SML 326 plates 240, 263. Est D. 6.5.
Broneer XXV. See L392. Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
L392 (67/L65) SML 350 plates 240, 263. 4.4x4.8. Two grooves separate (reserved) shoulder and discus.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly worn mould. Top right sector - bull's head, three quarter view, to
Ridge and one groove, otherwise as L391. Grey-buff right. Buff clay, semi-glossy plum-brown wash. X 7,
clay. Coated dark brown matt wash. Unstratified. Flavian.
With L391, close to a Broneer XXV from Mátala, The complete design was probably as Benghazi, 1 36,
PAE 1969, 246-8, pl. 279a, top left. From Knossos, the nos. 952-53 fig. 10; cf. the Italian fragment op. cit. 33,
fragment L8, BSA 72, 105. More of the scene (calf s no. 185, fig. 4. Cf. also Délos 125, no. 4588, pl. 24
head below the lion's head) is preserved on Benghazi (Italian) and Carthage 140, no. 506, pl. LII. Tarsus
136, nos. 956 and 957, fig. 10. 126, no. 354, pl. 108 is described as "....facing r.,
L393 (71/L115) SML 716 plate 263. Est D. 7.0. Handle, pawing ground with left forleg and whisking tail".
shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould.L399 (71/L1 12) SML 301 plates 240, 263. 2.2 x 2.7. Discus
Ridge between grooves separates reserved shoulder fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove. Part
from discus. [Part of] lion? Buff clay, fine; semi-glossy of ? lower left sector - underpart of quadruped. Buff
plum-brown wash. XII 8, Deposit D. 5, Hadrianic. clay, fine, coated semi-glossy red wash. XII 6,
Top right sector - tail tuft. Possibly as L391-2. Hadrianic.
L394 (71 /LI 18) SML 717 Not illustrated. 3.0 x 2.2. Shoul- Small animal, perhaps part of a more elaborate
der and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and scene.
L400 (71/L114) SML 296 plates 241, 263. 3.4x4.1.

groove separate shoulder and discus. [Part of] lion?
Light buff clay, coated semi-glossy dark plum-brown Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould.
wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (olive leaves)
A scrap of relief may be an animal's tail. from discus. Animal to right. Yellow-buff clay; coated
L395 (67/L36) SML 337 plates 240, 263. Est D. 7.0. semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. Though this could be taken as a sheep, it is more
Ridge divides shoulder (tongues) and discus. Filling probably a cock's head, as BMC ii, 83, Q,825, fig. 95;
hole off centre towards 8 o'clock. Stag to right at the 147, pl. 6. Also Menzel fig. 32.20.
gallop. Pinkish buff clay, coated in metallic plum-red L401 (67/L331) SML 370 plates 240, 263. 3.6x2.8.
wash. N House, Deposit R2, later 2nd cent A.D. Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
Bailey motif IV (a) vii. Trier M. 177. A Cretan Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved) from
example from an older generation mould PAE 1969, discus. Part of right sector - head and forelegs of horse
246-8, pl. 279 right, bottom, from Mátala. HM 6293 at the gallop. Fine pink-buff clay; coated semi-glossy
= Mercando pl. XXXVI. 8 and p. 237, n. 40, and pl. plum brown wash. VII baulk. Unstratified.
XXXVI. 12, possibly nPEIMOT. The design is This might be ajubilator (e.g. BMC ii, 177, no. 933,
common. Agora vii, 86, no. 163 (Red-on- White). pl. 17) or Pegasos at the gallop - e.g. Carthage pl. L,
Vindonissa 402, no. 501, pl. XIII; Trier PI. 38, nos. 194, 474. Benghazi 45, no. 288 and fig. 6 has a void horse
219, 239, 244. Benghazi 25, no. 125, pl. 7, fig. 3; 136-7, galloping to left.
nos. 958-59, pl. 26 and fig. 10. A full list of L402 (67/L16) SML 340 plates 239, 263. 6.8x3.5.
comparanda is given by Bailey, BMC ii, 76, discussing Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould;
Q, 1085 and 1204. ridge and two grooves separate shoulder (reserved)
L396 (71/L125) SML 193 plates 240, 263. Est D. 8.0. and discus. Part of biga on right hand discus sector.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Part of filling hole. Yellow buff clay, coated matt
Ridge and groove separate shoulder (leaves in relief) plum-red wash. VIII 4 Pit 2, Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
from discus. Part of goat/deer to left. Buff clay, coated Bailey motif III (d) ii. Fairly common. BMC ii, Q
worn matt red wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd and early 3rd 883 pl. 13 is dated A.D. 40-75. Trier pl. 33, no. 119,
cent A.D.
comes from the Claudian grave 1 16. Benghazi 44, no.
The leaf garland on the shoulder recalls HM 281, fig. 6 is dated first half of the 1st cent A.D.
6276-7, Mercando pl. XXXVI, 5-6, suggested as Carthage 136, no. 474, pl. L is a Broneer XXIII. OpAth
products of the Gamos shop. The animal seems to VI, 31-32, no. 34 and pl. IV. Chypre 145, no. 414 and
have long, straight screw-horns. Horns seem to be pl. 22. BMC iii Q2388, from Salamis or Kourion.
rendered in this way on Carthage 194, no. 197, pl. L403 (71/L7)SML 163 plates 240, 263. D. 7.7, H. 3.4. Part
LXXXIII, "Antilope". of handle, shoulder, discus and underbody, all nozzle
L397 (71/L101) SML 187 plates 240, 263. Est D. 7.5. lost. Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separate
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn shoulder (reserved) and discus. Slight ring foot. Part of
mould. Two grooves separate (reserved) shoulder ? horse to right. Pink clay, fine; slightly glossy red
from discus. Filling hole off centre, towards 8 o'clock. wash, only splashed on underbody and base. XII 3 Pit
[Part of] bull charging left. Buff clay, fine, coated 1, Severan (? to A.D. 220).
semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit D5, Not fully comprehensible. If a horse, might be the
Hadrianic.
reverse of the subject Carthage 1 1 7, no. 346 and pl. XL.
Broneer XXV. ?As Agora vii, 82, no. 107 (unillus-
L404 (73/L315) plate 263. 4.5 x 2.8. Shoulder and discus

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
288 THE LAMPS
fragment. Crisp mould.

arated by two grooves. Trace of filling hole. [Part Ridg
of]
separates shoulder (reserved)
recumbent animal to left - ? lion. Buff clay, fine, fro
L402. Light buff
coatedclay, mottled
semi-glossy plum-brown wash. X 2, early to dar
Deposit D4,
Hadrianic.
mid 2nd cent A.D.
Foreparts L412 (71/L82)
the of twoSML 186 plates 240, 264. 5.7x6.5.
horses.
L405 (67/L343) SML 197 plates 240, 263. 3.1x3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge Four grooves on shoulder. Large filling hole off centre
and two grooves separate shoulder and discus. towards 6 o'clock. Dolphin to right. Buff brown clay,
Crouching quadruped to right (hind part). Red clay, coated matt red wash. XIII 31. SW House, Room I;
coated semi-glossy red wash. VII 8a, Trajanic. 2nd cent A.D.
Probably the same design as L391, 392. Bailey motif IV (a) XI. See comment on the
L406 (71/L10) SML 277 plates 234, 263. Est D. 6.8, Est H. Broneer XXIV lamp 292. This is a different series.
2.8. Part of shoulder, much of discus. Fairly crisp Note the unpublished Oxford lamp 1953. 310
mould. Two grooves separate (reserved) shoulder (Broneer XXIII).
from discus. Filling hole off centre towards 6 o'clock.L413 (71/L86) SML 665 plate 264. 4.0 x 2.3. Discus and
Hare to right, eating grapes, enclosed by leaves. underbody fragment. Rather worn mould. Groove at
Pinkish clay, coated semi-glossy red wash. XII 1, mid the discus edge. Unexplained relief. Buff clay, fine;
to late 3rd cent A.D. coated matt red wash. XIV 5, Neronian/Flavian.
Probably imported from Cyprus, where fabric, Perhaps part of a sea-creature - dolphin or hippocamp.
L413bis (67/L330) SML 380 Not illustrated. 4.0x2.7.
finish, shape and design alike are well attested - e.g.
Chypre 130, nos. 344-45, pl. 19. BMC'm, Q241 1 comes Shoulder and discus fragment. Ridge and fine groove
from Kourion T.I 18. Oxford 1961.431 is also likely separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Right part of
to be Cypriot. For comparanda elswhere, Bailey BMC design - large dolphin to right, smaller sporting by its
ii, 76-7. head. Brown clay, very soft. Coated glossy red wash. N
L407 (71/L135) SML 495 plate 264. 6.0 x 3.5. Shoulder „ House II 7-9. Late lst-early 2nd cent A.D.
discus and nozzle fragment. Very worn mould. Trace The composition may have resembled Benghazi, 73,
of ridge separating shoulder from discus. Raised panel no. 493, fig. 7.
on the shoulder at the cross axis. Nozzle blackened. L414 (67/L45) SML 265 plates 241, 264. D. est 8.O.
Part of left side of discus - figure (? animal) erect to Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Quite crisp
right. Buff clay, coated orange brown wash. XII 2, mould (though tongues very worn). Ridge and groove
mixed 2nd to early 3rd cent A.D. separate shoulder and discus. Filling hole at 8 o'clock,
L408 (71/L106) SML 346 plates 240, 264. Est D. 7.5. air hole at 5.30. Nozzle blackened. Eagle perching
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Extremely frontal on horizontal thunderbolt, wings half un-
worn mould. Ridge separates shoulder (reserved) folded, head to right, holding a many-rayed wreath in
from discus. Remains of two very faint figures, its beak. Orange buff clay, coated plum wash. VII 4,
probably to right. Light buff clay, fine, coated semi- late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
glossy plum-brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic. Broneer XXV. An unusually common type at this
Broneer XXV. Perhaps to compared with the site (see L4 15-427). Another Knossian example is
confronted man and ram of Chypre 139, no. 390. Might Demeter 51, J. 44 and pl. 30. (The deposit dates late
be an obscene symplegma as Trier M. 138. lst-mid 2nd cent A.D.). It is less common elsewhere.
L409 (71/L139) SML 718 plate 264. Est D. 7.5. Handle, Examples include Trier pl. 58, no. 405 (late
shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. Tiberian-early Claudian), Benghazi 74, no. 494, fig. 7;
Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved) and 125-6, no. 867, fig. 9; 137, nos. 967-9, fig. 10; Qedem
discus. Top right sector of discus - Odysseus and the 8, 30, no. 98; Waldhauer, 48, no. 313, pl. XXXIII
ram. Buff clay, coated semi-glossy dark plum-red (from Kerch), 53-4, no. 377, pl. XXXIII, from
wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd and early 3rd cent A.D. See Chersonesos. More summary is Haken, 1-2, 72f, no.
L340. 54, pl. X (bought in Smyrna). Menzel fig. 27:20 the
L410 (67/L67) SML 660 plate 264. 4.5x2.5. Handle, eagle has a branch in place of a wreath. BMC ii, 329,
shoulder and discus fragment. Thick body. Worn Q, 1308, pl. 70, fig. 90 is the same eagle and
mould. Ridge between grooves divides shoulder thunderbolt, but no wreath. The same design recurs
(tongues) from discus. Top left sector of discus; on a ringstone from the Idaean Cave, Ergom 1986, pl.
unexplained relief. Grey-buff clay, cream surface 136.
finish. I(S) 4, N House, to 4th cent A.D. L415 (67/L50) SML 675 plate 264. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulder and
Perhaps an animal. discus fragment. Very worn mould. As L414 - part of
L411 (67/L144) SML 659 plate 264. 2.7 x 1.8. Shoulder right wing. Clay reduced, coated matt brown wash.
and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and groove VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Unexplained L416 (67/L49) SML 673 plate 264. 5.0x3.2. Shoulder,
relief. Light brown clay, coated reddish brown matt discus and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
wash. N House, Room V, final Phase; late 2nd-early Large tongues - otherwise as L414 (head and wreath).
3rd cent A.D. Clay reduced, coated matt dark brown wash. N
L411bis (71/L123) SML 722 Not illustrated. 4.0x2.7. House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent
Discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Discus sep- A.D.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 289
L41 7 (67/L48) SML shoulder, discus

672 and underbodyplatefragment. Worn264
discus fragment. mould - as L414 - head. Orange-buffcrisp
Fairly clay, coated m
vestigial). Ridge warm red wash. VIIItwo
and 4, late lst-earlygrooves.
2nd cent A.D.
wreath. L427bis (71/L125) SML 724 Not clay,
Yellow-buff illustrated. 5.3x2.0. meta
wash. N House,Discus fragment. Ridge andV,
Room two grooves separate
phase I
to later 2nd cent A.D. shoulder and discus. Lower section of discus - ground
L418 (67/L47) SML 676 plate 264. 7.0 x 3.0. Shoulder and line (? thunderbolt) and foot. Buff clay, fine. Coated
discus fragment. Thick body. Fairly crisp mould. As matt plum brown wash. X2, early-mid 2nd cent A.D.
L428 (71/L111) SML 363 plates 241, 264. 3.5x2.8 and
L414. Top of right wing, back of head. Pink buff clay,
coated light brown wash. IX 2, late 2nd-early 3rd 2.8x2.6 (Two non-joining). Shoulder and discus
cent A.D. fragments. Crisp mould - ridge and two grooves
? Late generation mould. separate shoulder and discus. [Part of] peacock
L419 (67/L44) SML 261 plate 264. Rest D. 7.2. Shoulder displayed frontal, head to right. Precise rendering of
and discus fragment, with start of nozzle. Worn feathers, particularly of the eye at the end. Buff brown
mould. As L414 - part of wreath and left wing clay, coated matt dark brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic.
missing. Air hole not fully pierced. Pink buff clay, Probably Broneer XXV. Cretan examples include
coated matt red wash. I(N) 10, N House, Hadrianic. HM 9258 from Kavousi Mercando 237, n. 27, pl.
L420 (71/L69) SML 474 plate 264. 5.7x2.6. Handle; XXXVII, 7, suggested as a Gamos product and (very
shoulder and discus fragment. Thick body. Very worn worn mould) from the Knossos Martyrion, BSA 57
mould. As L414. (top of right wing, back of head). (1962) 235, no. 52 and fig. 24 (a). Benghazi, 74, no. 495
Orange-buff clay, coated matt dark red wash. and fig. 7 (head to left); 124-5, nos. 853-58, pl. 24, fig.
XIV/XV baulk, mixed HL-3rd cent A.D. 8, plus six uncatalogued examples; 137, No. 965, pl.
L421 (67/P57) SML 178 plates 241, 264. 5.5x5.0. 27, fig. 10. Context dates vary from second half 2nd to
Handle, shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mid-3rd cent A.D. Others include Carthage, 176, nos.
mould. Filling hole at 3 o'clock. As L414. All of upper 774-5, pl. LXXIII (heads to left). Op. Ath. VI, pl.
part of bird. Pink-buff clay, top coated thin matt red VIII, nos. 142-153, pp: 48-50 (from Cyprus) Tarsus
wash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent 131, no. 436, fig. 122; 112, no. 166, fig. 100 (head to
A.D. left), pl. 112. Vindonissa 403, nos. 513-522, pl. XIII.
L422 (67/P32) SML 175 plates 241, 264. D. 7.5, H. 3.6, L. Menzel, 41, fig. 32:21, no. 200. Walters BMC 106 no.
9.6. Handle, small part of shoulder and underbody 701, fig. 125, from Colchester.
lost. Recomposed of three. Extremely worn mould. L429 (71/L134) SML 367 plate 264. 4.0x2.2. Discus
Flat base. Shoulder apparently reserved. Design as fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L428 (feathers).
L414. Buff clay. Slightly metallic dark brown blotched Grey-buff clay, coated plum-orange wash. X 6. Mixed
red wash, dabbled on the underbody. N House, 1st cent A.D.-Severan.
L430 (67/L10) SML 344 plate 264. 6.5x4.5. Handle,
probably associated with Deposit SI, late 2nd-early
3rd cent A.D. shoulder, discus and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp
Broneer XXV. mould. As L428 (feathers). Pink-buff clay, coated
L423 (67/L328 + L171) SML 303 plates 241, 264. drab brown wash, blotched red. II aqueduct - ? late
4.6 x 3.5. Shoulder and discus fragment; two joining. 2nd cent A.D.
Crisp mould. As L414 - body and part of wings.L431 (67/L11) SML 339 plates 241, 264. 5.2x5.2.
Brown clay; coated semi-glossy brown wash. N House, Shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge
Room VI, phase 1 fill, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and and groove separate shoulder (reserved) from discus.
later 2nd cent A.D. Bird (? peacock) perching to right. Feathers on tail
L424 (71/L110) SML 677 plate 264. 3.6x2.2. Shoulder and wing shown by deeply incised lines, on breast by
and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Shoulder circlets. Yellow clay, coated metallic plum wash. IV 2,
and two grooves. As L414. Head and wreath. Buff late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
clay, coated plum-red wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Bailey motif N (b) V. This is related to BMC ii, 82,
Hadrianic. Q, 121 1, fig. 93 and 298f, pl. 57. Trier pls. 44-5, nos.
L425 (67/L51) SML 361 plates 241, 264. 4.0x2.7. 287, 297-8, 307, 316 (M 202) Menzel, fig. 31:17.
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. L432 (67/L264) SML 668 plate 264. 5.5 x 3.2. Shoulder,
Particularly neat tongues on shoulder, with a smaller discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly worn mould. Ridge
set for the space between the nozzle (blackened) and and groove separate shoulder (single olive leaves in
ridge and groove. Circlet beside nozzle. Motif as L414 relief) and discus. Probably heart-shaped nozzle. [Part
(part of thunderbolt). Orange buff clay, coated matt of] 'victorious' cock to right (tail feathers). Buff clay,
red wash, blotched black. N House, Room III, coated dark grey-black wash. VIII 5. See Deposit T3,
Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. Trajanic, but with late 3rd cent A.D. intrusions.
L426 (67/L46) SML 674 plate 264. 6.5x5.0. Handle; Cf. L433, 435-6, all share the olive leaf design on
shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould; as the shoulder, which is repeated on the Knossos lamp
L414 - top of right wing, head. Buff clay, mottled red Demeter 44, H- 115, pl. 26 (context date 5th cent
to dark brown wash. VII 5, late 2nd-early 3rd cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D.) and on Benghazi 130/1, no. 906,
A.D. pl. 26 and fig. 9 (single cock to right). This should be a
L427 (67/L23) SML 730 plate 264. 7.6x3.7. Handle, version of Bailey's 'victorious cock', BMC ii, 83, Q825

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
290 THE LAMPS
which '...are found1969, 246-8,

on pl. 279d,
many bottom left, from Mátala.
lamps, a
the first century Others include CarthageIt
A.D.'. 142, nos. 522-23, pl. LXXII;
occurs on
lamp Agora vii,176,87,
no. 77, pl. LXXIII;
no. Vindonissa, 404, nos. 526-30,pl.
171, 6
Earlier are the pl. XIV. Tarsus 125, no. lamps
Carthage 347, pl. 107 with refs; 518 an
pl. LI 1 1, of Benghazi, the
which 125, nos. 863-866 fig. 9, (one from a first half
former carrie
BMC ii, Q, 825).2nd cent A.D. context). Oziol regards
Others the motif as one
include B
309-10, fig. 6; of the most frequent
130-1, no. in Cyprus,
906, where it isfig.
found 9,
32, no. 135, pl. especially (with
XII on Broneer XXII, XXIII frond) and XXIV - I
pl. XVII, from lamps - Chypre 88, no. 190 (where
Pompeii; 50, the design
no. is 322
pl. XXXIV from Chersonesos;
reversed, the bird perching to left) and 191, with refs; 52,
XXV) pl. XXXVI, 128, nos.
from334-35, pl. 18. Salamine, 55 nos. 1 19, 122, pl.
Kerch. Vin
523-25, pl. III. BMC iii, Q, 2419-21 (Broneer XXIII), dated
XIII.
L433 (67/L120) SML 324 plates 241, 264. Est D. 6.5. A.D. 40-100. The unpublished Oxford lamps 1946.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp but rubbed 143 and 1953.566 come from Cyprus; Beazley Gifts
mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) 146, no. 559, pl. LXXIII (Oxford 1966.289) is also
and discus. [Part oí] cock fight - left hand bird, to probably Cypriot.
right, head lost. Buff clay; coated matt, brown wash,
blotched light brown. Late 2nd, some early 3rd cent
A.D.
Florals, etc.
Not to be confused with the series L432, 435, 436.
As Mercando, 238, no. 45, pl. XXXVII, 3, which L440 (67/P47) SML 133 plates 242, 265. D. 7.8, H. 3.3, L.
cites Libertine, // Museo Buscan no. 1343. Benghazi 136, 10.6. Recomposed of several. Handle, part of under-
nos. 954-55, fig. 10. The same subject but different body and base lost. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and
archetypes BMC ii, 193, Q,977, pl. 24, fig. 95, (last groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus.
third 1st cent B.C.) and Carthage pl. LXXXI, 897 Between the (blackened) heart-shaped nozzle and
(Broneer XXVa). discus a double volute, at either end of which is a stud
L434 (67/P86) SML 319 plates 241, 264. D. 7.5, H. 3.1, Est at the end of the tongue border. At the cross axis on
L 8.4. Handle; shoulder, discus, underbody and base the shoulder a raised panel with incised line. Large
fragment. Rather worn mould. Two grooves on filling hole at 5 o'clock, air hole at 6 o'clock. On
handle. As L433. (Right hand bird, to left). Buff clay; discus, narrow based crater with reeded body from
coated, top and handle, matt brown wash, blotched which spring three stems - centre ends in a vine leaf,
light brown. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late the others in grape clusters, symmetrically left and
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. As L433. right. Buff clay, coated metallic dark brown - pale
L435 (67/L265) SML 670 plate 264. 5.0 x 3.5. Shoulder brown wash, dabbled on the underbody. IV 2a, N
and discus fragment. Crisp mould. As L432. Grey House, Room IV, upper fill; later 2nd cent A.D.
clay, dark grey wash. IV 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent Broneer XXV. Cf. a similar motif on the earlier
A.D. See L432. lamp L274, where the stems at the sides end in leaves,
L436 (67/L266) SML 669 plate 264. 3.5x4.5. Handle, not clusters. For another Cretan example, HM 2976,
shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp mould. As L432 Mercando, 238, no. 47, pl. XXXVI, 13 from Kavousi.
(tail and back of left hand bird). Buff clay, matt darkOthers include Benghazi 138-39, nos. 971-72, 991-92,
grey-black wash. VII 4a, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.pl. 27, fig. 10. There are other versions - Carthage 194,
See L432. no. 196, pl. LXXXIII.
L437 (71 /LI 19) SML 298 plates 241, 264. Est D. L441
7.0. (67/L41) SML 190 plates 242, 265. 4.2x4.5.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. As
As L433 (much of right hand bird). Buff clay, coated L440 (top left of group). Buff clay, coated plum matt
matt plum brown wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd -early
A.D. 3rd cent A.D.
See L440.
L438 (71/L1O7) SML 282 plates 241, 264. 4.2x3.0.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. L442 (67/L43) SML 663 plate 265. 3.5 x 3.0. Shoulder and
Ridge separates shoulder and discus. Perching bird to discus fragment. Quite crisp mould. As L440. Orange-
right. Part of filling hole. Pink-buff clay, coated semi- red clay. Coated matt plum wash. N House I(S) 13,
Hadrianic. See L440.
glossy plum-brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic.
'Bird-on-bough' motif. See L439. L443 (67/L42) SML 664 plate 265. 5.0 x 3.0. Shoulder and
L439 (67/L12) SML 188 plates 242, 264. 5.2x4.5. discus fragment. Rather worn mould. As L440, but
Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Broad ridge between grooves separates shoulder and discus.
ridge and fine groove separate plain shoulder from Raised panel on shoulder at cross-axis. Pale buff clay,
discus. Trace of central filling hole. Leaves, from 'bird coated matt dark brown wash. Fill beneath N House,
on bough'. Pink buff clay, coated warm red wash. IX V 5, mixed HL to Roman. See L440.
2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. L444 (67/P84) SML 134 plates 242, 265. D. 7.0, H. 2.9, L.
L438 and L439 together preserve the elements of a 8.7. Complete, cracked. Very worn mould. No handle.
very popular scene - 'bird-on-bough'. BMC ii, 82, fig. Ridge between grooves separates shoulder (reserved)
94, on motif IV (b) vi. For a Cretan example, PAE from discus. Ovoid nozzle, with impressed circlet

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 291
either side. 2nd cent

Base A.D.). Probablydefined
flat, near the Italian lamp BMC by
underfoot perhaps a pl. cursive
ii, 300, Q,1212, 57 (which lacks acorns) 2ndinscri
half 1st
8 o'clock. Two cent
handled tall
A.D. Closer is Benghazi 35-6, no. 207, pl. vase
10
leaves or fruit in three
(Italian, 2nd groups.
half 1st cent A.D.); 36, no. 212, fig. 5 and P
of) matt perhapswash.
brown op. cit. 74, no. 502, pl.N
XIV (context
House,
Hadrianic and later 2nd cent A.D. 2nd-mid 3rd cent A.D.).
? Parallel. L451 (71/L126) SML 281 plate 265. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder
L445 (67/L33) SML 678 plate 265. 5.0 x 2.2. Shoulder and and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Two widely spaced
discus fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge and groove grooves separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. [Part
separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Part of lower of] oak wreath. Pink buff clay, coated matt orange -
left discus. Unexplained relief - part of floral? Light red wash. X 7, Flavian.
buff clay, partly reduced, matt wash. IX 2, late As L450 (though no acorns).
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. L452 (67/L270) SML 409 Not illustrated. 4.8 x 3.5. Shoul-
L446 (73/L313 + 314) plates 242, 265. Est D. 7.5, Est L. der and discus fragment. Worn mould. Broad petalled
8.5, Two joining. Handle, shoulder, discus and rosette on discus. Oak leaves and acorn alternate (? on
underbody fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Deep groove shoulder). Ash grey clay, coated matt brown wash. N
separates shoulder (reserved) from discus. Central House, surface, Severan to 4th cent A.D.
filling hole, air hole at 6 o'clock. [Part of] myrtleL453 (71/L130) SML 757 plate 265. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder
wreath. Orange clay, coated semi-glossy dark red and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Three
wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. grooves separate shoulder and discus. Top left of
Bailey Motif V (b) Trier n. 144, pl. 41 (late upper part of tree. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt plum
Tiberian-early Claudian) BMC ii, 175, ¿925, pl. 17, brown wash. X/XI 3, Trajanic.
with 87, fig. 101 (dated c. A.D. 40-80). Closer,
perhaps, BMC ii, 319, Q, 1253-54, pl. 64 (dated c.
A.D. 90-140). Also Italian is Waldhauer, 47, no. 298,
'Wreath-and-mask'
pl. XXXI. Carthage 157, no. 632 pl. LXIII (Broneer
XXIV) Menzel, no. 225, fig. 34.9. L454 (67/L90) SML 274 plates 242, 265. 4.5x4.6.
L447 (67/L339) plate 265. 3.5 x 1.4. Shoulder and discus Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody fragment.
fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and groove Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separates
separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Trace of shoulder (traces of tongues) and discus. [Part oí]
myrtle wreath. Grey-buff clay. Coated matt plum- wreath, tied at the bottom, decorated at the top with a
brown wash. IX 13, Hellenistic, and to 1st cent A.D. slave mask. The central filling hole is surrounded by
See L446. two ridges. Orange clay, coated matt orange wash.
L448 (71/L83) SML 389 plate 265. 5.7 x 3.5. Shoulder and VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
discus fragment. Crisp mould. Grooves separate One of the most popular moulded lamps at
shoulder and discus. Part of myrtle wreath. Buff clay, Knossos, all of which appear to be of Broneer XXVII
fine. Coated matt plum brown wash. XIV 6, type. The centre of the discus is reserved, contains the
Neronian-Flavian. filling hole, and is surrounded by two concentric
Version of myrtle wreath as BMC ii, 88, (¿867, fig. ridges, outside which the wreath is placed. The wreath
101; 162, pl. 11. Probably from a Broneer XXIII. is tied at the bottom; an air hole may be placed
L449 (67/L73) SML 292 plates 242, 265. 4.0x3.2. between the ends. The subject is Bailey motif III (f) ii,
Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. illustrated by BMC ii, 64, Q, 1325, fig. 67; 335, pl. 72
Ridge and groove separates shoulder (tongues) and and references. A Cretan example from Mátala PAE
discus. Central filling hole. [Part oí] rosette and 1969, 246-8, pl. 279d, bottom right, is smaller and
pectén shells enclosed by herring-bone borders. may be a later generation mould. Others include
Yellow buff clay, coated matt plum wash. VII 4, late Berlin 80, no. 497, pl. 53, with reference to Brants,
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. Leiden (1913) pl. 7, 1035. Oxford 1951. 123 (Broneer
The design probably copies a Corinthian original - XXIII) has a very similar wreath, but no mask.
Isthmia 69, no. 2833, pl. 10, 30 signed L455 (67/L88) SML 214 plates 242, 265. Est D. 9.0.
EniTTNXANOT; BCH 95 (1971) no. 42 and figs. Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Very worn
42-3, with the same signature. Agora vii, 95, no. 283, mould. As L454. Most of wreath. Nozzle blackened.
PI. 9, first half of the 3rd cent A.D. Orange buff clay, coated matt red wash. VII 2. See
L450 (71/L11) SML 374 plate 265. Est D. 7.6. Handle; Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Two L456 (67/L95) SML 1 79 plate 265. 6.5 x 3.4. Shoulder and
grooves on the handle. Ridge between grooves discus fragment. Worn mould. As L454 - trace of
separates shoulder (reserved) from discus. [Part of] tongues on shoulder. Much of right side of wreath and
oak leaf and acorn wreath. Pink buff clay, fine. mask. Grey brown clay, coated slightly metallic
Slightly glossy light red-brown wash. X 2, early-mid brown wash. N House, Room V, Deposit D2;
2nd cent A.D. Hadrianic and to later 2nd A.D.
Bailey motif V (b) Cretan example HM 952 (no L457 (67/L96) SML 753 Not illustrated. 5.8 x 3.6. Discus
provenance) Mercando 237, no. 34 and pl. XXXVI. fragment. Very worn mould. As L454. Mask and most
Demeter 51, no. J. 47, pl. 30 (deposit dated late lst-mid of left side of wreath. Pale buff clay, coated matt

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
292 THE LAMPS
brown wash. Left

N side ofHouse,
wreath. Buff clay, coated mattRoom
red wash.
2nd-early 3rd XII 2, mixed 2nd-early
cent 3rd cent A.D.
A.D.
L458 (67/L93)L471 (67/L94) SML 746180
SML Not illustrated.plates
5.0x3.0. Discus 2
der and discus fragment.
fragment. Worn mould. As L454. Mask andCrisp
right side
and part of of wreath.
right Buff brown of
side clay, coated matt reddish
wreath.
slightly glossybrown wash. Surface, tobrown
dark 4th cent A.D. was
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L459 (67/L92) SML 747 Not illus
Rosettes
and discus fragment. Crisp mou
part
of wreath.L472 (67/P5)
Pink SML 223 plate
buff 266. D. 7.9, clay,
H. 3.0, L. 10.6. co
N House, I(S) 6,Most of late
underbody and base lost; what remains intact.
2nd-early
L460 (67/L91 ) SMLCrisp mould. Three
748 grooves onNothandle. Deep illus
groove
and discus separates shoulder (reserved)Worn
fragment. from deeply concave m
and much of discus. Nozzle blackened.
wreath. Rosette of 22buff
Pale petals sur-
brown wash. VIrounding
5, a centre
streetof ridges and grooves.
fill, Central filling
Dep
A.D. hole. Pinkish-buff clay, fine. Coated light to dark
L461 (67/L89) SML 280 plates 242, 265. 7.0x5.5. brown wash. N House, Room V upper wash; late
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould - 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
as L454. Three grooves surround the filling hole. Cretan examples include HM 9273, 942 and no no.,
Trace of? ivy leaf between wreath and nozzle. Orange Mercando pl. XXXVII nos. 9, 11, and 15 respec-
buff clay, coated matt red wash, blackened nozzle. tively, also A.Delt 20 (1965) 562, PI. 708 d, bottom left,
VIII 4, late lst-early 2nd cent A.D. from a 2nd cent A.D. tomb, Herakleion, Plateia
L462 (71/L99) SML 181 plates 242, 265. 5.8x3.5. Crisp Daskaloyianni.
plaster mould. As L454. Three ridges round filling The many-petalled rosette (Bailey Motif V (a)) was
hole. Incompletely pierced air hole. Lower left part of a universally popular design, in a number of versions.
wreath. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt brown wash. Close to the Knossian type are Benghazi 126-127, nos.
Surface, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. (and some 875-879, pl. 25 (described, not as rosette, but 'band of
later). tongues'). Bailey here refers to 1 13 uncatalogued frs. of
L463 (71/L163) SML 754 Not illustrated. Est D. 9.0. similar lamps, coming from deposits dating from the
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Probably as first half of the 2nd cent, with chief emphasis on the
L454. Trace of wreath. Nozzle blackened. Buff brown mid-third cent. Vindonissa 384, no. 305 and pl. XV has
clay, coated semi-glossy orange-brown wash. XII 9, an identical rosette except for a third ridge at the
centre.
Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
L464 (71/L193) SML 750 Not illustrated. 5.2 x 3.3. Discus L473 (67/L2) SML 228 plate 266. Est D. 8.0, H. 3.2.
fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Three grooves round Handle, shoulder, discus, underbody and base frag-
filling hole. Lower part of wreath as L454. Buff clay, ment. Crisp mould. As L472. At least three concentric
coated matt red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic. grooves on base. Sandy buff ware, coated chocolate
As L454, but different mould. brown wash. N House, 114, late 2nd and to mid 3rd
L465 (67/L325) SML 749 Not illustrated. 4.6 x 2.7. Shoul- A.D.
der and discus fragment. Worn mould. As L454. L474 (67/L3) SML 381 plate 266. 6.8x3.5. Handle;
Lower part of wreath. Buff brown clay. Coated semi- shoulder, discus and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp
glossy plum-brown wash. N House, Room VI, Phase I mould. Two grooves on handle. As L472 (Top right
fill, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and to later 2nd cent A.D. section). Buff brown clay, coated matt plum wash. N
L466 (67/L97) SML 756 Not illustrated. 3.6 x 2.5. Shoulder House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent
and discus fragment. Crisp mould. As L454. Lower A.D.
part of wreath. Clay reduced grey; coated matt brown L475 (71/L190) SML 411 plate 266. 4.5x3.8. Handle,
wash. VII 6-8a, early-mid 2nd cent A.D. shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp mould. As L472.
L467 (67/L98) SML 203 plates 242, 265. 3.5x3.2. Handle with three grooves. Top of rosette. Buff-brown
Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As clay, coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 2, mixed
L454. Right side of wreath. Grey buff clay; coated 2nd to early 3rd cent A.D.
L476 (71/L116) SML 398 plate 266. Est D. 8.0. Handle,
crackled dark brown wash. VIII 3, late 2nd-early 3rd
cent A.D. shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
L468 (71/L138) SML 752 Not illustrated. 3.2 x 2.0. Discus Ridge between grooves separates shoulder (reserved)
fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L454. Right side of from discus. Many-petalled rosette, probably fewer
wreath. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt dark red-brown petals than L472 (from top of flower). Yellow-buff
wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. clay. Coated semi-glossy plum-red wash. XII 8,
L469 (67/L99) SML 755 Not illustrated. 2.8 x 2.2. Shoulder Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L454. L477 (71/L164) SML 436 plate 266. 4.5x2.0. Shoulder,
Lower part of wreath. Grey buff clay, coated pale discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As
plum-red wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI. L472. Lower left part of the rosette. Nozzle blackened.
L470 (71/L137) SML 751 Not illustrated. 3.2 x 2.6. Shoul- Buff-brown clay. Coated plum-brown wash. XII 6,
der and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L454. Hadrianic.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 293
L478 (67/L4) SML 392 plate 266. 6.8x3.2. Shoulder, L488 (71/L84) SML 377 plate 266. Est D. 8.2. Shoulder,
discus, and nozzle fragment. Very worn mould. Ridge discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn mould.
and groove separate shoulder (reserved) from discus. Ridge separates shoulder (tongues) and discus. Cen-
[Part oí] rosette. Pale brick-red clay, coated metallic tral small filling hole. 14 or 16 petal rosette with large
plum-red wash. E House, Deposit Nl, Neronian. centre, enclosing small filling hole. Buff-brown clay,
Cf. Benghazi 69, no. 460, pl. XIII (Italian import, coated matt dark red wash. SW House, Room I, latest
dated A.D. 50-100); 74, no. 503, pl. XIV, (probably phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Italian). Same subject, but different series from L484- 487.
L479 (67/L119) SML 732 plate 266. 4.0x2.0. Shoulder L489 (67/L31) SML 410 plate 266. 5.2x5.5. Shoulder,
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Three discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. Two
grooves on shoulder; [part of] many petalled rosette. grooves separate shoulder (tongues) and discus.
Grey clay, coated dark brown wash. II 5-7a, Nozzle blackened. [Part of] many petalled rosette,
Nëronian. akin to L472. Brown clay; coated dark matt wash. IX
Perhaps a Broneer XXII as Carthage 120, no. 368, 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
pl. XLII. Of also BMC ii, 131, Q, 760, pl. 1; 159, Q, Different series from L472; the petals here are not
857, pl. 10. separated, (Cf. BMC ii, 86, ¿1327) as in L472; there
L480 (67/L5) SML 432 plate 266. 5.2 x 2.6. Shoulder and was probably a larger number.
discus fragment. Crisp mould. As L472. Pale buff clay, L490 (71/L77) SML 225 plate 266. Est D. 8.6, Est H. 3.3.
dine. Coated matt brown wash. N House, Room III, Shoulder, discus, nozzle, underbody and base frag-
Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. ment. Crisp plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate
L481 (67/L1) SML 413 plate 266. 5.0 x 2.5. Shoulder and shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart-shaped nozzle.
discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L472. Buff Central filling hole, tiny air hole at 6 o'clock. Eight
clay, coated matt dark brown wash. VII 1, late petalled rosette. Brown clay; coated matt brown wash.
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. XII 13, Deposit Nl, Neronian.
L482 (67/L6) SML 423 plate 266. 4.0 x 1.8. Shoulder and For this rosette, BMC ii, 85-88, ÇU 125, fig. 100 and
discus fragment. Crisp mould. As L472. Part of 252-53, pl. 44; Carthage, 145, no. 542 (Broneer
rosette. Orange-buff clay; coated matt red wash. I 2, XXIII); 178, no. 794, pl. LXXIV (Broneer XXV).
above N House, to 4th cent A.D. Benghazi 68, no. 458, pl. XIII - context last quarter of
L483 (71/L194) SML 418 plate 266. 3.6x3.0. Shoulder 1st cent A.D.; 74, no. 504, pl. XIV context mid-3rd
and discus fragment. Quite crisp mould. As L472. Part cent A.D. Agora vii, 78, no. 75, pl. 3. Italian, of the mid
of rosette. Buff clay. Coated matt plum-brown wash. 1st cent.
X/XI baulk l,?Trajanic. L491 (67/L29) SML 425 plate 266. 3.7x2.0. Shoulder,
L484 (67/P4a) SML 224 plate 266. D. 8.4, H. 3.0, L. 10.9. discus, underbody and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp
Handle top lost, otherwise complete and intact. mould. As L490. Impressed circlet between nozzle and
Rather worn mould. Ridge and groove separate discus ridge. Tips of three petals. Buff clay, coated
shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart-shaped nozzle matt pale brown wash. N House, Room IV, Phase I
(slightly blackened). Base reserved, enclosed by a fill; Hadrianic and later 2nd cent A.D.
groove. Central filling hole; 14-petal rosette. Brown- L492 (67/L30) SMI 439 plate 266. 3.0 x 2.2. Shoulder and
ish buff clay, top coated reddish wash; underbody discus fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge and groove
splashed. N House, Pit 3, mid-late 2nd cent A.D. separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. [Part of]
Broneer XXV. There is much variety in petal- many petalled rosette. Reduced clay - ? by burning.
number in the many-petalled rosettes. Vindonissa Matt reddish brown wash. N House, Room IV, phase
383-84; BMC ii, 85-88, fig. 100. 14 seems an I fill; Hadrianic and later 2nd cent A.D.
uncommon number. Perhaps as L484.
L485 (67/P132) SML 227 plate 266. D. 8. 1, H. 3.3, L. 10.9.L493 (71/L144) SML 441 plate 266. 2.2x2.4. Shoulder
Much of discus lost; what remains intact. Fairly crisp and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L492.
mould. 2 grooves on handle. As L484. Nozzle Buff clay, fine. Coated matt red wash. XII 6,
blackened. Pale buff clay. Top coated dark brown Hadrianic.
matt wash; underbody drip-marked. N House, Room L494 (71/L169) SML 440 plate 266. 3.2 x 1.6. Shoulder
VI, final Phase; late 2nd cent A.D. and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L492.
L486 (67/L27) SML 226 plate 266. Est D. 8.0, H. 3.5. Buff clay, fine. Coated semi-glossy dark brown wash.
Handle, shoulder, discus, underbody and base frag- XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
ment. Crisp mould. As L484. Recessed base, outlined. Perhaps rosette as L484.
About a third of the rosette. Pink-buff clay, coated L495 (71 /LI 17) SML 415 plate 266. 5.0x2.8. Shoulder
matt brown wash. Surface and cleaning, late and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. (and some later). and groove separate shoulder (reserved) from discus.
L487 (67/L28) SML 387 plate 266. 7.3x6.5. Handle, Part of rosette with four bilobate petals. Buff clay, fine.
shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As Coated semi-glossy plum red wash. XII 8, Deposit
L484. Herring bone between grooves on handle. D5, Hadrianic.
About a quarter of the rosette. Pale buff clay, coated As BMC ii, 85-88, Q, 1008, fig. 100, 208, pl. 29.
matt brown wash. N House, Room IV, latest phase, Broneer XXI. A.D. 25-75. There are the same bilobe
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. petals on Agora vii, 83, no. 129, pl. 5 perhaps Knidian,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
294 THE LAMPS
late 1st or earlyUnidentified

2nd cent A.D. but fi
There are five, too, on Délos 129, 30
L502 (67/L32) SML 420 plate 267. 4.0 x 2.3. Shoulder and
30, also possibly Knidian. Four
discus fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Ridgebilob
and
Cyprus - BMC iii, Q, 2369-72 (all b
groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus.
were once Victoria and Albert Muse
PBilobed leaf. Buff clay, coated matt red wash. N
the same subject, comes from Egyp
House, I(N) 12, 1st cent A.D.
193, pl. X is the fragment of such a
? Bailey motif IV (d) iv.
import of the mid 1st cent A.D.; op.
L503 (67/L301) SML 735 plate 267. 2.1 x 1.6. ? Discus
XIII is also a 1st cent A.D. Italia
fragment. Crisp mould. Unexplained relief. Red clay,
Benghazi lamps reserved.
with this
N House, content design
of S Wall, early 2nd cent
Knidos - op. cit. A.D.
95-7, nos. 658-59,
It is possible L495 is itself Knidian.
L496 (71/L192) SML
discus fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge and two grooves
429 plate 26
and discus
fragment. Worn mould.
separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Unexplained
separate shoulder (tongues) from
relief. Buff-brown clay, coated slightly glossy red-
rosette. Buff clay. Coated
brown wash. XIV 1, Trajanic. matt plum
2, later 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Too little preserved to determine r
discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Ridge and
L497 (71/L183) SML 382 plate 266.
groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus.
discus, underbody and base fragm
Fragment of relief - ? head and forelegs of hound.
mould. Ridge and three grooves sep
Buff-brown clay, coated slightly glossy dark brown-
which are deeplyred wash. impressed
Unstratified. the o
Many petalled rosette. Light buff c
Animals in this position include Bears - Bailey
red wash. XI 3, Hadrianic.
Motif IV (a) iii, BMC ii, 73, fig. 77, Q, 1216. Also
Type of rosette uncertain.
Carthage nos. 507-508, pl. LU. Cf. the hound
L498 (71/L92) SML 478
Waldhauer plate
30, no. 321, pl. XXXIV. 266. 5.
discus fragment. Extremely worn
L506 (71/L15a) SML 662 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder,
unfinished air hole. Rosette. Pink
discus, underbody and nozzle fragment. Very worn
red wash. XV 4, upper fill to later 2
mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved)
A.D.
from discus. Heart-shaped nozzle, blackened. Unex-
Too worn to determine rosette type.
plained relief (bottom left sector). Buff-brown clay.
Coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit
D5, Hadrianic.
L507 (71/L96) plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder and discus
Scallop shells fragment. Very worn mould. Groove separates shoul-
L499 (67/L172) SML 417 plate 266. 5.8x2.0. Shoulder, der (reserved) from discus. Top left sector - unex-
discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn mould. plained relief. Buff clay; coated slightly glossy dark
Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved) and brown wash. House of Diamond Frescoes, fill of Room
discus. Between the nozzle and discus a double volute. 5; to late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Air hole at 6 o'clock. [Part of] scallop shell. Light ? rabbit's rump.
brown clay, semi-glossy dark brown wash. N House L508 (67/L142) SML 448 plate 267. 3.8x2.8. Shoulder
court floor. Late 2nd cent A.D. and discus fragment. Very worn mould. Ridge and
Broneer XXV. Bailey Motif IV (d) iv. Too little groove separate shoulder (tongues) from discus.
preserved to seek close parallel, but note Carthage 1 79, Illegible relief. Grey clay, coated dark plum-red wash.
no. 798, pl. LXXV, a lamp of similar type. IX 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L500 (67/L18) SML 397 plate 266. 7.0x3.5. Shoulder, L509 (71/L141) SML 477 plate 267. 3.5x2.4. Shoulder
discus and nozzle fragment. Rather worn plaster and discus fragment. Worn plaster mould. Ridge and
mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved) groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Ille-
from discus. Small air hole at 6 o'clock. Heart-shaped gible relief (left centre sector). Buff clay, coated matt
nozzle. ([Part of] scallop.) Orange-buff clay; coated plum brown wash. XI 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
matt orange-red wash. II 4, N House, to 3rd cent A.D. L510 (67/L173) SML 658 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Three
Broneer XXV. Bailey motif IV (d) iv. ? Knidian. joining. Shoulder, discus, and nozzle fragment. Fairly
The rendering of the shell recalls the earlier Q, 850, crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder
BMC ii, 156, pl. 9 and fig. 99. (tongues) from discus. Largely unexplained relief -
L501 (71/L52) SML 229 Not illustrated. Est D. 7.0. Discus, Erotes and boat? (lower sector and part of right).
underbody and nozzle fragment. Crisp mould. Two Granular brown clay, coated glossy red wash. E
grooves separate shoulder and discus. Small filling House, Deposit Nl, Neronian.
hole. Scallop. Red clay. Coated slightly glossy plum- The scene is not the same as L313 and 314.
red wash - blotched darker. XIII 17, Deposit N2, L51 1 (71/L105) SML 709 plate 267. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder
Neronian. and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Two grooves
Cf. Menzel fig. 34:10. separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Unexplained

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 295
relief. L520 (67/L25)

Brown clay, SML 764 platefine;
267. 5.8 x 2.3. Shoulder,
coate
wash. XII 7, Hadrianic. discus and nozzle fragment. Rather thick wall. Fairly
The orientation of the fragment is doubtful. crisp mould. Two ridges and grooves separate
L512 (67/L14) SML 708 plate 267. 6.2 x 2.0. Shoulder and shoulder (reserved) and discus. Three impressed
discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Ridge and two circlets on shoulder behind heart-shaped nozzle.
grooves separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Lower left sector - unexplained relief. Red clay,
Circlet impressed on shoulder to right of nozzle. Air coated warm matt red wash. N House, Room III,
hole at 7 o'clock. Unexplained relief in lower right Deposit SI; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
sector. Pale buff clay, sandy. Coated matt plum L521 (71/L151) SML 355 plate 243. 4.8x1.7. Handle,
brown wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-earl? 3rd shoulder and wall fragment. Crisp mould. Broad ridge
cent A.D. and fine groove separate shoulder (impressed ivy
This could be the tip of the leafy spray on the right leaves) and discus. Trace of unexplained relief. Pink-
of the 'Bird and Bough' motif (see L438 and 439). buff clay, coated semi-glossy dark plum-brown wash.
L5 1 3 (67/L56) SML 473 plate 267. 4.0 x 3.0. Shoulder and XII 1-2, mixed 2nd-3rd cent A.D.
discus fragment. Very worn mould. Ridge and groove The shoulder ornament is a variant of Corinth 80, fig.
separate shoulder (tongues) from discus. Panel on 38.6.
L522 (71/L165) SML 496 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder
cross axis. Illegible relief (left centre). Grey buff clay;
coated matt dark brown wash. VII 2, late 2nd-early and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge
3rd cent A.D. separates shoulder (dot-and-circle) and discus. Lower
Broneer XXVIII. right sector; unexplained relief. Buff-brown clay,
L514 (67/L130) SML 462 plate 267. 4.0x2.8. Shoulder coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 10-11,
and discus fragment. Rather worn plaster mould. Hadrianic.
Ridge and groove separate shoulder (tongues) and L523 (67/L125) SML 470 plate 267. 5.0x5.5. Handle,
discus. Unexplained relief. Grey clay, coated dark shoulder, discus and underbody. Rather worn mould.
reddish brown wash. N House, Room IV, tile Three vertical grooves on handle. Ridge and groove
structure, 2nd cent A.D. separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Top right
L515 (67/P58) SML 256 plate 267. D. 7.7, H. 3.4, L. 10.4. sector; unexplained relief. Brown clay, grey core.
Recomposed of four. Much of discus, part of nozzle Coated red wash. Surface, Severan to 4th cent
lost. Very worn mould. Two grooves on handle. Ridge A.D.
separates shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart-L524 (67/L319) SML 503 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder,
shaped nozzle (blackened). Base flat, outlined by faint discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and
groove. What remains of discus design illegible. Pink- groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Ex-
buff clay. Top coated matt pale red wash. Underbody treme right sector - trace of unexplained relief. Heart-
dabbled. N House, II 4, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. shaped nozzle. Pink-buff clay. Coated semi-glossy
Possibly (remains of) two gladiators. plum-brown wash. VII 2. See Deposit S2, late
L516 (67/L274) SML 371 plate 267. 2.5x2.2. Shoulder 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Three L525 (67/L320) SML 262 plate 267. Est D. 10.0. Shoulder,
grooves separate shoulder (relief dot rosettes) from discus, underbody and base fragment; nozzle. Rather
discus. Unexplained relief. Light brown clay, coated worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder
matt brown wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late (neat, double outlined tongues) and discus. Heart-
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. shaped nozzle with impressed circlet at either side.
For a similar rim ornament, Menzel, fig. 47.2 = no. Scrap of discus bottom - trace of unexplained relief.
538, said to be from Miletos. Op Ath VI, 58 pl. IX, no. Buff clay, coated semi-glossy dark brown wash. N
194. Waldhauer, 61, no. 473, pl. XLIV. House, Pit 3, mid-late 2nd cent A.D.
L517 (67/L7) SML 707 plate 267. 5.0 x 2.5. Shoulder and Broneer XXV.
discus fragment. Crisp mould. Three grooves separate L526 (67/L131) SML 467 plate 267. 5.0x2.0. Shoulder
shoulder (reserved) and discus. Unexplained relief. and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge and groove
Orange buff clay. Coated warm red matt wash. VII 1, separate shoulder (double outlined tongues) and
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. discus. Bottom left sector - trace of relief, including
Perhaps Knidian. ground line and something, unexplained. Blackened.
L518 (71/L191) SML 488 plate 267. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, Pink clay, coated red wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd
discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and cent A.D.
groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Heart- L527 (67/L128) SML 469 plate 267. 3.6x2.5. Shoulder
shaped nozzle. Trace of unexplained relief at bottom and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and groove
of discus. Grey buff clay, partly coated matt plum separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Centre right
brown wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd to early 3rd cent A.D. sector - trace of unexplained relief. Light brown clay,
L519 (67/L154) SML 506 plate 267. 4.2x3.4. Shoulder coated plum red wash. I Surface. Severan and to 4th
and discus fragment; nozzle. Fairly crisp mould, ridge cent A.D.
and groove divide shoulder (tongues) and discus. L528 (67/L126) SML 471 plate 267. 5.0x2.2. Shoulder
Heart-shaped nozzle. Trace of unexplained relief. and discus fragment. Very worn mould. Ridge and
Orange-brown clay, coated plum-red wash. N House, groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Raised
Pit 8, A.D. 150-200. panel at cross-axis. Extreme right sector; unexplained

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
296 THE LAMPS
relief. Reddish For the shoulder ornament,

clay, coated Corinth 80, fig. 38.11;
red
Severan and to 4th cent A.D. 182, nos. 505 and 509, pl. X. Isthmia III, no. 2504, pl.
L529 (67/L127) SML 472 plate 267. 4.3x2.8. Shoulder, 28. Agora VII 90, no. 216, pl. 7 is also Corinthian. The
discus and nozzle fragment. Worn mould; ridge and shape recalls a Broneer XXIII or XXIV, but there
groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Centre are no volutes. The preceding stage in such a
and bottom left sector; unexplained relief. Heart- development is perhaps seen in Carthage 157, no. 634,
shaped nozzle. Grey clay, coated dark grey brown pl. LXIV. Note Tarsus 109, no. 140, pl. 98 with an
wash. N House, Room IV, phase I fill; Hadrianic, and even more drawn out nozzle.
to later 2nd cent A.D. L535 (71/L152) SML 390 Not illustrated. 4.5 x 2.2. Shoul-
L530 (71/L167) SML 446 plate 267. Est D. 7.0. Shoulder der fragment. Ridge and three fine grooves separate
and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and groove shoulder and discus. On shoulder, widely spaced olive
separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Extreme leaves and flowers. Brown micaceous clay, fine. Semi-
right; trace of unexplained relief. Buff-brown clay; glossy plum-brown wash. XII 18, 1st cent B.C.
coated matt plum reddish-brown wash. XII 6, L536 (71/L153) SML 388 Not illustrated. 4.0x2.0.
Hadrianic. Handle, shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn
L531 (67/L134) SML 463 plate 267. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder mould. As L535, but closer spacing of shoulder orna-
and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Ridge and ment. Buff-brown clay; coated plum-brown matt wash.
groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Trace XIII 34, SW House, Room I; Early-mid 1st cent A.D.
L537
of unexplained relief in very small section preserved. (67/L268) SML 501 plate 268. 4.5x2.5. Handle,
Brown clay, coated red wash. VI 5, Deposit R5, late shoulder and underbody fragment. Worn mould. As
2nd cent A.D. L534. Light brown clay, coated dark brown wash. N
L531bis (67/L22) SML 728 Not illustrated. 6.0x2.2. House, Room IV, phase I fill; Hadrianic, to later 2nd
Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. Ridge and two cent A.D.
grooves separate shoulder and discus. Part of right L538 (71/L154) SML 404 plate 268. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder,
sector of discus - unexplained relief. Grey clay, coated discus and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
matt light brown wash. N House, III 8, Trajanic. Ridge and groove separate shoulder and discus. On
L531ter (71/L14O) SML 721 Not illustrated. Est D. 7.0. shoulder oak leaves and acorns in relief alternate.
Shoulder and discus fragment. Very worn mould. Yellow-buff clay. Coated plum-red wash. XIII 17,
Broad ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved) Deposit N2, Neronian.
and discus. Trace of relief, unexplained. Buff clay, Cf. Benghazi 63^, no. 438, PI. XII, of the same
fine. Coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XII 2, series. These are Italian imports, with pseudo double-
mixed 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. ended volutes, a version of Loeschcke Type V; Bailey
describes them as Flavian; at Benghazi two come from
Neronian-early Flavian contexts, four from Flavian,
Lamps with decorated shoulders eleven were residual in 3rd cent A.D. or later contexts.
L532 (67/P6) SML 378 plate 267. Est D. 7.2 (fragment Délos 130, no. 4629, pl. 30 has discus ornament of
5.5x4.0). Shoulder, discus and nozzle fragment. bilobe. The lamp is signed R and may be Knidian. See
Rather worn mould; ridge separates shoulder (vine also BMC ii, 195-98, and pl. 25, petal rosette. There is
leaves and clusters) from discus. Kite-shaped nozzle. the possibility of confusion here. Délos 4629 must go,
Deeply concave discus; fine rays. Pinkish buff clay, not with Bailey Type CV, but rather with his Type
coated matt reddish brown wash. II, N House, OV, BMC ii, 303-304, and 306, Q, 1228, dated last 1/3
surface; to 4th cent A.D. of the 1st cent A.D. (Broneer XXV = Loeschcke
Broneer XXVII, Vine-and-Ray lamp, perhaps VII).
Cretan imitation of a Corinthian original. ShoulderL539 (71/L150) SML 375 Not illustrated. Est D. 8.0, Est H.
ornament as Corinth 80, fig. 38: 19-21; a complete 2.2. Shoulder, discus, underbody and base fragment.
Corinthian lamp op. cit. 189, no. 570, pl. XI; Isthmia Crisp mould. Three grooves separate shoulder and
nos. 2796-2801. Agora vii, 94, nos. 271-274, pl. 8 Délos discus. As L538 - trace of eight petalled rosette on
135, nos. 4658/9, pl. 31. Benghazi 102-104, nos. discus. Buff-brown clay, fine. Coated semi-glossy
698-712 and pl. 21, with commentary. The use of a orange-brown wash. XIII 17, Deposit N2, Neronian.
wash suggests this should not be Corinthian. L540 (71/L156) SML 394 plate 268. 7.0x2.0. Shoulder
L533 (67/L271) SML 514 plate 268. 2.5x2.0. Shoulder and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and groove
and discus fragment. Worn mould. Olive or myrtle separate shoulder and discus. As L538. Grey clay,
leaves on the shoulder. Grey clay, matt brown wash. coated matt dark brown wash. XII 1, mid-late 3rd
cent A.D.
VII 3, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L534 (73/L304) plate 268. D. 7.3, H. 3.4, L. 10.5. L541 (67/L332) SML 293 plates 242, 268. 4.0x1.5.
Complete save handle and part of nozzle. Worn Shoulder and underbody fragment. Worn mould. As
plaster mould. Shoulder separated from discus by L538. Buff-brown clay; semi-glossy plum-brown wash.
ridge and groove. Impressed detached leaves on VIII 24, mixed lst-2nd cent A.D. (mainly 1st).
shoulder, including space behind nozzle. Large L542 (71/L155) SML 407 Not illustrated. 4.8 x 3.2. Handle
central filling hole. Red-brown clay, fine. Coated and shoulder fragment. As L538. Buff clay, fine.
semi-glossy dark brown wash. Well 12, Deposit D4, Coated matt plum-red wash. XII 10, early 2nd cent
Hadrianic. A.D.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 297
L543 (67/L262) SML 376 Not illustrated. 7.5x6.0. fragments (a) 6.4 x 3.2 (b) 6.0 x 5.2. Parts of shoulder,
Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody fragment. discus and 'ears'. Rather worn mould; groove and
Burnt, rather worn mould; ridge and groove separate ridge separate shoulder (reserved apart from 'ears')
shoulder and discus. Broad shoulder with large oak and discus (reserved). Between discus and nozzle
leaves in relief; discus reserved. Brown clay, coated (trace remains) long volutes, earshaped lugs ending in
light brown wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent volutes, from the centre of each of which rises a leaf
A.D. whose tip reaches the discus ridge. Buff clay, fine.
L544 (67/L267 + 269) SML 386 plate 268. (a) 4.3 x 2.0 (b) Coated matt drab plum-red wash. N House, Room V,
5.5 x 2.0. Non-joining shoulder, discus and rim frag- Deposit D2; Hadrianic, and to later 2nd cent A.D.
ment. Crisp mould. Shoulder as L538; discus has trace There are volutes on the ear handles oí BMC ii, 234,
of unexplained relief bottom left sector, including part 235, Q, 1092 and pl. 38. On eared lamps, cf. op. cit.
of filling hole at 8 o'clock. Brown clay, semi-glossy 233-234; unlike L551, many of the class have "....a
dark brown wash. N House II 4, to 3rd cent A.D. short narrow channel extending from the discus
L545 (67/L263) SML 502 plate 268. 6.2 x 3.3. Shoulder, towards the wick-hole". Cf. also Agora vii, 105-6, nos.
underbody, base and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. 397-417, pl. 13. See also Carthage 158-159, Deneauve's
Parts of impressed leaves (? oak) on shoulder. Heart- type VG. Closer is Vindonissa 420, no. 712, pl. XVII =
shaped nozzle. Grey clay, dark brown wash. VIII Loeschcke Type VII A, with which is compared, op.
Surface, Severan and to 4th cent A.D. cit. 241-243 and fig. 8:1, a lamp from Trier, having a
L546 (67/L283) SML 284 plate 268. 6.0 x 2.0. Shoulder, very short nozzle with volutes either side.
discus and underbody fragment. Crisp mould. The L552 (71/L8) SML 714 plate 268. Est D. 9.0. Handle, part
ridge separating shoulder and discus has very neatly of shoulder, discus, underbody and base. Rather worn
impressed chevrons. On the shoulder close-set indiv- plaster mould. Two grooves on handle. Deep groove
idual impressed spirals, impressed dots between, top separates shoulder (reserved) and discus. Base out-
and bottom. Light brown clay, plum-red matt wash. lined by fine groove; one and part of a second out of
N House I 6, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. three relief peltae preserved. What remains of discus
L547 (71/L196) SML 311 plates 243, 268. D. 7.4, H. 3.6, reserved. Buff-brown fine clay, coated glossy red wash.
Est L. 9.4. Handle, shoulder, discus, underbody, and X 2 pit 1, early-mid 2nd cent A.D.
nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge On peltae underfoot, Perlzweig in Agora vii, 79,
and groove separate shoulder (impressed stylised no. 82, pl. 4; she notes a Gamos shop lamp with peltae
?leaves). Central filling hole, air hole at 6 o'clock. illustrated Menzel 237.
What remains of discus reserved. Blackened kite- L553 (71/L238) SML 331 plates 243, 268. D. 7.0, H. 3.0,
shaped nozzle. Buff clay, coated plum-brown matt Ext L. 6.8. Handle, part of shoulder, discus, under-
wash. XI 5 #2186, mixed lst-early 2nd cent A.D. body and base. Fairly crisp mould; groove and ridge
Broneer XXV. separate shoulder (reserved) and discus. Central
L548 (67/L276) SML 320 plates 243, 268. Est D. 6.8, Ext filling hole; groove on outer discus. Volute on shoulder
L. 5.4. Handle, shoulder, discus and underbody near nozzle. Flat base, outlined. Buff-brown clay, fine;
fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Two grooves on coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. X/XI 4,
handle - horizontal strokes incised between grooves; Flavian.
disintegrated chevrons low on handle as it runs into Probably a Loeschcke Type V with pseudo-double
underbody. Three grooves separate shoulder (S- volute - Vindonissa 230, fig. 6; Benghazi 63-65 on nos.
spirals in relief, separated by small studs) and discus 436-443. Flavian.
L554 (71/L16) SML 715 plate 269. D. 7.7. All of discus,
(reserved). Red clay, coated dark red wash. II surface,
to 4th cent A.D. nozzle, part of shoulder and underbody lost. Worn
Broneer XXVIII. Shoulder as Corinth 103, fig. mould; herring bone on handle top, raised foot. No
48:18. See the late lamp op. cit. 255, no. 1185, pl. division between shoulder and discus. Blackened.
XVI.
Buff-brown clay. XI 8, Trajanic.
L549 (71/L19) SML 308 plates 243, 268. D. 7.3, H. L555
3.2, L.
(71/L185) SML 740 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder,
9.4. Much of handle and discus, underbody, base and 'ear', discus and underbody fragment. Crisp plaster
nozzle lost. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved)
groove separate shoulder relief alternating tongued and discus. Filling hole off-centre towards 2.30
spiral in a continuous band that passes behind the o'clock. Unpierced 'ear' lug, terminal bent back.
nozzle. Discus apparently reserved. Buff clay, fine. Discus reserved. Buff-brown clay, coated matt red
Coated glossy plum-brown wash, patchy on under- wash. XI 4, late lst-early 2nd cent A.D. (Trajanic).
body. XII 10, Hadrianic (early 2nd cent A.D.). On 'ear' - lug lamps, see L551. Others Ontario no.
The ornament is as Corinth 80, fig. 38.12. 220, pl. 22 (Italian) 3rd quarter 1st cent A.D.;
L550 (71/L261) SML 322 plates 225, 268. Est D. 6.0. Nikolaou, Kition pl. XXXIIL5 = BCH 100 (1976)
Shoulder, discus and lower wall fragment. Fairly crisp 859, fig. 39 Menzel, fig. 19, nos. 13-15; Chypre 116, no.
mould. Ridge separates shoulder (zones of impressed 276 and pl. 16.
circlets, single spirals and further circlets) and L556 (71/L146) SML 482 plate 269. 3.5x2.7. Shoulder
reserved discus. Buff-brown clay, coated matt brown fragment; nozzle. Worn plaster mould. Three im-
wash. XI 4, Trajanic (late lst-early 2nd cent A.D.). pressed circlets on shoulder between the blackened
L551 (67/L272 + 273) SML 642 plate 268. 2 non-joining heart-shaped nozzle and discus. Buff clay, coated

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
298 THE LAMPS
glossy plum-brown wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, discus. Clay reduced (or burnt) grey. Coated matt
Hadrianic. dirty brown wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent
? Broneer XXV. A.D.
L567 (67/L341) SML 774 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder,
L557 (71/L97) SML 704 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder,
discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp plaster underbody and base fragment. Worn plaster mould.
mould. Ridge between grooves separate shoulder Ridge and groove separate shoulder (reserved) and
(reserved) and discus (reserved). Blackened heart- discus. Raised panel at cross axis on shoulder, with
shaped nozzle. Buff clay, coated slightly glossy plum- tiny impressed circlet either side. Grey clay, fine. Self-
brown wash. XV 1, upper wash to 4th cent A.D. slipped light buff. VIII 4, late lst-early 2nd cent A.D.
L558 (67/L294) SML 745 plate 269. 8.5x4.0. Handle, Broneer XXVII. ? Corinthian. 2nd cent A.D.
half body remains; discus totally abraded. Shoulder L568 (67/L148) SML 710 plate 269. 4.5x2.2. Shoulder
reserved. Brown clay, sandy. Matt brown wash. II 4, fragment. Worn mould; ridge between two grooves
N House, to 3rd cent A.D. separates shoulder (reserved) from discus. Rectan-
L559 (67/L19) SML 727 plate 269. D. 7.5. Two joining. gular panel at the cross axis. Orange clay, coated dark
Shoulder and discus fragment. Thick wall. Rather red matt wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early
worn plaster mould. Discus (reserved) offset from 3rd cent A.D.
shoulder (reserved). Pink-buff clay. Coated matt plum L569 (71 /LI 74) SML 492 plate 269. Est D. 7.5. Shoulder,
wash. N House, I(S) 15, Neronian (with 2nd cent discus, underbody and lug. Worn mould; ridge and
A.D. intrusions). groove separate shoulder (reserved) from discus. 'Ear'
L560 (67/L153) SML 720 plate 269. 4.2 x 1.8. Shoulder lug, unpierced. Buff-brown clay, coated matt plum-
and discus fragment. Thick walled. Fairly crisp plaster brown wash. XII 4 pit 2, mixed 1st to first half 2nd
mould. Deep groove separates shoulder (reserved) and cent A.D.
discus. Light brown clay, coated plum-red matt wash. Other 'ear' lamps, L551 and 555. For an ear lamp
N House, Room V, Deposit D2; Hadrianic and to with shoulder tongues, Benghazi 70, no. 471, pl. XIV,
later 2nd cent A.D. an Italian import of late lst-early 2nd cent A.D. date,
L561 (67/L18) SML 706 plate 269. 3.2x3.3. Shoulder, close to Loeschcke Vili A lamps.
discus and underbody fragment. Worn mould. No
division between shoulder (reserved) and discus. Clay
reduced grey. Coated in a metallic almost black wash. Fragments of Broneer xxv lamps with
N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill; Hadrianic and later shoulder tongues
2nd cent A.D. L570 (71/L2OO) SML 905 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder
L562 (67/P1 15) SML 775 plate 269. D. 7.2, H. 3.0, Ext L. and discus fragment. Rather worn plaster mould.
8.3 (recomposed of three). Handle, small part of Chevrons on the ridge separating shoulder, (large
shoulder, discus, underbody and nozzle lost. Fairly double-outlined tongues taking up entire shoulder)
crisp mould. Two grooves separate shoulder and from discus (probably reserved). Orange-buff clay,
deeply concave discus (both reserved). Impressed coated matt red wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent
circlet behind nozzle. Flat base outlined. Clay reduced A.D.
grey, coated matt golden wash, discoloured on L571 (71 /LI 75) SML 453 plate 269. Est D. 8.0. Two non-
underbody. VII 10, late lst-early 2nd cent A.D. joining. Shoulder and discus fragments. Worn mould.
Cf. e.g. Benghazi 70, no. 468, pl. XIV, dated to the Ridge separates shoulder (single outlined tongues)
last third of the 1st cent A.D. from discus (reserved). Blackened. Buff-brown clay,
L563 (67/L146) SML 711 plate 269. 3.6 x 1.7. Shoulder coated semi-glossy orange-red wash. XII 9, Deposit
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge D5, Hadrianic.
between two grooves separates shoulder (reserved) L572 (67/L63) SML 286 plates 243, 269. 5.8x4.0.
from discus. Light brown clay, glossy dark brown Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Promi-
wash. N House, Room V, Phase I - tile structure; nent ridge separates shoulder (small double outlined
Hadrianic. tongues) and discus (reserved). Grey-buff clay, coated
L564 (71/L98) SML 712 plate 269. Est D. 10.0. Shoulder, dark brown wash. N House, I(N) 8, 2nd cent
discus, underbody, base fragment, nozzle. Fairly crisp A.D.-Severan.
L573 (71/L237) SML 487 plate 269. D. 7.8. Shoulder and
mould. Part of one of three peltae on the flat, outlined
base. Pink buff clay, fine. Coated slightly glossy red discus fragment. Rather worn plaster mould; ridge
wash. XIII 4, Hadrianic. and groove separates shoulder (small single outline
See L552 for peltae underfoot. tongues) from discus (reserved, central filling hole).
L565 (67/L9) SML 597 plate 269. 4.2x2.8. Shoulder, No handle. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt plum-brown
discus and underbody fragment. Rather worn plaster wash. X 7-8, Neronian-Flavian.
mould. Ridge separates shoulder (reserved) from Handleless lamps of this type include Trier nos. 654,
discus. Light buff clay, coated glossy reddish brown 698 and 712, pl. 73.
wash. N House, Room III, Deposit SI; late 2nd-early L574 (67/L136) SML 458 plate 269. D. 8.5. Much of
3rd cent A.D. shoulder and discus. Worn plaster mould. Ridge and
L566 (67/L20) SML 684 plate 269. 5.2 x 2.5. Shoulder, two grooves separate shoulder (small single outlined
discus and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp mould. tongues with darts ending in circlets) and discus
Three grooves separate shoulder (reserved) from (reserved apart from two fine ridges). Probably

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 299
without handle. (small Light

double outlined tongues)brown
and discus (reserved cla
wash. Pit, Flavian.as far as preserved). Nozzle blackened. Buff-brown
L575 (71/L187) SML 486
clay, coated plum-brown plate
wash. XI 2, late 2nd cent 26
discus and A.D. (with some 2nd/3rd cent
underbody A.D. material).
fragment.
mould. Ridge L586
and (71/L166) SML 454 plate 270. Est D. 8.0.
groove Shoulder,
separate
single outlined discustongues)
and nozzle fragment. Worn plaster and
mould; di
centre filling ridge hole, 12
separates shoulder (tongues) o'clock).
and discus (re-
Coated semi-glossy red
served). Nozzle blackened. wash.
Pink-buff clay, coated XI
3rd cent A.D. semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XII 1-2, mixed
L576 (71/L51 + 176) SML 476 Not illustrated. Est D. 8.2. 2nd-3rd cent A.D.
Two joining. Handle, shoulder, discus and wall L587 (67/L151) SML 592 plate 270. 5.0x2.0. Shoulder
fragment. Crisp mould. Two ridges, two grooves and nozzle fragment. Worn mould; on shoulder
separate shoulder (clumsy tongues) and discus (re- tongue and dart. Heart-shaped nozzle. Brown clay,
served), with large filling hole. Buff-brown clay, coated plum-red wash. VIII Pit 4, Deposit Fl,
slightly glossy plum-brown wash. SW House, Room I, Flavian.
XIII 10; late 1st cent A.D. L588 (71 /LI 72) SML 490 plate 270. 4.2 x 2.6. Shoulder,
L577 (67/L137) SML 461 plate 270. 7.4x4.0. Handle, discus and nozzle fragment. Worn plaster mould. Two
shoulder and discus fragment. Crisp plaster mould. grooves separate shoulder (small tongues) from discus
Ridge and two grooves separate shoulder (long double (fine ridge). Heart-shaped nozzle. Buff-brown clay.
outlined tongues) and discus. Red clay, coated plum- Coated patchy matt plum-red wash. XII 8, Deposit
red wash. II 4a, N House, late 2nd-early 3rd cent D5, Hadrianic.
A.D. L589 (71/L94) SML 705 plate 270. Est D. 6.8. Shoulder,
L578 (67/L141) SML 449 plate 270. 5.8x4.5. Handle, discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp plaster
shoulder, discus, underbody and base fragment. Fairly mould. Three grooves separate shoulder (reserved)
crisp mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder and discus. Filling hole at 9 o'clock suggests a relief
(double outlined medium tongues) and discus. II 7, N design in the lost part of the discus. Circlets at the
House, mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D. nozzle (blackened) root. Buff clay, fine. Coated matt
L579 (71/L189) SML 485 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Handle, plum-brown wash. XV 2 (S ext), 2nd cent A.D. lens in
shoulder, discus, underbody and base fragment. Worn later surroundings.
plaster mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder L590 (71/L248) SML 644 plate 270. D. 8.O. Shoulder,
(medium tongues) and discus. Recessed base. Light underbody and base fragment. Fairly crisp plaster
buff clay, partly coated matt plum-brown wash. XII mould. Long double outlined tongues on the shoulder.
1, mid to late 3rd cent A.D. Base enclosed by three grooves. Red clay, coated matt
L580 (67/L140) SML 450 plate 270. 7.8x6.5. Handle; red wash with black streak. XV 2, 2nd and to mid 3rd
shoulder, underbody, base fragment. Fairly crisp cent A.D.
mould. Chevrons on handle. Ridge between grooves This is probably part of a Loeschcke V with pseudo
separates shoulder (medium tongues) from discus. double volute e.g. Benghazi no. 440.
Panel on cross axis. Pink-buff clay, coated dark plum- L591 (67/L145) SML 443 plate 270. 3.3x2.4. Shoulder
red wash. Surface. Severan, and to 4th cent A.D. and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge
Broneer Type XXVII. and groove separate shoulder (medium double out-
L581 (71/L171) SML 494 plate 270. Est D. 7.5. Handle, lined tongues) and discus. Light brown clay, coated
shoulder, discus, underbody, base fragment. Very reddish brown wash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd cent
worn mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder A.D.
(medium tongues) and discus. Flat base outlined. L592 (67/L123) SML 466 plate 270. 3.8x2.3. Shoulder
Buff-brown clay, partly covered in very uneven plum- and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Long
brown wash. XII 1, mid to late 3rd cent A.D. double outlined tongues on the shoulder (upside
L582 = partofL364 (qv). down). Three ridges on the discus. Grey clay, coated
L583 (71/L197) SML 612 Not illustrated. 5.2 x 2.0. Handle drab red wash. VIII 7, ? Pit 4, later lst-early 2nd cent
and shoulder fragment. Worn mould. Two grooves on A.D.
handle. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (small L593 (67/L135) SML 459 plate 270. 4.0x2.2. Shoulder
tongues) and discus. Buff clay, fine. Coated plum-red and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge
wash. XI 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. and two grooves separate shoulder (double outlined
L584 (67/L139) SML 464 Not illustrated. 7.0 x 2.5. Shoul- tongues) and discus. Brown clay, coated red wash. N
der, discus, underbody and nozzle fragment. Fairly House, II 4, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
worn plaster mould; ridge and groove separates L594 (67/L129) SML 468 plate 270. 4.3x3.0. Handle,
shoulder (medium tongues) and discus (reserved as far shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn plaster
as preserved). Nozzle blackened. Grey clay, coated mould. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (small
matt plum wash. N House, Room IV, Phase I fill; double outlined tongues) and discus (reserved). Light
Hadrianic, and to later 2nd cent A.D. brown clay, coated dark brown wash. N House, Room
L585 (71/L181) SML 498 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, III, Deposit SI, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
discus, underbody and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp L595 (71/L179) SML 475 plate 270. 4.0x2.4. Shoulder
mould. Ridge and two fine grooves separate shoulder and underbody fragment. Crisp mould. Medium

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
300 THE LAMPS
double outlined shoulder,

tongues. discus and underbody Bufffragment. Wornclay
plum-red wash.plaster XIV mould. Ridge5, and 2 fine grooves separate
Neronian/
L596 (71/L178) SML 493
shoulder (small tongues) plate
and discus. Buff-brown clay, 27
and underbody coated semi-glossy red wash. XII 2, mixed
fragment. 2nd-early
Fairly c
outlined tongues. 3rd centBuff
A.D. clay: coated
wash. XII 6, L608 (67/L149) SML 456 plate 270. 3.2 x 1.5. Shoulder
Hadrianic.
L597 (67/L124) and
SML discus fragment.
457Rather worn plaster
plate mould. 2
and Ridge and groove separate
discus
fragment. Fairly shoulder (medium double
crisp p
and two groovesoutlinedseparate
tongues) and discus. Grey clay, coated plum-
shoulde
outlined red wash. VIII surface,
tongues) and Severan, and to 4th cent A.D.
discus (r
preserved). L609 (71/L168) SML 452
Brown plate 270. 3.6x2.6.
clay, Shoulder
coated
Unstratified. and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge
L598 (L73/L308) plate 270. 6.0x3.0. Shoulder and and groove separate shoulder (medium tongues) and
underbody fragment. Worn mould. Ridge separates discus (reserved). Buff clay, coated matt dark brown
shoulder (large double outlined tongues) from discus. wash. XII 6, Hadrianic.
Pale brown clay, fine, coated glossy dark brown wash. L610 (71/L148) SML 445 plate 270. 4.5x2.5. Shoulder
Well 12, Deposit D4, Hadrianic. and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge and groove
L599 (67/L132) SML 465 plate 270. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder separate shoulder (medium tongues) and discus. Buff-
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge brown clay. Coated in matt plum red-brown wash.
and groove separate shoulder (medium, deep tongues) XII 6, Hadrianic.
from discus, (reserved as far as preserved). Light L61 1 (71/L143) SML 444 plate 270. Est D. 10.0. Shoulder
brown clay, coated red wash. VII 1, late 2nd-early and discus fragment. Rather worn plaster mould;
3rd cent A.D. ridge and groove separate shoulder (medium double
L600 (67/L143) SML 442 plate 270. 3.5x2.4. Shoulder outlined tongues) and discus (reserved as far as
and underbody fragment. Rather worn mould. preserved). Light buff clay, fine, coated semi-glossy
Tongue and dart border fills the shoulder. Light orange brown wash. XII 6, Hadrianic.
brown clay, coated semi-glossy dark brown wash. N L612 (67/L147) SML 455 plate 270. 4.2x2.0. Shoulder,
House, Room V, final phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent discus and underbody fragment. Worn plaster mould.
A.D. Ridge and groove separate shoulder (double outlined
L601 (67/L133) SML 460 plate 270. 4.0x2.3. Shoulder tongues and darts) and discus. Grey clay - no trace of
and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Ridge and wash. VII surface, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
groove separate shoulder (small double outlined
tongues) and discus (reserved as far as preserved).
Light brown clay, coated orange-brown wash. VI 5, Globule lamps
Deposit R3, late 2nd cent A.D. L613 (71/L259) SML 211 plate 271. Est D. 7.6. Handle,
L602 (71/L182) SML 484 Not illustrated. 2.3 x 1.8. Shoul- shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster
der and discus fragment. Crisp mould. Ridge and mould. The small reserved discus is separated from the
groove separate shoulder (tongues) and discus. Buff shoulder by a succession of three ridges and grooves.
clay, coated glossy dark brown wash. House of the Five rows of globules on the shoulder. Pink-buff clay,
Diamond Frescoes, Room I; to late 2nd-early 3rd cent self-slipped surface finish. XV 7 and XII 2, mixed
A.D. 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L603 (71/L173) SML 489 plate 270. 4.8 x 1.6. Shoulder A complete Cretan globule lamp is Demeter 50, J. 48,
and underbody fragment. Very worn mould. Small pl. 30, dated by context late lst-mid 2nd cent A.D.
tongues on shoulder. Buff-brown clay, coated matt The Athenian Agora was very rich in superficially
orange wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic. similar lamps, dating from A.D. 50-200, which
L604 (71/L142) SML 447 plate 270. Est D. 9.0. Shoulder '....have a plain disk, globules all over the body, a
and discus fragment. Worn plaster mould. Ridge and rounded nozzle with volutes, and a curved ridge
faint groove separates shoulder (small tongues) and defining the underside of the nozzle' - Agora vii, 106,
discus (reserved as far as preserved). Buff clay, fine. on nos. 418-438, pl. 14. In addition these lamps have
Coated semi-glossy plum-brown wash. XII 9, Deposit an alpha in relief on the base (op. cit. 15-17). These
D5, Hadrianic. correspond to Broneer's Type XX (Corinth 70-73),
L605 (71/L170) SML 491 Not illustrated. 4.8x4.0. considered by Broneer as a bridge between the
Handle, shoulder and underbody fragment. Worn Hellenistic and Roman series. He regards them as
mould. Tongue and dart border on shoulder. Grey- Attic, and cites material from the Cave of Pan on Mt.
buff clay. Coated matt orange-brown wash. XII 10, Parnés to support his argument. No alpha globule
early 2nd cent A.D. (Hadrianic). lamp occurs in the Knossian material, which is
L606 (71/L198) SML 511 plate 270. Est D. 8.0. Shoulder, sufficiently abundant to suggest local manufacture.
underbody and base fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Some confirmation of this comes from Coldstream's
Double outlined tongues on the shoulder. Flat base statement (loc. cit.) that Demeter]. 48 is identical to a
outlined. Pink-buff clay, coated semi-glossy plum- 1960 chance find from the Knossos area inscribed
brown wash. XI, unstratified. FAMOT. Agora vii, 83, no. 124, pl. 5 is closer to our
L607 (71/L199) SML 451 plate 270. 6.0x3.3. Handle, series, with its short nozzle set well into the lamp's

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 301
shoulder, andL624 (71/L251) SML 694rows

four plate 271. Est D. over
of 7.0. glob
second half of Shoulder
the and discus
1st fragment. cent
Fairly worn mould.A.D.
nos. 890-893, pl. Ridge and25,
one groove separate
classedshoulder and discus. by
78-9, nos. 539, Filling
543,hole off centre pl. 15
towards 3 o'clock. At leasthe
four co
Tunisia. The lamp rows of globules.
type Buff-brown clay, wasrather coarse. also
the very
active Fiorenti
Coated matt plum-brown wash. XII 2, mixed 2ndus
to fa
located the early 3rd cent A.D. See L613.
in
vicinity of Rome)
Q, Group X L625 (67/L109) SML 701Loeschcke
"Late plate 271. 3.2x2.6. Handle; T
wide, globuled shoulder
shoulder", illustr
fragment. Fairly crisp mould; two grooves on
PI. 86, dated "some time
handle. At least four rows of globulesin the
on shoulder. f
century". Bailey Brown clay, coated dark
sees red wash. Fill class
this beneath N as
his Type R, 'Fat House, mixed Hellenistic-Roman. See L613.
Globule Lamps'
5th cent A.D. L626- BMC
(67/L322) ii,
SML 697 plate 271. 4.2x3.0. 377-81.
Shoulder
L614 (71/L250) andSML 696
discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould; asplate
L620 - at 2
shoulder and discus
least five rows of globules.fragment
Buff clay, coated matt
mould. Two brown wash. N House, Room
grooves on VI, Deposit D2;
handle
separated by Hadrianic, and to later 2ndand
ridge cent A.D. See L613.
two g
globules. Coated L627 (67/L334) SML
in 699 plate
matt271. 3.5x2.0. Shoulder
red w
I; early-mid 1st and discus cent
fragment. Fairly crispA.D.
mould. Ridge and See
L615 (67/L110) SML 691 plate 271. 5.2x3.0. Handle, two grooves separate discus and shoulder. At least
shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. As three rows of globules. Pink-buff clay; coated semi-
L614 (at least five rows of globules). Reddish brown glossy plum-brown wash. VII 9-14, early-mid 1st
clay, coated matt red wash. N House, Room III, cent A.D.
Deposit SI. See L613. L628 (67/L108) SML 700 plate 271. 4.2x2.4. Shoulder
L616 (67/L100) SML 685 plate 271. Est D. 5.4. Handle; and discus fragment. Worn mould. At least four rows
shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. As L614, of globules. Grey clay, no surface remains. VIII 4,
but only three rows of globules. Light brown clay, Trajanic.
coated dark brown wash. IX 2, Deposit S2, late L629 (67/L107) SML 689 plate 271. 3.8x3.1. Shoulder
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. and discus fragment. Worn mould. Ridge separates
L617 (71/L255) SML 695 plate 271. 5.2x2.8. Shoulder shoulder and discus. Five rows of globules. Grey clay;
and nozzle fragment. Worn mould. As L614, at least coated dark grey wash. VII I, late 2nd-early 3rd cent
four rows of globules. Nozzle blackened. Buff clay, A.D. See L613.
coated matt dark brown wash. XII 8, Deposit D5, L630 (67/L114) SML 692 plate 271. 3.2x2.0. Shoulder
Hadrianic. See L613. and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. Ridge
L618 (67/L333) SML 698 plate 271. 6.5 x 1.5. Shoulder separates shoulder and discus. Tongues and rows of
and nozzle fragment. Rather worn plaster mould. As circlets, simulating globules. Brown clay, dark brown
L617. Buff clay, fine. Coated, semi-glossy plum-brown matt wash. VIII 5, Severan (and to 4th cent A.D.).
wash. E House, Deposit Nl, Neronian. See L613. As Demeter 45, H. 118, pl. 26, dated 2nd cent A.D.
L619 (67/L111) SML 690 plate 271. 5.7x2.8. Shoulder, L631 (67/L106) SML 688 plate 271. 4.9x3.2. Shoulder
underbody and nozzle fragment. Worn plaster mould. and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. As
As L617 (at least three rows of globules). Brown clay, L620. At least five rows of globules. Pink-buff clay,
coated red wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. coated dark red wash. VII 2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent
L620 (67/L103) SML 217 plate 244, 271. 6.0x4.5. A.D. SeeL613.
Shoulder, discus, underbody and nozzle fragment. L632 (67/L105) SML 686 plate 271. 4.5 x 1.8. Shoulder
Fairly crisp plaster mould. Ridge and two deep fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. ? As L620. At
grooves separate shoulder and discus. Seven rows of least four rows of globules. Brown clay, coated plum
globules on the shoulder. Pink-brown clay, coated red wash. N House, above Room I; to 4th cent A.D.
L633
matt red wash. VII 3, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd (67/L102) SML 681 plate 271. 3.0x2.7. Shoulder
cent A.D. See L613. and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. As
L621 (73/L312) plate 271. 6.2 x 5.3. Shoulder and discus L624. At least three rows of globules. Brown clay,
fragment. Fairly crisp plaster mould. As L620 (threecoated reddish brown wash. VI 5, Deposit R3, late
rows of globules certain). Trace of blackening. Orange2nd cent A.D. See L613.
clay, coated dark red wash. Well 12, Deposit D4,(67/L112) SML 683 plate 271. 2.7x2.3. Handle,
L634
Hadrianic. See L613. shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould. Syntax as
L622 (67/L101) SML 682 plate 271. 6.0x6.0. Shoulder L620, but globules surrounded by a circlet. Brown clay,
and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As L621 - at coated matt brown wash. II surface, to 4th cent A.D.
least four rows of globules. Pink clay, coated dark red L635 (67/L336) SML 702 plate 271. 3.8x4.0. Shoulder,
wash. II 9, mixed Hellenistic-Roman. See L613. underbody and base fragment. Very worn mould.
L623 (67/L113) SML 693 plate 271. 5.5x5.5. Shoulder Globules apparently from ridge to edge of shoulder -
and discus fragment. Rather worn mould As L621 (at three rows survive. Base outlined. Light buff clay.
least two rows of globules). Red-buff clay, coated dark Partly coated matt plum-brown wash. IX 2, late
plum-red wash. VII 7, Hadrianic. See L613. 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. See L613.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
302 THE LAMPS
Globule lamp variants L642 (67/L152) SML 769 plate 271. 4.8x2.0. Shoulder
and discus fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Broad ridge
L636 (67/L104) SML 687 plate 271. 5.0x3.2. Shoulder
between grooves separates shoulder (double outlined
and discus section. Worn mould. Ridge on narrow
tongues) from discus. Pale yellow clay; plain surface
discus surrounds filling hole. At least five rather
finish. VII 4a, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
irregular rows of globules on the narrow shoulder.
Corinthian. Corinth 177-178, no. 463, pl. X.
Grey clay, coated glossy dark brown-black wash. V 3,
Perhaps to be restored as Agora vii, 90, no. 215, pl. 7,
N House, Room V, Deposit D2, Hadrianic and to late 1st cent A.D.
later 2nd A.D.
L643 (67/L170) SML 771 plates 244, 271. 4.5x3.0.
Warzenlampe - Italian lamp of the second half of 1st
Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn plaster
cent B.C. See BMC i, 336-339, pl. 133, with full mould. Ridge between two grooves separates shoulder
discussion, including the following statement concern-
(vine leaves and clusters) from discus (fine rays). Pale
ing distribution. "The find-spots of these lamps are yellow clay, plain surface finish. VIII - surface,
indicative of the main direction of the early Augustan Severan, and to 4th cent A.D.
export drive, to the west and the north, and to Africa, Corinthian. Rim ornament as Corinth, 80, fig. 38,
with eastward traffic rather limited". Other examples no. 19. Broneer XXVII. Corinth 189, no. 570, pl. XI
Benghazi 10, nos. 41-44, pls. 2-3, with six un- signed KaXXiaxou Agora vii, 94, no. 271 signed
catalogued examples. Bailey also cites Carthage 103, StcuktuxvoG; no. 272, signed KaXXúrrou. Also BCH 90
no. 265, pl. XXXIV. (1966) 509-10, no. 10, fig. 27. The type was common
L637 (67/L115) SML 360 plates 244, 271. 5.8x2.7. among the Corinthian imports at Benghazi - Benghazi
Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. 102-104, nos. 698-712 pl. 21 and uncatalogued pieces.
No real division between shoulder and discus. Small
Late 2nd-3rd cent A.D.
rectangular raised panel on shoulder, with two rows ofL644 (71/L211) SML 137 plates 244, 271. Est D. 10.
large, rather irregularly placed globules. Light brown Recomposed of four. Handle, shoulder, discus, and
clay, coated matt brown wash. N House, Room II; underbody fragment. Crisp plaster mould. Two
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. grooves on handle. "Channel-and-panel" shoulder.
? Broneer XXVII.
On what remains of discus one of three masks - this is
a slave. Pink buff clay, fine. Plain surface finish. XI
2-3, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Imported lamps: Corinthian and Attic Corinthian. Broneer XXVII Corinth 205, no. 702,
L638 (67/L62) SML 512 plates 244, 271. 3.8x3.0. pl. XII, signed 'Apicrrovéixou. The subject appears on
Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn plaster mould. an Italian lamp of different form, BMC ii, 335, Q,
Broad ridge between grooves separates shoulder 1326, and comment op. cit. 333. For lamps with the
(small tongues) from discus (fine rays). Clay reduced same rim-type Agora vii, nos. 223, 250, 275 and 283.
grey, fine. Plain surface finish. N House, Room IV, L645 (67/P248) SML 289 plates 244, 27 1 . 3.0 x 3.5. Discus
Phase 1 fill; Hadrianic, and to later 2nd cent A.D. fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Head of Athena
Corinthian. Corinth 188, no. 155, fig. 112, and pl. Promachos to left. Part of small filling hole off centre
XI, 556. Isthmia, no. 2781, pl. 30 (Type XXVIIa). towards 9 o'clock. Pale yellow clay; plain surface
BCH 95 (1971) 468,no. 26, fig. 26.7. Agora vii, 94, no. finish. II 2a, upper wash, to late 4th-early 5th cent
259, pl. 8 (dated first half 2nd cent A.D.). Benghazi, A.D.
104, nos. 713-714, pl. XXI. Probably Attic. Discussed Agora vii, 111-112. Ours
L639 (67/L277) SML 770 plates 244, 271. 4.5x3.0. recalls no. 653 op. cit. 112, pls. 12, 15 (dated mid 3rd
Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster cent A.D.). Several were found at Tarsus - Tarsus 1 16,
mould. As L638 except oblique impressed leaves on no. 209, pl. 102, from the Factory Deposit. Waldhauer
shoulder. Pale buff clay. Plain surface finish. N House, 61-62, no. 476 from S. Russia.
I(S) 11, mid-late 2nd cent A.D. L646 (67/P52) SML 222 plates 244, 27 1 . Est D. 8.0, H. 2.6.
Corinthian. Broneer XXVII. Corinth 187, no. 548, Shoulder, discus, underbody and base fragment. Very
fig. 110. thin walls. Fairly crisp plaster mould. Channel-and-
L640 (67/L166) SML 768 plates 244 (incomplete), 271. panel shoulder. Within the channel, petal-rosettes set
3.8 x 3.0. Shoulder and discus fragment. Worn plaster in reversing hooks with tendrils between (Perlzweig,
mould. As L638. Pale yellow clay. Plain surface finish. Agora vii, on no. 781). On the discus, (part of)
N House, Room V, Phase 1 fill. Deposit D2, Aphrodite and Three Graces (two of the three Graces,
Hadrianic and to late 2nd cent A.D. and their pedestal). Smoke blackened on fragment of
Corinthian. See L638. Mid 2nd cent A.D. nozzle. Low ring foot. Fragment of relief inscription
L641 (67/L168) SML 507 plate 271. 4.3x2.5. Shoulder on the underfoot [
and discus fragment. Worn plaster mould. Two minute white particles; plain surfac
ridges, two grooves separate shoulder (very worn cream. N House, Room II; late 2nd-e
tongues) and discus (rather coarse rays). Red clay, A.D.
plain surface finish. N House, II 6, to mid 2nd cent Attic. Broneer XXVII. Of great delicacy. The
A.D. scene consists of, left, the three Graces on a pedestal
? Origin. ? Non Cretan copy of a Corinthian with base in two degrees, top in two degrees. Centre,
original as L638 and 640. Aphrodite, frontal, right hand resting on the Graces

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 303
pedestal, head underbody

turned fragment. Worn mould.left,
Three grooves on dra
limbs. In her shoulder. Brown clay, coated
raised leftwhite slip and overlaid
hand
the ground. Tosemi-glossy
her bright right
red wash. XIII la, 2nd cent
an A.D. alta
a tree behind. The attribution by J. Perlzweig of this class to
The subject is exclusively Attic; it was apparently Ephesos, Agora vii, 5-6, seems generally accepted. See
the creation of Elpidephoros, and taken over by also Isthmia iii, 60, no. 42. Benghazi 97-8, on nos.
Eutyches. It belongs to the first (and finest) of the four 673-80. Kenchreai, 30-32, nos. 141-145.
groups of lamps into which Elpidephoros' oeuvre has L651 (67/L308) SML 765 plates 244, 274. 3.8x1.7.
been divided by Perlzweig - Agora vii, 31-32, which Shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould.
dates to the first half of the 3rd cent A.D. Perlzweig Reserved shoulder, separated from discus by grooves.
(op. cit. 1 10 on Agora no. 639) states "The only Attic Red clay, surface as L651. VII 9, to Trajanic.
cult which would suit the relief on the lamps is that of Broneer XXIV?
Demos and the Graces, whose shrine was northwest ofL652 (71/L205) SML 761 plates 244, 274. 4.0x2.4.
the Agora and with whom Aphrodite Hegemone was Shoulder, discus, underbody and nozzle fragment.
associated; the cult survived in Roman times". Rather worn plaster mould. Shoulder (reserved)
Perlzweig points out that other instances have been separated from the discus by ridge. Circlet beside the
collected by A Kubier, 'Zum Formwandel in der blackened heart-shaped nozzle. Red-brown clay,
spätantiken attischen Tonplastik', Jdl 67, (1952) surface as L650. XII 4 Pit 2, mixed 1st cent- 1st half
99-145, esp. pp. 108 and 1 16, with figs. 3-5. Add Délos 2nd cent A.D.
136, no. 4686, pl. 32, signed EAniAE<DOPOT and Broneer XXV.
Haken, 98-100, no. 102, pl. XIV, signed AE. A L653 (71/L2O7) SML 759 plates 244, 274. L. 2.3. Handle
fragment from Benghazi - Benghazi 154, no. 1 103, fig. fragment. Three grooves. Pink-buff clay, surface as
16 - preserves the full signature EAIIIAE<DOPOT. So L650. House of Diamond Frescoes, Room I; to late
does BMC Hi, Q,3270, fig. 131. 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L647 (71 /LI) SML 772 plates 244, 271. 5.0 x 4.0. Shoulder L654 (71/L208) SML 758 plate 274. 4.0 x 1.4. Shoulder
discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. Late Vogelkopf- fragment. Fairly worn mould. As L650. Fabric as
lampe, with large filling hole. Buff-cream clay; plain L650. XIV 1, Trajanic.
surface finish. XI 3-4, Trajanic-Hadrianic. L655 (71/L203) SML 763 plates 244, 274. Est D. 7.0.
Vogelkopflampen are thoroughly discussed BMC ii, Shoulder, discus, underbody and nozzle fragment.
261-267; they are no earlier than Neronian, and are Very worn mould. Ridge and groove separate
most typical of the Hadrianic-Trajanic Periods. shoulder (reserved) from discus (indecipherable re-
L648 (71/L259) SML 736 plates 244, 271. 4.7x3.8. lief). Red clay, soft. Surface as L650. XII 9, Deposit
Shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. D5, Hadrianic.
High ridge separates shoulder (reserved except for Broneer XXV.
rectangular panel) from flat reserved discus withL656 (71/L204) SML 762 plates 244, 274. 3.8x2.6.
central filling hole. The ridge continues onto the Handle, shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould.
nozzle. Red clay, hard. Smooth red surface finish. Ridge between grooves separates shoulder (reserved)
XIII 4, Hadrianic. and discus (trace of relief- ? Eros frontal). As L650.
Firmalampe of Loeschcke Type X - ? N. Italian XII 2, mixed 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Vindonissa, 256-7 Firmalampen are very fully discussed, Broneer XXV.
with earlier references, by Bailey, BMC ii, 272-286. L657 (71/L206) SML 760 plates 244, 274. 5.0x3.0.
He points to their scarcity in Greece and the Aegean - Handle, shoulder and discus fragment. Worn mould.
see Agora vii, 83, nos. 120-121, pl. 5. (Loeschcke IX) Two grooves on handle. As L650. Fabric and finish as
Corinth 184-5, nos. 526-531, pl. XI (Loeschcke IX). L650. XII 2, mixed 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
Two were found in Benghazi - Benghazi 67, nos.
453-54, pl. 13 (Loeschcke X). Late lst-2nd cent A.D.
L649 (71/L257) SML 773 plates 244, 271. Est D. 7.0. Double and single hanging lamps
Shoulder, discus, underbody and base fragment. L658 (67/P9) SML 241 plate 273. W. 9.8, L. 15.5, H. 3.9.
Fairly crisp mould. Ridge separates shoulder and Top of handle, part of discus and underbody lost.
discus; raised panel on shoulder with relief 'eyelets' at Worn mould. Oval body ending each side in rounded
either end. Underfoot outlined by two grooves. Red nozzles. The rounded shoulders continue onto each
clay, coated semi-glossy red wash. XII 10, Hadrianic nozzle bridge picked out by double parallel grooves
(early 2nd cent A.D.). which terminate in small hook volutes leaving open a
Probably part of a Firmalampe - the factory owner's narrow channel between the oval discus and the
name may well have been in relief on the lost part of nozzle bridge. Large ear lugs on the cross axis. Ring
the underfoot. Cf. the undersides of Loeschcke IX and handle with deep groove at the top of a short
X lamps from Aquileia - Buchi, Lucerne del Museo di cylindrical stem. A small filling hole either side of the
Aquileia I (1975). handle on the long axis. Base oval, slightly recessed.
Orange-buff clay. Handle, nozzles coated matt red-
dish brown wash, largely blotched dark brown.
Red-on-white lamps Underbody dabbled and dribbled. VII 1, late
L650 (71/L291) plate 244. 3.3 x 1.7. Shoulder, discus and 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
304 THE LAMPS
No obvious orange-brown matt

parallel wash. VIII 1, late 2nd-early
found for 3rd th
sian lamp. Hangingcent A.D. lamps with
probably standL668 (67/L157) SML to
close 252 platetheir
273. 6.0x6.5. Shoulder
metal
perhaps not as and nozzle fragment.
close as, Very worn
e.g. mould. Clumsier
Qedem
On metallamps,version of
M.L658 - laterCon
generation. Lighttinello
brown clay,
de Carolis, Le coated dark red wash. IX di
Lucerne 2, late 2nd-early
Bronzo 3rd cent d
Rome, 1988, A.D.
especially p. 184,
culaneum. L669 (67/L155)
Rather SML 401 plate 273. 5.2x3.7.
different Shoulder
version
82, no. 110, pl.and 5;
nozzle fragment.
CarthageFairly crisp mould. The same
157,
Waldhauer 35, asymmetry
no. in the shoulder pl.
168, terminals asXV
L660 suggests
Chy
30. the same or closely related mould. Grey clay, fine.
A single hanging lamp Agora vii 79, no. 82, Coated matt drab dark brown wash. N House, wash
attributed by Perlzweig to the Eastern Aegean area, above Room I; Severan and to 4th cent A.D. See
dated first half of the 1st cent A.D., has a similar L658.
grooved shoulder and a channel from the discus to the L670 (67/P50) SML 238 plate 272. D. 9.0, L. 10.5, H. 3.7
nozzle bridge; the handle (stump) is set at the centre of (with handle 9.4). Part of shoulder and nozzle, much
a rosette. Three pelta-shaped reliefs appear on the of underbody and base lost. Surface rubbed. Recom-
underfoot, which recalls that at least one lamp with posed of several. Crisp mould. Ridge and two grooves
this feature (Menzel 237) is signed by Gamos. The separate shoulder (reserved) from discus (reserved).
Agora lamp also has pierced ear-lugs. Grooved vertical ring handle on short cylindrical stem
L659 (67/P62) SML 239 plate 273. W. 9.7, L. 15.4, H. 3.8 rising from centre of discus. Filling hole at 6 o'clock.
(to handle top 9.7). Part of one nozzle, shoulder and Slightly concave foot outlined by a groove. Three
discus lost. Recomposed. Extremely worn mould. As impressed circlets between nozzle and discus ridge, the
L658. Buff clay, coated matt golden brown wash. VII centre one smaller than the other two. Nozzle
3. See Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. blackened. Pink-buff clay; top, handle and nozzle
L660 (67/P63) SML 240 plate 273. L. 15.1, W. 9.5, H. 3.6 coated dark red-brown matt wash. N House, II 7,
(to handle top 9.0). Parts of shoulder, lug, underbody mixed 1st cent B.C.-2nd cent A.D.
and base lost. Recomposed of several. Worn mould. Single nozzle hanging lamps are uncommon,
As L658. Nozzles blackened. Buff-brown clay. Coated perhaps through their fragility. Agora vii, 79, no. 82,
worn semi-glossy plum-red wash. N House, I 11, pl. 4 is referred to above. Add op. cit. 84, no. 139, pl. 6
mid-late 2nd cent A.D. (late 1st into 2nd cent) op. cit. 286-287 are Corinthian
L661 (67/L158) SML 738 plate 273. 6.6x2.4. Lug, imports of the first half of the 2nd cent and the 3rd
shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp mould. As cent respectively. The Athenian lamps op. cit.
L658; two circlets on the shoulder beside the lug. For 156-157, nos. 1992, 2003, 2005, 2007, pl. 32, 49, have
much of the shoulder, only one groove. Red clay, central handles, but of quite different type.
coated dark red wash. N House, Deposit R2, late 2nd L671 (67/P8) SML 237 plate 272. D. 7.8, W. (at lugs) 9.8,
cent A.D. H. 3.9, L. 9.3. Intact except for upper handle. Worn
L662 (71/L195) SML 739 plate 273. 5.0x3.0. Lug, mould. Groove and ridge separate shoulder and
shoulder and discus fragment. Rather worn mould. As discus. Double volute lugs, unpierced; ? pine cone on
L658. Buff-brown clay, coated matt plum-brown the shoulder at mid-lug. Between the nozzle and ridge
wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. antithetic long stemmed volutes with an impressed
L663 (71/L264) SML 253 plate 273. Est D. 9.0, Ext L. 7.8. circlet between. Discus reserved; filling hole at 6
Shoulder, discus and handle stump fragment. Very o'clock. Handle rises from discus centre. Orange clay.
worn mould. Little trace of shoulder grooves. As L658. Top, handle and nozzle coated matt orange-red wash.
Buff-brown clay, coated matt brown wash. XV 1, VII 1, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
upper wash to 4th cent A.D. See L670. Cf. Agora vii, 79, pl. 4.
L664 (71/L262) SML 246 plate 273. D. 7.5, Ext L. 9.8. L672 (67/L324) SML 515 plate 272. 7.0x5.5. Shoulder,
Very worn plaster mould. As L658, but a later discus and handle fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
generation. Buff clay, coated matt brown wash. XV 1, Remains of ivy leaf, grooves, bosses and circlets on the
upper wash to 4th cent A.D. shoulder. Ridges on the discus, from the centre of
L665 (71/L263) SML 247 plate 273. Est D. 7.6, Ext L. 8.0. which suspension handle rose. At least two filling
Shoulder, discus, nozzle bridge, and handle stump holes. Buff clay. Coated plum-red wash. IX 2, late
fragment. Very worn mould. As L658. Buff- brown 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
clay, coated matt red wash. XII 1, mid-late 3rd cent Probably a dilychnos. See Ivy Leaf class.
A.D. L673 (71/L266) SML 250 plate 272. H. 8.O. Handle; trace
L666 (71/L265) SML 249 plate 273. 7.5x4.8. Shoulder, of shoulder and discus. Ivy Leaf on shoulder. Buff-
discus and handle fragment. Worn mould. As L658. brown clay; coated matt plum-red wash. XIII 1, mid
Pink-buff clay, coated plum-red wash. XI 2, late to late 3rd cent A.D.
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. For other handles Corinth 282-83, nos. 1426-28,
L667 (67/L156) SML 248 plate 273. 8.0x2.6. Shoulder, 1431-32, 1434, pl. XX. Benghazi 174, no. 1254, pl.
discus and nozzle fragment. Fairly crisp mould. One XXXVIII.
circlet on shoulder. As L658. Buff clay, fine. Coated

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 305
Multiple The reflector

lamp could have been palmette, crescent or
triangular with relief design. ? Broneer XXI.
L674 (71/L50) SML 244 plate 2
L677 (71/L289) plate 272. 1 1.0 x 7.5. Reflector fragment.
W. 16.5. Handle, all of one lam
Fairly crisp mould. (Part of) acanthus leaf. Cream
another, most of nozzles los
clay, coated semi-glossy plum-red wash. XII 2, mixed
Vertical ring handle attached
lamps. Round bodied, mounted
This type of leaf reflector is relatively frequent on
nicating. Large central filling
Broneer XXI lamps, where it shares popularity with a
broad ridge. Curvilinear ornam
palmette or a vine leaf. Distinction between vine and
onto the nozzle bridges from t
acanthus leaves is not always wholly clear. BMC ii, pl.
coated glossy black wash. XI
half? 27, Q995 and pl. 32, Q, 1023 and described as 'vine
leaf is surely an acanthus, as are op. cit. 94, nos.
For a five unit lamp, with palmette handle and
382-383, and 95, no. 286. There is a heterogeneous
different relief ornament, Délos 104, no. 4450, pl.
collection of leaf-reflectors Délos 144-5, nos.
26-2nd half of the 2nd-beginning of the 1st cent B.C.
4735-4752, pls. 34-35, where 4739 perhaps stands
op. cit. 4454 has a ring handle, but only three lamps. closest to ours. The handles are dated from the 1st cent
Benghazi 7, no. 23 has seven lamps in a rectangular
A.D. A glazed lamp from Herculaneum, figured by
frame and palmette handle, second half 2nd cent-first
Loeschcke, Vindonissa 223, fig. 3, has a very naturalisti-
quarter 1st cent B.C. Undetermined source in Asia
Minor. Berlin 61/2, no. 214 is the fragment of a many
cally rendered acanthus leaf. The closest parallel,
bodied lamp within a frame, grey clay, black glaze,
however, is an ivy-leaf lamp in Herakleion (no
number), Mercando 235, pl. XXXV. 1, from the Sitia
reeded bodies. BMC ii, 251-2, Q, 112, pl. 44, five
region, preserving many of the features encountered
lamps with a ring handle, with the stamp L.CA.MSA
dated first third cent. Nb also Crowfoot, Samaria- piecemeal among the fragments described here.
Published Knossian examples include KW/51/13 no.
Sebaste III, 371, and fig. 87.8, dated 2nd-lst cent B.C.
64, BSA 66, 269 and pl. 40b - the group contained
both 1st cent B.C. material (? Augustan) and
'approximately Claudian date', and Demeter 51, J. 36,
Plastic lamp
pl. 30. The deposit contains material from the late 1st
L675 (71/L44) SML 776 plate 274. W. (ear to ear) 8.8, Ext cent B.C. to the 2nd A.D.
H. 6.4. Two non-joining (a) Handle, brow, horns, ears The prevalence of this type of reflector among Ivy
with part of underbody and base (b) part of nozzle. Leaf lamps helps to confirm their closeness to metal
Rather worn mould. Bull's head. Incision for the
prototypes.
woolly hair on the brow. Relief for the wrinkled
L678 (71/L72) SML 251 plate 272 W. 5.3, Ext H. 5.4. Part
muzzle. Palmette handle plate. Between it and the of large handle reflector. Fairly crisp mould. Appa-
horns two pierced lugs for hanging lid to cover filling rently a two-lobed leaf with vertical incisions, with a
hole. Carelessly made ring foot. Signature on under- birds head in relief at its base. Pale cream clay, coated
foot - AP. Grey clay, fine. Coated semi-glossy dark semi-glossy plum-red wash. House of Diamond Fres-
grey wash. XIV 14, Deposit A2, Augustan. coes, floor of Room III; later 2nd A.D.
BMC ii, 258, no. 1 14, pl. 47 is generally similar, A minor, but distinctive reflector type with several
without the lugs. Bailey notes op. cit. 255 that bull's variants. Corinth 75, fig. 36; pl. VII, 413, pp. 170/1,
heads are the most commonly found animal's head nos. 406-08, 413. 406 has a bird's head as op. cit. fig.
lamps. A very poor version Qedem 8, 147, no. 606. 36 shows. 413 is clearly a leaf, with the veins clearly
Waldhauer 65, nos. 509-512, pl. XLVIII are not marked. Délos, 144-145, nos. 4746-4748 are similar,
close: none has the lid-lugs. These are found on a clearly leaf-form. Agora vii, 80, no. 90, pl. 4 (mid-lst
bronze bull's head lamp with inscribed cresccntine cent A.D.) hàs a pointed two-lobed leaf with three
reflector in the Collection Froehner - Froehner, 81-82,
incised lines between the lobes (mid-lst cent A.D.).
no. 80, dated 1st cent A.D. Several clay versions were An unusual variant making an apparent trilobed leaf
found on Délos - Délos 153, nos. 4771-4776, one of
comes from the Gerasa group - Qedem 8, 95, no. 385,
which is closer to ours (lid lugs, in every case, are dated to the 2nd cent A.D. In a simpler form, op. cit.
missing). Perlzweig. Agora vii, 73, on no. 11, has 98, no. 396, described as Nabatean. Simpler still is the
collected references to other lamps with lugs (which handle of a seven-nozzle lamp, Waldhauer, 48, no.
she terms 'hinges'); there are not many. 303, pl. XXXI. Op. cit. 58, no. 444 pl. XLII shows
the leaf-form in a very simple version, with incised
veins. The leaf becomes very stylized in the Jerash no.
Elaborate handles
129 form - (¿DAP XI (1945), 21, and pl. VII. Close is
L676 (67/P121) SML 380 plate 272. 6.7x4.9. Handle, Berlin 12, no. 4, PI. 2.
shoulder and discus fragment. Fairly crisp plaster The BMC ii, 221, Q, 1050, pl. 36 is close to our
mould. Stem of handle reflector; narrow ridge handle including the bird's head. The handle is nearly
separates shoulder (reserved) from discus (what complete, and has a small spherical finial. Discussing
remains reserved). Yellow buff clay, coated in matt it, Bailey follows a suggestion of Bachofen, repeated by
blotched dark brown wash. N House, Room I; Broneer and Iliffe, that this handle form represents the
Neronian (some 2nd cent intrusions). 'external female genitalia'. He has then to go on

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
306 THE LAMPS
"...emerging from
mould. Two grooves outlinethe lower
base. On the underfoot,
duck". I suggest instead
part of an inscription the
FPO. .../.. OI. Cream-buff clay, c
head and the coated patchy matt dark
bilobe formbrown wash. VII 4, lateportr
ready to 2nd-earlyor
unfold, 3rd cent A.D.
in that half
of swans, "...neck is drawn back and elbow raised so L690 (71/L184) SML 635 plates 245, 274. 4.2x3.0.
that secondaries are arched over back..." (H.F. Underbody and base fragment. Worn mould. Base of
Witherby et. al, Handbook of British Birds III (1941) handle on underbody. On the underfoot (enclosed by
176). Bailey repeats the vulvate explanation in his fine groove) (?)AIKIOT. Pink-buff clay, partly coated
comment Benghazi 62, no. 431, pl. 12 (dated 1st cent plum-red wash. XI 1 , late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
A.D.). L691 (67/L39) SML 632 plate 274. 4.5 x 2.8. Underbody
L679 (67/L355) plate 272. 8.5 x 5.5. Handle, and root of and base fragment. Crisp mould. Recessed base
reflector. Fairly crisp mould. Light brown clay. outlined by groove. On the underfoot, FAMO(Y). Buff
Coated matt plum-red wash. VII 3. See Deposit S2, clay, coated metallic orange-brown wash. VIII 4, late
late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. lst-early 2nd A.D.
See L677. The false rivet appears in a slightly L692 (67/P1 16) SML 235 plate 274. D. 8.7. Handle, small
different position on Mercando pl. XXXV. 1. part of shoulder, much of underbody, all base. Crisp
L680 (71/L284) plate 272. 6.5 x 5.4. Part of reflector. Crisp mould. Two grooves on the handle. Oak leaves on the
mould. Part of large leaf with many veins. Plain shoulder. On the underfoot (within a groove)
headed false rivets. Light brown clay. Surface (T)AMOT. Yellow-buff clay (sandy). Handle and
reserved. XII 6, Hadrianic. See L677. shoulder coated matt orange-red wash, dabbled on
L681 (67/L345) plate 272. 6.0x4.8. Part of reflector. shoulder. N House. Deposit R2, late 2nd cent A.D.
Rather worn mould. As L677. Pink-buff clay. Coated For shoulder oak leaves, see L543 and L544.
matt red -dark brown wash. L693 (67/L359) Not illustrated. Base fragment. On the
L682 (67/L352) plate 272. 6.5 x 2.5. Part of reflector. Very underfoot (TA)MOT. Buff clay, coated glossy red
crisp mould. Light brown clay, fine, coated glossy wash. N House, Room V; Deposit D2; Hadrianic, and
dark brown wash. No find spot. See L677. to late 2nd cent A.D.
L683 (67/L292) SML 395 plate 272. 5.8x4.0. Hollow L694 (71/L271) SML 629 plate 274. D (of base) 4.0.
reflector, nearly complete. Very worn mould. Vine Underbody and base fragment. Worn mould. Planta
leaf. Buff clay, coated reddish brown. N House, Room pedis, slightly off-centre. Any inscription illegible.
IV, latest phase; late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. Grey brown clay. Coated semi-glossy plum-brown
Perhaps from a reflector as Délos 144, no. 473, pl. wash. X 2, early-mid 2nd cent A.D.
35. L695 (71/L145) SML 767 plates 245, 274. 3.8x4.0.
L684 (67/L290) SML 245 plate 272. 7.0 x 5.8. Stalk of Handle and underbody fragment. Fairly crisp mould.
handle, part of reflector, false rivet. Crisp mould. Two vertical grooves on the handle with two cross
Acanthus leaf. Buff clay, coated reddish brown wash. grooves below. On the lowest part of the handle the
N House, Room IV, Phase 1 fill; Hadrianic and to inscription ET. Light buff clay, plain surface finish.
later 2nd cent A.D. XII 2, mixed 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.
L685 (71/L286) plate 272. Est D. 6.7, Ext L. 8.5. The inscription may be completed as EYTYXEZ the
Handle/reflector, shoulder, discus and underbody lamp therefore the product of a most prolific Attic
fragment. Quite crisp mould. Three grooves on the workshop of the mid 3rd-4th cent A.D. The shop was
shoulder, part of myrtle wreath on the discus. very fully studied by Perlzweig, Agora vii, 34-38,
Reflector cresccntine. Light brown clay, coated matt where it is shown that ET was the commonest way of
dark red wash. SW House, Room I, Deposit Cl; signing (from a total often methods).
Claudian. L696 (67/L169) SML 633 plate 274. 4.3 x 3.5. Underbody
Broneer XXI. For a similar combination of reflector and base fragment. Worn mould. Base enclosed within
and wreath BMC ii, 208, Q, 1007, 1010, pl. 29. a round groove. On the underfoot inscription
L686 (67/L213) SML 373 plate 272. 6.5 x 4.8. Stem, part GriQ[....]. Buff clay, fine; streaks of dark brown wash,
of reflector and false rivet. Fairly crisp mould. Base of glossy where thick. VII 3, Deposit S2, late 2nd-early
leaf. Light brown clay, coated dark plum-red wash. 3rd cent A.D.
VII 5, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. See L677. The signature may be restored as CIIiiCIANOT, for
L687 (72/L71) Not illustrated. 3.5x2.7. Handle plate. whose work see, for instance, Corinth 3 1 1 . Cf. Agora vii,
Crude mould. Palmette. Buff clay, coated plum-red 92, 244.
wash. XIII unstratified. L697 (71/L273) SML 630 plate 274. 4.0 x 3.0. Underbody
and base fragment. Worn mould. Round base
enclosed by groove. On the underfoot, one of three
Signatures and devices raised pelta shields, and part of an illegible planta pedis
L688 6.0 x 5.5 Fragment of underbody; base. Wheelmade. stamp. Pink-buff clay. Coated matt red wash. X 1, to
Concave base. On the underside, MENEMAXOT. mid 3rd cent. See L552 for the relief pelta.
Clay reduced grey. Slightly metallic dark brown L698 (73/L306) plate 274. D. 7.4, H. 2.5. About half lamp
wash, in and out. No context. remains (if handle, lost) . Fairly crisp plaster mould
L689 (67/L307) SML 631 plates 245, 274. 5.5x6.2. (upper) worn (lower). Deep groove separates shoulder
Handle, underbody and base fragment. Rather worn (reserved) from discus (reserved). Large nozzle. On

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 307
the underfoot part

Underbody of
and base fragment. Ratherworn
worn mould. i
Dark red clay, Raised coated
base, outlined by groove. Lightly matt incised d
Well 12, Deposit D4,
petals? Circlet. Grey clay. Light Hadrian
brown surface finish,
The prominent coated plum-red
spout wash. XII 2, mixed 2nd-early 3rd
recalls i
classed as Knidian cent A.D. - Benghazi
- fabric is consistent with such a source. This recalls (but does not duplicate) Agora vii, 153,
L699 (67/P59) SML 634 plates 245, 274. 7.6 x 6.5. Handle, no. 1825, pl. 31 - '...crudely incised eight- pointed
underbody and base fragment. Composed of three. star'. This is stated to occur 43 times on bases in the
Crisp mould. Low ring foot, enclosing an underfoot Kerameikos. 1st half of the 4th cent.
L702 (67/P126) Not illustrated. 5.3 x 3.6. Filling hole cover.
with a neat incised device - a quatrefoil over an equal-
armed cross, a curve-stemmed ivy leaf either side. Rather worn mould. In the shape of a cockle-shell,
Pink-buff clay, traces of matt red wash. VII 3. See with pierced tang to hinge within lid lugs such as those
Deposit S2, late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. on L675. Grey clay, coated semi-glossy black wash. N
L700 (71/L186) SML 766 plate 274. 5.0x4.0. Handle, House, Room I, I(S) 13; Hadrianic (and some later).
shoulder, underbody and base fragment. Worn A similar lid Agora vii, 102, no. 370, pl. 1 1 is dated
mould. Chevrons on the handle. Raised base. One of 5th cent A.D. For the use of hinged lids on clay lamps,
three raised pelta shields on the underfoot. Faint trace BMC ii, 400-402 where the lids are decorated with
of an illegible inscription. Buff-brown clay, self-slipped dramatic masks. Berlin 12, no. 4, pl. 2, is a complete
light brown, with matt plum-red wash. XI 1, late lamp with tanged negro-face lid in situ, dated to the 1st
2nd-early 3rd cent A.D. half of the 1st cent B.C. Another Knossian lamp lid
See L552 for pelta underfoot. must be the slave mask RR/K/60/28, published BSA
L701 (71/L252) SML 743 plates 245, 274. 3.7x2.8. 66, 281, no. 50 and pl. 47, described as a 'pendant'.
COMMENTARY
There are three areas of particular interest in this series of roughly 2000 lam
First, the relationship between local and imported material. Second, the d
specifically Cretan series in Imperial times. Third, the chronology offered by
complex stratigraphy of the site. Something will be said of each of these in t
It must not be supposed that conditions allowed an even rate of preservatio
five centuries when the bulk of material described was produced. It is better t
element of caprice in what has been preserved than to attach undue impo
that, for instance, contexts ascribed to the 'late 2nd-early 3rd' centuries
1 1.8% of all lamps recovered, while those labelled 'Hadrianic' take another 17
Some other crude figures are striking; they may be of more real signific
catalogued lamps are of Roman mould-made types, while only 21% belon
class that is evidently of local origin - yet the Ivy Leaf class appears in ne
where the Roman lamps are found. Of 89 catalogued lamps found in Hadr
are Ivy Leaf, 76% Roman. That both were in production at this period see
preservation of complete lamps of both classes. The percentages are ver
uncatalogued material - 22% and 76% respectively. If it is recalled that, on
the Ivy Leaf class are larger than Roman lamps and that, on fracture they ar
more fragments per lamp, the difference between 19% and 22% is of no s
Though Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus was founded a few years after the
this event seems not to have had an immediate effect on the choice of la
From levels designated 'Late 1st B.C.' up to and including 'Augustan
catalogued of which 8.7% are Roman lamps - supposedly Italian imports,
XXI and XXII while 22% are Ivy Leaf lamps. The material is all very fragm
is included in the catalogue. At this stage these two classes of lamp whic

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
308 THE LAMPS
become dominant were v

lamps, local and importe
Colonia were either local
last of the series of impo
Knossos than at major m
examples occur in Augu
Benghazi (Benghazi, 6). As
in importance. No precisio
local lamp-makers busy w
while the wheelmade tra
its robustness, reflected i
knock about in constructi
The position seems alre
there is a total of only 2
one complete lamp), 42%
divide into 14% Hellen
destruction, there are 184
Ivy Leaf and 12.5% Rom
Hellenistic, 53% are Ivy
Hellenistic types are repr
Trajanic pieces, of wh
population of 45 which
33% Ivy Leaf and 60% Ro
where 347 catalogued an
19.5% Ivy Leaf and 76.3%
the later 2nd century A
and 76% are Roman. 44
Hellenistic, 25% Ivy Lea
Late 2nd-Early 3rd cent
From the admittedly very
A.D. no Hellenistic mate
The material thus scrut
Another 6.5% is accounted
the colonia, while a fur
conclusions concerning th
than 68% of the material
end of the 3rd century A.
a bracket of more than
A general view of the mo
that during the early hist
several sources competed
could be obtained. Some o
or moulded, as 64. Also in
from Eastern Aegean fact
the series so richly repr
During the same period
earliest is probably 636, a

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 309
outside Italy and the we

Hadrianic level, is the ^/
XXII, of which fragmen
lifetime of Augustus.
Contextual evidence sug
appeared almost simultan
more abundant than 'Rom
were reversed, and remai
development within the I
made from the early firs
in shape, choice of orna
complete lamps and lam
perhaps unwarranted assu
the date of the context in
suggest marked conservat
ornament. 91 belongs to
100 years later. What is m
matched by such lamps
explained as a result of th
their Roman equivalen
probable perhaps is the re
new plaster moulds. One o
2nd-early 3rd century A
If the locally made lamp
change, it is also true tha
the series (the significan
following varieties were i
deposits dated to the rei
1. Standard Ivy Leaf (warts,
2. The like, chevrons on no
3. The like, prominent nozz
4. Ivy Leaf, cross-and-circle
5. Ivy Leaf, warts, main sho
6. The like, circlets in the to
7. The like, but grooves rep
8. False volute with hatched
9. (Probably) the like, circle
In addition, from an e
identified in the catalog
Type V, a design which
notably in 'false volute'
The material attributable
that described above, but
half of the century occur
1. 92.
2. 104.
5. 205 (filler).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
310 THE LAMPS
6. 128.
7. 140.
8. 160 (though concentric circlets replace the volutes).
In addition, variations among types already encountered should perhaps be added t

series.
10. As 8, but plain shoulder (280).

11. As 8, concentric circlets on shoulder (163).
12. (Probably) as 9, spirals between circlets on the shoulder (196).
13. (Probably) as 9, double row of circlets (188).
14. Ivy Leaf (nozzle), warts, tongues above spirals on shoulder (139).
15. Ivy Leaf- tongues on shoulder, spirals at nozzle root, chevrons on nozzle (125).
The same analysis of material dated to the 1st half of the 2nd cent A.D. produces the fol
result (again, using the same numerical sequence as a framework of reference).
1. 108.
2. 107 (No leaf on the chevrons), 212 (leaf on the chevrons).
4. 167.
5. (Probably) 116.
7. 143.
8. 158 (but flange unhatched; no zig-zag).
9. 183 (above a band of hatching).
12. 200 (probably).
14. 209 (large eared).
There are some variants on standard types to be added to the series.

16. As 8, but tongues on the shoulder (118).
17. Hybrid between the main types 4 and 8 (112).
18. Basic Ivy Leaf design, eared (117).
19. Ivy Leaf, eclectic shoulder ornament of warts, tongues, spirals and circlets (136).
20. Outsize Ivy Leaf designs (684).
21. Ivy Leaf dilychnous.
Finally, a similar analysis of material datable to the second half of the 2nd cent A.D. (inc
the large amount of material ascribed to 'late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.') gives the fo
results.
1. 89.
2. 154.
3. 178.
4. 108.
5. 115.
6. 129.
7. 145.
8. 195 (zig-zag not certain).
9. (Probably) 284.
10. 194 (but volute replaced by concentric circlets).
11. 193.
12. (Probably) 201.
13. 190.
14. 131 (but circlets replace spirals).
18. 88
20. 207.
21. 211.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 311
A few additions must b

22. As 20, but a discus orna
23. Main design as 8 - circl
The analysis above is re

There are no other signi
There is no obvious chr
lamps themselves. The
while the only Ivy Lea
though the main elemen
at nozzle root appears fi
(which probably lost i
detached spiral or as a p
among a zig-zag band on
without zig-zag (e.g. th
Other evidence for da
consistent with the ev
attaches to J.W. Haye
RR/K/60 group, which
a fragment with two ro
two levels, one though
Unfortunately, material
(however probable) tha
In Deposit H at the Dem
This is of limited value
Deposit J, dated late 1s
material of standard fo
many-petalled rosette
evidence, again, is not
near the altar in a late p
Ivy Leaf lamps from Ma
lamps are included); no c
use probably extends to
Monasteriaki Kephala t
had been used for at le
second half of the 1st
deposits. The lamps fou
unpublished; one illustr
among them a dilychnos
further afield. These inc
278-279); the latter ar
excavator classed them a
set came from a tomb
the Roman structures, p
the west bank of the K
decorated with tongue

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
312 THE LAMPS
independent evidence for

mid-lst cent A.D., presum
time available. Lilian Me
suggests that the origins
firm evidence for this.
circulated is not known.
With the exception of an Ivy Leaf lamp published by Menzel said to have been found at
Miletus, Ivy Leaf lamps outside Crete are at present restricted to those reported by D.M. Bailey
from Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi, from the excavations of 1971-1975. Reference is made to 3
lamps and fragments, twelve of which are catalogued. For Bailey these are of 'Hellenistic type
but Augustan-Claudian date'. He dates to the late 1st cent B.C. - first half 1st A.D. a complete
lamp with circlets within the arms of a diagonal cross of a type close to our 171, from a
Claudian deposit. Unfortunately none of the context dates is as early as Augustan, and it seems
that Bailey's early date depends rather on analogy. Bailey also publishes six lamps which he has
identified as locally made copies of Cretan Ivy Leaf lamps, dating them on style to the first half
or middle years of the 1st cent A.D., though context dates, where recorded, are much later.
Although none of our catalogued material comes from an Augustan context, nearly 30
uncatalogued fragments are of that date, and confirm Bailey's estimate for the imported
material at Benghazi. At the other end of the circulation a fixed point, independent of context
must be provided by the outsize 208 with the signature of the Gamos factory which was
probably not in production before the 2nd cent A.D. The presence of complete or nearly
complete ivy leaf lamps in late 2nd-early 3rd cent levels, (e.g. 88), including some outsize
specimens (208, 207, 211) suggests production continued at least until the later 2nd cent A.D.
In sum, the UM evidence, while giving more substance to the chronology of the locally made
Roman lamps of Crete, does not offer a clearer picture of this very distinctive material. Much
more precision is needed to date the beginnings and end of the class, while the apparent lack of
recognizable change and development limits the usefulness of this material as a chronological
indicator.
Reference is made elsewhere to the changing proportions of lamps in the local tradition and
lamps in the 'Roman' (Italian) tradition, showing the slow start made by Roman lamps which
were well outnumbered by local varieties almost throughout the first century A.D., yet reversed
this trend throughout the rest of the history of the site. 76% of the lamps reported from the
Hadrianic levels (a population of nearly 350) were Roman, 21% of material from Flavian
levels (where the population was only 21), followed by the 54.6% in Neronian levels (with a
rather more reliable population 64) . Notice that the distinction between 'local' and 'Roman' is
drawn between types of lamp, not necessarily of origin. Many of the 'Roman' lamps are likely
to have been made in Crete. The interest of the contrasting proportions of the two chief
categories of lamp of the Roman period lies in the remarkable success of the local designs
during the first century, to be followed by their replacement by lamps of types familiar all over
the East Mediterranean, and closely akin to use in Italy and the Western Roman world.
The success of the local, Ivy Leaf, class could be said to have been at the expense of the well
known early Imperial types Broneer XXI, XXII, XXIII and XXIV (Loeschke III, I, IV and
V, Bailey D, A, B and C respectively). The material in Augustan and Tiberian levels is very
scrappy, but includes a few fragments of Broneer XXI, XXII and/or XXIII lamps. Material
from levels dating from the early to the mid-lst cent A.D., including Claudian, is more
abundant and, though the majority is scrappy, a few lamps are complete, or nearly so,
including the Broneer XXIV 292. Rather surprisingly this material includes 314, a Broneer

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 313
XXV with heart-shaped

become dominant durin
examples of a type that
thereafter. Among Roman
site (254). There are seve
In the Flavian levels, and
Broneer XXV s form a cle
lamps. The Trajanic mat
many Broneer XXV's, on
Type G, which he dates
There are nearly 100 c
scrappy. Two nearly com
Loeschcke II 253 are surv
Other residual early lam
nearly complete dilychno
an illegible inscription.
seem likely to be locally m
include a Firmalampe 648,
and 640. There are four g
be found below.
The small quantity of Trajanic-Hadrianic material is scrappy; it includes the only
Vogelkopflampe (647) and three Broneer XXV or XXVII (328, 464, 497).
Over 30 lamps are from contexts described variously as 'mid-late 2nd cent A.D.', 'late 2nd
cent A.D.', 'second half of the 2nd cent A.D.'. Among the catalogued items there is no residual
material. Of four nearly complete lamps, three are Broneer XXV (440, 484-485), the fourth a
suspension dilychnos (660). A large fragment (692) is signed [FJAMOY. 639 is an obvious
Corinthian import.
More than 100 lamps were found in contexts dated 'late 2nd-early 3rd cent A.D.'. Thes
include substantial fragments of a Broneer XXI dilychnos, with plain discus (279) and the rather
debased Broneer XXIII 288. None of the three signed lamps is of FAMOT. 642 and 644 are
probably Corinthian; 646 is certainly Attic. There are seven globule lamps. The six hangin
lamps include the complete dilychnoi 658 and 659. The overwhelming majority of the remainder
are Broneer XXV, with a much smaller number of Broneer XXVII. The same genera
impression comes from the uncatalogued material from these contexts; four fragments of
Broneer XXI-XXIV must be residual.
Late contexts with a very wide chronological range ('mixed 2nd and to early 3rd'; 't
cent') are too broad for their contents to be of particular significance.
Local manufacture of Roman lamps

The history of the Ivy Leaf class at Knossos, and the wider distribution in Crete and elsew
makes it almost certain that this large and, in detail, very varied class was produced in Cr
and had a very limited circulation outside the island. Only one maker's name has
recorded - FAMOT. This maker was already known by numerous signatures found at K
and elsewhere in Crete as the maker of standard Roman lamps with decorated discuses. Sev
lamps with his signature have been reported from Benghazi {Benghazi'» 183), on lam
considered by Bailey to be Cyrenaican; Bailey supposes this maker to be a local man, '...of t

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
314 THE LAMPS
second century A.D., perh

have been located either
common in both region
provisionally be treated
we shall return.
The FAMOT signature appears on lamps belonging to series which are otherwise very well
represented in Crete, vizi-
Artemis Laphria (300-302) Mercando, on her nos. 11 and 12.
Dionysus head (323-325) - unpublished, Knossos, Villa Dionysos.
Eros with Herakles Club (312, 315?, 316) Menzel no. 316.
Erotes wrestling (318, signed) HM 9710.
Lovemaking (woman and animal) (346, 361) Villa Dionysos, unpublished - very worn, but probable.
Rosettes, 14-petalled (484-486, 487?) Knossos, Villa Dionysos no. 48. Unpublished.
Lilian Mercando suggested other series might belong to the FAMOT shop, viz:-
Craters with vine leaves/clusters (274, 440-443). HM 6276, 6277.
Peacock, displayed (428-430) HM 9258.
As it chances, there are no FAMOT signatures for the series most frequently represented among
our Knossos material, for which it is tempting (on numbers alone) to suggest a local origin.
These series are:-
Aktaeon, death of (10 examples).

Eagle and wreath (15 examples).
Rosettes, 22-petalled (11 examples, plus two uncertain).
Wreath and Slave mask ( 1 7 examples, plus one uncertain) .
With the exception of the rosette, these are series better represented in Crete than anywhere
else.
There are other series, not so well represented which are still frequent enough to suggest a
local origin; in several cases these series are also represented at Benghazi.
Cocks (400, 432-437 - 7 examples. Benghazi 954, 955).
Gladiator - hoplomachos ("341-345 - 6 examples, of a late type of gladiator) .
Gladiator - thrax (347-349? - 2 certain, one doubtful examples. Benghazi 937).
Herakles and the Nemean Lion (330 - one example. Benghazi 1061-1062).
Kybele (299 - one example).
Lion, séjant, rampant (390 - one example).
Lion, couchant (with calf s head) (391-392, 393? - two certain, one doubtful. Benghazi 956-957).
Sarapis (294-295 - two examples. Benghazi, 918).
Sphinx, frontal (335 - one example. Benghazi, 881).
So far, the evidence of workshop signature and of series that are well represented at Knossos on
its own, or Knossos combined with the rest of Crete, has been considered. Can we go any
further, and point to a distinctive fabric, which will make discrimination easier? If we accept
208, the outsize Ivy Leaf lamp signed TAMOT, as the best candidate for local manufacture, we
have a fine, compact, 'buff clay, without grit, evenly fired only fairly hard. The coating is a
metallic brown wash, adhering badly, dripped and dabbled on the sides. Of the other FAMOT
signatures (318, 691-693), the clay is buff, or yellow-buff, the surface coating varies from matt
to glossy, and from red-brown, to orange-brown, to dark red. If we look at the technique of the
most prolific series, the Wreath-and-Mask (454-471) we find a clay that is basically buff in
colour (sometimes reduced grey, sometimes with pink or orange tones), usually of fine quality,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 315
not fired very hard, wi

colour varying conside
brown, red to plum-r
similar, though it inclu
glossy, sometimes met
colour. Such technique d
somewhat thicker than the 'Roman' series.
The UM lamp imports are distinctive enough to leave no doubt that they differ in technique
from the material discussed above. Clear cases (we are speaking now only oí fabric) include the
Firmalampe 648, the Vogelkopflampe 647, the Corinthian lamps 638-644, the Attic lamps 645-64
and the Red-on-White 650-657. Fabric distinctions are more difficult to draw between what
seems likely to be Cretan (if not, indeed, Knossian) and what was imported among the earlier
material: while it seems very probable that the Broneer XXI-XXIV material must largely be
imported, and imported from Italy at that, there is not the same clear division between th
fabric of the imported lamps and local productions.
If we recall the manner in which the Ivy Leaf lamps quickly became the most popular type
during the 1st cent A.D., holding that ascendancy until the end of the century, and only losing it
in the Trajanic period, we may suggest a pattern of local production in the 1st cent A.D. chiefly
of Ivy Leaf lamps, with lamps of Roman type largely consisting of imports, perhaps direct from
Italy. Though production of Ivy Leaf lamps continued during the 2nd cent A.D. the local
factories now began to make 'Roman' lamps which became the most popular type, an
remained in this position until the end of the site's history. This is substantiated by the dates of
the contexts in which the lamps, believed to be locally made in Crete, listed above, were found.
The list contains more than 100 examples. None comes from a context earlier than Trajan,
25% were found in Hadrianic contexts, 51% in the late 2nd or late 2nd-early 3rd cent. Of the
five FAMOY signatures, one is from a Hadrianic and later context, one late 2nd cent, two late
2nd/early 3rd, and the last is unstratified.
52 Roman lamps come from reasonably closely dated deposits within the 1st cent A.D., nine
of which are certainly of Broneer XXV type, another three possibly so. There is remarkably
little duplication of series, and what there is attaches fairly obviously to imported material, (e.g,
the fine rays on lamps of Broneer XXI-II as 257, 258, 256, 270). It seems likely (though no
certain) that all these are imported lamps. It is of interest that the choice of subject is largely
different from the series that we have seen to be typical of the 2nd century.
Other lamps suggest themselves as local products, partly because of their contextual dates,
partly because of unusual shape. The twelve complete or fragmentary hanging lamps with
nozzle at either end (658-669) are very close indeed to each other and have no obviou
parallels outside Crete. They do not occur earlier than the second half of the 2nd cent A.D
Probably the hanging lamps with single nozzle are also locally made - the Ivy leaf version
illustrated by 672 and 673 must be local, and they are likely to take 670 and 671 with them. All
four pieces come from late contexts.
D. Bailey, as we have seen, was inclined to assign the workshop to Cyrenaica, in view of the
Benghazi evidence, whereby there are several FAMOT signatures on lamps whose fabric he
considered local. Among the Benghazi lamps was as we have seen a number of Ivy lea
examples - a total of 34 lamps and fragments, catalogued under his c. 7-18, which he identified
as Cretan in origin [Benghazi 4-5, with pl. 1). He has also isolated six other fragments,
Cl 10-1 15 [Benghazi 22, pls. 6-7) which he suggests should be Cyrenaican imitations of the
Cretan Ivy Leaf class. This suggests the possibility, at least, that there could be an overlap o

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
316 THE LAMPS
the 'Roman' lamp types p

might have operated, say,
series which were definite
head, and Eros with Hera
wrestling Erotes, woman a
series which seem likely to
Benghazi:-
Aktaeon, death of (Benghazi 960).
Cocks (Benghazi 954, 955).
Craters (Benghazi 992) .
Eagle and Wreath (Benghazi 967-969).
Gladiator - thrax (Benghazi 937).
Herakles and the Nemean Lion (Benghazi 1061-1063).
Lion, (with calf head) (Benghazi 956-957).
Peacocks, displayed (Benghazi 853-858) .
Rosette, 22 petal (Benghazi 876-877).
Sarapis (Benghazi 918) .
Missing from Benghazi is the Wreath and Mask series, the Lion sejant, rampant, and the
hoplomachos Gladiator. There are many series among the local Benghazi material which have
not been found at Knossos, including a number of gladiatorial scenes, certain of the love-
making series, maenads, and scenes involving Eros.
While it is clear that there was a relationship - and a fairly close one - between the lamp
industries of Cyrenaica and Crete during the first two and a half centuries A.D., the nature of
the relationship is elusive. While, viewed from the Cretan side of the evidence, it seems more
natural to locate the workshop within Crete, it is dangerous to contradict judgements based on
such immense experience as D. Bailey's, and his view that the Benghazi FAMOT signatures are
on locally produced lamps is not lightly to be set aside. The question is one to which clay
analysis might well be able to contribute.
We may recapitulate the main features of the market in lamps at Knossos. During the late
Hellenistic period both local Cretan wheelmade lamps of plain design and foreign mould-made
lamps, particularly from Knidos and Ephesos, were available. The foreign lamps may have
given rise to the unassuming local mould-made series whose most distinctive feature was the
pair of warts or small bosses at the junction of nozzle and body (62). Variants had a similar pair
of warts/bosses close to the handle, and small groups of vertical, parallel incised grooves on the
shoulder. Lamps of this type, and, even more, the plain wheelmade lamps, last on into the early
Imperial period, certainly after the founding of the colony. For how long they continued to be
manufactured, as opposed to remaining in use, or present in quantities in surface rubbish, is
unknown - they never entirely disappeared as survival material. In the Augustan period, by a
process which is not illustrated in the UM material, the Ivy Leaf class of mould made lamp
comes into existence, quite probably on the heels of the local mouldmade lamps with warts and
grooves. As we have seen, D.M. Bailey describes the class as '... of Hellenistic type, but
Augustan-Claudian date', and we should doubtless seek the decorative elements among
Hellenistic predecessors. Perhaps the actual ivy leaf which gives the class its name may owe
something to the leaves on Knidian lamps, which are also picked out with warts/bosses. But
more than one influence can be detected if the full range of ornament is considered; the warts
and grooves probably are a local feature. The volutes of 159 and 161 may well reflect influence
from the (Italian) Roman series, which is also very clear in the design of such large dilychnoi as

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 317
TABLE 1
Summary of occurrences of major lamp-types in fourteen period-contexts. The totals include

catalogued and uncatalogued material, but each of the fourteen period includes ten or more
catalogued pieces.
Period-Context Total No. of H'istic Ivy-Leaf Roman

Lamps % % %
1st B.C. - 2nd A.D. 33 72 12 15

1st A.D. 29 27.5 41 31
Augustan 88 55.6 27 12.5
Claudian 58 36.2 43 20
Neronian 64 1.5 54.6 42
Flavian 21 - 57 42
Trajanic 89 4.5 37 58
Hadrianic 347 1.8 21 76
Hadrianic to later 2nd A.D. 38 13 13 73
Late 2nd 44 13.5 25 61
Late 2nd/Early 3rd 219 3.2 32.4 64.3
Severan to 4th 14 14 - 85
Mixed 2nd (and to early 3rd) 139 1.4 17.9 80
To 4th A.D. 11 - 18 81
210. Closer analysis of the

with the availability of t
earlier) saw the arrival of
least, could have come fro
view of the preponderan
possible that such lamps
Dr. Perlzweig's remarks
where she proposed Corint
suggested by Broneer {Ago
different type of lamp. Th
case of converting 'from t
in Crete the lamp maker
At this point it should
neighbouring regions. Wh
were of 'Roman' type, wit
In Athens, Perlzweig expla
1st cent A.D. To some ext
numbers during the seco
Cretan Ivy Leaf phenomen
the ascendant (though th
series). Again, there is litt
many more Broneer XXI-
lamps of Broneer XXV. Fin
anywhere else, the resemb
A.D. where in Cyrenaica
mould-made in type and

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
318 THE LAMPS
In Crete, the second cen

rapid ascendancy of lo
FAMOY workshop. Man
elsewhere, though there
This situation no dou
neighbouring regions, in
small numbers. The link
when signed products of
be more in common bet
Roman world.
It should be reiterated that these observations are based on a limited amount of material,
from one site only in Crete (even though corroboration has come from a few other Cretan find
spots). The position will be clearer when the Idaean Cave lamps have been studied and
published, and when the evidence of other Roman towns in Crete can be taken into account.
Because of these limiting factors I have made no attempt to localize a centre of lamp
production anywhere in Crete. While it is possible that lamps were made at Knossos, there is no
evidence of kilns, moulds or wasters to support such a hypothesis.
Lamps
Abbreviations and select Bibliography
Agora iv: Howland, R.H., The Athenian Agora iv: Greek Lamps and their survivals Princeton, 1958.
Agora vii: Perlzweier, T., The Athenian Agora vii: Lamas of the Roman Period Princeton, 1961.
Apostolakou B. 'Lychni 'Kritikou Typou" in Eilapini, Volume in honour of Nikolaos Platon, Herakleion, 1987,
35-44.
Argos: Bovon, A., Lampes d' Argos, Paris, 1966.
Bailey D.M., Lamps in the Victoria and Albert Museum in Op. Ath. vi, 1965, 1-83.
Benghazi: Bailey, D.M., The Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice) iii.2 The Lamps Tripoli, 1985.
Berlin: Heres, G., Die punischen und griechischen Tonlampen der staatlichen Museen zu Berlin Berlin, 1969.
BMC i: Bailey, D.M., Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum I Greek, Hellenistic and Early Roman Pottery Lamps
London, 1975.
BMC ii: Bailey, D.M., Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum II Roman Lamps made in Italy London, 1980.
BMC iii: Bailey, D.M., A Catalogue of the Lamps in the British Museum III Roman Provincial Lamps London, 1988.
Carthage: Deneauve, T., Lampes de Carthage Paris, 1969.
Chybre : Oziol, Th., Salamine de Chybre VII Les Lambes de Musée de Chybre Paris, 1977.
*S M. ' ' mS M. M - ' -*
Corinth:
Délos: Br
Demeter:
Haken: H
lsthmia: B
Kenchreai
Menzel: M
Mercand
Ontano: H
Qedem: R
Salamine:
Schäfer: S
Tarsus: G
Trier: Go
VAM: Victoria and Albert Museum
Vindonissa: Loeschcke, S., Lampen aus Vindonissa Zurich, 1919.
Waldhauer: Waldhauer, O., Kaiserliche Ermitage. Die antiken Tonlampen St. Petersburg, 1914.
Walters BMC: Walters, H.B., Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum London, 1914.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 319
APPENDIX I
Index of Discus Types

Aktaeon, death of 303-309, 310?, 311, Jupiter and the Eagle 336, 338
411 Kybele 299
378
Altar (and frontal human) Lions 390-392, 393?
Animals, undefined 275, 394, 396, 399, Lion, Nemean and 330
405, 407, 408, 410, Herakles
411 bis Lovers 273?, 284?, 354-360,
Artemis Laphria 300-302 362?, 363?, 364-366,
646
Aphrodite and the Graces 366 bis
Athena 297, 645 Lovers, woman and equid 361, 361bis
Athena Promachos 298 Maenads 380?, 381, 382?
Bird on Bough 438, 439, 512? Masks, dramatic 644
Bulls 397-398 Masks, satyric 326, 331-332
Cavalryman 272 Nike 388?, 389?
Chariots 402, 404 Odysseus, escaping 340, 349
Cocks 400, 432-437 Orpheus 368
Craters with vine- 274, 440-443 Pan 322
leaves/clusters Peacocks, displayed 428-430
Dionysos head 323-325 Peacock, folded tail 449
Dolphins 292, 375, 412, 413?, Pectén shells 449

413 bis Rays 254-259; 270;
Eagle 376? 638-641, 643
Eagle and Wreath 414-427, 427 bis Rosettes, 4-petalled, 2 495, 502?
Eros and Boat 313-314, 510? lobed
Eros and Dolphin 317 + 375 Rosettes, 8-petalled 452, 490-494
Eros and Herakles Club 312, 315?, 316 Rosettes, 1 4-petalled 484-486, 487?
Eros playing Pipe 320 Rosettes, 16-petalled 478, 488, 498
Eros, Hippocamp and 319 Rosettes, 22-petalled 472-476, 477?,
Scallop 479-481, 482?, 483,
Erotes, wrestling 318 489, 497
Gladiators 277, 341-345, 346, Rosettes, many-petalled 260, 262, 269, 496
347-351, 352? Sarapis 294-295
Gladiator and Animal 353, 353 bis Scallops 280, 282, 499-501
Goat (from larger scene) 369 Slave and Pig 373
Goddess 377, 383? Sphinxes 333-335
Gorgoneion 327 Stags 395, 453?
Gryphon 337 Vase and Spray 444
Hadrian, portrait of 296 Wreath, Myrtle 283, 446-448
Harpokrates 321 Wreath, Oak 450-451
Hare 406 Wreath and Mask 454-462, 463?,
Herakles and the Lernaean 339 464-471
Hydra Zeus Ammon 328, 329?
Herakles and the Nemean 330 Unidentified 278, 288-290, 293,
Lion 379, 384, 386, 445,
Horses 401, 403? 504,506-509,511,
Hound (with boar) 367 513-531, 531 bis, 531
Hound (from larger scene) 505 ter, 655-656
Human Figures (undefined)276, 370-373, 374,
385, 387

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
320 THE LAMPS
APPENDIX TWO
Roman Lamps from Pre-Trajanic Levels

276 Broneer XXIII-IV
Augustan and to mid- ?Maenad
lst cent A.D.
278 ?Nike/Eagle
257 » XXI-II Fine Rays
Tiberian 269 Broneer XXI-XXIV Rosette
264 » XXI-II
268 » XXIII
Early-Mid 1st A.D. 536 ? Wreath on rim

272 Broneer XXII-III Cavalryman
258 » XXII Fine Rays
314 » XXV Eros in boat
Mid-lst A.D. 286 Broneer XXIII

271 » XXII-IV Leaf on shoulder
274 Crater and vine-spray
256 » XXI-II Fine Rays
260 » XXIII Rosette
To mid-lst A.D. 267 Broneer XXII-III
Claudian 281 Broneer XXII-III

685 » XXI Myrtle Wreath
292 » XXIV Dolphin
Neronian 490 Broneer XXV 8-Petalled Rosette
539 » ? Wreath: Rosette (8)
538 » ? Wreath: (Shoulder)
270 » XXI Fine Rays
282Ì VVTTT XXU1
Scallop
501/ VVTTT XXU1
254 Loeschcke II Fine Rays
277 Broneer XXII-IV Gladiator
291 » XXIV
337 » ? Gryphon
261 » XXII-III Rosette
329 » XXV
293 » XXIV
354 » XXIII-IV Lovers
510 » XXV Eros in Boat
478 Rosette (16)
479 » XXV? Rosette (?22)
676 » XXI
559 » ? Plain
Neronian/Flavian 413 Broneer XXII-IV Dolphin

595 » XXV?
448 » XXIII-IV Myrtle Wreath
573 » XXV Plain
(Mid 1st) to Flavian 285 Broneer XXIII

Later 1st cent A.D. 576 Broneer XXV Plain
Flavian 398 Broneer ? Bull

451 » XXV? Oak Wreath

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE LAMPS 321
553 Loeschcke V? Volute

283 Broneer XXIII Myrtle Wreath
574 » XXV Plain
587 Plain
Mid-Late 1st A.D. 284 Broneer XXIII Lovers
To Trajanic 357 Broneer ? Lovers

651 Broneer ? Red-on-White
APPENDIX THREE
Roman Discus Types, probably of Cretan origin, with context

Aktaeon, death 303
of ? Eagle and Wreath (cont.)
425 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
304 Mixed 2nd and early 3rd 426 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
305 Hadrianic 427 ?
306 Hadrianic 428 Early/Mid-2nd
307 Later 2nd
Eros and Herakles Club 312 Hadrianic
308 Later 2nd
315? Late 2nd
310 To Severan 316 Mixed 2nd/Early 3rd
3 1 1 Hadrianic Erotes Wrestling 318 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
300 PLater 2nd
Artemis Laphria Gladiator, hoplomachos 341 Hadrianic +
301 PLater 2nd 342 2nd
302 Later 2nd/3rd 343 To mid-2nd
344 Hadrianic
Cocks 400 Hadrianic
432 Trajanic + Gladiator, thrax 347 Hadrianic
433 Late 2nd 348 Trajanic +
434 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 349? Hadrianic
435 Late 2nd/Early 3rd Herakles and Nemean 330 Unstratified
436 Late 2nd/Early 3rd Lion
Graters with vine 440 Late 2nd Kybele 299 Unstratified
sprays 441 Late 2nd/Early 3rd Lion, séjant, rampant 390 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
442 Hadrianic
Lion, couchant 391 Hadrianic
443 Mixed
392 Unstratified
Dionysos Head 323 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
Lovers (woman and 346 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
324 PLate 2nd/Early 3rd
equid)
325 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 361 Mixed lst-2nd
Eagle and Wreath 414 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
Peacocks, displayed 428 Hadrianic
415 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 429 Mixed
416 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 430 PLate 2nd
417 Hadrianic
418 Late 2nd/Early 3rd Rosettes, 14-petalled 484 Mid-Late 2nd
419 Hadrianic 485 Late 2nd
420 Mixed 486 Unstratified
421 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 487? Late 2nd/Early 3rd
423 Hadrianic + Rosettes, 22-petalled 472 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
473 Hadrianic
424 Hadrianic

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
322 THE LAMPS
474 Late 2nd/Early22-petalled

Rosettes, 3rd 458 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
Wreath and Mask (cont.)
(cont.) 475 Mixed 2nd + 459 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
476 Hadrianic 460 Late 2nd
477? Hadrianic 461 Not dated
480 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 462 Unstratified
481 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 463 Hadrianic
482 To 4th 464 Hadrianic
483 Trajanic? 465 Hadrianic +
489 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 466 Early/Mid 2nd
497 Hadrianic 467 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
Sarapis 294 Mid/Late 2nd
295 Late 2nd
470 Mixed 2nd +
Sphinx, frontal 335 To 4th 471 To 4th
Wreath and Mask 454 Late 2nd/Early 3rd TAMOT signatures 208 Late 2nd/Early 3rd
455 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 691 Unstratified
456 Hadrianic + 692 Late 2nd
457 Late 2nd/Early 3rd 693 Hadrianic +
APPENDIX FOUR
Index of Greek Inscriptions

AP L62
TAMOT L208, 318, 691, 692, 693
rPO[.../..]OI L689
AIKIOT L690
...]AOT L61
[
L646
(E)ou8Y)cpópou)
ET
(EuTux-fc) L695
MENEMAXOT L688
nA[
L698
cnû[....
(27T(0(Tl.aVoO) L696
TOS L65
Illegible L280, 282, 444

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Section 8
The Coins
(PLATES 275-277)
M. JESSOP PRICE
Coins may often be dated with accuracy, but many bronze coinages of the Hellenistic per
lack concrete evidence on which to build a firm chronology. It is imperative that
publications of properly conducted excavations should take every opportunity to record
evidence of context for coins, as for all other artefacts, so that in the future reinspection of
bronze coinage such as that of Knossos should result in far greater precision than is at presen
possible. In the meantime Anne Jackson (née Chapman) l has provided the foundation
which future studies will be built, and, with the general works of Svoronos and Le Rider,2 m
coinages found in these excavations fit into a well established overall pattern.
This listing presents the material in a chronological and geographical arrangemen
beginning with the coins of Knossos of the Hellenistic period. The serial number
accompanied in brackets by the provisional catalogue number given to the coins on their entr
to Herakleion Museum. In addition, the trench, level and deposit number, and, wh
significant, the date of the deposit, allow cross-reference to the discussion of other material
found with the coins. The maximum diameter is given in millimetres, and, when clear, the ax
of obverse to reverse is given in degrees, starting with 0° at the vertical and moving clockwi
Coins illustrated on plates 275 to 277 are marked with an asterisk. Since the coins are normall
in a rather corroded condition, the weights have been omitted, and the reading of individual
inscriptions has only occasionally been deemed relevant.
While archaeologists may view coins as a preliminary guide to the chronology of their leve
the numismatist seeks to place the coins in an accurate relative sequence, and to allocate to th
sequence accurate absolute dates. Only then may the coins be used to throw light on the histo
of their area of origin. The evidence here presented is but a small fraction of the total pictur
but as excavations proceed the number of useful contexts will grow until a much closer datin
of the varieties will be possible.
The range of coinages from the Unexplored Mansion is very much as may be expected now
at Knossos.3 Most coins of the Hellenistic period come from Crete, but there are occasio
pieces from the Péloponnèse, the Aegean islands, Asia Minor, Africa, and Rome. From the mi
2nd century A.D. Roman coin officially replaces the local issues. Despite the poor condition of
many pieces some attribution has normally been possible through identification of traces
design or through the fabric of the coin.
There are two main areas of interest which need to be underlined here:
323

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
324 THE COINS
Countermarks
The countermarks on n
has been suggested4 tha
an authorization to allow
little unlikely. It is how
reestablishment of Cre
letters presumably hid
continued circulation o
Another countermark
although the designs are
of the types of nos. 68-
reading that is rather u
the same, but the LICV
third countermark on the British Museum coin. Another related countermark on a coin from
the Sanctuary of Demeter at Knossos6 was published as LICVS. There is no sign of the S on no.
170. All these countermarks, however, proclaim their Latin origin, and the second
countermark on no. 170, IVL, was almost certainly applied at the time of the foundation of the
Colonia Iulia at Knossos. This group of coins, some, if not all, struck in the later 30's B.C.,
confirms Sanders' view that the colony was not founded at Knossos at the time of Octavian's
grant of land at Knossos to Capua in 36 B.C., but later, in the early principate,7 and that the
plough/labyrinth issues, one of which (Svoronos 185) names Augustus, should be viewed as the
foundation issues of the colony. All these countermarks should be added to Howgego's recent
study of countermarks under the empire.8
Halved coins
This phenomenon has been noted9 in the other half of the Roman province, Cyrenaica, and the
three examples published here provide an interesting parallel. One of the pieces (no. 103) is
certainly a Roman republican as, but with details illegible. The second (no. 104) is probably
the same, but the third (no. 192) is an issue of the imperial period. The head of the emperor is
clear. The reverse is illegible, but the issue may be of the duoviral coinages of Knossos. The
fabric would suggest local rather than imperial manufacture. The presence in these excavations
of halved Roman republican and locally issued early imperial coins is an exact parallel to
Buttrey's findings in Cyrenaica.
THE HELLENISTIC COINAGES
JSJNUööUO
c. 320-300 B.C.
6 (15) XI 16, A2. 12mm. 0° Corroded
7 (5) I/V Wall 'b'. 11mm. 20°
Obv. head of Apollo laureate r. [KNQ] 8 (2) III(E) on floor vi. C2? 11mm. 200°
Rev. head of Artemis r. [KNQ]. Jackson i or iii
9 (6) V(N) 2, S2. 10mm. 160° Corroded
1 (8) V(S) 4B, classical pit, disturbed, 10mm. 10* (3) VI 3A. 9mm. 45°
0°
2 (10) Well 14 10; H 12. Hellenistic to 3rd cent. Obv. head of Zeus laureate r.
B.C. 11mm. 200° Rev. head of Artemis r. Jackson v or vi
3 (9) iii 10 (below V) 10mm. 225° 11* (13) I (S) 31, H9; late 4th - early 3rd cent.
4 (1) I(S) 21A. 9mm. 315° B.C. 13mm. 180°
5 (4) I(S) 20pitix. 10mm 315° 12 (11) I(N) 22. 14mm. 45°

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE COINS 325
13 (12) VIII 1. 13mm. 0° 32 (34) XIV 9; B2, 28mm. Obv. uncertain

14 (7) VII 1. 7mm. Corroded 33 (33) XIII 7, 1st. cent. A.D. 24mm. Obv.
uncertain
Obv. head of Zeus laureate r.
34 (35) XII 14, T4. 24mm. Obv. uncertain
Rev. head of Apollo laureate r. Jackson viii (var.)
15* (14) XI Wall 'df ; T4. 12mm. 0° Early 2nd cent. B.C.
The details of different issues observed by Mrs. Jackson
Rev. labyrinth. Jackson xxxi
in the earliest coins of Knossos, from specimens in
35* (46) Well 14, 5; H 12. Hellenistic to 3rd
museum collections, are not often visible on these
century B.C., possibly intrusive. 22mm.
excavation coins. In this first series it is normally 0°. This coin is of a much later date than
possible to decide which design was placed on the the other material retrieved from this
punch (reverse) die, but details of the heads are often well.
vague. No. 15 clearly has the obverse and reverse
36 (45) XIII(N) 29; H32. 23mm. 0°
designs transposed and was not so recorded previously.
In addition to the above there was found another coin 37 (40) VII(W) 9B, Nl. 21mm. 0°
38 (73) XIII 17B, N2. 26mm. 180°
of similar types but so corroded that it is not possible to
39 (39) V(N) 3, Dl. 23mm. 0°
decide to which of the first eleven varieties recorded by
40 (25) XV 1, late 2nd to early 3rd cent. A.D.
Mrs. Jackson it should belong. 25mm. 45°
16 (16) XIII 36, A2. 12mm. Corroded 41 (31) II 1. 23mm. 0°
Early 3rd cent. B.C. 42 (41) II 2. 23mm. 0°
Obv. head of Hera r. 43 (42) IX 1. 21mm. 0°
Rev. square labyrinth. Jackson xx or xxi Obv. Europa 1. on bull; below, dolphin 1.
17 (21) XI Wall 'es'. 15mm. 0° Rev. labyrinth. Jackson xxxii
Obv. head of Apollo laureate 1. 44 (27) XII 19; H25 late 2nd to early 1st cent.
B.C. 20mm. 45°
Rev. square labyrinth [KNQ]. Jackson p. 288
18 (17) I(S) 21, Hellenistic to late 2nd or early 45 (26) XII 19; H25 late 2nd to early 1st cent.
1st cent. B.C. 14mm. 270° B.C. 18mm. 0°
19* (19) VIII 29. 12mm. 180° 46 (28) XII 19; H25 late 2nd to early 1st cent.
B.C. 18mm 0°
20 (20) VII Wall 'az'. 13mm. 180°
21 (18) VII Wall 't'; R3. 12mm. 270° 47* (23) XII 2. 20mm. 180°
48* (24) X 3. 20mm. 0°
Late 3rd cent. B.C.
Obv. head of Zeus laureate 1. Later 2nd cent. B.C.
Rev. labyrinth [KNQZIQN. Jackson xxiii
22* (38) XI 30; H29. 26mm. 180° Rev. labyrinth. Jackson xxxiii
23 (36) XII Wall 'ec'/'j'; A2. 25mm. 180° 49 (53) Pit 65, late 2nd to early 1st cent. B.C.
13mm. 180°
Obv. Europa 1. on bull; below two dolphins 50 (54) III floor vi (5), early to mid. 1st cent.
Rev. labyrinth KNQZIQN. Jackson xxiii B.C. 12mm. Obv. illegible
24* (22) VIII 27; T4. 20mm. 0° 51 (44) XII 18, 1st cent. B.C. 14mm. 0°
Obv. star on shield 52 (57) XIII/XIV blk. 28; A2. 14mm. 180°
Rev. labyrinth [KNQ]. Jackson xxv 53 (48) VII(W) 15; C2. 16mm. Obv. illegible
25 (210) XIII 28c, Hellenistic. 10mm. 54 (43) I(N) 12; N3. 17mm. 45°
26 (58) XI Wall 'er' foundation; related to H30. 55 (51) II 7. 14mm. 0°
12mm. 56 (49) II 7. 13mm. 180°
27* (29) XIII 38, Al. 13mm. 57 (50) VIII 4; Tl. 11mm. corroded
58 (113) Well 12, 59, D4. 15mm. corroded
Obv. head of Zeus larueate 1.
59* (56) XII 9, D5. 15mm. 0°
Rev. labyrinth; above, star; below KN. Jackson xxvii
60 (55) III wall T foundation 14mm. Obv.
28* (37) XII 29. 26mm. 180° illegible
29 (30) I(S) 15, N3. 23mm. 0° 61 (76) III 10; R3. 15mm. 0°
Obv. head of Zeus laureate 1. 62 (47) VII 1. 13mm. 180°
Rev. labyrinth. Jackson xxii or xxvi 63 (52) II. 11mm. Obv. illegible
30 (32) III(E), below floor vii. 22mm. 90° The following two coins display traces of labyrinth on
31 (202) XIII 19c pit 4; C2, 22mm. 0° the reverse, but the obverses are completely illegible

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
326 THE COINS
and the Kydasc. 37/6-31

coins B.C.
corroded. 3rd
64 (74) XIII/XIV Blk.; A2. 14mm Obv. head of Zeus laureate r., below r., thunderbolt
65 (75) Well 12, 36; D4. 16mm Rev. eagle r.; KTAAS
73 (61)1 (N) 1 5, H35. 26mm. 0°. Obv. below, A
Under Roman Rule 45-40 B.C. 74* (69) XI 17, A2. 27mm. 0°. Obv. below, A
Obv. bust of Artemis r. 75 (63) V3, D2. 25mm. 0°. Obv. below, A?
Rev. winged caduceus; KNQZIQN. Chapman JVC 196876* (64) VII S Blk. 26mm. 0°. Obv. below, B
pl. V.6 77 (65) Surface. 27mm. 0°. Obv. below, B?
66 (60) XI 19, A2. 13mm. 0° 78* (62) III 7, R3?. 27mm. 0°. Obv.
67* (59) VII(E), Nl. 14mm. 0° Countermark, 'Jp
Mnesitheos c. 40 B.C.
79 (67) XI 19, A2. 26mm. 0°
80 (70) XIII 35 (Sxt) floor 3, A2. 25mm. 180°
Rev. eagle r.; between legs 0. Below r., monogram
81* (71) XV 9A, F2. 27mm. 180°. Obv.
MM; KNQ2IQN. Chapman pl. VI.3 var.
68* (66) XIII 20, B2. 26mm. 0° Countermark, £K
Obv. bust of Artemis r.
Provincial issues
Rev. crossed bow and quiver; [KNQ2IQN]. Chapman
L. Lollius 39 B.C. or Later
pl. VI.6
69 (184) Well 12, 60, D4. 20mm 0° Obv. head of Artemis r., bow and quiver at shoulder;
to r., r
Tharsydikas c. 39-35 B.C. Rev. stag r.; L. LOLLIVS. Semisses. Chapman pl. V.5
Obv. head of Artemis r.
82* (137) VI/VIII, T4. 26mm. 0°
Rev. quiver; below r., A; BAPSYAIKAS 83* (139) XI 16-19, A2. 28mm. 0°. Rev. below,
70* (72) XI 19, A2. 19mm. 180° IT
Tauriadas c. 39-35 B.C.

Obv. club; L. LOLLIVS
Rev. A in wreath. Quadrans. Chapman pl. V.8
Rev. eagle r. TATPIAAA 84 (138) XI 12, C2. 16mm. 0°
71* (68) XIV 25 (Sxt), A2. 25mm. 0°
Crassus 37/6 B.C.
Countermark, %flç% Obv. head of Apollo laureate r.
72* (90) VII Wall V, T4. 23mm. 0°. Rev. Rev. fasces; CRA. Semis JVC 1968, pl. VI.4
between legs, F (magistrate's name 85* (140) XI 19, A2. 18mm. 0°
uncertain)
The important issues of Knossos and the Cretan koinon in the late Republican period have
recently been discussed by Crawford, Buttrey, and myself. l ° There is general agreement that
the issues of Lollius (nos. 82-84) preceded those of Crassus (no. 85), and two overstrikes by
Kydas (as nos. 73-81) upon coins of Crassus prove that some at least of the Greek coinage of
Kydas was later than some or all of the Latin issue of Crassus.1 x The crocodile on the coins of
Crassus must postdate, as Chapman stated, the donation of some of Crete to Egypt in 37/6 B.C.
This reptile was sufficiently symbolic of Egypt to be used on the Roman coins celebrating the
defeat of Cleopatra. The Cretan issue cannot be as late as 31 B.C., but must reflect particularly
close affiliation to Egypt. In Cyrenaica, where there is a parallel issue for Crassus, Buttrey has
shown that between the issue of Crassus and that of Antony and Cleopatra in 31 B.C. there
must be time for the issue of A. Pupius Rufus, but his inclination to therefore place the Crassus
coinage before 37 B.C. seems misplaced.1 2 The eagle of the Knossian coinage must also, in the
30's B.C., have recalled the eagle that is ubiquitous on Ptolemaic coinage, and there seems to be
no inherent difficulty in placing the Crassus issue in 37/6 B.C., that of Lollius in the year or two
before that, and the coinages of Knossos as nos. 68-81 contemporary with these Latin issues
and continuing after them to 31 B.C.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE COINS 327
It is interesting to note
fractions after the first
two issues in the name
the coinage of Lollius, an
in much larger numbers
the issue of Kydas may
play a provincial rather t
though most certainly
cistophorus issue of the
by the same person, th
bronzes. The fact that
friend of Antony16 m
coincidence of two peopl
the same time becomes o
possibly the only, mint
known as kosmos and cr
The bronze coinage of K
the cistophorus, and bo
There are small issues
Antony most probably c
continued circulation i
coinages such as nos. 126
that provides the bulk o
OTHER HELLENISTIC COINAGES

OLOUS, CRETE 2nd cent. B.C.
Obv. head r.
CHERSONESUS, CRETE 2nd - 1st cent. B.C.
Obv. head of Athena r.
Rev. jfa' Cf. Svoronos pl. XXII.30
Rev. prow r. Cf. Svoronos pl. IV. 10
86* (77) XII 22, Cl. 15mm. 270° 91* (80) II 7. 10mm. 0°
CYDONIA, CRETE 4th cent. B.C. ARGOS, PELOPONNESE, imitation
Obv. tortoise Obv. forepart of wolf 1.
Rev. skew incuse square. AR drachma. Cf. JVC 1928Rev. A. AE core of a plated AR hemidrachm.
pl. IX.11-12 92* (82) Well 14; H12, early 3rd cent. B.C.
87* (78) Well I; H14. About 2.10 gm. 13mm. 90° 13mm. 90°
The attribution is a little uncertain due to the corroded
GORTYNA, CRETE 220-200 B.C.
Obv. Zeus laureate r. nature of the coin. The types are known in Crete for
Rev. Europa on bull r. Cf. JVC 1971, 44.g pl. 14.2Lyttus (JVC 1949, 94.71), but the style of engraving, so
88* (79) I(N)1. 16mm. 0° far as it can be discerned, and the size of flan, favour an
89 (225) Surface 13mm. 0° imitation of Argive silver.
LISUS, CRETE 3rd - 2nd cent. B.C. TEGEA, PELOPONNESE Late 4th cent. B.C.
Obv. Athena in Attic crested helmet
Obv. caps of the Dioscuri
Rev. quiver and bow. Cf. Svoronos pl. XX. 37 Rev. cock r. to 1., star
90* (96) XII 3. 12mm. 0° 93* (83) Pit 1, H28 to mid 2nd cent. B.C.
Although the types correspond to the Svoronos varietyMELOS
quoted, the style and fabric are quite different, andObv. quince
this would seem to be an earlier issue, hitherto Rev. kantharos
unpublished. 94* (84) VII (w) 3; Nl. 10mm. 0°

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
328 THE COINS
EPHESUS, IONIA Mid 1st cent. B.C. 12mm. Obv. head r. Rev. tripod or
Obv. (Artemis) trident.
Rev. torch and two stags; KQK02. Cf. NC 1880 p. 160

Uncertain types, probably of Hellenistic date, all very
95* (85) XIII 15, N2. 18mm. corroded.
RHODES Late 4th cent. B.C. 109 (100) III below wall T. Hellenistic. 14mm.
Obv. female head r. 110 (101) I(S) 13, R2. 21mm. Obv. head of Zeus
Rev. rose; PO r.
96 (87) I(S)8. S2. 9mm. 0° 111 (102) I(S) 29. 5th cent. B.C. 10mm.
97 (88) XII 19, H25. Late 2nd/early 1st cent. 112 (103) Well I & H14. Late 3rd cent. B.C.
B.C. 12mm.
4th - 3rd cent. B.C.

113 (104) XIII 17A, N2. 20mm.
114 (105) XI 13, C2. 13mm.
Obv. facing head of Apollo
Rev. rose. AR. hemidrachm
115 (106) XII 14, T4. 15mm.
116 (107) XV Wall 'ek' (phase I) Room II.
98* (86) XI 5. 16mm. 0° 12mm.
Late 2nd cent. B.C. 117 (110) Pit 3, H17. 16mm.
Obv. Apollo radiate r. 118 (186) XIII 28. Hellenistic 17mm.
119 (109) XII wall 'ec'/'j'. A2. 16mm.
Rev. rose; NIKH<D0P02, PO; all in incuse square. AR
drachma 120 (108) XII wall 'da' lower courses.
99* (89) XI 17, A2. 14mm. 0° 121 (111) VI wall V late 1 st/early 2nd cent. A.D.
12mm.
EGYPT
122 (112) Well 12 60, D4. 14mm.
Ptolemy II 285-246 B.C. 123 (209) XIII 11mm.
124 (199) VIII 32 below Wall 'ac' 4th./3rd. cent.
Rev. eagle 1. wings open B.C. 8mm.
125 (207) XII 20, H25. 15mm. 0°. Obv. head r.
100* (91) VII 10, T4. 16mm. 0° Corroded. Cf. Rev. head? r.
Svoronos Ptolemies 453
101 (92) XIV 1 . 26mm. 0°. Cf. Svoronos Ptolemies
550. IMPERIAL PERIOD
CNOSSUS
CYRENE 4th cent. B.C.
Augustus
Obv. head r.
Obv. head r.
rev. silphium AR Rev. head r. Cf. Svoronos 181
102 (93) VII 1. 15mm. 90° Corroded. 126* (114) XIII(S) 36, A2. 19mm. 0°
ROME 1st cent. B.C. 127 (119) XIV 21, F2. 30mm. 0°
Obv. head of Janus Obv. head of Augustus r. CIN
Rev. prow r. Halved asses Rev. labyrinth; C Petronio M Antonio Ilvir ex DD.
103* (94) XII 6, D6. 28mm. Rev. Only traces Cf.
of Svoronos 188.
prow visible. 128* (117) XI 14, A2. 21mm. 180°
104* (202) XIII 17c, N2. 29mm. As last. 129 (116) XI 14, A2. 18mm. 180°
Coins of uncertain attribution of the Hellenistic 130 (118) II 9, D6. 18mm. 180°
period. 131 (115) X5, pit 3. 2nd cent. A.D. variety as
Svoronos 189.
105 (95) XII 14, T4. 17mm. Obv. laureate head
(Zeus?) r. Rev. illegible. Obv. head of Augustus r.
106* (97) VII Wall V, T4. 13mm. Obv. head r. Rev. heads of Gaius and Lucius. Cf. Svoronos 192
Rev. star between rays of which letters
132 (120) II. 20mm. 180°
ONA. This may be a variety of the 133 (121) V(S) 3, D2. 20mm. 180°
Knossian issue Jackson xvi, but there is
134 (122) X 10 pit 4, C2. 20mm. 180°
no trace of this linear square on the
reverse. The obverse style is distinctively Tiberius Caesar
Cretan, c. 300 B.C. Obv. head of Tiberius r.
107* (98) I(S) 16, C2. 20mm. Obv. Apollo laure- Rev. stag r. ]ter. Cf. Svoronos pl. VIII. 10, M. Grant
ate r. Rev. ram? r. FITA pp. 262-3
108* (99) Pit 65. Late 2nd to early 1st cent. B.C. 135* (124) XIV 22, C2. 16mm. 0°

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE COINS 329
Tiberius 150 (176) VIII 1, late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D.

Augustus
Obv. head of 23mm.
Tiberius 1. Ti C
Rev. Fusco et 151 (177) V Wall 'j', F2. 21mm. Ilvir.
Maximo Cf.
Principate of 152Tiberius
(178) VII 1, late 2nd/early 3rd cent.
(New A.D. Y
136* (123) IX 21mm. T4.
4, 18mm. 2
This is certainly an issue o
For other duoviral issues m
attributed, KOINON OF CRETE R.
see Ashton
40-43 and BSA 70, 1975, 7-9. Domitian
Obv. head of Domitian laureate r.
Caligula
Rev. Caduceus between crossed cornucopiae. Cf.
Obv. head of Caligula r. Svoronos 53-4
Rev. head of Germanicus r. Cf. Svoronos 202-6
153 (143) surface. 28mm. 180°
137 (125) VIII 4 pit 2, Tl. 19mm. 0°
138 (126) XIII 2, late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D. Obv. head of Domitian r.
20mm 190° Obv. C Caesar. Rev. ]Pulc[ Rev. altar. Cf. Svoronos 62
Aug Germanic 154 (141) VI Wall V, T3. 18mm. 135°. Obv.
139* (127) XI 1, late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D. AOMET[ ]KAISAP
Obv. ]sar Aug Germ. Rev. ]no Pulchro 155* (142) VIII 4 pit 2, Tl. 16mm. 0°
Obv. head r. ]s Drusus Hadrian
Rev. head r. Caesar Obv. Hadrian r.
140* (128) VII 5, S2. 15mm. 0° Rev. female standing 1. Cf. Svoronos 104
Obv. head 1. 156 (146) VII 4, late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D.
Rev. head 1. 23mm. 135°
141* (208) XIV below floor III. 20mm. 0° Obv. Hadrian r.

142 (135) VII 5, S2. 18mm. 0° Rev. River god 1. Cf. Svoronos 103
The group 140-142 are certainly of early imperial157 (149) II 2. 24mm. 180°
date, and would seem to belong to the time of Obv. Hadrian r.
Caligula. No. 140 is apparently unpublished. Rev. Artemis r. Cf. Svoronos 1 1 2
Claudius 158 (148) II(E) 9. 15mm. 180°
Obv. head of Claudius 1.
Obv. Hadrian r.
Rev. head of Messalina r. Cf. Svoronos 2 1 2-4
Rev. Altar; KK. Cf. Svoronos 120-2
143* (130) IX 18, C2. 20mm. 180°. Obv.
159 (144) II(E) 9, D6. 13mm. 180°
TiClaudiusCaesarAugGermanic [
160 (145) XII 2, late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D.
144 (131) I(S) wall 'ac' mid lst/early 2nd cent. 15mm. 315°
A.D. 21mm. 0°
Obv. Hadrian r.
Obv. head of Augustus radiate 1. Rev. uncertain
Rev. Nike 1. ]ne Iter IIvi[. Cf. Svoronos 215
161 (150) VII 2, S2. 22mm.
145* (132) X 10 pit 4, C2. 24mm. 180°
162 (151) Surface 21mm.
Nero
Obv. Hadrian ?
Obv. head of Nero r.
Rev. uncertain
Rev. heads of Nero, surmounted by a star, and
163 (147) North House, Room VII. Bevelled flan.
Octavia, with crescent. Cf. Svoronos 217
Possibly of Alexandria.
146* (133) VII Baulk below wall 't', Nl. 25mm.
180° 164 (181) 1X2, S2. 23mm.
165 (182) V3, Dl. 26mm.
Obv. head of Nero r. 166 (183) III 2, SI. 24mm.
Rev. head of Claudius r. Cf. Svoronos 2/6
Antoninus Pius
147* (134) VII(W) 16, Nl. 22mm. 180°. Nero
Obv. head of Antoninus Pius r.
ClauCaesA uglmp Lupin Voluminio Ilvir
Rev. hoplite r. Cf. Svoronos 129
Uncertain early imperial, probably Cnossus 167 (152) III(E) 9 floor IV, D6. 15mm. 180°
148 (136) II 7, 1st cent. A.D. 18mm. 0° 168 (153) XI 2, late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D.
149 (175) II 4A late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D. 16mm. 180°
23mm. 0°

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
330 THE COINS
CORINTH 181 (169) VI wall of cess pit (C2). 15mm. 0°.

Time of Augustus Gloria Exercitus, one standard. Mint
Obv. head r. uncertain.
Rev. L Heio Pol/lione iter/et Mussio Pr/isco 1 1 vir Constantine II A.D. 330-335
169* (81) unstratified 22mm. 135° 182 (167) SA 1. 17mm. 0°. Gloria Exercitus, two
standards. SMNF. Nicomedia mint.
Early Roman period
Obv. and Rev. uncertain. LRBC US.
Obv. countermark with inscription IVL in rectangle

Constans
Rev. countermark with inscription LIC-V in rectangle
183* (168) SA 1. 17mm. 0° Two victories holding
170* (218) Well 12 63, D4. For discussion, see wreath. Cf. LRBC 860. Mint uncertain.
above. This could be the Knossian issue A.D. 330-335
as 73-81 above.
184 (172) XIII 1. 20mm. 0°. Gloria Exercitus, two
standards SMTSA. Mint of Thessalo-
ROME nica. LRBC 837.
Hadrian
Obv. ? Hadrian r. Constantius II A.D. 337-339
Rev. Fortuna 1. with rudder and cornucopia 185 (171) Surface. 15mm. 180°. Gloria Exercitus,
171 (154) III 4, D3. sestertius 33mm. 180° one standard. SMKS. Mint of Cyzicus.
Cf. LRBC 1274-8.
Obv. Hadrian r. A.D. 341-346
Rev. illegible 186 (165) II Surface. 15mm. 180°. votxx multxxx?
172 (155) I(N) 7, S2. 26mm. dupondius or as. Mint uncertain.
Antoninus Pius A.D. 346-351
Obv. Antoninus Pius 187 (173) XI 2, (late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D.)
Rev. Spes 1. SC 17mm. 135°. FelTempReparatio falling
horseman. Mint uncertain. A.D.
173 (156) II (E) 7 and 7B, R3. sestertius 31mm.
180° 351-354
188 (164) II 1A (late 3rd cent. A.D.) 16mm. 180°.
Obv. head of Antoninus Pius. Antoninus Aug Pius PP As last. Thessalonica mint. cf. LRBC
Rev. Ceres with cornears. SC Tr Pot Cos II 1673.
174 (157) III 1, SI. sestertius 32mm. 180° 189 (163) I S. ext. surface. 19mm. 135°. As last.
Thessalonica mint. Cf. LRBC 1675.
Obv. as last Aug Pius
A.D. 355-361
Rev. Ceres standing
175 (158) II 7 mixed, sestertius 32mm. 180° 190 (170) X 1 (late 2nd/early 3rd cent. A.D.)
21mm. 0°. As last. Mint illegible. Cf.
Obv. Head of Antonius Pius radiate r. LRBC 2037.
Rev. female standing 1. 191 (166) II surface. 14mm. 180°. As last. Mint
176 (159) XI 3, D6. 20mm. dupondius illegible. Cf. LRBC 2052.
Diva Faustina
Obv. Faustina ]a Faus[ Uncertain of the Roman period
Rev. veiled female standing 1. holding sceptre 192 (185) V E4. Disturbed classical pit. Purposely
halved. Possibly an issue of the duoviri
177 (160) Surface. Sestertius.
at Knossos.
Lucilia
Obv. Illegible
Rev. female seated 1. 193 (200) V 109(82) E of Wall 'bk'. Class/Hell.
12mm.
178* (161) IV(S) 2, S2. As. 22mm. 315°
194 (191) V(N) 4 Hellenistic to 1st cent. B.C.
Gallienus
10mm.
Obv. head of Gallienus radiate r. Gallienus Aug 195 (188) VIII 28, Bl. 12mm.
Rev. Pax Aug 196 (205) XIII 35, B2. 15mm.
179* (162) I surface. Antoninianus 197 (194) I(S) 16-22, C2. 12mm.
Constantine I A.D. 318 198 (206) XI(blk xiii/xiv) 2492, C2.
180 (174) XIII 29 (3 Sext), S2. 19mm. 180°. Soli 199 (197) VIII 4 pit 3, Tl. 14mm.
Invicto Corniti. Cf. RIC VII. 136. 200 (201) XI 8, T4. 10mm.
A.D. 335-337 201 (193) II Sblk 9, T4. 12mm.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
THE COINS 331
202 (198) III 2, SI.

206 (189) XIII 1. Late 22mm.
2nd/early 3rd A.D. 15mm.
203 (187) V(N) 3, D2. 15mm. 207 (190) XIII 29 (3 S. ext.) Late 2nd/early 3rd
204 (192) V2, S2. 16mm. cent. A.D. 15mm.
205 (196) VII 3 A pit 1. Late 2nd/early 3rd cent. 208 (195) II 8, R3. 10mm.
A.D. 24mm. 209 (204) XV 1 (S. ext.). 19mm.

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Section 9
Roman Plaster Sculptures

(PLATES 278-293, FIGURE 8)
G. B. WAYWELL
Page
Context of Finds 333
Catalogue 335
Discussion 340
Material 340
Technique 341
Painting 341
Typology and Style 342
Comparative material and dating 344
Conclusion 347
Appendix 349
Sculptures from the Villa Dionysos 349
CONTEXT OF FINDS
The fragments of Roman plaster sculptures which are the subject of

discovered in the destruction fill of the House of the Diamond Frescoes dur
1971 and 1977. 2 They are the remnants of two separate but contemp
belonging to different rooms of the house.
The larger, and by far the more important, deposit is the collection of fr
cast, life-size plaster heads and busts, Catalogue nos. 1-35, which were f
present writer in the south-west corner of Room III. They lay on the small
which had been left intact by Evans, smashed into small pieces by falling d
the destruction. This debris consisted of building stones fallen from the
plaster and cornices, and roof-tiles. Also found associated with them were s
and a number of sherds, only two of which provide complete profiles (U105
plate 163 no. 8). The walls of this room had been decorated with wall-plaster
slabs, well-preserved sections of which were still in place in the south-w
where the fragments of heads lay (for a detailed description see above, S
The other miscellaneous fragments, Catalogue nos. 36-40, apparently from
or figurines rather than busts, came to light during the 1977 excavat
333

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334 ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES
fig. 8 Roman portrait in plaster sculpture (P

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ROMAN PLASTER SCULPTURES 335
immediately to the south of Room III. They

defined clay floor, in association with many
plaster moulding (Section 1, and plate 34).
adhered to the western wall, were of the sam
III of this house, although with a few differ
IV are meagre compared with those of Room
in some respects their different techniqu
deposit, and not a spill-over from the adjace
course of his excavations which removed the
IV, came across many more fragments of th
nor preserved them.
The fragments were stored in the Stratigra
discovery until 1982, when they were tran
CATALOGUE
with prominent cheek-bones, bulbous receding
Fragments of heads and busts forehead, hooked nose, wide crooked mouth,
PI Bearded male portrait head. 71/PH 1. plates
and marked Adam's apple. Ears are flapping
278-80, 287. figure 8. Max. H. 30, Max. W. and set low in relation to facial features. Close-
20.5, Max. D. 21.5. H. of head, chin to crown cropped beard, moustache and eyebrows are
22.5. H. from chin to mouth 5, from mouth to indicated by dashes in the plaster. Hair more
nose 2.4, from nostrils to bridge of nose 6, from plastically rendered in long, spiky locks with
nose to hairline 4.5, from hairline to crown 4.6. tousled arrangement, and unruly fringe across
W. of face at eyes originally c. 15. W. of mouth, forehead. Close-set eyes have the moulded
as preserved, 5; originally c. 6. W. of left eye 3.5. equivalent of incised iris and hollowed-out
H. of right ear 6.8. Diam. of neck 1 1.4. Lifesize. pupil, with gaze uplifted. The thin closed lips
Missing: right corner of mouth, right cheek, and a marked vertical ridge in front of the left
right temple, and hair on upper right side of ear suggest this portrait was remodelled from a
head; left temple and hair on left side of head death mask, reworked areas being the hair,
above ear; most of back of head and neck; lower beard, moustache, back and sides of head, and
edge of neck on all sides. Some of the right eye is the opened eyes.
likely to remain in a separate fragment, but it Arch. Reports 18 (1971-2) 21; AR 19 (1972-73)
cannot be fitted because of warping in the 70-71 fig. 34; Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April
plaster of the eye socket (see plate 287 for a 1979) 26-27.
view of it resting in position). A few small P2 Lower part of female face. 7 1 /PH 2. plates 280,
fragments of hair also survive which cannot be 287. Put together from several fragments pre-
fitted in place. serving most of the front of the face from the
Gypsum plaster cast in two layers: an outer chin to the top of the eyes. It is possible that the
layer of fine, white plaster 5mm. thick at the left eye may not belong to this head.
right cheek; and within this an inner layer of H. 15.5, W. 13, D. 13.6. H. from chin to lips
coarser plaster, varying in thickness and very 4.3, lips to nostrils 2.2, nostrils to bridge of nose
roughly applied so that large lumps remain in (estimated) 5.8. W. of right eye 3.3; W. of left
places. Nose solid cast. Specimen thicknesses of eye, as preserved, 2.9. W. of mouth 4.2. Lifesize.
plaster (two layers together): L. side of neck Gypsum plaster cast in two layers. Outer
1.85; left cheekbone 9mm.; hair at left upper layer of fine quality with greyish tinge, c. 5mm.
back of head 1.4; neck behind and below left ear thick. Inner layer of coarser white plaster, quite
2.4. neatly applied and smoothly finished on the
Surface unpainted. Traces of red on left side inside, in contrast to head 1, above. Sample
of neck probably come from contact in the earth thicknesses (two layers together): lower left jaw
with fallen painted wall-plaster. 1.6; left cheekbone 1; left cheek 7mm. No paint
The features appear to be strongly realistic is preserved.

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The features of the face are rounded and iris nor pupil is indicated, and the upper and
fleshy, the chin slight and somewhat receding. lower lids are equally prominent and are
Mouth partly open with full lower lip. Eyes marked by deep, vertical incisions like that of
have oval, incised irises and hollowed pupils set bronzework.
close to upper lids, to give an uplifted gaze A fragment with long, flowing locks of hair,
turned slightly to the figure's right. Tearduct of below no. 16, may belong with this face. If so the
right eye somewhat pointed in treatment, the subject may have been Medusa.
general impression is of a matronly figure. P5 Nose. 71/PH 5. plates 281, 288. H. 6.1, W. 3.8.
A number of fragments of hair and neck may D. 2.7. Lifesize.
belong with this face, but there is no join. See Solid cast like the other noses, although traces
below, nos. 7, 11-13, 20-22, 34. of the cheeks suggest the rest of the head was cast
Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 26. in two layers. A small patch of the inner layer
P2a Eyebrows, plate 280. L. 7.7, H. 3.2, Th. 1.8. which remains is fairly neat and well-smoothed
Four adjoining fragments with lightly incised (cf. heads 2 and 3).
eyebrows and a small part of the right eyelid Clear traces of paint survive. Yellow-brown
and eye. Perhaps from head 2, although there is or ochre all over the nose itself represents the
no join. If not, then from a female head of skin-tint; rose-red is found within the nostrils.
similar scale and style. From the colouring this should be part of a male
P3 Nose and right eye of female head. 71/PH 3. head.
plate 280. H. 9.5, W. 7.5, D. 4.8. H. of nose, The profile is fairly straight; certainly less
nostrils to bridge 5.5. W. of right eye 3.35. bulbous than the nose of head 1.
Lifesize. Fragment 6 and several smaller pieces may
Gypsum plaster in two layers, similar in have belonged to the same head.
colour and technique to that of head 2. Outer Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 26-27
surface very fine with greyish tinge; inner with ill.
coarser but finished inside in smooth bumps. P6 Part of neck and hair from back of head. 7 1 /PH
Sample thicknesses (two layers together): right 6. plates 281, 288. H. 6, W. 11.2, D. 6.9. Two
cheek 9mm.; forehead above eye 8mm. No paint adjoining fragments.
on surface. Plaster cast in two layers, of which the outer
The modelling is smooth and delicate, and one is very thin, only 4mm. in thickness; coarsish
the workmanship of extremely high quality. The globules of greyish plaster form the inner layer.
small nose and lightly incised eyebrow suggest Sample thicknesses (both layers): neck 1.9, left
this is from a female head. Eye beautifully side of hair 1.1. The outer surface of the neck is
rendered with ovoid iris and pupil, closer in now rather rough.
style to head 2 than to head 1. Traces of paint survive: orange-brown, or
AR 19 (1972-73) 70-71 fig. 35; Archaeology 32, ochre on the neck, and black on the hair.
2 (March-April 1979) 26 with ill. The lower edge of the neck is not broken, but
P4 Lower part of face with nose and left eye. 7 1 /PH is finished in a series of shallow steps, suggesting
4. plates 281, 288. H. 11.4, W. 8.6, D. 5.5. H. that it was fitted on to a separately worked bust.
chin to lips 4.1, lips to nostrils 1.5, nostrils to The colouring of the neck is close to that of
bridge of nose 4.6. W. of left eye 2.2. W. of the nose, fragment 5, and probably indicates
mouth 3.3. About two-thirds lifesize. that it is from the same male head. Four further
Fine outer layer of white plaster c. 3-4mm. fragments of hair exhibiting traces of black
thick; within this a thick mass of very coarse paint, and a tiny fragment of ochre-painted
plaster containing flecks of carbon. Max. total skin, may also have belonged to this head,
Th. 2.2. Below right corner of mouth is an area although there are no joins (photographed
of rusty, iron-stained plaster, H. lern., W. together with 5 and 6 in plate 288) .
3.5mm., Th. 3.5mm., which is probably a relicP7 Neck. 71/PH 7. plate 281. Reconstructed from
of the moulding operation. No paint on surface. several adjoining fragments. H. 11.5, W. 12.1,
The beardless chin and smooth features D. 15. About lifesize or slightly less.
suggest that this is a female head rather than Plaster two-layered: outer layer fine, 2-4mm.
male, but it is smaller in scale than heads 2 and thick; inner layer equally thin in places, but
3, and is worked to different proportions. The with some thicker rolls smeared round. Sample
face seems to have been rounder, chin firm and thicknesses: wall of neck 6.5mm.; underside of
projecting, lips lightly parted, nose small and chin 6mm.; base of neck 1.4cm. No traces of
straight, eye narrow and heavy-lidded. Neither paint.

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The lower edge of the neck outer

has varying in thickness from
a smooth, flat4mm. to lem.,
underside preserved, surface total thickness between
contours of 6mm.
the andskin
2.2cm. No
are delicately finished, and traces
there of paint.
is no obvious
indication of an Adam's apple, A melon coiffure sweeping
suggesting up in ridges from
rather
that this is from a femalethe forehead,It
head. traces
may of which
haveremain. The
belonged to either fragment hairstyle
2 or differs
3, toslightly
which from that
the of fragment
10, having ais
texture and working of the plaster wavy edge aroundbut
similar, the forehead,
and like
is possibly of slightly smaller that made
scale. The popular
scaleby Julia
is Domna,
except
closer to that of fragment 4, but forthere
the lack ofis
a parting.
not The segments of
the
coarse inner layer of plasterhair average 4.1cm.
found there.in width, and have ridges
P8 Fragment of neck. 7 1 /PH from moulds running
8. plate 28 1along. H.them;
6,also
W. quite a
9.5, D. 5.5. Three adjoiningfew fragments. Plaster
tiny holes from air bubbles in the casting.
has smooth outer layer, 4mm. Fragments 12, 13 and and
thick, several smaller
an pieces
inner layer of coarser plaster probablybringing
belong to the same head, which may
total
thickness to 1.4cm. go with the face, fragment 2 (cf. plate 287).
Lower part of neck, with smooth, rounded Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 26-27,
edge. Similar in style and scale to 7, but from a with ill.
different head. Fragment 9 may belong. P12 Female hair. 71/PH 12. plates 282, 287. W. 1 1,
P9 Fragment of neck. 71/PH 9. plate 281. H. 6.7, H. 13, D. 12. Reconstructed from several
W. 5.1, D. 10.4. Three adjoining fragments. adjoining fragments.
Plaster: outer layer fine, white, c. 3mm. thick; Plaster cast in two layers, total thickness
inner layer of coarser, white plaster. Total th. at varying between 5mm. and 2.3cm. Inner layer
lower edge 1.3cm. lumpy but with smooth finish. Traces of red
From the lower right side of a neck, including paint on the inside are likely to come from
part of the smoothly finished lower edge. contact in the earth with painted wall-plaster.
Perhaps from the same neck as fragment 8 (both Parts of three segments of a melon coiffure
shown in plate 281). with some of the face, including what appears to
PIO Female hair. 71/PH 10. plate 282. L. 21, H. be the end of an eyebrow. Even so it is not
1 1 .9, D. 9. Reconstructed from several adjoining absolutely clear whether this comes from a right
fragments. or a left side, but there is little doubt from the
Plaster double-layered: outer layer varies in style that it belongs to the same head as
thickness between 2mm. at bottom of grooves, fragment 11. W. of segments of hair 4.1cm.
and 7mm. at top of ridges of hair; inner layer of PI 3 Fragment of female hair and left ear. 71/PH 13.
slightly coarser plaster, but well-smoothed on plates 282, 287. H. 11.7, W. 8. Th. 4.2. Two
inside, gives total thickness varying between adjoining fragments.
6mm. and 1.2cm. Plaster two-layered, total th. from 7mm. to
A small area of smooth skin from either the 2.5cm. Inside fairly smooth with lumpy
forehead or the right side of the face is preserved. undulations.
From this the hair is pulled back in wispy waves Part of a melon coiffure passing over the left
which give way to a lateral melon coiffure ear, which is obscured except for the lobe. From
running across the back of the head. Three the same head as fragment 11 and 12.
ridges of this coiffure survive, each about There are a number of other smaller frag-
3.75cm. in width. Locks of hair are deeper on ments, likely to be from this head, which cannot
top of ridges, shallower in the hollows. Lines be adjoined (cf. plate 287).
from mould-joins also follow the segments ofPI 4 Female hair with ivy wreath. 71/PH 14. plates
hair across the head. Excellent work. This could 282, 288. H. 15, W. 10.3, D. c. 9. Reconstructed
belong with either heads 2 or 3, but perhaps from several adjoining fragments. Lifesize.
rather with head 3. Plaster cast in two layers: outer of chalky-
There are a number of smaller fragments of white consistency varying in thickness from
hair from this head which cannot be adjoined 4mm. to 1 .lem.; inner layer now mostly missing,
(some shown in plate 289a). but was up to another 8mm. in thickness, and of
Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 26-27, coarse grey plaster with small flecks of carbon
with ill. (although not as coarse as the inner layer of
PI 1 Female hair. 71/PH 11. plates 282, 287. W. 15, fragment 4).
H. 11, D. 14. Reconstructed from several Part of a ridged coiffure around which runs a
adjoining fragments. Plaster cast in two layers, wreath of ivy, of which the stem and two leaves

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
P18 Fragment
are preserved. The segments of female
of hair are hair.
less71/PH
well 18. plate 283.
rounded and flatter-surfaced than those of H. 7.3, W. 9.5, D. 2.2. Three adjoining
fragments 10-13, and the hairs rendered infragments.
more schematic fashion. Cast in two fine layers of plaster, total Th.
The subject is probably Dionysiac, and since from 6mm. to 1.25cm.
the hairstyle seems feminine one naturally Long tresses falling beside a face, evidently
thinks of a maenad, although Dionysus himself from the same head as fragment 17.
is just possible. Fragment 15 is likely to be from PI 9 Fragment of hair and forehead. 71/PH 19.
the same head, and there are also a number of plate 283. H. 10.5, W. 5.5, Th. 3.
smaller pieces of hair (plate 289, centre, Cast in two layers of fine plaster, total th.
bottom row). varying from 1 to 1.6cm.
P15 Hair with ivy wreath. 71/PH 15. plates 283, Long locks of hair curling beside part of a
288. H. 13.3, W. 13, D. 3.5. Reconstructed from face. Traces of a parting suggest it comes from
several fragments. the upper part of the forehead. Stylistically the
Plaster cast in two distinct layers, the outer hair is similar to that of fragments 17 and 18,
one of chalky white consistency, the inner of and this may well be from the same head.
coarse grey, carbon-flecked, plaster; total th. P20 Bun of hair. 71/PH 20. plate 283. L. 9.5, H. 6,
varies between 1.2 and 2.4cm. Cf. inner layer of D. 10.3. Two adjoining fragments.
no. 4. Cast in two layers: outer fine and only 3mm.
From the style of the hair, the consistency of th.; inner smooth, but of variable thickness; total
the plaster, and the presence of the ivy wreath, th. ranges from 6mm. to 2.7cm. where bun
of which the stem and a single leaf are preserved, adjoined head.
there is little doubt that this belongs to the same Half of a bun of hair from the back of a female
head as fragment 14. Whether from the front or head, made up of three spiralling plaits. Cf.
back ofthat head, however, is hard to say. Here fragments 21, 22, below.
there are no transverse segments of hair, but Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 27, with
instead, below the wreath and parallel to it, are ill.
two strongly curled convex ridges of hair. For P2 1 Fragment of bun of hair. 7 1 /PH 2 1 . plate 283.
other smaller fragments from this head, see H. 8, W. 7.2, Th. 3.
plate 289 centre, bottom row. Plaster cast in two layers, total thickness lem.
P16 Female hair. 71/PH 16. plates 282, 288. H. Inside smoothly finished.
12.3, W. 10, D. 4.5. Probably from the same bun as fragment 20,
Plaster cast in two layers: outer white and fine although there is no join.
c. 4- 6mm. th.; inner coarse and grey with large P22, 22a, 22b Fragments of bun of hair. 71/PH 22.
flecks of carbon. Max. total th. 3.8cm. plate 283. 22: H. 7.5, W. 6.5, Th. 2.3; 22a: H.
Flowing locks of hair, deeply and impress- 3.7, W. 4.3, Th. 0.9; 22b: H. 4.1, W. 3, Th. 1.1.
ionistically modelled, falling beside the face on Identical in style to fragments 20 and 2 1 , and
the right side of a head. A raised line sweeping probably from the same head.
across the surface is not a crown, but is a ridge P23 Fragment of hair and neck. 71/PH 23. plate
caused in moulding, here cutting rather heavily 284. H. 15, W. 12.5, Th. 4.5. Several adjoining
across the lines of the hair. The inner layer of fragments.
plaster suggests this may come from the same Outer layer of white plaster between 4mm.
head as the fragment of face, no. 4. and 9mm. thick; inner layer of grey plaster with
Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 27, with rough daubing marks gives total thickness of
ill. lem. to 1.7cm.
P17 Fragment of female hair. 71/PH 17. plate 283. The outer surface, which is somewhat
H. 6.4, W. 7.5, Th. 3. damaged, is mostly covered in hair, divided by
Plaster two-layered: outer fine, th. 2-6mm.; grooves or partings into segments, within which
inner medium-fine, white; total th. the rendering of the hair is somewhat schematic.
7.5mm.-l.lcm. In one place wispyish hair gives way to an area
of flesh which is probably part of a neck. The
Flowing locks of hair, probably female, falling
beside a face. Deeply modelled and not dis-hairsyle is more suitable for a female than a male
similar to fragment 16, but to be distinguished head. Fragments 24-25 probably belong, and
from that by the finer and thinner casting.26 may also do so.
Fragments 18 and 19, and various smaller Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 27, with
pieces, probably belong to the same head. ill.

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P24 Fragment of hair and 32 right

7 1 /PH 32. Small
ear. fragment
7 1of /PH24.
drapery adjoin- plate
ing 28H.
284. H. 8.3, W. 8.2, Th. 3.5. at front,
of although
ear 5.2. it has not been
About
lifesize. reattached. L. 8, W. 7.5, Th. 4.
33 71/PH 35.
Plaster: outer layer 8mm. Three inner
th.; adjoining fragments
layer of of
greyer plaster with rough drapery
daubwith lower edge preserved,total
marks; probably Th.
2.2cm. below ear. from end or front of left shoulder.
The hairstyle is identical to that of fragment Plaster of all fragments cast in two layers,
23, with strong partings dividing the hair into varying in thickness from 1.2 to 2.3cm.
segments, within which the rendering is rather Interior finish rather rough, reminiscent of
impressionistic. From this, and the similarity of that of head 1 .
the plaster, there is little doubt that this is from There is no doubt that these six fragments
the same head as 23. all belong to the same lifesize shoulder-bust.
Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 27, with The drapery, which is apparently a thick
ill. cloak, is extremely well rendered in realistic
P25 Fragment of hair. 71/PH 25. plate 284. H. 5.2, folds. The worked lower edge is preserved on
L. 8.3, Th. 3.3. fragments 28, 30, and 33, proving that the
Plaster cast in two layers, total th. from 1.3 to bust took in both shoulders, but not very
2.2cm. much of the chest. There is no sign of an
The style of the hair, with a grooved parting undergarment, and it seems most likely that
and schematic rendering, makes it likely that it this bust belongs with the male head 1,
belongs to the same head as fragment 23-24. rather than with one of the females. The
P26 Fragment of neck and hair. 71/PH 26. plate rough interior finish would support this.
284. H. 6.5, W. 7, Th. 3.2. For other small fragments of drapery
Plaster cast in two layers, varying in th. from which probably belong, see plate 289,
1 .2 to 2.6cm. Inner layer daubed on. Quite a lot below.
of red paint on outer surface, but this is likely to P34 Circular stand with tabula. 71/PH 33. plate
result from contact in the earth with red-painted 286.
wall-plaster. Pieced together from several fragments.
A finished lower edge to the neck is preserved, Stand: H. 5, Diam. below 19.5, Diam. above
and there are a few traces of wispy hair, like that 18.5. Tabula: H. 3.5, W. 5.5, L. front to back 13.
of fragment 23. This, and the style of the plaster, Hole at back for dowel is 1.1cm. square.
makes ascription to the same head probable. Plaster cast in a single layer, presumably for
Archaeology 32, 2 (March-April 1979) 27, with extra strength. Front plaque of tabula sepa-
ill. rately cast. Th. of sides of stand 1.3cm., th. of
P27 Fragment of hair. 71/PH 27. plate 284. H. 8, top, 1.1cm. Inside roughly finished.
W. 8.5, Th. 3. The upper and lower edges of the circular
Plaster cast in two layers: outer 5mm.-2cm. stand or base have simple rounded moulding,
th.; inner one of grittier plaster, but only the upper surface is flat. The front of the small
4-6mm. Th., and neatly finished. Traces of black tabula is concave-sided and carries an incised
paint on surface. floral motif, a palmette within a simple border.
Parts of three flat, slightly stepped divisions of Behind this is the remains of a mass of plaster
hair, the rendering of which is neat but packing which supported the bust and head
somewhat stylised. It differs stylistically from all above. Right at the back is the impression of a
other fragments found. stout dowel which would have taken the main
P28-33 Six fragments of draped shoulder-bust. weight of the bust above. Presumably this dowel
plates 284-5. would have been of wood or possibly bone.
28 71/PH 28. Main fragment from back and There is no way of telling which head this
right shoulder, put together from many stand may have carried, but perhaps on account
smaller pieces. L. 26, W. 19, H. 11.5. of its completeness we should associate with the
29 71/PH 29. Piece of drapery probably fromhead 1, and the draped bust 28-33.
above left shoulder. L. 19.5, W. 10.5, H.P35 5. Fragment of circular stand with tabula. 7 1 /PH
30 71/PH 30. Small fragment with flat under- 34. plate 286. Two adjoining fragments. H. 14,
side, from in front of right shoulder. H. 9, W. W. 14, D. 14. H. of stand 5, diam. originally c.
8, Th. 3. 18. Tabula: H. 3.5, W. below 5.5, W. above 5,
31 7 1 /PH 3 1 . Small fragment of folded drapery,L. front to back 10. On rear break is circular
original position uncertain. H. 10, W. 7.5, dowel hole, 2.5. diam.
Th. 3.5.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Plaster cast in a single layer,

The fragment issides 1.7cm.
from the left arm of a statue,th.
just belowsimilar
A stand for a bust or head, the elbow. The arm
inis style
itself drapedand
in
dimensions to fragmenta sleeve,
34. andTheover itfront
falls a mass of heavily
plaque of
bunched folds, from
the tabula is better preserved, a toga or
and himation. Thewell
shows
surface for the A
the simple incised floral design. attachment
mass of aofseparately
plaster
packing from inside theworked
formerforearm is completely
bust preserved,
risesas5cm. is
the dowel hole
above the top of the pedestal. Into the
secure it.back
This is of of
irregular
it on
the break is rather more than half of a circular section, 2.2cm. H., 7mm. W., and 6cm. D. To
dowel hole, showing how a substantial dowel, judge from the internal surface shape and
perhaps a long bone, ran up from within the markings, the dowel was undoubtedly of bone.
lower stand through plaster packing right into The fragment is not entirely broken behind,
the head and bust above. but was piece-cast. A plug of plaster was
smeared in, to fix the dowel in place.
Miscellaneous fragments P38 Fragment of drapery, plate 291. H. 17.6, W.
12.4, Th. 6.
P36 Draped left leg from statuette, plate 290. H. 19,
Plaster cast solid in a single layer.
W. 15.8, Th. 10.2. Plaster solid cast in a single
The drapery is folded in a spiralling bunch,
layer. Finished surface within, i.e. piece-cast.
Scale: about half lifesize. curving round a limb or body. It is not clear if it
comes from a bust or a small statue, but the
Preserved is a strongly-bent draped left leg
latter is more likely.
from the upper thigh to the selvedge around the
ankle. The lower left leg and foot was madeP39 Fragment of right arm. plate 291. H. 8.2,
Diam. 4.4 Dowel hole 4.1 D., 1.5 W.
separately and attached by bone dowels, the two
holes for which survive in the underside of this Plaster solid cast in a single layer.
Preserved is the rear part of a separately
fragment: one a thin curving hole for a sliver of
bone, 1.1cm. L., 3.5mm. Th., and 1.5cm. D.; worked upper arm, and a small piece of the
elbow. A flat surface for the attachment remains
the other a trapezoidal shape with sides of 9mm.
above, and there is one side of a rounded dowel
The drapery worn is of heavy texture. It is
hole, curved for a bone dowel. The angle of the
pulled taut around the left thigh, a heavy fold
falls from the left knee, and other thick folds fan upper join suggest this was the right arm of a
statuette, set slightly forward and bent at the
out towards where the right leg would have elbow.
been, suggesting perhaps that this was from a
P40 Fragment of leg of throne or table, plate 291.
seated figure. Part of a bunch of drapery is also
H. 18, W. 8, Th. 3.4.
preserved at the upper break of the thigh.
Plaster solid cast in single layer. Fragment not
AR 24 (1977-78) 61.
excessively broken behind.
P37 Draped arm with attachment for forearm.
The fragment has a moulded base, pedestal-
plates 290, 291. H. 14.5, W. 13, Th. 10.8. Arm
like, and above this moulded horizontal and
at join: H. 6.5, W. 5.8. Scale therefore about
two-thirds lifesize. vertical members. Most likely from the leg of a
throne which supported a statue. If so the statue
Plaster cast solid in a single layer. would have been of lifesize.
DISCUSSION
Material
Small samples of plaster from several fragments were analysed by Dr. R.E. Jones of th
Laboratory at the British School at Athens, and the material of all the sculptures was f
be gypsum plaster (calcium sulphate) of differing purity. The following analyses and c
on the material are taken from a report kindly supplied by Dr. Jones.
Frag. 1 Outer layer: fine-textured, very pure, white gypsum plaster with a few quartz inclusions.
Inner layer: generally fine-textured, white gypsum plaster, a few quartz inclusions, some un
limestone or gypsum.

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Frag. 2 Outer layer: fine-textured, white gypsum

Inner layer: similar to outer layer.
Frag. 4 Outer layer: fine-textured, white gypsum
Inner layer: rather impure gypsum plaster; sev
some uncalcined limestone or gypsum. The mat
layer of Frag. 4, and indeed with all the other
Frag. 34 Generally fine-textured, white material,
Frag. 36 Fine-textured, white material.
Frag. 37 Fine-textured, white material.
The samples of Frags. 4 and 37 were analyse

Dr. V. Perdikatsis at the Institute of Geolo
these samples gypsum was found to be the o
samples were identified as gypsum since the
Gypsum is a material well suited to the c
There is an abundance of the raw materi
gypsum kiln was found and excavated in 195
up and then heated gently to a temperatu
calcined material was effectively a 'plaster
batches of such plaster with differing purity
outer layer of the heads.
Technique
Fragments 1-35 were all hollow-cast in mo
and then joined together by means of do
packing. Evidence for this is provided by th
and of the bust fragments, 28, 30 and 33, as
packing on the circular stands 34 and 35.
The draped bust, 28-33, and the two stands,
fragments of heads and hair were cast in do
quality plaster to take the fine surface detai
plaster to give added strength to the head
piece-casts.3
The technique employed for fragments 36-4
fragments of statuettes were solid-cast in se
bone dowels, clear traces of which are vis
additionally secured by plaster packing, f
technique employed for the plaster casts fro
Painting
Although most of the larger heads and fragments appear to have been unpainted, two sets of
fragments do reveal clear traces of paint. The first set consists of the shattered fragments called
below head B, the nose 5 with its yellow-brown skin-tint and rose-red within the nostrils, the
neck fragment 6 with orange-brown for the skin and black hair, and a few similar fragments.
To judge from the skin-colouring, these would seem to be the remnants of a male head. The
other example is 27, where the hair, this time from a female, shows traces of black paint.

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The reasons why only two of the Knossian hea

this was a craftsman's workshop, it could sim
painted when the destruction occurred. How
below proves that plaster portraits were quite o
draw this inference. It might just be a question
was intended to serve. Painted plaster masks an
there is also an example from Portugal, and thr
from Leptis Magna are reported to have black
Typology and Style

a) Heads and Busts, 1-35
The 35 catalogued fragments and numerous sma
appear to belong to heads or busts. From tech
catalogue section, it would seem that the fragm
busts. The following attribution of fragments
used in this section for the sake of convenience
chapter because of the uncertainty of the attri
A Male head: 1, 28-33 and small fragments, 34.
B Male head (painted): 5, 6 and four small fragment
C Female head: 2, ?2a, 7, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 22a a
D Female head: 3, 8, 9, 10.
E Female head (? Medusa): 4, 16.
F Head with ivy wreath (hair only): 14, 15 and small fragments.
G Female hair: 17, 18, 19 and small fragments.
H Female head: 23, 24, 25, 26.
I Female hair (painted): 27.
Most of these heads are life-size portraits, of which two are definitely male, A and B, while at
least five are female, C, D, G, H, I. Head F, wearing an ivy wreath, is life-size and likely to be
female, but is not necessarily a portrait, while head E is somewhat smaller than life-size and
appears not to be a portrait, unless it is of a child.
The most complete head by far is the male head A. There is no absolute proof that the
draped shoulder-bust, 28-33, and circular stand, 34, belong with the head 1, but completeness
and the finish of the inner surfaces make the ascription plausible. These three main parts would
give an overall height for the original bust of about 49cm. (stand and tabula 8.5, bust 11.5,
head and neck 30): see reconstructed drawing, fig. 8. All the surviving fragments of drapery
seem to belong to this one bust, but the existence of a second stand, 35, here attributed to head
C, suggests that we are dealing with busts rather than heads in the case of the other fragments
also.
The features of the male head 1 show a marked degree of realism, which may result from the
use of a reworked death mask for the face, to which invented moulds of the top, back and sides
of the head have been added. The vertical ridge noticeable in the beard on the left upper jaw in
front of the left ear is a feature which has been interpreted elsewhere as a residue of this
practice,6 and the thin, tightly-closed lips are another characteristic of death masks. Even so,
there has been considerable reworking of the facial details, particularly the pecked beard and
moustache, which give the subject a somewhat unshaven apppearance, the incised eyebrows,
and the eyes, which are shown wide-open with incised iris, a hollow for the pupil, and vivid

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upturned gaze. There is a deliberate contrast betw

and moustache, and the carefully moulded lock
sensitive portrait of high quality workmanship.
Head B, interpreted as male from its skin-colo
permit any stylistic judgements to be drawn.
The female heads whose faces are preserved show
in Roman portraiture. Fragment 2 (head C) has ov
signs of a double chin. The eyes are carefully ren
those of the male head 1. Of still higher quality
cheek on 3 (head D). Here the eyebrows are indica
also on 2a (?head C). Greater realism is to be foun
are mainly variants of the melon-type coiffure w
history of Roman female portraiture, becomin
century A.D.
There is no certainty as to which set of female hair belongs with which fragmentary face, but
the likelihood is that the most complete hair fragments, 1 1-13, belong with the face 2 (head C).
If the fragmentary bun, 20-22b, also goes with this head, then the original appearance would
have been similar to the style popularised by Faustina Minor in the later second century A.D.
There are no grounds, however, for recognising Imperial types in either the male or female
heads. The probability is that they are private individuals, presumably resident in the Knossos
area.
Other large fragments with variants of the melon hairstyle are

D), and fragments 14 and 15 (head F), where the somewhat flatter
wreath of ivy, the significance of which is uncertain, although a
comes to mind. A few fragments have more flowing locks, as for
and no. 16, a fragment with deep, unruly locks, which has bee
core-plaster with the fragmentary face 4 (head E). The face of 4 s
the other heads, not only because it is of smaller scale, being som
because of stylistic differences. It seems to have had a more roun
firmer lips, but the main difference is in the rendering of the ey
and below with dotted incision of lashes, and failure to indic
reasonable inference is that this is not a portrait head. It has mor
of an idealising Classical head, possibly a Medusa if the hair fr
The standard of workmanship of all these heads is remarkabl
proportions and detail. Of exceptional quality are fragment 3
sensitive modelling, the neck fragment 7, and the draped bust, 28
conceived and most realistically rendered. Only a few of the more
23-26 (head H) or 27 (head I), show a sketchier or more stylise
b) Fragments 36-40
These fragments from Room IV differ in subject-matter and
technique. All would appear to be from statuettes of somewhat les
from heads or busts. The fragments of drapery or draped limbs, 36
the draped shoulder-bust, 28-33. Two of them, 36 and 37, come cl
of the fourth century B.C., so that here it is not impossible that
replicas of earlier sculptures (although the less than life-size scale
an interpretation). This heavy style of drapery with much rea

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fashionable in the Antonine period, however,

with works of contemporary conception. Ther
fragments belong with any of those from Roo
closer to some fragments of rather coarse plast
Villa Dionysos at Knossos (see Appendix).
Comparative material and dating

The evidence for life-size plaster heads and bu
based, has been conveniently collected by Drer
rarities, but it is now clear that such heads we
around the Mediterranean from the first
numerous in the later second and third cent
derive from Ptolemaic Egypt, where there was
links going back to the early dynasties of the
diffused throughout the Greco-Roman world,
employed by marble sculpture copyists, as the
century B.C. have demonstrated.9 About half o
have been found in Egypt and North Africa, i
of influence, but there is now also a sizeable b
second century date. The fragments from K
found in Greece, which is a measure of the ex
Among the material assembled by Drerup a
reasonable parallels for the male head 1 . A
bust was found in a grave chamber of the c
1905, although it is now unfortunately lost. l °
mask of a local inhabitant, perhaps a Berber
A.D., although this may be a little too late. Fea
the long, rather spiky locks of hair, the sho
(although a few light curls in the beard of the
rendered), and the wide-open, upturned eye
large, or so well rendered.
Also from Tunisia at El-Djem (Thysdrus) co
mask of a bearded man, complete enough to p
again evidently a Berber. 1 1 Here there has b
more or less as cast, and the eyes are closed w
the degree of over- working on the Knossos m
this means, as is probable. A date for the mask
suggested by the hairstyle of a partly worked
male mould and female head are apparently
unpublished, found in a plaster-caster's works
Djem, which specialised in the production and
of figures of animals. 1 3
A finished version of a bearded male plaste
Cyrenaican origin, recently republished
between Julio-Claudian and Hadrianic.14 Here

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the largest of which covers the face and ears, a

like that found at El-Djem.
Closer in style and date to the Knossos head
deposit of plaster busts (probably five altog
grave-building on the Via Praenestina, 18.2
Conservatori.15 Preserved is some of the left h
rendered in impressionistic fashion with strok
There is also preserved the lower part of the
edge, similar to that found on fragments 7-
deposit, which also includes a complete life-s
with fragments of an undraped bust and plate-
close parallel for the Knossos fragments, be
1.5-2cm., and with no signs of surface paint.18
Another group, consisting of three plaster
grave-chamber H of the Vatican necropolis, and
likely to be late Antonine, c. 170-180 A.D. On
bearded man, who is probably C. Valerius Herm
and the moustache and beard are fuzzy, as if m
are of young children, one of which, probably
used as the model for a fine plaster portrait
hair, in this case gilded, which provides a vi
translation of death-masks into plaster portrai
Similar to the Vatican bearded head is a plaste
of Antonine date, in Cairo Museum, from th
Gebel.22 This face, which has not been worked
hooked nose, quite close to these features on
rather poorer-quality female mask, with has
quality to the Knossos fragments.23
From the evidence of these plaster sculptures,
period seems likeliest, possibly shading into
bronze portraits, thought now to be early Seve
combined with impressionistic, pecked bear
example in bronze is the head in Corfu M
moustache is very close to that of the Knoss
and weightier hair is to be found on fine marb
Turning to comparative material for the frag
comparable plaster portraits are known,26 ther
thanks to the variations in hairstyles and th
somewhat closer dating, suggesting in fact tha
Severan, dating probably to the period 170-
The somewhat fleshy face of fragment 2, w
double chin, finds a close parallel in the portra
Aurelius, particularly in her types 7, 8 and 9, co
the features of a fine marble portrait with
Museum, Rome.28 The carefully rendered eyes
upturned gaze, oval iris and deep ovoid depre
Antonine portraiture, as for example a head

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Metropolitan Museum, New York.29 This sen

Severan, as is shown by the series of heads ass
Fragment 10 from Knossos has a hairstyle ver
Commodus, in her type 1 portrait. In both
surrounding the forehead, from which a melon co
the head. Fittschen has associated Crispina's ty
portrait of 178.31 The hair has a central parti
back, neither of which features survives on the K
found on a portrait in the Capitoline Museum
version is to be seen on another fine female port
are several other replicas elsewhere.33
Fragments 11-13, 20-22, belong to a simpler,
edge around the forehead, from which ridges
sides of the head, covering the ears except for th
into a smallish projecting bun at the back of the
a hairstyle first popularised by Faustina Min
Imperial or private, c. 170-200, and then made
(died 217), the wife of Septimius Severus, after w
third century A.D. Most versions have some sort
of this on the Knossos fragments.
This hairstyle is first encountered on coin-p
Fittschen, and dated by him from 152 into the 1
and the bun small and tightly coiled. Suggest
divergent, particularly with regard to the bun w
coiled. There are in any case problems of overlap
of Faustina Minor and wife of Lucius Verus, w
portraits of type II,36 datable perhaps to after 1
and a slightly larger but still coiled bun, whic
fragments. Again the suggested marble versio
parallels. Strongly waved hair is also worn by an
as a sister of Lucius Verus and dated c. 150-180,3
flatter knot at the back instead of a bun. Among
time, a good parallel is provided by a fine bust
only for the strongly waved hair with small bun,
deep, oval pupils.
A key factor for the upward limit of the dating
plaited and coiled bun, exemplified by fragment
does not occur later than the decade 180-190,40 a
plaits at the back of the head, popularised by Ju
decoration on the coiled plaits of the bun, fragm
the strands of hair, is found on several Antonine
dei Conservatori, Rome.42 Most closely comparab
two heads with tightly drawn melon hairstyle
heads furnish excellent parallels for the hairstyl
drawn and sharply parted hair, leaving the ear f
coiffure of this type. The limit of the dates s
166/944 is a little early for the Knossos fragment

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the rest of the deposit, perhaps a decade or tw

Knossos fragment 27 has a hairstyle comparable
head found on Lucilia portraits of type I, dating
the back of the head, so that fragments 20-22b
fragments, 10, 11-13, 23-26 or 27.
Fragments 17-19, with wavy hair over and besi
locks around the face on the same type of Lucili
in the centre of the forehead, while fragments 1
in the vicinity of the ears.
A late Antonine date, as proposed for the fragm
and style of the draped bust (fragments 28-33
tabula. Draped shoulder-busts for both male and
Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., but the
himation, worn without a shoulder clasp by m
example in plaster is one of the two fine Ant
resting on a sarcophagus in the necropolis of S
Cairo combine draped bust with spreading circ
plate decorated with a palmette motif like that o
simlar example in Samos,50 where a headless dra
circular pedestal and a tabula decorated with volu
decorated tabulae was compiled byjucker and
have suggested that the practice was of eastern
Asia Minor.52
It has been suggested above that the fragmentary face 4, and the wild, flowing locks, 16, may
have belonged to a Medusa head. The identification is not certain because of the absence o
snaky locks and wings in the hair, but the firm, round facial features recall the Medusa heads
which become common decorative elements of architectural structures and Asiatic garlan
sarcophagi in the Antonine and Severan periods.53 The proportions of fragment 4 are in a
case closer to these types of heads than they are to the attenuated triangular face shape of the
Medusa Rondanini, formerly ascribed to the shield of Pheidias' Athena Parthenos.54
The ivy wreath worn by fragments 14 and 15 over a segmental hairstyle similar to that of
fragments 10 and 1 1-13 is a common attribute of Dionysos, satyrs and maenads from Archaic
Greek times onwards.55 In the Knossian context, it is worth noting some particularly goo
examples of wreaths of this type worn by Dionysos and his followers in the contemporary floor
mosaics of the Villa Dionysos at Knossos.56 A number of grave goods from Roman tombs
Knossos also have Dionysiac connections,57 so that it is entirely possible that the head to which
fragments 14 and 15 belonged was destined for a tomb.
Conclusions
The plaster sculptures from the House of the Diamond Frescoes at Knossos are of cons
importance, not only on account of their intrinsic merit as works of art of high qualit
because they represent the first such deposit so far reported (or at least published) f
lands during the Roman Imperial period.58 Given, however, that plaster sculptur
unpublished, have also come to light in the excavations of the Villa Dionysos at K
Appendix), the only other area of the Roman town to have been carefully excavated i
times, we may wonder if they were really so rare in antiquity. Their apparent sc

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result partly from their friable and crumbly n

go unnoticed, and partly from the failure of e
been discovered. Recent studies by Drerup and
poorly published examples from Museum sto
heads spread from Alexandria during the early E
Rome, Gaul and Portugal by the second century
record, and suggest that workshops in Greece m
dissemination than has previously been suppo
In almost all other cases where the find-con
funerary significance.59 Usually they have been
cinerary urns or sarcophagi, and sometimes even
have been reworked. The use of plaster a
understandable. It is cheap to produce, especiall
to mould, sets hard without firing, and presen
least as important is its relative lightness com
much easier to transport in funeral processio
shows a late Republican patrician carrying two
lightweight material. It is often supposed that t
that they were of plaster. There is as yet howev
for such portraits before the Imperial period, a
follow on from, but do not overlap, the tra
According to his theory, the wax masks disapp
Republican ancestor-processions go out of fashi
taken by the plaster mask and bust, the use of
range is extended to include portraits of wome
placed in tombs, masks and busts of this kin
cases represented on Roman gravestones from
The Knossos fragments of heads have a numbe
portraits. They are lifesize, they date to the tim
the same technique as other known tomb portr
there is some evidence that the realistic physio
were not however themselves found in a funer
floor of a fairly pretentious house, the occupati
Given this context, how are we to interpret th
There seem to be two main possibilities. The
internal decoration of the House of the Diamon
on a par with that of the cornices and painted
discovered, and there is evidence from the V
were displayed in grandiose private residences (
and busts from room III might reasonably be
gallery, representing the ancestors of the owne
such an interpretation, but they are not in
painted while others were not suggests we are n
stands which survive prove that the finishe
decoration, set high up in roundels for exam
suitable piece of furniture of which no traces h
plaster sculptures of Room III were not in their

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had been collected from other rooms in th

unfinished cobbled floor just prior to the final
The second possibility, which I consider m
Frescoes, at least in its final phase, served as th
was the manufacture of plaster sculptures, n
figurines. Rooms III and IV could have been sto
the heads and busts being placed in Room III, a
it is felt that the painted walls are too rich for
or clay floors certainly are not), then perhaps t
of wares to potential customers. A number of
is evidently in an industrial rather than reside
animal bones were found in the excavations,
the large numbers of dowels required for the m
Section 12, with discussion of bone workshop).
have existed at El-Djem in Tunisia, to judge f
male and female plaster busts but also other ty
If this workshop theory is correct, could
intended after all to be placed in tomb-cham
The circumstances would allow this. There ar
burial-grounds of Roman Knossos used for f
which might have accommodated plaster funer
but then many of the Roman tombs have been
had been so thoroughly inundated with wate
would have survived.65 It is noteworthy howev
have been found among the grave-offerings.66
Even if one favours a funerary interpretation
fragments of statuettes found in Room IV. The
subject-matter was, but there is no particular re
the Baiae casts it seems likely that plaster ca
ancient Roman sculptors' workshops than ha
stone replicas were required of a given subje
masterpiece or multiple versions of some or
economic procedure would have been to create
copies could be taken by the pointing technique.
survive from Room IV. Many marble sculptu
and the workshops which produced them, or
local. A plaster-caster may well have supplied m
It is not entirely inconceivable that such a fun
heads of Room III, but given that two at leas
elsewhere for a funerary usage for the unpaint
APPENDIX
Fragments of plaster sculpture from the Villa Dionysos, Knossos

Numerous fragments of plaster sculpture were discovered during the 1971 excavati
Villa Dionysos at Knossos, from the area called SH. They apparently formed

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destruction fill, the date of which has recently

twelve largest fragments are briefly catalogued
single head. There are in addition some fifty oth
some difficult to identify, all of the same chalk
plates 292-3.
1 Fragment of head with tousled, curly hair. H. 17, W. 18.5, Th. of plaster wall, 4.3.
Plaster chalky white with brown surface deposit of soil. Cast in a single layer. Surface rough with ma
bubbles. A sample of plaster from this fragment was analysed by the Fitch Laboratory and found to be g
plaster (calcium sulphate), fine-textured, white, with a few traces of calcium carbonate (calcite) and q
Three adjoining fragments from the upper right part of the head, including right temple, eyebrows and corn
right eye.
2 Fragment of hair belonging to 1. H. 15.5, W. 16.5, Th. of plaster wall 3.3.
3 Fragment of hair belonging to 1. H. 17, W. 1 1.5, Th. of plaster wall, 3.8. Concave thumb grooves on underside.
4 Fragment of hair and neck. H. 7.3, W. 9.7, Th. of plaster wall 1.9-3cm. Perhaps not from the same head as 1;
finish more delicate.
5 Fragment of hair with curling locks. H. 10.7, W. 9.7, Th. of plaster wall 2-2.5. Similar in style to 4.
6 Small fragment of hair. H. 7.2, W. 4. Th. of wall 2.3. Probably from same head as 1.
7 Small fragment of hair. H. 5.8, W. 4.6, Th. of plaster wall, 4mm.-1.6cm. Probably not from the same head as 1.
8 Fragment of face, nose and eye. H. 9, W. 8, Th. 6. Surface badly worn. Probably from the same head as 1.
9 Fragment of neck. H. 15, W. 12, D. 9. Perhaps from the same head as 1.
10-12 Three fragments of undraped bust with lower edges preserved.
10: H. 6, W. 10. Lower edge at 45° angle to front surface.
11: H. 7.5, W. 8.
12: H. 7, W. 9.

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Section 10
Terracotta Figurines and Other Objects

(PLATES 294-302)
R. A. HIGGINS
Page
Introductory 351
Commentary 352
Geometric and Orientalizing (nos. 1-13) 352
Late Archaic and Classical (nos. 14-25) 353
Hellenistic (nos. 26-72) 353
Roman (nos. 73-94) 356
Catalogue 357
INTRODUCTORY
The post-Minoan terracottas from the Unexplored Mansion site may not
but they have some importance as helping to fill the gaps in our knowledge of
of post-Minoan Knossos.
The early terracottas are scrappy, but informative, while the Classical and
tie in well with the much more plentiful material from the Demeter Sanctu
The Late Hellenistic terracottas agree well with what we know from such p
Myrina, Delos and Taras. But the Roman material breaks entirely
supplements the inadequate, though well published, information from A
Tarsus.
It is interesting to note the presence of five moulds. These come from widely different
contexts - no. 2a (unfinished) is Dedalic, 51 and 72a Hellenistic and 93-4 Roman - but they do
show that there was local manufacture of terracottas, possibly close within this locality, as
suggested elsewhere in this volume for other industries (metal, bone, plaster sculpture, glass).
Perhaps, too, the occurrence of eleven horseman-hero relief fragments from this area indicates
production close by, - although these may have been available here for youths wishing to
dedicate offerings at the Glaukos shrine, barely 300m. to the south (see discussion of nos. 61-71,
and reference there).
351

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352 TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND OTHER OBJECTS
COMMENTARY
Geometric and Orientalizing (nos. 1-13)

No. 1 was, when complete, a warrior wearing a close-fitting helmet and a red cu
arm was at his side, and his right was raised, perhaps in the act of throwing a s
hand-made, the head shows the influence of mould-made Dedalic heads such
should probably be dated around the middle of the seventh century B.C.
No. 2 is a female head, coarse in design and clumsy in execution, being badly d
It was probably made as a plaque in the Middle Dedalic phase, about 65
though fragmentary and broken, shows a finer quality of workmanship, for ins
details of hair braids and of the waist belt; it also has interest in that it su
manufacture of such early figurines somewhere in this vicinity. No. 3 is from a
plaque, of a naked woman grasping her right breast with the finger and thumb o
an unusual variation of a theme widely represented at Gortyn.2
The animals are a very mixed lot. Nos. 4-8 are fragments of a variety previous
Gortyn.3 A horse stands on a rectangular plaque; holes in muzzle, neck and
evidently for the attachment of reins or harness in some perishable material suc
leather. The Gortyn examples are dated in the early seventh century B.C. an
decorated like contemporary Protocorinthian pottery, with incised lines. O
however, is decorated like these, but with painted stripes, and was probably slig
We should therefore probably be right in dating ours in the late eighth century B
fashion of incision took hold.
No. 4 is a horse's head, with pierced muzzle, decorated almost entirely with painted vertical
lines. No. 5 is a similar head, pierced through muzzle and neck, and decorated with vertical
and horizontal lines. No. 6 is like no. 5, but pierced only through the muzzle. Nos. 7 and 8 are
rumps, each one pierced. The first has an overall colour wash, while the second has a grid
pattern on its back.
No. 9 is another animal's rump, also with a grid pattern, but it is not pierced. It could be
from a horse like the foregoing, but in the absence of piercing there can be no certainty. No. 10
is to all appearances the hindquarters of a dog. The stripes, some horizontal and some vertical,
and the dull black paint of which they are composed, are both paralleled in no. 11, and
presuppose a date around 800 B.C. No. 1 1 is a bird on a stand, now lacking head, tail and
wing-extremities. It is dated by a similar bird from a tomb at Fortetsa of about 800 B.C.5
The snake's head, no. 12, is more problematic. The eyes are indicated by a black dot
surounded by a white circle, surrounded by a black circle; and the body is decorated with black
chevrons. The paint is much like that of nos. 10 and 11, and the context includes Geometric
(PGB/EG pottery). All in all, a date around 800 B.C. is probable.
The bull's head, no. 13, has real merit, even though the horns are missing. It is hollow, with a
pierced mouth, and was evidently wheel-made and subsequently modelled. The neck has
broken from the side of a vase, and it evidently formed the spout of an oinochoe. Oinochoai
with animal-head spouts were adopted in Crete in the early seventh century B.C. from the
Cypriote repertoire. Three complete vases of this nature are recorded; one from Fortetsa, dated
680-630 B.C.,6 one from Arkades7 and one from Kourtes.8
The eyes and details of the muzzle are indicated in black. There are decorative geometrical
patterns on the neck, and below them a floral pattern which at first sight looks Minoan,9 but
which is in fact closer to Orientalizing.10 Mid seventh century B.C.?

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TERRACOTTA FIGURINES AND OTHER OBJECTS 353
Late Archaic and Classical (nos. 14-25)

There is only one true Late Archaic terracotta, the female head, no. 14. I
a seated figure wearing a himation over her head, like the standard A
female head wearing a Stephane, with a central parting to the hair lightl
the borderline between Late Archaic and Early Classical, about 480-47
Rhodian parallels, the complete figure could equally well have been st
The seated version is also recorded from the Demeter Sanctuary at Kn
No. 16 is part of a seated figure in the Early Classical style. She wears a
on a throne, hands on knees. To judge from similar examples with heads
Demeter Sanctuary at Knossos, the type may well be as late as the las
century B.C.15
No. 17 is a fragment of a seated female type which was common in the
and may well represent the cult statue.16 The form is basically that of n
wider, and she holds a phiale on her lap. The modelling is minimal. Sh
low polos. Her head is small and undistinguished and she has long hair. Th
created in the late fifth century B.C. and lasted well into the fourth.
The female seated type next in popularity in the Demeter Sanctuary is
headless example, no. 18.17 In the complete piece she is seated on a cu
with turned legs, her hands on her knees, her feet on a footstool. She wea
a symmetrically draped himation, and on her head is an ornamenta
century B.C.
No. 19 is a large female head, complete in itself. It is a blown-up version of the head on an
early fourth century variant of no. 18 wearing an elaborate rayed Stephane, also common in the
Demeter Sanctuary. 1 8
No. 20 is something of a puzzle. It is a female head broken off at the neck, with another break
on top. The object missing from the top of the head was presumably a hydria, or perhaps a
kalathos.19 Strangely, none of the hydrophoroi from the Demeter Sanctuary were like this, for
with them, the carrying hand, drapery, hydria and head were moulded in one piece.20 The
style of the head is not easy to date, but a likely date is the mid fifth century B.C.21
Nos. 21 and 22 are parts of female protomes, both from the upper right hand part. Such
fragments are hard to date, but the wavy hair may perhaps be compared, in both instances,
with a Rhodian protome dated in the late fifth century B.C.22
No. 23 is part of a rare mid-fourth century type represented by one example from the
Demeter Sanctuary.23 A woman stands, wearing a peplos with an overfall. She grasps the back
of the overfall with both hands, stretching the right hand up and the left hand down,
preparatory to draping it ov.er her head in a gesture associated with brides.
No. 24 portrays an actor from the Middle Comedy standing with his hands clasped across his
stomach. He wears the usual costume of short padded jacket and phallus. The type is not a
common one, but there are parallels of a kind.24
No. 25 is a squatting ape, apparently draped, whose significance is not clear. The treatment
of the drapery would place the ape between the Classical and Hellenistic periods, about 330
B.C.25
Hellenistic (nos. 26-72)

Some pieces here called Hellenistic in fact date from the early years of the Roman occupation,

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but as they are in the Hellenistic, as opposed to the Roman, tradition, they a
this section.
No. 26 is a fragment of a canonical 'Tanagra' figurine, of the late fourth or third century B.C.
In the complete piece she stands with her weight on one leg, wearing a chiton and a tightly-
draped himation.26 No. 27 is the lower part of a related and contemporary type.27 In no. 28
(another 'Tanagra' type) she wears only a chiton.28 No. 29 is a fragment of an outsize figure of
a standing draped woman: the complete figure would have been about 60cm. high. Such
figures are recorded from Gypsades, where they are dated in the second century B.C.,29 and
this could well be contemporary with them. No. 30 is a headless, but otherwise complete, figure
of Nike standing with wings lowered, wearing a chiton, and holding in front of her a small
wreath.30
Aphrodite occurs in three different representations. No. 31 is very fragmentary, but in the
complete piece she was probably standing with her left arm raised and her right arm lowered.
She wears a chiton, which has slipped off her right shoulder, revealing her left breast.3 1 Second
century B.C.?
No. 32 is a fragment of a piece of the Anadyomene type, where she stands naked from the
bath, wringing out her long hair with both hands.32 As frequently in these representations, she
wears a Stephane in her hair. The head suggests a date in the second half of the first century
B.C.33
No. 33 is one of the many uninspired copies of the Knidian Aphrodite. Examples from
Myrina are dated about the late first century B.C.34 and this is probably contemporary.
No. 34 comes from a figure of Artemis standing with her weight on her left leg, wearing a
short chiton and high boots.35 Late fourth century B.C.?
No. 35 is the upper part of what was probably a seated female figure. She has long hair,
centrally parted in front and drawn up into a bun behind. A date for such a poorly preserved
fragment is not easily given. The context, however, would suggest the second half of the first
century B.C.36
The Tanagra standing male figure of 330 to 200 B.C. is represented by fragments from two
types. In no. 39 he stands on a rectangular base, his left foot slightly advanced, wearing a long
himation reaching to his ankles.37 In no. 40 he stands with his left foot slightly advanced,
wearing a himation draped over his left shoulder, or perhaps over his left forearm, and caught
round his waist.38
Nos. 41 and 42 are fragments of naked male figures. The former could well come from a third
century B.C. chubby Eros.39 The latter comes perhaps from a Late Hellenistic Eros of the
second or first century B.C.40 There are five Hellenistic male heads, broken from their bodies.
Nos. 43 and 44 are strongly reminiscent of youths made at Myrina by Diphilos and his
contemporaries in the late first century B.C.4 1 Nos. 45-47 are probably from Hellenistic Erotes,
but are too damaged for a secure dating to be possible. No. 48 is incomplete and puzzling. It
may have represented an actor doing a dance. First century B.C.?
In no. 49 a naked boy stands with his weight on left leg. His himation falls down his back and
he holds one end of it in his right hand, which he rests on a rock (?). A dog leaps up to his hand.
The subject was a popular one at Myrina in the late first century B.C.42
No. 50 is the wreck of a fine group of Eros and Psyche embracing. The subject is widespread
in Late Hellenistic and Early Roman terracottas.43 It is first seen in the second century B.C.44
and continues at least into the first A.D., as an example is recorded from Pompeii.45 Ours is
perhaps best paralleled in a medallion from Delos, and so should be dated about the early first
century B.C.46

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New Comedy is represented by three pieces. No. 51 is a mould, from

for a figurine of an actor in the part of a slave. He wears the typical slave
mouth, and has thick short hair. He wears tights and a short chiton and
clasped across his stomach. Few moulds have previously been found at Kn
recorded from the Royal Road excavations.47
The second New Comedy piece, no. 52, is a fragmentary figure of a slav
with his legs crossed. The type, derived from Middle Comedy,48 had a lo
B.C. till at least the first century B.C.,49 and a fragment such as this can
dated.
The third example (no. 53) is a mask, also of a slave, with long arching eyebrows and a
trumpet mouth. It could well be contemporary with no. 51.
Nos. 54a and b are surely from the same piece, although there is no join, and represent a
duck (or perhaps a goose). Somewhat similar birds occur at Taranto (unpublished) in contexts
of about the third century B.C.
No. 55, a sadly damaged piece, is a flask of Magenta Ware in the form of a lion trampling
with its forefeet on a bull's head. Magenta Ware was made in the late second and the first
century B.C., almost certainly in Campania.50 Many pieces served as lamp-fillers and the
associated flasks (such as this one) may well have been containers for lamp oil.
This unusual subject is certainly Anatolian and may also be Mithraic.5 1 It occurs in another
Magenta Ware version52 and in a mosaic from Ostia.53 In view of its origins and date, it is
tempting to regard this piece as the property of one of Augustus' Capuan veterans whom he
settled here in the area of Knossos.54
There are two plastic fragments from black-glaze Hellenistic relief-pottery. No. 56 is a
childish Eros holding an unidentified object against his chest, while no. 57 is a female head. In
view of the popularity of this kind of pottery at Delos,55 a date in the late second or early first
century B.C. is likely.
No. 59 is part of a relief of Eros playing with a goat. Style and subject matter are paralleled in
a Megarian bowl from Athens of the mid second century B.C.56 Another relief (no. 60) shows
Herakles killing the Hydra. It comes from a context of the first century B.C. and is paralleled
by a relief in the British Museum.57
There are eleven fragments of Horseman-hero Reliefs, nos. 61-71, 58 a type found at the
Knossos Glaukos shrine nearby and discussed in relation to this by PJ. Callaghan.59 Similar
terracotta reliefs are also recorded from Eltynia (modern Kounavoi), near Arkhanes, Crete;60
Troy, Larisa, and Orta Koy in Aeolia;61 Smyrna, and Knidos.62 They are, in addition, found
in marble at Delos and elsewhere.63
A sort of semi-relief variety in terracotta occurs at Corinth and elsewhere,64 and a caricatur
version, showing Herakles riding up to Olympos on a mule, also in terracotta, was found in th
Athenian Agora.65
Technically, there is nothing remarkable about these reliefs. The complete plaque would
have been about 8cm. square. The thickness varied from about 4mm. (background) to abou
8mm. (highest relief) . The front is moulded and the back is flat, sometimes left fairly rough, a
others rubbed smooth. The reliefs were originally decorated with a matt red paint, probab
fired on, which has almost entirely perished.
The contexts in which they were found range from about 100 B.C. to the second centur
A.D. A reasonable date for their manufacture would then be the first century B.C. Few of the
reliefs from other sources can be securely dated, but what evidence there is accords with such
dating. The marble reliefs from Delos must be before 69 B.C. The Troy reliefs are dated

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stylistically by Mrs. D.B. Thompson between the third and first centurie
they were found in destruction debris of 85 B.C. And the Athenian caric
early first century B.C.
The significance of the horsemen heroes is not apparent from the icono
themselves, but the association made by Callaghan with the youthful her
the continuing tradition of initiation ceremonies of youths, possibly at t
connection with the cult of Zeus Kretagenes, is a carefully thought out a
they were used in a fairly general way to celebrate these rites of passage
variety of types found.
Six varieties are recorded from our site at Knossos. In Type A (nos.
mould) the horse is prancing to the spectator's left and the rider wears a
out behind him. In Types B (nos. 64 and 65, from the same mould) an
holds a lance horizontally in his right hand, and his horse walks to the sp
(nos. 67 and 68 from the same mould) is similar, but the rider's hand is e
richly caparisoned. Type E (nos. 69 and 70, from the same mould) was app
but moving to the right, and Type F (no. 71) was apparently similar.
No. 72 is a damaged circular medallion with a relief decoration of
ostrich, moving to the right. Above it is a bunch of grapes and elsewhere
fruit and a twig. This object is like the so-called loomweights from S
elsewhere, with representations in relief on one side.66 Their date seems to
third century B.C., which would suit well enough for this.
Roman (nos. 73-94)

Nos. 73 and 74 (from the same mould) portray a gladiator advancing t
and carrying a dagger in his right hand. He wears the typical large visor
similar representation from Pompeii68 ensures a date in the first centur
with the find-spots of these two pieces.
Drama in Roman Knossos is represented by fragments of three masks, o
A.D. (nos. 75-77). Nos. 75 and 76 are too fragmentary for any identificati
no. 77, from the presence of an ivy- wreath, probably portrays Dionysos
in all three is the hole cut for the eyes. Masks of this general kind are rec
Knossos of the first century A.D.,70 from deposits of the same date at C
later deposits at Tarsus,72 and the Athenian Agora.73
No. 78 is a female head, possibly from a figure of Aphrodite. She we
hair, which is long and wavy and is parted centrally. She has a long face
mouth. A certain degree of stylisation sets this piece apart from the Helle
first century A.D. It approaches, without equalling, the hieratic styl
century (eg. nos. 86-89). An intermediate date, in the first half of the se
therefore probable. Such a dating is confirmed by a resemblance to the h
pipe-clay figures of the second century.74
No. 79 is another female head, rather more in the Hellenistic traditi
and waved and falls down her back. The open mouth suggests an actor
woman. Clay and technique lead the way to the second-third century
nos. 80-92, but there is no colouring and the style looks somewhat earlier
half of the second century A.D. is therefore probable.

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Nos. 80 to 92 are fragments of red colour-washed Roman figurines datable f

to the second and early third centuries A.D.
No. 80 is a draped seated woman with a naked male child on her lap. Th
Attic Matronae of the second half of the third century A.D.75 A somewhat ea
later second or early third century is probable here in view of the contexts of o
group from the Unexplored Mansion.
No. 81 is a fragment of a seated woman of a similar style. Her left hand is
otherwise there is not enough evidence to establish the type. The piece is dated
stratigraphically to the second or early third century A.D.
No. 82 is a fragment, probably from a bust, of a woman wearing a necklace with a globular
pendant. From the technique, it is probably contemporary with nos. 80 and 81. A similar piece
is recorded from Corinth.76
No. 83 is a half-figure of a woman wearing a girdled chiton. Dated by its context to the
second century A.D., it is a development of a first century type represented at Pompeii.77
No. 84, from a context contemporary with no. 83, is the base, with two naked feet, of a
figurine, probably male. And no. 85 is the back of a figurine inscribed (retrograde) A PO.
There are three heads broken from figurines (nos. 86-88), all probably feminine and all in
the hieratic style of the later second century. They could well come from bodies like nos. 80 and
81 . The emphatically modelled eyes, fleshy mouths and grim expressions recall the slightly later
Athenian Matronae,78 but the cleft chins are peculiar to the Knossian group.
A fourth head, no. 89 is very different, although, from its find-spot, contemporary. It
portrays a woman with wavy hair parted and falling down her back. The holes for her eyes
suggest that she may be wearing a mask, probably tragic.
Nos. 90 and 91 are two puzzling fragments. No. 90 is perhaps from a comic mask with large
grotesque eyebrows. A possible parallel is provided by a third-century mask from the Athenian
Agora.79 No. 91 is a hollow convex object with a male figure in relief, surmounted by a roof-
shaped object. It is perhaps part of a model of a gladiator's helmet.80
No. 92 is a boar's head, from a figurine (or perhaps a plastic vase) of a boar. Moulds for
similar pieces are known.81
No. 93 is a stamp or mould with a scene of Herakles struggling with the Nemean Lion. It
comes from a context of the second century A.D., and is paralleled in subject matter, but not in
style, by a mould of the fourth century B.C. from Athens.82
Catalogue
Geometric and Orientalizing plate 294
1 68/5 Warrior throwing spear (fr.), H. 5.2. Hand-made. Solid. Upper part only. Pink clay with dull red paint.
VIII 29, 175-150 B.C. and 1st cent B.C. mixed.
2 71/8 Dedalic head, H. 5. Front moulded. Back not moulded, slightly concave. Solid. Front double-struck,
with vertical displacement of 1.5mm. Broken from plaque. Outlines badly damaged. Orange clay with yellow
ochre surface. XII 6, 100-150 A.D.
2a 71/10 Mould fr, H. (près) 4.2. Part of mould for female dedalic figurine, unfinished. Outside convex. Yellow-
brown clay, redder at the core. Preserved is the upper body from waist belt to shoulder, and part of the hair,
with long braids ending in curls. A cape forms a rigid line across the shoulders. Full breasts and arms bare.
Neck and face unfinished. XIII 2, to 4th cent A.D. Mould illustrated at right, impression at left.
3 67/984 Dedalic plaque fr, H. 3.5. Front moulded. Back not moulded, flat. Solid. Chest and left arm only. Pale
purplish-pink clay. VIII 4, early 2nd A.D.
4 71/690 Horse's head, H. 6. Hand-made. Solid. Muzzle pierced. Small holes for nostrils. Broken from figurine.
Pale orange clay with red paint. XII 45, EG(?).

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5 67/70 Horse's head, H. 6.7. Hand-made. Solid. Muzzle and back of neck pierced. Br
clay with cream surface; dull black paint. Unstratified.
6 68/197 Horse's head, H. 4.1. Hand-made. Solid. Muzzle pierced. Broken from figu
orange surface; black paint partly misfired to red. V below wall 'bk', Geom.(?).
7 68/138 Horse fr, H. 3.8. Hand-made. Solid. Pierced through rump, which is all that s
yellow ochre surface; dull red paint. MUM 1/2.
8 72/805 Horse fr, H. 5. Hand-made. Solid through rump, which is all that surviv
cream surface; red paint. XIII 59, mixed LMIIIA-B and Geom.
9 67/250 Horse fr, H. 4.2. Hand-made. Solid. Rump only. Brown clay with cream sur
VIII 4, early 2nd A.D.
10 67/376 Dog? fr, H. 5. Hand-made. Solid. Hind-quarters only. Dull black paint.
Trajanic.
1 1 71/709 Bird on stand, H. 4, W. 4.2. Hand-made. Solid. Extremities damaged. Yellow-ochre clay; dull black
paint. House of Diamond Frescoes, Room I, fill above Evans' test. Side and top view illustrated.
12 67/754 Snake's head, L. 4. Hand-made. Solid. Broken from a figurine or a vase. Pale orange clay; dull black
paint and added white. I pit XI, PGB/EG and Classical.
13 68/1 14 Bull's head, H. 7.5. Wheel-made and subsequantly modelled. Hollow. Hole for mouth. Broken from a
vase. Orange clay with finer pale orange surface; black paint. VIII 30, 175-150 B.C./ 1st cent B.C. mixed.
Late Archaic and Classical plate 295

14 71/598 Female head, H. 3. Front moulded. Back not moulded. Solid, with vertical stick-hole. Broken from
figurine. Orange clay with pale orange surface. XIII pit 7, mixed Hellenistic.
15 68/278 Female head, H. 2.2. Front moulded. Back not moulded. Broken from figurine. Orange clay with pale
orange surface. Well 5, Classical.
16 71/724 Seated woman (fr.), H. 8.8. Front moulded as if for hollow piece, but backless. Head and lower part
missing. Pale orange clay with yellow ochre surface. XIII pit 9, mixed Hellenistic.
17 67/662 Seated woman (fr.), H. 4.1. Front moulded. Back not moulded, flat. Hollow. Lower part missing.
Yellow-ochre clay. I(S) 19, Hellenistic to 1st cent B.C.
18 68/7 Seated woman (fr.), H. 7.9. Front moulded, back not moulded, flat. Hollow. Head and lower part
missing. Pale orange clay with yellow ochre surface. VIII 29, 175-150 B.C. /Ist cent B.C. mixed.
19 68/137 Female head, H. 7.8. Front moulded, as if for a hollow piece, but backless. Pale brown clay. VIII 33,
Geom. /early Hellenistic mixed.
20 67/718 Female head, H. 4.5. Front and and back moulded. Solid. Breaks at top of head and below neck. Pale
orange clay, with traces of red decoration. I(S) 23, late 2nd/early 1st cent B.C.
21 71/292 Female protome (fr.), H. 7. Moulded. Wreath attached separately. Right upper part. Grey clay with
pale orange surface. XV 8, to mis 1st cent A.D.
22 67/827 Female protome (fr.), H. 6.8. Moulded. Pierced for suspension on r. side. Right upper part. Grey clay
with pale orange surface. Unstratified.
23 71/482 Woman standing (fr.), H. 6.5. Front and back moulded; back roughly modelled. Hollow. Right hand
and drapery. Pale brown clay; decoration in red. XI 19, Augustan.
24 71/166 Actor standing, H. 5.7. Front moulded. Back not moulded, flat. Solid. Head and lower legs missing.
Pale orange clay. Baulk X/XI 4, Flavian.
25 68/1 Ape squatting, H. 9. Front and back moulded. Back not modelled. Hollow. Lower part damaged. Cream
clay. VIII 27, stone fall on Tiberian floor, Deposit Bl.
Hellenistic plates 296-300

26 67/667 Woman standing (fr.), H. 5.5. Front moulded. Back missing. Was probably solid. Central area on
Pale orange clay. Ill 10, Hellenistic.
27 67/660 Woman standing (fr.), H. 5.7. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Lower part only. Yellow-och
clay with cream surface; traces of white slip decoration. SA 2, late 2nd/early 3rd cent A.D.
28 71/227 Woman standing (fr.), H. 7.5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Part of skirt. Orange clay. X
25b, late 1st cent B.C.
29 71/388 Woman standing (fr.), H. 14. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Lower part only. Orange cl
with cream slip. XIII 2, 3rd cent A.D.
30 71/563 Nike standing, H. 8.8. Front moulded. Back not moulded, flat. Solid. Head missing. Yellow-oc
clay. XIII 39, 1st cent B.C.

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31 71/130 Aphrodite (fr.), H. 3. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Right shoul
clay with cream surface. XIII 12, to mid 1st cent A.D.
32 71/336 Aphrodite (fr.), H. 5.5. Front and back moulded. Back roughly modelle
arm only. Cream clay. XI 15, late 1st cent B.C.
33 71/310 Aphrodite (fr.), H. 7. Front and back moulded. Back not modelled. Hollow
ochre clay; traces of decoration in red. XIII 33, Deposit Cl, Claudian.
34 67/946 Artemis standing (fr.), H. 7.3. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Par
clay. II 8, mixed Geom. to 2nd cent A.D.
35 71/254 Female figure (fr.), H. 5.3. Front and back moulded. Back not modelle
shoulder. Yellow-ochre clay. XI 19, Augustan.
36 71/264 Woman seated (fr.), H. 5.8. Front and back moulded. Back roughly mode
missing. Yellow-ochre clay. XIII 32b, Deposit Cl, Claudian.
37 71/721 Woman seated (fr.), H. 6. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Upper
with cream surface. XIII pit 9, mixed Hellenistic.
38 71/256 Female head, H. 5.5. Front and back moulded. Back roughly modelled. Bro
ochre clay; traces of red decoration on hair. XI 15, Augustan.
39 71/145 and 71/185 Boy standing (fr.), H. 4. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollo
Grey clay (damaged by fire?). XIII 17b and 19, Neronian.
40 67/966 Boy standing (fr.), H. 5.5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Central
Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st cent B.C.
41 67/716 Naked male figure (fr.), H. 5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Thi
VIII 7, pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian.
42 67/716 Naked male figure (fr.), H. 5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Thi
VIII 7, pit 4, Deposit Fl, Flavian.
43 71/186 Head and shoulders of boy, H. 4.5. Front and back moulded. Hollow. Brok
ochre clay. XIV 8, early 1st cent A.D.
44 71/188 Male head, H.3.5. Front and back moulded. Hollow. Broken from figurin
'dd', Claudian.
45 67/694 Head of Eros?, H. 3.2. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Broken from
VIII 8, early/mid 1st cent A.D.
46 67/319 Head of Eros?, H. 2.4. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Broken from
4-7, 2nd cent A.D.
47 67/258 Head of Eros?, H. 2.4. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Broken fr
fire? Yellow-ochre and grey clay. I(N) 8, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early 3rd cent A.D
48 71/638 Man dancing (fr.), H. 7.2. Hand-made. Solid. Waist and thighs only. Ye
mixed Hellenistic.
49 71/125 Boy with dog (fr.), H. 7.5. Front and back moulded. Back not modelled. Hollow. Upper and lower
parts missing. Cream clay. XIII 17c, Deposit N2, Neronian.
50 71/150 Eros and Psyche (fr.), H. 7.0. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Lower part missing. Pale orange
clay. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
51 71/266 Mould. Comic actor standing, total H. 15.5. Pale orange clay with cream surface. XI 16, Augustan.
AR 1972-3, 69, fig. 26.
52 71/126 Comic actor seated (fr.), H. 4.3. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Central part only. Yellow-
ochre clay. XIII 17b, Deposit N2, Neronian.
53 71/3 Head of comic actor, H. 4. Front moulded. Back missing. Broken from figurine(?). Pale orange clay. XI
3, to mid 2nd cent A.D.
54a 67/951 Head and neck of goose, H. 4.8. Front and back moulded. Hollow. Broken from figurine. Must be from
same piece as no. 54b. Pale orange clay. SA pit 2, 1st cent B.C. and to 60 A.D.
54b 67/737 Body of goose, greatest dimension 6. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Must be from same piece
as no. 54a. Pale orange clay. SA 2.
55 71/551 Lion (plastic vase), H. 14.4. Moulded back and front (back in less detail). Bottom covered in. Remains
of handle on back. Badly damaged. Also five non-joining frs. Greenish cream clay, with dull red paint. XIII
38, Deposit Al, Augustan.
56 68/54 Eros (fr.), H. 6.2. Front mouulded. Back rough, for attachment to vase. Pale orange clay, with black
paint throughout. VIII 32, 4th-3rd cent B.C.
57 71/333 Female head, H. 6.5. Moulded. Hollow. Pale orange clay, with black paint outside, red paint inside.
XI 16, Augustan.

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58 Vacant no.
59 67/478 Relief fr: Eros and goat, H. 5. Front moulded. Back slightly concave. Oran
2nd/early 3rd cent A.D.
60 71/627 Relief fr: Poseidon and Amymone, H. 6.5. Front moulded. Back flat. Yellow
Deposit Al, Augustan.
61 67/775 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 5.5. From top right corner. Pale orange clay, with t
red. Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st cent B.C.
62 67/713 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 2.8. Rider's head only, from central upper edge. Yel
to late 1st cent A.D.
63 67/986 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 5.5. Horse's tail, from right edge. Pale brown clay, with traces of red slip.
VIII Wall x (drain A), 1st cent A.D.
64 67/644 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 4.8. Central area with much of horse and rider. Pale brown clay. VII wxt
3, Deposit Nl, Neronian.
65 67/574 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 4.8. Central area, with much of horse and rider. Pale brown clay. Pit 65,
late 2nd/early 1st cent B.C.
66 68/226 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 5. Rear of horse. Yellow-ochre clay with traces of red slip. Well 8b, Deposit
T2, Trajanic.
67 67/628 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 5.1. Most of horse and rider. Pale orange clay. I(S) 12-16, 1st cent A.D.
68 71/224 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 4. Most of horse. Yellow-ochre clay. XIII 24a, Augustan.
69 67/735 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 7. Rear part of horse. Pale orange clay with yellow-ochre surface. VII 13,
Deposit Nl, Neronian.
70 SMT 668 Horseman-hero relief fr, H. 7. Much of horse. Yellow-ochre clay with cream surface. XI 33, mixed
Geom. to later Hellenistic.
71 71/131 Horseman-hero relief fr.(?), H. 6. Forepart of horse. Pale orange clay. X 7, Flavian.
72 68/39 Circlular relief medallion, D. 8.4, Th. 4.7. Front moulded. Back flat. Solid. Relief of bird. Top missing
Pink clay with reddish-brown "paint" throughout. VIII 28, deposit Bl, Tiberian. plate 329, 18.
72a 68/149 Mould fr, L. (près) 10.5, Th. (max) 2. Yellow-brown clay, pink to grey at the core. Part of mould for
decorative plaque(?), with floral design. VIII 28, Deposit Bl, Tiberian.
Roman plates 300-302

73 71/167 Head of a gladiator, H. 3. Moulded. Broken from a figurine from same mould as no. 74. Yellow-oc
clay. XIV 7, Claudian.
74 68/1 15 Gladiator, H. 5.5. Front and back moulded. Hollow. Lower part missing. Yellow-ochre clay. Well
Deposit T2, Trajanic.
75 67/981 Mask fr, H. 6.2. Moulded. Forehead. Orange-pink clay. VIII 8, 1-50 A.D.
76 67/983 Mask fr, H. 8.8. Moulded. Right eye and part of nose. Orange-pink clay. VIII 4, to Hadrianic.
77 67/982 Mask fr, H. 6.5. Moulded. Left upper part. Cream clay. II 7a, mixed lst/2nd A.D.
78 71/9 Female head, H. 4.5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Broken from figurine. Grey clay. XIII 1
Deposit Cl, Claudian.
79 67/100 Female head and neck. Actor? H.5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Mouth pierced. Ora
clay, with pale orange surface. VII 3, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
80 67/19 Woman seated, with child (fr.), H. 8.7. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Central part only. P
orange clay, with red paint. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd A.D.
81 67/378 Woman seated (fr.), H. 7.1. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Part of body and left hand. Ora
clay, grey at the core, with red paint. VI 5, Deposit R3, late 2nd A.D.
82 71/184 Female half-figure (fr.), H. 6. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Head missing. Pale orange c
with red paint. XII 2, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
83 67/138 Woman seated (fr.), H. 4.7, W. 5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Left shoulder and brea
Pale-brown clay, with orange-red paint. VII 5, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
84 67/305 Base and feet from figurine, H. 2.7, W. 7. Moulded. Hollow. Covered underneath. From a figurin
plastic vase? Yellow-ochre clay, with red paint, partly misfired to black. VIII 4, to Hadrianic.
85 71/817 Back of a figurine, H. 7. Moulded; roughly modelled. Front missing. Hollow. Inscribed (retrogra
AOPO.... Pale brown clay, with red paint. XIV 24, Tiberian.
86 67/251 Female head, H. 4. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Broken from figurine. Pale orange cla
with red paint. VII 4, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.

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87 67/569 Female head, H. 3.7. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Broken from
with red paint. VII 4, Deposit S2, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
88 67/113 Female head (fr.), H. 3. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Part of
figurine. Pale orange clay, with red paint. II 5, mid 2nd A.D.
89 71/4 Female head. Actor? H.3.5. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Eyes pier
red paint. XII 2, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
90 67/393 Comic mask fr.(?), H. 4.5, W. 5. Moulded upper right part of face. Yellow-
I(S) 13, Deposit D3, Hadrianic.
91 71/250 Relief with naked youth, H. 8.9. Moulded. Lower part missing. From a va
core in parts; red paint. XIV 11, Augustan.
92 67/373 Boar's head, H. 3.5, W. 5.7. Front moulded. Back missing. Hollow. Broken
Brown clay, with red paint, very dark and glossy. VII 12, Deposit Nl, Neronian
93 67/479 Stamp: Herakles and Nemean Lion, H. 6.8. Yellow-ochre clay. V(N) 3, D
94 Mould fr, D. (int). c. 20. Yellow-brown clay, grey at the core. Part of mould f
border, obliquely ridged; fragment of design in relief with thyrsus head, and hea
figure (Maenad?); very worn. Well 12, Deposit D4 Hadrianic.

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Section 11
Metalwork and Metallurgical Debris

(PLATES 303-314)
KEITH BRANIGAN
Page
Introduction 363
Sub-Minoan to Geometric 364
Catalogue (Copper and bronze M 1-20; lead M21-3; iron M24-6) 364
Discussion 365
Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic 365
Catalogue (Copper and bronze M27-69; lead M70-2; iron M73-155; 365
metallurgical debris M 156-1 87)
Discussion 368
Roman 368
Catalogue (Copper and bronze M 188-325; lead M336-352; 368
iron M353-529; metallurgical debris M530-600a)
Discussion 375
Roman and later 376
Catalogue (Copper and bronze M60 1-621; lead M622-8; 377
iron M629-32; metallurgical debris M633-649)
Conclusion 378
INTRODUCTION
A total of 650 items were considered worthy of individual cataloguing and rec
121 were pieces of debris from metallurgical operations. The material is p
chronological groups - Sub-Minoan to Geometric (with LM survivals), Arch
and Roman. The date given for each catalogue entry is that assigned to the ass
Within each chronological group, the artefacts are grouped according to
copper/bronze, lead, iron - and finally the metallurgical material is descr
material group, the artefacts are listed in the following order: weapons, t
implements, jewellery, embellishments and fittings. As most items are comm
from other sites are not normally given. Each chronological group is conclude
of items of particular interest and a brief assessment of the group as a w
material is being examined by E. Photos, S. Filippakis and CJ. Salter, an
363

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364 METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
report has already been published {Photos et al. 1985). Tw

were selected by the present writer and set aside for their s
these items is placed in brackets after the items in the follo
Any preliminary information available from the anal
description.
SUB-MINOAN TO GEOMETRIC (WITH LM SURVIVALS)

Catalogue
A Copper and Bronze plates 303, 312
Ml Knife blade, single edged (68/300). L. 7.4, W. 0.9, pointed tip, incomplete. V, baulk beneath North House;
E edge of Pit 60. G?
M2 Knife or saw blade (68/250) L. 4.4, W. 1.1, tip only, possibly serrated teeth on cutting edge. VII 52, SM?
M3 Common graver (72/793) L. 6.5, W. 0.5, complete, chisel-like but with blade shaped to a point. XIV 41,
LG.
M4 Borer or scriber (72/792) L. 3.6, W. 0.2, complete; if a borer it may have been set into a bone or wooden
handle XI 56, PG.
M5 Needle L. 4.5, head and top of shaft only; eye made by looping end of shaft. MUM VI 1, G?
M6 Mirror? D. 8.0, Th. 0.2, two fragments only, rim decorated with two concentric raised ribs with cast (?)
decoration between (possibly a wavy line rather than dots, as shown in drawing). XI content of Wall 'dv',
associated sherds to 7th B.C.
M7 Tweezers L. 2.1, W. 1.4, tip of one arm only, splayed blade. V 4A, LMI.
M8 Spatula L. 4.2, W. 1 .0, spatula head only, made from sheet, with shaft formed by hammering into thick
wire. East Street, trodden level at Section D. no. 26 (MUM V, Rm 10 7), EPG.
M9 Hook-pin (72/808) L. 14.2, D. 0.4 (shaft), complete but broken in six pieces. Common Minoan type. XV 31,
LM?
MIO Pin shaft L. 3.0, piece of shaft only. XV Pit 27, LM IIIB.
Mil Ring bezel (68/254) L. 1.8. Oval bezel only, ring broken off at each end. VII 50A, SM?
M12 Spiral finger-ring (68/68) D. 1.8, similar rings found at Lefkandi in Sub/Myc. and PG tombs. VII 44a,
PG-LG.
M 13 Sheet disc D. 4.5, possibly an embellishment for wood or leather. V 4A, LM I.
M14 Flat strip (71/631) L. 3, W. 1.2, binding(?). XI 34, MG/LG.
M15 Small stud (67/680) L. 0.8, D. 1.5, flat head. II 10, Minoan.
M 16 Stud head D. 1.1, domed. XI 40, G?
Ml 7 Stud head (68/262) D. 1.2, domed. VIII 34, MG-LG.
M 18 Hook (72/809) L. 13, D. 1.5, bent over to form a hook after being driven through a beam (?) 4.5 thick; beam
marks remain. A type found in the Minoan levels below (cf. MUM pl. 203 no. 12), so perhaps deriving from
robber disturbance. XIII 52, PG?
M19 Two sheet frs. L. 6.5, 3.5. XIII 44, EG.
M20 Bent bar (68/84) L. 3. Pit 27, Deposit GD. Early MG.
There were an additional 1 7 fragments of bronze wire and sheet from Sub-Minoan to Geometric levels.
B Lead plates 303, 312

M21 Handle L. 6.8, W. 2.8, in form of human figure from waist/hips up, arms on hips; back of figure is flat, and
base curves back slightly at point where broken off; sex uncertain. Appears to be handle of some sort,
possibly from a lead box or casket. Pre-8th? V baulk beneath North House #1013; from hard yellow stratum
at top of robbing Pit 60, close beside Minoan terrace wall of the North Platform (see Section D. no. 17).
M22 Pottery rivet L. 8.9, W. 1.1, flat one side, convex the other. Pit 26 (MUM B 2, Pit 1), PG-MG.
M23 (68/89) Flat bar L. 2.5, W. 1.4. VII 45 #0891, Pit 9, mixed LM IIIC/SM and Geom.
There were two further fragments of lead in Geometric levels.

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METALWORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS 365
C Iron
M24 Knife blade L. 7.2, W. 3, tang and part of blade only. Two similar blades were found at Lefkandi (one of
bronze) in LG levels. XV 19, LM III/PG (below MG occupation level).
M25 Ring (68/259) D. 2.5, flat band, probably penannular, similar found at Lefkandi in Sub-Myc. VI 33A, G?
M26 Nail (68/257) L. 7.5, D. Hd 2.5, tip lost. VI 33A, G?
Discussion
There is little in the meagre collection from the Geometric levels to call for com
surprising item is the lead figurine/handle (M21), a relatively elaborate item
lead in Geometric times. Otherwise the collection is typical domestic materi
main point of interest is perhaps that all the Geometric items would hav
surprise if they had been found in the Late Minoan levels, and vice-versa;
probability that some items are in fact Bronze Age survivals, it still seems fair t
in terms of basic metallurgy there is considerable continuity between the two p
ARCHAIC, CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC

Catalogue
A Copper and Bronze plates 303-4, 312
M27 Arrowhead (71/628) L. 3.6, socketed with three barbs; barbed and socketed arrowheads were common in
the Hellenistic period. XII 40, Class, to later 3rd B.C. packing fill, as Deposit H19.
M28 Arrowhead (67/847) L. 7.6, incomplete blade; tanged with central rib. Pit 64 (III Pit 16), 4th B.C.
M29 Chisel (67/839) L. 3.9, W. 7mm., narrow-bladed and tanged. VI 7, Hell, to 1st B.C.
M30 Chisel L. 5.3, W. 1.2, small tool with flaring blade. I(N) 18, Deposit H 34, 2nd B.C.
M31 Awl (67/585) L. 6.9, stop-ridge for firm hafting. I(N) 20, Class.
M32 Punch (68/242) L. 7, deformed. VIII 33, early Hell.
M33 Needle L. 6.6, incomplete, narrow head. Content (Hell.) of Wall 'ac' (1st A.D.) at south of North House
court.
M34 Needle (68/292) L. 7, broad head. Ill East Street #1079, fill below 'Floor 6', Hell, to 1st B.
M35 Needle? (67/682) L. 6.5, head lost. Deposit H14 (Well 1), late 3rd B.C.
M36 Spoon? (68/252) L. 3.5, frag, bowl only. VIII 32, 4th-3rd B.C.
M37 Vessel handle? (71/636) L. 7.2, strip of concave section formed into hook-shaped handle, for
G-Hell.
M38 Toilet scoop L. 19.1, typical toilet scoop with small spatulate end and other end pointed. Pit 24, la
Archaic-Class.
M39 Pin? (72/806) L. 1 1.1, D. Hd 0.3, dress pin. Southwest House Room III, below Augustan earth floor; ea
to mid 1st B.C.
M40 Pin? (68/235) L. 8, the spatula-like head is suggestive of a toilet scoop but is probably too thick for this
purpose. VII content of Wall 'bh', Class?
M41 Pin (72/794) L. 4.1, small domed head. Pit 5, Deposit H4, late Archaic.
M42 Pin? (67/842) L. 5, similar to M.40. IV(N) 5, Hell?
M43 Pin L. 8.1, twisted wire shaft only. V 6b, late 7th B.C.
M44 Pin L. 7, shaft only. Pit 65, late 2nd-early 1st B.C.
M45 Pin? (67/840) L. 5.4, shaft only, possibly a needle. V(N) 5, G-Class.
M46 Ring bezel L. 2.5, oval bezel, undecorated. I(S) 33, Archaic-Class, to early 4th B.C.
M47 Finger ring L. 1.7, frag of ring with oval bezel. I(N) 22, G with some Class/Hell.
M48 Finger ring (67/848) D. 2.2, flat band with overlapping ends. I(S) 33, Archaic-Class, to early 4th B.C.
M49 Finger ring D. 2, W. 0.9, band with repousse rib on either edge and apparently a line of raised bosses round
centre. Pit 2 (XIII pit 9), Deposit H28, mixed Hell, to mid 2nd B.C.
M50 Finger ring? (71/635) D. 2.5, deformed and one end broken, but appears to be a penannular ring with

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double-spiral terminals; double-spiral pins of 7th cent. B.C. are i

does not appear to be a deformed pin. XIV 32 Archaic-Class.
M51 Bangle D. 6.5, fragment of D-section bangle. Well 14, Deposi
M52 Sheathing (72/797) L. 2.5, D. 1.6, frag, sheathing for wooden
M53 Binding (68/294) L. 4.5, W. 1.7, bent over edge of? leather.
M54 Inlay? L. 6, W. 0.9, T-shaped strip, inlay in wood? I(S) 24,
M55 Embellishment (67/841) L. 3.2, W. 5.6, fleur-de-lys shaped p
3rd B.C.
M56 Binding (71/629) L. 4, W. 3.2, flat strip with iron rivet. Deposit H30 (XI 27), late Hell.
M57 Small chain (67/845) L. 9.4, two links of light twisted-wire chain, from chest? III(E) 12, 5th B.C.
M58 Box handle W. 5, one half only "omega" type loop handle; similar were found in the sanctuary of Demeter
excavations at Knossos, in 5th B.C. levels. XII 18, 1st B.C.
M59 Box handle W. 3.5, much smaller example of same type. Deposit H12 (Well 14), early 3rd B.C.
M60 Bossed disc (71/634) D. 4.5, disc with off-centre oval boss, purpose unknown. XII 41, late 3rd B.C.
M61 Stud head (71/632) D. 3, low-domed head. XII 38, Hell, to 2nd B.C.
M62 Rivet (68/240) L. 1, very small (decorative?) rivet. Fabric of south wall of street (Wall w), sherd content
Hell.
M63 Disc D. 1.7, flat small central hole. Deposit H3 (Pit 8), Archaic.
M64 Stud head D. 1.2, low-domed head. I(S) 23, late Class-Hell.
M65 Stud head (68/86) D. 2.2, as M.64. VIII 29, mid 2nd B.C.
M66 Stud and washer (67/836) L. 3.1, D. 2.6, flat-headed stud with square washer on shaft. V(E) 4, mixed Hell.
M67 Nail (67/835) L. 7.3, D. (head) 1.4, square shaft. Ill 10, Class-Hell.
M68 Nail? (67/852) L. 2.4, shaft fr. only. Ill fill below Wall V, Hell.
M69 Nail? (68/85) L. 3.9, shaft fr. only. VIII Pit 5, Class-Hell.
There were 83 additional scraps of copper/bronze wire, sheet, strip etc. from levels of Archaic-Hellenistic date.

M70 Nail (71/466) L. 6.4, domed head. Deposit H25 (XII 19), early 2nd B.C.
M71 Stud (71/422) D. 2.5, flat head. XIV 14, Hell, to 1st B.C.
M72 Binding L. 7, two strips, one semicircular in section, the other oblong, joined by two short cross-pieces,
purpose unknown. Deposit H32 (XIII 28A) mid 1st B.C.
There were two pieces of waste strip from Archaic-Hell levels.
C Iron plates 304-5, 312

M73 Small spearhead L. 4.7, only shaft and small portion of blade survived; socket D. 1.8. I(N) 16, mid-late 1st
B.C.
M74 Knife L. 5.3, tip only, ordinary domestic type. Pit 65, late 2nd-early 1st B.C.
M75 Knife L. 7, tanged, tip lost. Deposit H12 (Well 14), early 3rd B.C.
M76 Knife (67/851) L. 4.9, tip only similar to M74. V 4 Pit 6, Hell.
M77 Knife L. 7, tip only, more pointed than M76. Deposit H30 (XI 27), late Hell.
M78 Knife? L. 13, long tang, narrow blade, tip lost. Deposit H12 (Well 14), early 3rd B.C.
M 79 Axe (71/644) L. 8, blade W. 5.4, flaring edge axe blade, part of iron sheathing of shaft survives; suitable for
light carpentry work. XIV 31, Hell.
M80 Chisel L. 6.6, small chisel with flaring blade. VII 27, G-Class.
M81 Chisel (68/231) L. 4.7, small straight-sided chisel. VIII 31, 2nd B.C.
M82 File? L. 7.8, narrow tang set central to broad flat blade, broken. G-late Hell.
M83 Punch (71/642) L. 18, square section, blunted point. XIV 32, pit 7, Archaic-Class.
M84 Finger-ring (71/672) D. 1.5, sub-rectangular bezel. XV 10a, Hell-lst B.C.
M85 Ring (71/671) D. 2.7, penannular, pointed terminals. XIV 31, 1st B.C.
M86 Ring D. 2.5, circular section, broken. Ill 1-2 (street), Class.
M87 Catch L. 5.2, small catch from wooden box? Deposit H30 (XI 30), late Hell.
M88 Catch? (67/835) L. 5.5, broken but larger version of M87. Pit 65, late 2nd-early 1st B.C.
M89 Strip of binding L. 7, angled strip to edge wood? Deposit H5 (Pit 23) early 4th B.C.
M90 Binding L. 4. 1 , square plate, slightly curved, with four rivet holes, probably a binding from a wooden object.
XIV 14, 1st B.C.

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M91 Belt plate? (67/837) L. 9.2, two long thin plates with rounde
V(N) 4, mixed Hell.
M92 Shaft binding (71/675) L. 7.5, D. 1.3, penannular cylindrical b
content G-Hell.
M93 Disc D. 4.2, central perforation, could be a spindle whorl, but may be a washer. Deposit H28 (Pit 1 ) mixe
Hell.
M94 Stud L. 2.4, flat head. Pit 65, late 2nd-early 1st B.C.
M95 Wall bracket L. 5.5, L-shaped. I/V #0706, Hell.
M96-155 59 nails which can be grouped into 3 main sizes; according to shaft diameter. A) D. 5-6mm, 6 examples
all with circular heads (D 2). B) D. 7-8mm, 15 examples all with circular heads (D 2, L. 7.5). C) D.
9-1 0mm, 34 examples all with circular heads (D 2-3.5, L. 12). There were also three examples with square
shafts, one with circular (D 4mm.) Various contexts, Class-Hell.
D Metallurgical Debris plate 314

M156 Bronze smithing slag, 5gms. I(S) 21A, Class-Hell (A13).
M 157 Bronze melting slag, 15gms. I(S) 21a, Class-Hell.
M 158 Repaired furnace wall, bronze slag (2% tin) adhering to inside; clay coating on outside. VIII Pit 8, Hell
(A9).
M 159 Furnace lining from iron smithing, 50gms. I(N) 20, Class (A8).
M160 Iron slag; smelting of oxide ore? 50gms. VI 8, Hell (A14).
M 161 Iron slag; smithing? 60gms. VI 8, Hell.
M162 Iron slag; smithing? HOgms. Deposit H28 (Pit 22), late Hell.
M163 Iron smelting slag, 60gms. XIV 12, early 3rd B.C.
M164 Iron smelting slag, 40gms. XIV Pit 5, Hell to 1st B.C.
M165 Iron smelting slag, 80gms. XIII 27, 1st B.C.
M 166 Iron bloom? D. 9, 325 gms. Deposit H30 (XI 30), late Hell.
M 167-1 87 The following are all either fragments of, or complete, furnace bottoms ("cinders"). They are round or
oval in plan, the underside is convexly curved and the upper is slightly concave or flat; the underside is
usually partly coated with yellowish soil. Each piece appears to be comprised of small pieces of iron, slag,
charcoal and clay - mainly iron and slag. An asterisk after the cat. number indicates a complete bottom.
L. W. Th. Wt(gms.) Prov. Date

M167* 13 10 2 300 Deposit H13 (VII 16A) 3rd B.C.
M 168* 14 14 3.5 13500 Deposit H 13 3rd B.C.
M 169* 12 12 3.5 925 Deposit H13 3rd B.C.
M170* 12.5 10 3 675 Deposit H 13 3rd B.C.
M171* 16 15 5.5 1850 Deposit H13 3rd B.C.
M172* 15 12 5 1220 Deposit H 13 3rd B.C.
M173* 15 15.5 6 2250 Deposit H 13 3rd B.C.
M 174* 15 13 6 1475 Deposit H 13 3rd B.C.
M175* 11 9 2 450 Deposit HI 2 (Well 14) Early 3rd B.C.
M176* 8.5 7 1.5 150 Deposit H 19 3rd B.C.
M177* 11 8 2 350 Deposit H28 (Pit 2) mixed Hell.
M178* 8 7 1.5 175 HIE 11 Class./Hell.
M 179* 9 6 1.5 140 Pit 65 (HIE Pit 13) late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
M 180* 12 9 1.5 150 Pit 65 late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
M181* 10 10 2 575 Pit 65 late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
M182* 10 8 2 550 Pit 65 late 2nd-early 1st B.C.
M183* 13 12 1.5 475 Pit 65 late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
M 184* 11 7 1.5 480 Pit 65 late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
M185* 9 5 1.5 200 Pit 65 late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
M186 9 7 1.5 175 Pit 65 late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
M187 12 8 1.5 250 VI 7A 1st B.C.

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368 METAL WORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS
Discussion
Although some seventy artefacts are catalogued for this period, they ar
undistinguished group of domestic material. The eight small tools of bronze
isolated finds; there is no reason to think they were associated with craft workshop
interest in this assemblage must be the metallurgical debris, and in particular t
complete and three incomplete furnace bottoms.
Items M 156-8 testify to occasional, small-scale bronze-working, using metallic br
was simply re-melted. The repair to furnace wall M 158 suggests that small bronze f
cupola type were in use and that crucibles were not employed in their operation {Ph
1985, 195). The iron-slags M159-165 point to both smelting and smithing activit
concentrated in the Hellenistic period, but beginning in the Classical era. The concen
furnace bottoms in two deposits of the periods 3rd century B.C. and late 2nd-early
B.C. certainly points to a smithing workshop or workshops somewhere close by,
possibly intermittently - over a period of at least two centuries, and probably rath
earliest bottom is M 1 75 dating to the early third century. Since both groups conta
complete bottoms, rather than fragments, it is likely that both groups are primary
each reflecting contemporary activity. There is no reason for supposing that the lat
simply redeposited material from 3rd century working.
Since we must assume that the material recovered in the excavations represents on
the original debris from this iron-working activity, we cannot make any realistic c
about the amount of iron produced or even the number of furnaces involved.
bottoms represent regular clearing of the cinders accumulated in the furn
workshop (s) and there are certainly sufficient of them to think in terms of specia
rather than purely domestic smithing. What can be said about the furnaces i
chambers were small, either circular or slightly oval, with their base apparently cu
soil, to judge from the soil adhering to the lower side of the bottoms. Until
available, there is little more that can be said of them.
ROMAN
Catalogue
A Copper and Bronze plates 305, 306, 307, 308, 312, 313
M188 Knife blade? (67/589) L. 9.7, W. 1.5, tip broken, unusual slightly curved section. Depos
Severan.
M 189 Punch/awl (67/177) L. 6.8, complete. I(S) 12A, late 2nd A.D.
M190 Punch/awl (67/681) L. 6.5, bent and broken. Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan.
M191 Needle (67/192) L. 8.8, flat broad head. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D.
M192 Needle L. 10.7, much finer than M191. XIV content of clay wall 'em', Augustan.
M193 Fish-hook? (67/850) L. 3.2, swelling on end of stem. I(S) 17, Augustan.
M 194 Fish-hook? (67/849) L. 4.4, no surviving means of attaching to line. IX 26, Claudian.
M195 Fish-hook? (67/684) L. 1.2, tip only. Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan.
M 196 Hook or awl? L. 3, probably a twisted awl, square section. XV 8, Claudian.
M 197 Spoon terminal? L. 3.1, traced decorative line around edge. XI 13, Claudian.
M198 Fork-like implement (67/467) L. 13.5, traces of gilding. Deposit Nl, Neronian.
M199 Stylus (67/268) L. 10, simple decoration on broad end. I(S) 12, Deposit R2, late 2nd A.D.
M200 Lid of seal box (71/497) D. 1.5, no enamel traces. Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
M201 Scale pan? L. 6, circular raised rib on concave face. Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
M202 Foot of vessel? (71/495) L. 3.3, identification very tentative. XI/XIII #2491, mid-Hell to 1st A.D.

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M203 Rim of vessel base? (71/400) D. 10, possibly rim of a hollow

M204 Juglet handle? L. 5.9, angle and shallow arc suggest from
M205 Lid of an ink well? (71/677) D. 3.2, L. of eagle 3.7. An eagle
remains of a hinge. The eagle stands on two legs, but has a colum
would have fitted onto the top of a well 2.2 in d., which is too larg
been the lid of an ink well. No known parallels. House of Diamo
(Phase 2), 2nd A.D.
M206 Mirror? L. 8, est. D. 25, rather large for a mirror, and the curled
suggest this might be a lid for a vessel. Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
M207 Mirror? D. 9.5, could be a small mirror or scale pan. XV 1
M208 Tweezers (71/510) L. 6, complete; narrow-bladed tweezers li
XIV 25, Augustan.
M209 Spatula (67/112) L. 15.3, flat head, pointed tip, complete
M210 Spatula (67/195) L. 4.7, flat head only survives. Deposit R
M211 Spatula (71/472) L. 13, flat head, pointed tip, bend in shaft
M212 Unguent spoon (67/657) L. 7.3, tip broken. Deposit S2 (IX
M213 Fibula (71/499) L. of clasp 1.6. This is a fragment of clasp a
terminal and surviving traces of a broad bow, all suggest that it
levels. Deposit D5 (XII 8a), Hadrianic.
M214 Hook pin? L. 6.5, probably a hook pin, though the hook is rel
M215 Pin (71/411) L. 9, circular head slightly cone-shaped, comp
M216 Pin (71/480) L. 5.3, twisted wire shaft, small domed head
M217 Pin (71/474) L. 4.4, fragment of shaft only, with small stop-r
Tiberian in Southwest House.
M218 Dress pin, L. 13.3, head lost. X/XI 4, Flavian.
M219 Pin? L. 7.8, no head, curled terminal? Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
M220 Pin? L. 6.7, broken both ends but head apparently flattened; could be a broad-headed needle. X 2, P
Hadrianic.
M221 Pin? (67/135) L. 7.5, no head, could be an awl. Deposit SI, Severan.
M222 Hair-ring (67/462) D. 1, spiral hair-ring. Deposit D2, Hadrianic.
M223 Hair-ring (67/846) D. 1.5, similar to last. Ill 10, Hadrianic.
M224 Hair-ring (67/460) D. 1.2, annular ring, too small for finger. Deposit Nl, Neronian.
M225 Hair-ring? (61/459) D. 1.3, penannular ring, too small for finger. Deposit Dl, Hadrianic.
M226 Hair-ring? (68/855) D. 1.5, penannular, bent or coiled? Deposit R2 (IV(N) 3), late 2nd A.D.
M227 Hair-ring? D. 1.5, penannular, bent or coiled? MUM 1977 1A, late 2nd A.D.
M228 Finger-ring (71/481) D. 1.7, ring with elongated oval bezel. XIV 24, Tiberian.
M229 Finger-ring, D. 2.2, penannular ring of thin wire. XI 4, Trajanic.
M230 Finger-ring? (67/344) D. 2.4, broken ring, possibly too large for finger. Deposit R3 (IV(N) 3A), late 2
A.D.
M231 Finger-ring? (67/428) D. 2.2, only half survives. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11) late 2nd A.D.
M232 Ring (67/342) D. 1 .4, only small section survives, flat band, possibly a binding or a hair-ring. Deposit D3
(I(S) 13), Hadrianic.
M233 Finger-ring? D. 2, terminals curled back; the form is identical to that of a small chest handle (see M275)
although this example too small and fragile for that purpose. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M234 Finger-ring? L. 3.2, flattened ring with two pointed terminals. Deposit Nl, Neronian.
M235 Bangle? L. 2.1, short length of bangle? Sheet bronze with four raised repoussé ribs. Deposit Cl, Claudian.
M236 Bangle? L. 3.2, short length of strap or bangle. XI 9, Claudian.
M237 Bangle? D. 5, narrow band, possible traces of decoration on one edge. XIV 22, Claudian.
M238 Bangle? L. 4, segment of twisted wire with loop terminal (or link of chain?). VIII 6, to late 2nd A.D.
M239 Belt hook? (67/838) L. 3.5, the knobbed shaft terminal suggests the hook was firmly attached to something,
and the broad blunt hook indicates it was expected to carry some weight. IX 25, Claudian(?).
M240 Belt hook? (71/501) L. 4.1, flat with flaring tip to hook, traces of material to which riveted. Deposit Cl,
Claudian.
M241 Hook (71/498) L. 5.7, very small hook, pointed, with wire binding for attachment. XI 14, Augustan.
M242 Strap end (71/503) L. 3.5, two rivets. Foundation trench for Wall 'df, Augustan.
M243 Belt piece (71/479) L. 2.4, rivet L. 1.5. XIII 31a, 1st A.D.

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M244 Washer? (71/512) Sq. 1.8. XIII 36, late Augustan/Tiberian.

M245 Belt fitting? L. 3.5, flat band narrowing to a notched terminal. X
Frescoes Room I, Claudian.
M246 Box fitting? (67/295) L. 3.5, oval, two rivets. II 7, Hadrianic.
M247 Sheathing (71/477) L. 2.8, oblong with two bent over arms. X
M248 Belt fitting? L. 3.5, oblong plate with rivet hole at each corne
M249 Shaft ring? (68/272) L. 3.5, flat section. Fabric of Wall 'az', ea
M250 Shaft ring? L. 2, barrel-shaped with top and bottom rim. Dep
M251 Shaft ring? D. 1.5, flat band. XIII 22, Augustan-Tiberian in
M252 Shaft ring? D. 3, L. 3.5, cylindrical with raised notched ribs at
(Well 12), Hadrianic.
M253 Shaft terminal, L. 3.3, D. 1, L-shaped, two holes through proje
M254 Binding (68/60) L. 5.5, flat strip, bent at one end. VIII foundatio
A.D.
M255 Binding? L. 2.3, flat strip with broken hole. XI 8, Trajanic.
M256 Binding? L. 5.4, flat strip with two rivet holes? XII 6, Hadrianic.
M257 Binding? L. 9.7, flat strip with one small rivet hole? Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M258 Hinge plate, L. 3.4, flat strip, curving at one end, 4 circular holes. Deposit S2 (VII 3), Severan.
M259 Small clasp (67/68) L. 3.2, flat plate with wire hooked clasp attached at right angles. Deposit S2 (VII 2),
Severan.
M260 Catch-plate (67/262) L. 2.2, broken; probably from a small chest. I(N) 10, Hadrianic.
M261 Catch-plate (67/464) L. 5.5, probably from a small box. VIII 4, Trajanic.
M262 Chest-fitting? (67/472) L. 8.5, W. 2, D. of ring 3, thin plate (one of a pair?) with two rivet holes in projecting
lobes, and a ring attached to one end by a split pin. Deposit Nl, Neronian.
M263 Lock cover? L. 4, corner angle, fragment only. Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
M264 Lock-bolt (67/345) L. 4.8, eight circular holes. VII 6A, Hadrianic.
M265 Lock-bolt (71/464) L. 5.2, six egg-shaped holes. XII 10, Hadrianic.
M266 Lock-bolt (71/496) L. 7, seemingly repaired or altered (one perforation has been closed with lead, another
apparently re-cut). XII 10, Hadrianic.
M267 Lock-bolt, L. 11, eight circular holes. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M268 Lock-bolt, L. 4.7, four circular holes. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M269 Lock-bolt, L. 3.5, six small holes, 1 large oblong one. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M270 Lock-bolt (71/412) L. 3.6, eight circular holes, broken. Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
M271 Door-latch? L. 10.7, possibly too slender for use on a door. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M272 Door catch? L. 9.2, bar with central rivet hole and two bent-over terminals, one broken. Deposit D4 (Well
12), Hadrianic.
M273 Key-hole cover? D. 3.4, small oblong slot suggests for a lever key, if this is a key-hole plate. XII 6, Hadrianic.
M274 Casket-handle? (71/511) W. 2.3, omega-shaped loop. XIV 26, Augustan.
M275 Casket-handle? (68/72) W. 4, omega-shaped loop, half lost. I(S) E-W baulk below 'Floor IF (at Section D.
no. 7), Neronian.
M276 Loop-handle (71/506) L. 7, strong square-section bar, deep hook on one end, other end broken. XI 19,
Augustan.
M277 Large rivet, L. 3.7, flattened head at either end. XIII 25a, Augustan.
M278 Decoration stud (71/504) D. 2, circular head with quadrifoliate design possibly with paste or enamel inlay
originally. XIV/XV 1, to 3rd A.D.
M279 Stud (71/347) D. 1.7, almost flat head. XIV 11, Augustan.
M280 Stud D. 1.5, flat head. XI 6, Trajanic.
M281 Stud D. 2.5, flat head. XIII 22, Augustan-Tiberian in SW House Room I.
M282 Stud (71/396) D. 1.8, flat head. XI 3, Hadrianic.
M283 Stud D. 1.5, flat head. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M284 Stud (67/545) D. 1.8, flat head. Deposit Nl, Neronian.
M285 Stud D. 1.5, domed head. VII 6A, Hadrianic.
M286 Stud D. 1.5, domed head. XII 6, Hadrianic.
M287 Stud D. 1.6, domed head. XIII 17a, Neronian.
M288 Stud D. 2, domed head, lead core. XIV 23, Claudian.
M289 Stud (71/509) D. 4.2, domed head, iron nail. XIV 27, Augustan.

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M290 Stud (71/507) D. 2.5, flat head with central boss. Deposit Al, (
M291 Stud (71/417) D. 3.2, low dome, iron nail. XIV 3, Trajanic.
M292 Decorative disc (71/633) D. 6, fluted edge and central boss. House
west wall (Phase 2), 2nd A.D.
M293 Decorative disc (71/505) D. 8, two engraved concentric circles, o
M294 "Washer" (71/475) D. 4, small square hole at centre. XIV 29, A
M295 Bar L. 8.5, D. 0.8, straight bar. Deposit D5 (XII 9), Hadrianic.
M296 Split pin L. 3.5, use uncertain. Deposit Cl, Claudian.
M297 Split pin L. 3.5, use uncertain. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic
M298 Nail L. 5.6, low domed head. XIV 12, Augustan.
M299 Nail L. 4.4, as last. XI 16, Augustan.
M300 Nail (71/415) L. 8.8, conical head. Deposit Cl, Claudian.
M301 Nail L. 5.8, small flat head. XII 15, 1st A.D.
M302 Nail (71/476) L. 4.7, no head. XIII/XIV #2492, Claudian.
M303 Nail (67/363) L. 6.4, low domed head. I(N) 12, Neronian.
M304 Nail (67/199) L. 3, as last. I(N) 12, Neronian.
M305 Nail (67/834) L. 5.6, as last. Deposit Nl, Neronian.
M306 Nail L. 3.2, thin flat head. XIV 3, Trajanic.
M307 Nail (71/395) L. 5.2, square shaft, flat head. XI 8, Trajanic.
M308 Nail (71/502) L. 6.5, flat head. XII 17, Trajanic.
M309 Nail (71/398) L. 6.8, square shaft, pyramidal head. XI 4, Trajan
M310 Nail (71/397) L. 4.4, square shaft, flat head. XI 4, Trajanic.
M311 Nail (67/592) L. 5.5, head lost. Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
M312 Nail L. 3, broad flat head. D. 2. II 8, late 2nd A.D.
M313 Nail L. 3, flat head. XIV 9, Tiberian.
M314 Nail (67/434) L. 3, flat head. Deposit R2 (IV(N) 2a), late 2nd A.D.
M315 Nail (67/433) L. 7.9, flat head. Deposit R2 (IV(N) 2a), late 2nd A.D.
M316 Nail L. 7.3, flat head. MUM 1977 1A, late 2nd A.D.
M317 Nail L. 3, flat head. Deposit S2 (VII 3), Severan.
M318 Nail (67/52) L. 2.2, flat head. North House court floor (I 7), Severan.
M319 Nail L. 7, flat head. Deposit SI, Severan.
M320 Nail (71/550) L. 4.5, diamond-shaped head. Southeast House, fabric of cist ('eq') at northwest of courtyard,
Augustan.
M321-3 Bent wires, L. 6.3, 7, 5.5, all three appear bent deliberately and in a regular "wavy" pattern, but no
obvious function. XIII 4, Hadrianic.
M324 Bar L. 8, D. 0.45. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D.
M325 Bar (67/697) L. 51, D. 0.4, as last but bent. II 7a, Hadrianic
There were 1 32 additional fragments of copper/bronze wire sheet, strip, and shaft fragments in Roman levels.

M326 Loomweight (71/420) L. 4.2, pyramidal, perforated at top. XI 14, Augustan.
M327 Loomweight (71/421) L. 4, pyramidal, perforated at top. XI 3, Hadrianic.
M328 Loomweight (67/404) L. 5.1, pyramidal, perforated at top. Deposit Nl, Neronian.
M329 Loomweight (67/575) D. 3.3, disc-shaped, perforation near edge. Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan.
M330 Disc (67/503) D. 4, perforated at centre. Deposit S2 (IX 2), Severan.
M331 Disc, D. 2.5, broken, unperforated. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D.
M332 Square, W. 4, unperforated. Deposit D3 (I(S) 13 ), Hadrianic.
M333 Flat sheet, L. 4.9, tongue-shaped. North House court floor (I(N) 8), late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
M334 Sheathing? L. 3.5, traces of rivet hole and grooved decoration. XI 18, Augustan.
M335 Handle? L. 4, ear-shaped, circular section. Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan.
M336 Decorative nail? (67/179) L. 4.1, bi-conical head. Deposit R3 (VI 5), late 2nd A.D.
M337 As last (68/62) L. 5.2, conical head. Fill in roadway, 2nd A.D.
M338 As last, L. 5, elongated conical head. V(E) 3 & 4, Hell, to Hadrianic.
M339 As last (67/665) L. 5.5, conical head. IX 4, Trajanic.
M340 As last (71/419) L. 7.5, conical head. XV 5, Trajanic.
M341 Nail, L. 5, domed head. XIII 36, Augustan/Tiberian in SW House, Room I.

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M342 Pottery rivet? W. 3.5, scallop shell cast in lead, possibly an appliqué
rivet. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M343 As last, W. 3, XIII 17, Neronian.
M344 Rivet, L. 3.9, flattened either end. XIV 9, Tiberian.
M345 Clamp? (67/734) L. 7, W. 2.8, two flat bars joined by two cross struts, cf M72 (Hellenistic). Southeast
House, entrance from street (VII 17), Claudian.
M346 As last, L. 4.6, W. 1.7, badly bent with four cross struts. XIII 17b, Neronian.
M347 As last, L. 5, W. 3, frag only, one strut. XIII 19a, Neronian.
M348 As last, L. 10, W. 2.3, broken, two struts and one bar. I(N) 12, Neronian.
M349 Pottery rivet, L. 10.6, W. 1.4, semicircular-section, cast fine parallel ribs, broadly similar to M21 (PG-MG).
XI 14, Augustan.
M350 As last, L. 5.5, W. 1.1, fr. only. XIII 20, Claudian.
M351 As last, L. 9.5, W. 1.4, complete. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11), late 2nd A.D.
M352 Strip, L. 12.4, thin strip, possibly for binding. X 2, Hadrianic.
There were 26 additional fragments of lead from Roman levels.
C Iron plates 309, 310, 313

M353 Arrowhead (71/517) L. 7, tang L. 3, W. 2, elliptical section, round tang. XIII 24a, Augustan.
M354 Arrowhead (71/647) L. 9.5, tang L. 3.8, W. 2.5, barbed head, fish-tail tang. Deposit Al, Augustan.
M355 Arrowhead, L. 5.5, tang broken, diamond-shaped head. X/XI 4, Flavian.
M356 Spearhead, L. 10, W. 2.5, socketed. X 9, Neronian.
M357 Spearhead (71/575) L. 11, W. 2.2, socketed. XIV 15, late Augustan-Claudian.
M358 Sickle-blade? L. 11, W. 3.5, broken; similar found in Sanctuary of Demeter excavations in 3rd-4th B.C.
levels. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M359 Sickle-blade? (71/518) L. 10.6, W. 2.5, broken, similar to last. XII 11, Trajanic.
M360 Bill-hook? L. 9.5, two copper rivets at base of shaft. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M361 Shear blade? (71/519) L. 8.2, typical shear blade form, but very small. XI 18, Augustan.
M362 Knife blade? L. 9.2, W. 3, centre section only. VIII 4, Hadrianic.
M363 Knife blade, L. 6.2, W. 1.7, tip only. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M364 Knife blade, L. 5.7, W. 2.4, complete? Single rivet. Deposit D2 (V(N) 3), Hadrianic and to late 2nd A.D.
M365 Knife blade, L. 4.7, W. 1.8, tip only. Deposit SI, Severan.
M366 Broad chisel or set? L. 1 1 .5, W. 3.8, traces of wooden haft occupies half length. XI below Wall 'dy', and over
17, Augustan.
M367 Broad chisel or set, L. 4.9, W. 2.8, tip only. XI 14, Augustan.
M368 Chisel, L. 7.1, W. 1.3, complete. XIII 17, Neronian.
M369 Chisel, L. 8, W. 1.8, complete. XI 3, Hadrianic.
M370 Chisel, L. 4.8, W. 0.9, complete. XII 6, Hadrianic.
M371 Chisel, L. 6, W. 2.2, complete. Deposit D5 (XII 9), Hadrianic.
M372 Punch or set, L. 11.8, D. shaft 0.6, complete. Deposit Cl, Claudian.
M373 Awl (67/536) L. 6.4, complete. North House foundation trench for Room V west wall (Wall 'b'), 1st A.D.?.
M374 Punch? L. 7.5, W. 1.5, possibly bent punch but looks like a miniature axe-adze without shaft-hole. X 2,
Hadrianic.
M375 Shovel (71/681) L. 38.2, blade L. 7.0, handle attached to blade by two rivets. Deposit Al, Augustan.
M376 Spatula? (67/858) L. 5.5, W. 1.5, head only. Deposit Fl, Flavian.
M377 Heavy-duty hook (67/304) L. 8.5, made of iron bar (D 1.4). Deposit R2, (IV(N) 2B), late 2nd A.D.
M378 Shaft binding L. 4.3, traces of oval wooden shaft preserved. Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan.
M379 Ring (67/418) D. 5. Deposit Tl, Trajanic.
M380 Oval loop (67/632) L. 14.8, W. 9.5, probably link of heavy-duty chain. V(E) 4, Trajanic?
M381 Binding strip? (67/72) L. 6, W. 2.9, four large rivet holes, one small rivet in edge. Deposit S2 (VII 2),
Severan.
M382 Binding strip L. 20.8, W. 6, in two pieces, one rivet hole. Deposit Cl, Claudian.
M383 Strapping? (71/520) L. 9.5, W. 2.5, possibly tip of a large blade (eg. sword); probably strapping for a chest.
XI 17, Augustan.
M384 Strap end? (71/646) L. 5.4, W. 2.3, triangular tip only. XIII 35, Augustan/Tiberian in SW House Room I.
M385 Strip, L. 11.5, flat curving strip, no obvious function. Deposit Al, Augustan.
M386 Sheathing? L. 7.7, semicircular section, to cover wooden rib or shaft? Deposit Cl, Claudian.

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M387 Lock bolt? L. 6, fragment only. XIV 28, Augustan.

M388 Lock bolt (67/33) L. 6.2, complete. Deposit S2 (VII 2), Severan.
M389 Spear butt? L. 11.8, much corroded, two arms joined at one end, fu
Severan.
M390 Fitting L. 7, hook at one end, cart-fitting perhaps. Deposit D5 (XII 9), Hadrianic.
M391 Latch? L. 7.3, W. 1.3, broken. VII 8, Hadrianic.
M392 Hook L. 5.1, rivet hole for nailing to beam? Deposit Cl, Claudian.
M393 Stud? L. 4, triangular plate with remains of nail from centre. XII 3, Hadrianic.
M394 Stud D. 1.6, domed head. Deposit D4 (Well 12), Hadrianic.
M395 Stud (67/451) D. 3, flat head. II 7, Hadrianic.
M396 Stud D. 2, domed head. XIII 4, Hadrianic.
M397 Stud (67/409) D. 1.5, low domed head. Ill 8, Trajanic.
M398-400 Studs D. 1.3, flat heads. X 9, Neronian.
M401 Angle-bracket L. 7.5, arm 6.5. XIV/XV 8, lst/2nd A.D.
M402 Wall bracket, L. 8.4, arm 4.5, triangular head. Deposit R2 (I(N) 11 Pit 3), late 2nd A.D.
M403-529 127 nails, all complete with head and tip. There is great variety in combinations of shaft size, head
shape and size, and length. Lengths range from 3 to 15cms. and shafts from 0.4-1.2. The most common
lengths are between 6 and lOcms. (87 examples), and most heads are round/oval rather than rectangular (93
examples) . The rectangular head was more common in the second century levels than in the early Roman
levels (30% of all nails in the former, 14% in the latter). There were three nails with triangular heads.
There were 329 additional fragments of iron nails from Roman levels, and a further 159 fragments of iron objects
too corroded and broken to be identified.
D Metallurgical Debris
M530 Solidified lead waste, 150gms. IV(N) 2A, late 2nd A.D.
M531 Crucible fr? Rim L. 3.4, very sandy dark grey fabric with fused surface, green discolouration; from bronze
working? VIII 4, Trajanic.
M532 Re-lined furnace wall fr, L. 7, W. 5, Th. 2.2. Slight curvature with bronze slag adhering. I(N) 5, 2nd A.D.
(A3).
M533 Re-lined furnace wall fr, L. 6, W. 2, Th. 3. Slight curvature, bronze slag adhering. I(N) 6, 2nd A.D. (A4).
M534 Piece of furnace bottom, L. 5, W. 3, 25 gms, bronze slag adhering. II 9, Trajanic (AIO).
M535 Small piece of bronze smithing slag, 35gms. Fabric of Wall 'ep', Augustan (A16).
M536 Small piece of bronze smithing slag, 150gms. MUM 1977 1A, late 2nd A.D. (24)
M537 Furnace-lining from bronze smithing, 70gms. XIV 23, Claudian (A19).
M538 Piece of re-lined furnace wall, L. 12, W. 8, Th. 3.5, approx. D of whole 30cms.; bronze slag adheres. I(N) 6,
2nd A.D. (A6).
M539 Piece of iron ore, pyrites, 950 gms. XIII Pit 1, Trajanic (A21).
M540 Piece of iron ore, pyrites, 300 gms. X 9, Neronian (A25).
M541 Piece of iron ore, 425 gms. XI 16-19, Augustan.
M542 Iron melting slag, 200gms. V 2, Severan.
M543 Furnace-lining, iron smithing, 80 gms. XV 8, Claudian (A18).
M544 Furnace-lining, iron smithing, 75gms. Deposit R2 (I(S) 12), late 2nd A.D. (All).
M545 Iron smelting slag, from oxide ore? 360 gms. XI 3, Hadrianic. (A23).
M546 Iron material, possibly much corroded fragments of a bloom, 400gms. VIII 5, Trajanic.
M547 Iron smithing slag, 60 gms. I 7, Severan (A2).
M548 Three pieces of furnace lining, upper side relatively smooth, 205 gms. XIV Pit 4, Tiberian (Al 7).
M549 Iron melting slag? 155gms. Southwest House Room I, Claudian floor (XIII 34).
M550 Iron melting slag? 150gms. XV 7, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
M55 1-600 The following items are all either fragments of, or complete, furnace bottoms ("cinders"). They are
round or oval in plan, the underside is convexly curved and the upper is slightly concave or flat; the
underside is usually partly coated with yellowish soil. Each piece appears to be comprised of small pieces of
iron, slag, charcoal and clay - mainly iron and slag. An asterisk after the cat. number indicates a complete
bottom.

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L W Th Wt (gms) Prov. Date

M551 6 3 1.5 150 XIII 37 Augustan
M552* 20 20 3 1550 XII Wall 'ec/j' Augustan (Al 5)
M553 5 4 1.5 180 XIII 26d Augustan
M554 8 4 2 225 XIV Pit 4 Tiberian
M555 8.5 ' 5 3 650 XIII 4 Claudian
M556 6 3 2 160 XIII 18 Claudian
M557* 10 9 2 440 XI 11 Claudian
M558 8 7 3.5 310 XI 11 Claudian
M559 9 5 1.5 130 XI 11 Claudian
M560 9 7 3 460 XI 11 Claudian
M561 13 9 3 610 IX 14 Pit II Claudian
M562 12.5 7 2 505 1X26 Claudian
M563 5 3 1.5 110 X9 Claudian (A20)
M564 10 8 3 900 XIII 17a Neronian
M565* 12 12 3.5 580 XIII 17 Neronian
M566 9 7 3 360 I (N) 12 Neronian
M567* 6 4 2 210 X/XI2 Trajanic
M568* 11 9 2 600 XIII Pit 1 Trajanic
M569 9 8 4 485 XIV 1 Trajanic
M570 7 5 2 170 XIV 1 Trajanic
M571* 11 7.5 2.5 250 Well 12 Hadrianic
M572 12 9 3 610 Well 12 Hadrianic
M573* 8.5 6.5 3 250 Well 12 Hadrianic
M574* 10 9 2.5 480 XII Pit 5.9 Hadrianic
M575* 16 14 3.5 1600 XII 9 Hadrianic
M576* 16 12 6 1600 XII Pit 5.9 Hadrianic
M577* 14 11 4 12500 XII 3 Hadrianic
M578 4 3 1.5 100 XV S Ext 2 Aurelian?
M579* 7 7.3 2 255 V2 Aurelian
M580 23 pieces, found tog. 2050 XII 2 late Roman
M581 10 8.5 3.5 480 HIE Sectioning Severan?
M582 12 12 3 450 » »
M583 7 8 4.5 375 55 55 55
M584 25 pieces, found tog. 3400 55 55 55
M585 9 pieces, found tog. 1400 55 55
M586* 9 6.5 2.5 310 55
M587* 12 11 5 860 55 55 55
M588 11 6.5 3 530

M589 9 7.5 2.5 390
M590 10 10 2.5 305 55 55 55
M591 9 7.5 3.5 440

M592 8 8 1 145 55 55 55
M593 12 12 2 255
M594 11 7 2.5 305
M595 10 9 3 385 55 55
M596 14 8 3.5 680

M597 6 6 1 120
M598 10 6.5 1.5 185 55 55 55
M599 6.5 6.5 1 150 55 55 55
M600* 9 9 2 250
M600a (68/302) Part of furnace wall lining from exterior, with tapering perforation to take nozzle of bellows. L.
16.5, W. 20.5, Th 1.5, except around bellows aperture, 7.5. Bellows aperture narrows from 6 x 4 to 4 x 3.
(A7). Deposit T2 (Well 8b), Trajanic. plates 311, 314.

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MET AL WORK AND METALLURGICAL DEBRIS 375
Discussion
Although the Roman levels produced approaching 350 catalogued artefacts (in
metallurgical material) the assemblage of metalwork is marked by its ordinariness.
all a domestic assemblage, with small quantities of bronze and iron tools, toilet
simple jewellery, fragments of unpretentious copper or bronze vessels, and a variet
furniture fittings. The tools include no highly specialized items such as would only
the hands of specialist craftsmen, and may well have come mostly or entirely from
tool kits. The handful of weapons is of some interest, since after Crete was incorpora
Roman province of Cyrene in 67 B.C. its people should not have carried weapons
finds are made in most Roman provinces and spears and arrows, of course, cou
used for hunting. The only other implements possibly bearing on the subsistence ec
three small iron blades M358-60, which could have been used for reaping crops
might therefore imply that one or two households in the vicinity of Trench XII ha
within reasonable reach of their homes. Other items calling for comment include th
pieces connected with writing and record keeping. The single stylus (M199) is surpr
might have expected many such implements in a substantial Roman town wher
have been a reasonable degree, and frequency, of literacy and ample occasion to use
box (M200) and the lid of the ink well (M205) - if the latter be correctly iden
welcome supporting evidence, therefore, that records were made and documents kep
quarter of Roman Knossos (cf. also the bone styluses nos. E13,14 and pottery
C2,46).
There is one group of material which might point to the location of a specialist craftsman, in
the Hadrianic period in the area which was excavated in Trench XII. From this area came six
bronze lock plates, two door latches, a key-hole plate, a lock-cover, five decorative studs, three
other probable door embellishments, as well as two iron tools - a punch and a chisel or set
(M370-71). It is possible that this concentration of items is a chance occurrence from purely
domestic contexts within this area, but it is also possible that a lock-smith had his workshop in
the vicinity.
The metallurgical debris is again the more interesting material in the assemblage. Small-
scale, and possibly domestic, bronze-working is evidenced by occasional finds of both furnace
lining and slag, from Augustan, Claudian, Trajanic, Antonine/Aurelian and late Roman
deposits. More significant is the evidence for iron-working. As in the pre-Roman era, there is a
little evidence for attempts to smelt iron ores in the vicinity; from three first century deposits
there are pieces of iron ore (pyrites), and from a Hadrianic level there is a single piece of
smelting slag (M545). The scarcity of such finds, however, makes it quite certain that the
attempts were a failure, technically or economically. The bulk of iron-working residues is again
found as 'furnace bottoms', of which the Roman levels produced not less than 49 examples of
which 1 7 were complete. Most of the items were found in deposits of one or the other of two
periods, and in two discrete areas, as was the case with the pre-Roman finds of furnace bottoms
described earlier. The six complete bottoms from the Hadrianic levels in area XII form a very
similar group to the eight bottoms from area VII in third century B.C. levels. The Hadrianic
bottoms range in weight between 250 and 1600 grammes, whilst the third century B.C.
examples ranged from 300 to 2250 grammes. It seems reasonable to view this Hadrianic group
as a primary deposit of material from contemporary iron-smithing activity, therefore, as was
suggested for the earlier group. The second Roman group is more difficult to interpret. It
represents the biggest concentration of furnace bottoms in the Roman level, but only five

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complete bottoms were found in a group totalling bet

(The uncertainty stems from the collections of smal
M584-585). It is also notable that these largely fragment
same area, HIE, as the late 2nd-early 1st century B.C
Severan/late Roman levels. The possibility must rema
Roman finds are residual debris from the earlier oper
Note on the stratigraphy of the deposits of furnace bot

Some further stratigraphical comment seems worth wh
given as 'East Sectioning' (M581-600), and on its relat
derives from a dump of blackened earth with 'charcoal,
at the extreme northeast corner of the excavation.
operation whose purpose was to straighten and 'read'
through the site by the Little Palace cutting. It lay
14.20-14.50 immediately outside the threshold of No
(Severan) level, and should probably be associated wit
trench notebook runs through the deposit from north to
surface soil lOcms. thick, 2. grey earth with numerous la
10-26cms. thick, 3. a lens of burnt earth with ash and c
and 4. a hard packed yellow clay layer c. 30cms. thi
deposit (level 5) were two further layers: 6. hard gre
(perhaps dug into this) 7. a fill of loose marble chips
The top of the deposit lay c. 25cms. below the surviving
its bottom c. 55cms. below the same point. Thus the d
and undisturbed. The pottery is consistently of Severan
The only uncertainty arises from the fact that it lay o
and was exposed to the surface on the east side at the Li
not sealed, and it is not possible to reconstruct the st
deposit (H 13) which included similar furnace bottom
extreme east edge of the excavation, but 10-1 2m. furth
12.50). The main east-west sections (Sections A, C, D, J)
out onto the edge, and were eroded away, not added
digging; thus the chances of these two deposits originall
slight. The third deposit from this area (M179-186) comes
was in effect levelling material placed beneath the foun
sealed by its series of floors. Since the first of these pred
eight decades, it is hard to see how any physical con
ROMAN AND LATER
The following items were recovered from upper levels containing material of th
3rd century and later, or were not well stratified, or in a few cases of uncertain
(M618, 642, 646); no more specific date is recorded for any of these entries ther

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Catalogue
A Copper and Bronze plates 310, 313
M601 Narrow-blade chisel (67/196) L. 8, W. 0.6, bent. I 6.
M602 Awl (67/857) L. 6.3, D. 0.35. IX 2.
M603 Blade (67/7) L. 6.4, W. 1.5, broken curving blade with inside cutting edge. I (W.ext.) surface.
M604 Shaft-binding, L. 2, oval shaft 1.3 x 0.8, possibly from a knife handle. I 6.
M605 Steelyard arm (67/5) L. 13, excellent condition. Surface; post-Roman?
M606 Handle terminal (67/26) L. 2.7, male head, possibly from a spoon or jug handle. VIII 1.
M607 Mirror, D. 13, fragment only, decorated with outer ring of incised circles and inner cluster of same. VIII 1.
M608 Pin? (67/178) L. 8.2, shaft only survives. VII 5.
M609 Finger ring (67/137) D. 1.95, flat section. I (W.ext.) surface.
M610 Finger ring, D. 1.8, round section, XI 2.
M611 Hair-ring? D. 1.4, round section. XIII cleaning.
M612 Hair-ring? (67/182) D. 1.1, round section. VII 4B.
M613 Bead? L. 1.9, D. 0.9, tubular. Spoil heap.
M614 Sheathing, L. 5, W. 1.5, flat sheet. XI 5.
M615 Sheathing, L. 5.5, W. 2, sheet folded round perishable core. XII 2.
M616 Casket handle (67/201) L. 8, omega-type handle (cf. M58-9 from Hell, levels). IV(N) 2.
M617 Handle? L. 2.6, from small cup? XII 1.
M618 Hinge, L. 2.4, light casket (?) hinge frag, one rivet hole. XIII 29(?).
M619 Stud (71/478) L. 3, D. head 2.2, grooved head may have had coloured inlay originally. XII 2.
M620 Stud, D. 1.8, flat head. XI 3.
M621 Nail (67/200) L. 4.6, round conical head. VII 5.
There were 53 further fragments in upper levels.

M622 Weight (71/187) L. 5.3, W. 4.8, Th. 0.9, flat plaque with signs, apparently including letters incised lightly on
both sides. Similar items were found, mainly in Hellenistic levels but through to late Roman, in the Agora,
where they appear to be weights. (M. Lang and M. Crosby 'The Athenian Agora X: Weights, Measures and
Tokens' (1964), pl. 10, and cat. nos. 77-109 especially.) XII surface.
M623 Lid of small box? L. 6.6, W. 3, two small loop handles. IV/V(E) 1.
M624 Disc (71/399) D. 3.7, Th. 0.25, possibly a gaming counter. X 6.
M625 Disc (67/6) D. 2.4, Th. 0.5, as last? Surface soil.
M626 Pottery rivet L. 8, W. 1.5, strip flat on one side, convex on other with fine parallel ribs; as M21 (PG/MG)
and especially as M349-51 (Augustan-Claudian). XI 5.
M627 Pottery rivet L. 7.2, W. 1.6, as last. VIII 1.
M628 Sheathing D. 6, possibly sheathing for base of small wooden post? XII 2.
There were 6 further scraps of lead from upper levels.
C Iron plates 311, 313

M629 Arrowhead? L. 9, tang L. 4, W. 2.2, simple leaf-shaped head. X 4.
M629a Arrowhead? L. 6.8, tang L. 2.7, W. 2.2, flat triangular head much damaged and with tip broken.
M630 Ring (67/34) D. 4.8, round section. VII 1.
M631 Hippo-sandal (67/198) D. 5, flat plate with projecting hook; fr. only. VII 4a.
M632 Disc D. 8.5, raised central boss and outer ridge; no centre perforation. II 4.
There were 93 further fragments of iron in the upper levels.
D Metallurgical Debris
M633 Bronze smithing slag, lOgms. I(N) 3, Pit 1.
M634 Bronze smithing slag, 50gms. I(N) 6.
M635 Bronze smithing slag, 25gms. I(N) 7.
M636 Solidified waste lead, originally poured molten in a small pot, D. 5.5, 550gms. IX 2
M637 Iron smithing slag adhering to piece of furnace lining? L. 4.3. XI 2. (Al)
M638 Iron smithing slag, 250gms. XI 2.
M639 Iron smithing slag, 125gms. XV 10.

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M640 Iron smithing slag, 50gms. XII 3, Pit 1.

M641 Iron smelting slag, probably from oxide ore, lOOgms. I(N) 4. (A
M642-649 The following items are all fragmentary furnace bottoms, exc
are identical to those described earlier under catalogue entries M55 1
L. W. Th. Wt(gms.) Prov. Date

M642 7 5 1.5 210 Well 12?
M643 12 10 3 450 II W Ext. 2
M644 11 6 3 350 VIII 1
M645 7 6.5 2.5 175 I(N) 5
M646 12 10 3 400 XI 30
M647 11 10 1.5 270 13
M648* 10 8.5 2.5 500 I 3
M649* 10 9 2.5 575 VII 1
No comment is offered on the unstratified piece

date and closely paralleled in the stratified depos
derived from Roman (or Hellenistic) levels.
CONCLUSION
As noted earlier the bulk of the metal artefacts found in the excavations are ty
debris, including small numbers of simple tools and weapons. Apart from the po
Hadrianic lock-smith, there is nowhere a concentration of tools and other artefact
specialist craftsmen at work in the area at any time from the Geometric to
period. The one exception to this rule is clearly iron-smithing. There is substant
iron-working in the vicinity from the early 3rd century B.C. onwards to the late
In total a minimum of 79 furnace bottoms are represented in the debris, in add
furnace lining and other pieces of debris. There are three sealed groups of botto
believe to each represent primary deposits coming from contemporary iron smi
in the 3rd century B.C., late 2nd-early 1st century B.C., and the Hadriani
tempting to suggest that there are thus three 'episodes' of iron-smithing in
Greco-Roman era; it is equally likely, however, that iron-working activity w
continuous in this part of Knossos and that it is the vagaries of both survival and
have produced three discrete groups of debris. Since no obvious workshops a
were found during the excavations, it seems likely that the focus of the smithin
beyond the excavated area and further excavations would be necessary both
continuity of iron-working and to illuminate further the actual processes and t
work involved.

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Section 12
Objects in Bone and Bone Working

(PLATES 315-323)
(All bone objects are illustrated by photographs in catalogue sequence in plates
320-323, and are there identified by catalogue nos. In addition selected objects,
grouped by type, are drawn in plates 315-9. Individual plate references within the
catalogue are limited to these drawn examples.)
L. H. SACKETT
Page
Introduction 379
Pre-Roman 380
Catalogue (E 1-1 la) 380
Roman 381
Discussion:
fork, knive
Catalogue: Augustan (El 2-20); Tiberian (E21), Claudian (E22-35), 383
Neronian (E36-43), Flavian (E44-53), Trajanic (E54-58a), Hadrianic
(E59-82), later 2nd A.D. (E83-109), Severan (E99-109), Upper levels (late
2nd/early 3rd A.D. and later; El 10-144)
Evidence for Local Bone Workshops 389
INTRODUCTION
Since the great majority of material under this heading comes from the R
Roman objects are treated separately in a preliminary section. Then comm
found throughout the Roman period (pins, needles, the stylus, spoons, bea
discussed, where possible in terms of their chronological development. Th
is presented by groups in chronological order, with a catalogue of each gr
appropriate, by short descriptive comments. Finally the evidence for a loc
summarised and a case made for the local manufacture of many of t
deriving from the UM excavation.
379

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380 OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING
PRE-ROMAN
plate 320 nos. 1-14.
Few objects in bone were found in the levels of the early periods. Fourteen are listed here
illustrated for their own interest; two (nos. 1,1a) are from Protogeometric/Geometric con
the rest Hellenistic. The contexts are not such as to throw light on their specific function
two early pieces are a hollow handle or container and a primitive flat stylus. Either would
at home in the Early Iron Age, but could be much earlier. A possible parallel for the first
similar incised decoration, is a Cycladic container for colouring material from an EC tomb
Naxos (Athens Nat. Mus. cat. no. 8818). l In this case ours must be a survival in
Protogeometric context (pit fill at the north end of the Minoan Unexplored Mansion). Equ
the stylus (or awl?), made from a flat bone, polished on one side and sharpened at both en
a form commonly found in prehistoric contexts.
From Hellenistic contexts comes a small group of everyday objects, including two w
astragali (2), burnishing tool, awl and stylus (5-7), handle, pin, peg, eye inlay, bead
buttons. The pin (8) is the forerunner of a long line of similar Roman dress pins. The eye
must have come from or been intended for a life size figure. In addition, it is worth noting
one large cut bone (Bos metacarpal, like that at plate 323c) was found in a Hellenistic cont
suggesting that the tradition of bone working for which there is ample evidence late
already begun.
Catalogue
I Incised handle or container? 72/4. L. 7.4. Rectangular section; hollowed out; decorated on all four sides with
groups of four incised lines, as shown. Well polished. Both ends flare slightly, one in one plane, one in the other.
Could be strung as a long decorative bead, or used as the handle of an implement, or perhaps fitted with
stoppers at each end and used as a container (see introductory remarks and reference there). No signs of wear.
MUM A 3, Pit 1; PG. plate 318 no. 1.
la Stylus/awl. L. 11.3. Plain flat bone, sharpened to point at one end, the other broken. One side polished, the
other rough. MUM 131; Geometric.
2 Astragalus fr. 67/727. L. 3.4. Split through centre. Surface polished for use as gaming piece? III(E) 11; late
Class. /early Hellenistic.
A second was found in a similar context, burnt and unpolished (68/97).
2a Handle fr? L. 8.5, D. 2.5-2.6. About one half. Regular cylinder, tapering very slightly at one end. Decorated
with single and double incisions. Well 14, early 3rd B.C. plate 318 no. 2.
3 Peg 67/908. L. 4.1. Three grooves at head form rough sphere between two discs. Well 1; late 3rd B.C.
4 Disc button, D. 1.6. Wide string hole, D. 6mm. One side left rough; elsewhere lightly polished. Well 14; early
3th B.C.
5 Burnishing tool? L. 9. Thick limb bone tapering to broad blade, not sharp. Surfaces worn and highly polished,
even at the break, from constant handling and use as a burnisher. Well 14; early 3rd B.C.
6 Awl. L. 7.3. Roughly finished. Pointed for use as awl (or stylus?). Well 14; early 3rd B.C.
7 Stylus 7 1 /410. L. 7.8. Blade at one end, point at the other. The blade is formed by smoothing down the face side,
with a short bevelling at the back, and draws a line as fine as the point. XII 36; late 3rd/early 2nd B.C. plate
315 no. 26.
8 Pin 67/776. L(pres). 6.3. Point missing. Round section; three grooves and small onion shaped finial at head.
I(S) 26; Hellenistic.
9 Eye inlay 71/418. L. 2.9, H. 2.1. Face side polished, chipped at back. XIII 39; Hellenistic, plate 318 no. 10.
10 Disc bead 71/723. D. 1.9. Plain. One side polished. XIV Room III, floor II; Hellenistic.
I 1 Disc button 67/826. D. 2.6. One side polished, the other left rough. Ridge at rim. Outer edge hollowed and
pierced with 16 holes (D. 1.5mm.). Pit 65, late 2nd-early 1st B.C. plate 318 no. 17.
Ila Flat disc (button?) 67/646. D. 2.4. Burnt. I(S) 21 A; Hellenistic, plate 318 no. 16.

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OBJECTS IN BONE AND BONE WORKING 381
ROMAN
plates 320-323.
Almost all the material belongs to some 200-250 years of Roman colonial occupation. T
a certain continuity from the past in some types of simple object (cf. the decorated pins
and 85; pegs E3 and 32), but pre-Roman objects available for comparison are few, an
noticeable is the new and superior quality and finish of a number of objects of the Early E
(E13, 14, 22, 54-5). If any objects are to be singled out as of exceptional quality bot
material (a hard white bone) and finish (a superior polish) these must be the four styluse
14, 72, 122). Perhaps these were imported from a specialist workshop elsewhere, and answ
a particular need for the Roman settlers to keep up their Latin in a Greek world (?).
Pins
plate 315, nos. 1-11.
Possibly the most common type is the simple straight pin. This type has a conical head w
varies from near flat (E62, plate 315, no. 1) to low conical (E60, plate 315, no. 2) to
sharply pointed (E61; 105, plate 315, no. 3). First found in the late 1st century A.D
becomes the most common type in the 2nd century A.D., and will no doubt have serv
dress pin. The material used is a hard white bone, well-finished with a high polish (eg. E6
88). 2 By contrast the pin with spherical head (E64, 86, 129; plate 315, nos. 4-5) tho
slender, is often made from a browner (springier) bone and left comparatively rough cut
type is first found in the Hadrianic levels and is common thereafter.3
Decorated dress pins occur throughout the period, beginning with a simple bead b
conical or spherical finial (E15, 24, 73, 85; plate 315, nos. 6-7) and becoming more ela
later, with pine-cone finial (E103, 126, 127; plate 315, nos. 8-9; all probably Severan
Hellenistic forerunner (E8), as mentioned above, is of comparable type.
Needles
plate 315, nos. 12-20.
Bone needles are almost equally common. A few are slender, of round or oval section, with
small eye suitable for fine thread (E58, 125, plate 315, nos. 12-13).4 But most are
comparatively heavy and thick, usually with large eye made by two drillings, as E36
(Neronian) and E83 (later 2nd A.D., plate 315, no. 14) - so more properly bodkins, for use in
working with wool or goat's hair on coarsely textured objects such as coverlets or even rugs.
Most are flattened towards the eye, with head cut flat (E58, plate 315, no. 12), conical (E16,
36, 63; plate 315, no. 15), pointed (E74, 77; plate 315, nos. 16, 17) or rounded (E83, 84, 96,
123; plate 315, no. 14). A few have pointed heads with round section (E57, 124; plate 315,
no. 19). A distinctive type with three eye holes occurs in Hadrianic deposits only (six examples,
cf. E63, plate 315, no. 20).
Weaving pick(?)
plate 316, no. 1 1.
A handle of spade shape (E37, Neronian) perhaps belongs to a weaving pick. A similarly
shaped object from Corinth is interpreted as a weaving pick.5

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The Stylus
plate 315, nos. 21-26.
Two very fine styluses come from the early Augustan period (E13, 14, plate 315, nos. 21-22),
a third from the upper levels (E122, plate 315, no. 23; 2nd-3rd A.D.). Made from a hard
white bone and extremely well polished, two are fitted with slight ridge to aid in gripping (E13,
122) and two with articulated head, either globular (E13) or conical (E14). Almost as well
finished is an early 2nd A.D. example (E55, plate 315, no. 24), pointed at one end and fitted
with carefully made eraser at the other. A second fragmentary example of Claudian date (E27,
plate 315, no. 25) is perhaps of this type; the spatula-like head could serve to erase, but the
point is missing. Analogous is the early, Hellenistic, example (E7, plate 315, no. 26), though of
rougher workmanship.
Instrument E68
plate 315, no. 27.
A bronze-plated bone instrument, of unknown function, but perhaps from a sensitive
measuring instrument where light weight and metallic precision of line were both required,
comes from a Hadrianic context, see discussion under catalogue entry.
Spoons, scoops, fork, knives

plate 316, nos. 1-16.
Small bone spoons are found in most deposits, with plain round bowl as the Trajanic example
no. E56 (plate 316, no. 1), sometimes with the addition of small concentric grooves as
decoration in the centre, as on the three Augustan examples (E23, 29, 30; plate 316, no. 2).
Spoons with bowl of a more oval, tapering form also occur (E46-7, Flavian and late 2nd-3rd
A.D.; plate 316, nos. 5-6). Occasionally handles are decorated, as the Neronian example with
Aphrodite Anadyomene motif (E40, plate 316, no. 4), a form found at Pompeii;6 a late
2nd/early 3rd A.D. spoon has cross-hatched reel between beads (El 18, plate 316, no. 3),
another has simple beading (E46, Claudian, plate 316, no. 5) and two have nicks on the face
side of the stem and St George's cross below (E100, 119-20 Severan; plate 316, nos. 6-7).
Small scoops, perhaps for use with cosmetics, were found in 2nd A.D. and later contexts (E75,
71 Trajanic, plate 316, nos. 8-9), a single ear-pick in the form of a spoon with tiny round bowl
comes from the upper levels (E121, plate 316, no. 10), and a possible fork in the form of an
open hand is from a Trajanic context (E54, plate 316, no. 12).7 Finally there come two knives,
- one slight like a paper knife for light work, one stronger with broad blade - both from the
upper levels (late 2nd/early 3rd A.D., E110-111, plate 316, nos. 13-14); and two knife
handles, - one Hadrianic, of brown bone cut and pierced to hold blade and rivets (E69, plate
316, no. 16), and one from the upper levels with broken iron tang still held in place by its
bronze clamp (El 12, plate 316, no. 15).
Box and other container fragments , inlays, pegs and pierced cylinders
plate 317, nos. 1-22.
Though unfortunately no object in this category is whole or fully restorable, there are some
very finely made pieces with excellent polished finish (especially E21, Tiberian, plate 316, no.
2). Most appear to come from small household objects, some perhaps from pieces of furniture;
some may be unfinished objects from a workshop (E17a, Augustan, plate 317, no. 4).
Suggested identification of the objects from which our fragments derive are: salt and pepper

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
shaker (E12, Augustan, plate 317, no. 1), ink stand or pen and i
and E17A Augustan, plate 317, nos. 2 and 4), cylindrical boxes
317, nos. 5-6), 8 rectangular boxes (mostly panel frs., E33-4, 26
317, nos. 7-10), and comb (E25, Claudian, plate 317, no. 3). Perh
inlays (E18, 135, Augustan and late 2nd/early 3rd A.D., plate 317
and 71, Claudian and Antonine, plate 317, nos. 13-14).
A group of pierced cylinders and moulded discs (plate 317, nos. 15
part of a box hinge. Most were found together in a Flavian context
identical found in the upper levels (E136-7) may be out of conte
separately (the rough interior surfaces do not match), some seem
least juxtaposed, to judge from surface markings which continue
Similar pieces found at Delos are interpreted there as the elements
for a chest.9 In this case the cylinders will have been threaded on a
and the transverse holes will have been used for the attachment of the lid. An excellent
illustration of the way such hinges functioned on chest or cupboard is given by N.A. Griffith
'Roman Crafts and Industries' by Alan McWhirr (figs. 15-16). 10 It should be remarked
since our pieces show no sign of wear on the inside, where they should revolve on a rod, th
may not yet have been put to use.
Awl, handles, rings, buttons, gaming counter, strut

plate 318, nos. 1-20.
Simple bone awls were made of heavy, rough-cut bone, as El 14 (upper levels, plate 318, no.
3). But a number of handles appear to be fitted to take a rod or pin, probably of metal, for awl,
long pin, hook or similar implement. A Claudian example has a globular head and grooved
stem (E24, plate 318, no. 4); a Hadrianic example was provided with retaining ring,
presumably of metal (E81, plate 318, no. 5). Others (E113, 115, 97, 92, plate 318, nos. 6-8
and 11) include simple and complex forms; handles for tools or small personal objects (like
hand mirrors).
A variety of rings, beads and buttons come from widely different contexts (plate 318, nos.
9-10, 12-19). Some have wide hoops and could function as retainers or holders (E131, 9, 109,
44, plate 318, nos. 9-10, 13-14). Nos. E107, Ila, 11, 80 and 108 (plate 318, nos. 15-19) are
buttons, some carefully made and quite elaborately decorated. No. E68 (plate 318, no. 20) is a
finely turned gaming counter of Hadrianic date, inscribed with the number Vili (H) on the
reverse side. And finally no. E138 (plate 318, no. 21) is a plain strut of cut bone, probably used
in the sculptor's atelier of the late 2nd/early 3rd century A.D. (see discussion of workshop
material below).
Catalogue
1st Century A.D.
From the Augustan destruction deposit (Al) in the Southwest House (plate 320, nos. 12-20).
El 2 Lid of salt or pepper shaker (?) 71/384. 1.7 x 2.5. Polished over knife paring marks. Truncated pyramid with
three holes at top. Pierced hinge sockets at one end; triangular niches in base. XIII 37. plate 317, no. 1.
From other Augustan contexts (A2) :

E13 Stylus 71/248. L. 12.3. Excellent condition; fine polish. Ovoid head; tapering stem with ridge. Sharp point.
Very regular in shape; turned on the lathe. XI 14. plate 315, no. 2.
E 14 Stylus 71/197. L. 10.1. Condition as 13. Cylindrical head, tapering to point from slight ridge. Slight bevel at
point. XIV 10. plate 315, no. 22.

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E15 Pin 71/183. L. 9.3. Broken at point. Head with tapering finial, above triple b
shaft. XIII 24A. plate 315, no. 6.
E16 Needle fr. 71/383. L(pres). 3.6. Flattened head with double-drilled eye as keyh
II, floor. PLATE 315, no. 15.
Also found, the fr. of a second (71/230).
E 17a Box fr. 71/308. L. 9.2. Well polished exterior, hollowed interior dull. Rectangul
corner joints and provided with interior grooves, top and bottom, for panels, c.
also on bottom edge. One corner at mitred joint left uncut; unfinished? XIV
E 17b Panel fr. 71/230. 5.1 x 2.5, Th. c. lmm. Two light grooves, plate 317, no. 9.
E 18 Pierced strip 71/247. L(pres). 5. Twelve holes preserved, D. 2.5mm. most not
Bevel at one end where originally fitted to larger object. XI 18. plate 317, no
E19 Ring 71/198. D. 2.4. Polished, except one side left rough. Broken, and possible
14.
E20 Ring 71/386. D. 1.5. Plain closed hoop, with almost rectangular section. Southwest House, Room II floor.
plate 318, no. 12.
E20a Hemispherical gaming piece 71/219. D. 1.5. Made on the lathe; highly polished. Compass point at the top.
XI 14. plate 318, no. 12a.
Tiberian plate 320, no. 21

It is worth noting that from the Tiberian floor (Room of the Antiquary) Deposit Bl, came a large cut bone (Bos
metacarpal plate 323C), of which there are many in later contexts, giving evidence of local bone manufacture
already at this time.
E21 Box fr. 71/291. L. 7.5. Excellently polished exterior. Raised leaf decoration. Southeast House Phase II,
construction of steps to street (sherd content Tiberian). plate 317, no. 2.
Claudian plate 320, nos. 20-25

From the destruction deposit (Cl) in the Southwest House came the following:
E22 Scoop 71/52. L(pres). 11.6. Broken at the handle. Finely polished.
E23 Spoon 71/123. L(pres). 9.2. Broken at the handle. Two concentric grooves around point in bowl.
E24 Implement handle 71/315. L. 5.7. Globular head with small conical depression at top, for turning;
cylindrical shaft with slight taper; fine grooved decoration, - as continuous spiral, done on the lathe. Pierced
at lower end to depth 1.4 for rod of circular section (D. c. 2.5mm.), perhaps of metal, plate 318, no. 4.
Also found were the frs. of two pins (71/116 and 71/316), D. 3 and 6mm, not illustrated.
E25 Comb fr. 71/214. L(pres). 4.8. Carefully carved moulding on each side; pierced longitudinally below, for
attachment of separately made set of teeth(?). Polished, plate 317, no. 3.
E26 Box panel fr. 71/135. 10.5 x 1.5, Th. c. lmm. One face polished. Made to fit object with fine grooves, as no.
17a. plate 317, no. 8.
From other Claudian contexts (C2):

E27 Spatula/stylus 71/49. L(pres). 6.3. Broken. Point missing. XIII 5A. plate 315, no. 25.
A second, identical, example (67/520) comes from the make-up of the East House floor in Room I (VII
16).
E28 Spoon fr. 71/120. L(pres). 6.5. Broken; handle missing. Plain bowl. XIII 13.
E29-31 Spoon bowl and handle frs. 67/518, 68/13, 71/66. D(bowls). 2.3 and 1.7. Bowls as no. 23. Handle fr. not
joining. VII(W) 15; VII Wall x; XIII 12.
E32 Peg 71/176. L. 5.4. Disc head with groove. XIV 7. plate 317, no. 13.
E33-4 Box side pieces 68/10 and 67/977. L(max). 4. Two matching trapezoidal pieces, grooved inside at top and
bottom, and fitted with dovetail joints at the ends. Outer face polished. Grooves to fit thin panelling as no.
26. I(S) 16. plate 317, no. 7.
E35 Cylindrical hinge knuckle 71/121. D. 2.6, Th. 1.5. Bored by drill at oblique angle on one side (d. 6mm.).
Exterior and sides polished. XIII 13. plate 317, no. 17
From Neronian contexts plate 320, nos. 36-43

None were found in the main destruction deposit (Nl), though a spatula was found in the floor make-up (see under
no. 27). Nos. 36-39 come from the fill to the north of the Southwest House, Deposit N2. Nos. 40-43 come from the
disturbed remnants of Neronian occupation beneath the North House court floor (Room I).

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E36 Needle 71/170. L. 11.5. Flattened section at eye. Head cut conical.
E37 Handle (of spoon?) 71/122/ L(pres). 2.9. Spade shaped. Face side polished, plate 316,
E38 Box panel fr. 71/119. W. 1.8, Th. c. lmm. Broken; originally rectangular, plate 317
E39 Disc 71/821. D. 2.9, Th. 8mm. Both sides polished. As no. 45.
E40 Spoon (or pin?) handle in form of Aphrodite Anadyomene 67/458. H (près). 5. Angula
details including hair, eyes, nose, mouth, breasts, navel, spinal cord and drapery back a
surface. For a parallel in Naples (from Pompeii?) cf. Reinach RS II 343 no. 3. 1(N) 12. pla
323.
E41 Spoon handle and bowl fr. 67/247. L(pres). 6.3. Bowl has tiny central boss with com
concentric grooves; groove also on rim. I(N) 12.
E42 Panel fr. 67/166. L(max). 3.4, Th. c. lmm. Trapezoidal. Ridged surface; slightly poli
E43 Cylindrical hinge knuckle 67/261. L. 2, D. 2.4. Pierced at oblique angle (hole D. 5mm.
ends polished. I(N) 12. See also nos. E48-53.
Later 1st century A.D. (Flavian) plate 321, nos. 44-53

From the Flavian pit (Deposit Fl) come two objects (E44-45), and from other late 1st centu
E46-53.
E44 Ring fr. 67/516. D. 2.8. Hemispherical section. Outer groove. Well polished, plate 318, no. 14.
E45 Disc 67/519. D. 2.4. Circumference and both sides polished. Gaming counter? plate 317, no. 20.
E46 Spoon, bowl to stem and handle frs. not joining, 71/294. L. 5.4 and 7.2. Perhaps from two spoons. Pl
shallow bowl, ovoid. Rough-cut bead decoration on stem. XI S.blk 1-2. plate 316, no. 5.
E47 Pin fr. 67/246. L(pres). 7.4. Point missing. Conical head. VI 5A.
Also found: five other pin or needle frs, including two needles broken off at the eye. XI 1, 2 and 4; VII 6A
E48 Small cylindrical tube or sleeve, 71/118. L. 2.4, D. 2.1. Not pierced; transverse groove at one end. Sligh
flattened on one side. Fits well inside the larger tubes or hinge knuckles (where the groove could fit bene
one of the transverse holes). X 7. plate 317, no. 18.
E49-52 Cylindrical hinge knuckles 71/17 and 449-51. L. 4.1 (except E50 which is 3.8), D. 3.5. All are pierced
one side (hole D. 8mm.) and polished on exterior and at cut ends. Exterior wear markings suggest that th
were originally fastened together with the holes aligned. XII 15 (Pit 6 in East House Room III) and
plate 317, no. 15.
E53 Moulded ring 67/5 1 5. D. 4.4. Exterior polished; ends very slightly hollowed to form good join at edges. IX 3.
plate 317, no. 22.
Trajanic plate 321, nos. 54-58

No. E54 is from the Trajanic pit (Deposit Tl), the others from other early 2nd century A.D. contexts.
E54 Fork in shape of hand 67/296. Broken at shaft and fingers. L(pres). 8.8 VIII Pit 2. plate 316, no. 12.
E55 Stylus with eraser(?) 71/39. L. 11. Carefully made; polished. Pointed at handle; pear-shaped blade on
elegant, curving narrow stem. Possible alternative use as cosmetic spatula? XIII 5 (wash level), plate 315,
no. 24.
E56 Spoon, bowl and stem fr. 67/517. L(pres). 5.3. Plain bowl as no. E28. VIII 7. plate 316, no. 1.
Also found: the frs. of two similar spoons from Well 8 and X/XI blk 2.
E57 Needle fr. 71/32. L(pres). 4.6. Round section, conical head. XI 4. plate 315, no. 19.
E58 Needle fr. 71/168. L(pres). 9.8. Point broken. Oval section, flat head. X/XI blk 4. plate 315, no. 12.
Also found: six other pin/needle frs.
E58a Workshop waster 71/114. 2.4 x 2.2. Rough cut-out for Doric capital?. Drill hole beneath to attach column.
Hadrianic (and to mid 2nd A.D.) plate 321, nos. 59-82

Of the 85 bone objects found in contexts of about 110-150 A.D., by far the most common are pin or needle
fragments. No.E59 comes from the Hadrianic floor deposit in the North House (Deposit Dl), while nos. E60-66
were found in the fill over that floor (Deposit D2). Finds from the Hadrianic cistern (Well 12) are nos. E67-70. with
nos. E71-74 from the associated fill in the courtyard (D5). Selected objects of interest from other Hadrianic or mid-
2nd A.D. contexts follow (nos. E75-82).
E59 Spoon 67/297. L(pres). 9. Plain bowl, broken at edge. Handle broken.
E60 Pin 67/322. L(pres). 7.8. Conical head; point broken, plate 315, no. 2.
Also found: the head of a second similar (67/325).
E61 Pin fr. 67/283. L(pres). 6. Head in the form of a blunt point. Well polished.

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E62 Pin 67/321. L. 11. Head cut flat and left rough, plate 315, no. 1.
E63 Needle fr. 67/323. L(pres). 7.2. Flattened head with three holes. Polished.
Also found: the frs. of two other needles.
E64 Pin fr. 67/334. L(pres). 5. Spherical head, plate 315, no. 4.
E65 Pin 67/335. L. 8. Small spherical head, as no. 64.
E66 Disc 67/367. D. 2.9, W. 1. About three-quarters. Polished on both faces and edge. As no. 45.
E67 Spoon fr. Bowl D. 2.6. Plain bowl, as no. 56.
E68 Counter, D. 2.7. One side moulded (turned on the lathe), the other inscribed VIII, and below, H. Cf. no. 80
below, plate 318, no. 20.
E69 Knife handle. L. 8.3. Incomplete. Suspension hole and two rivet holes. Spliced to receive blade. Simple
incision marks off rounded end. plate 316, no. 16.
E70 Instrument fr. L. 15. Bone strip, carefully cut with bronze plate covering. Rectangular section, 5 x 3mm. A
strip of bronze plate surives on each broad face, attached by five rivets and turned down over the edges at
each side, where it has corroded away. Rivets, D. c. lmm., going right through. One of the narrow sides
shows five small pin holes, not penetrating deeply, indicating that the object was fully plated. The ends too
were covered. Single larger rivet on broad face towards one end attaches a second strip of bronze plate, as if
for a fine hook, loop or other attachment. Perhaps a fine rule, or part of a delicate instrument requiring the
combination of a hard and precise metallic surface with material of comaratively light weight, plate 315,
no. 27.
E71 Scoop 71/53. L. 14.5. Broken at tip of handle, plate 316, no. 9.
Also the frs. of two others, similar.
E72 Stylus 71/180. L(pres). 9.3. Broken at both ends. Finely polished as nos. E13-14.
E73 Pin 71/117. L(pres). 8.4. Broken at both ends. Broad head with grooved decoration. Missing finial perhaps
as no. 15. plate 315, no. 7.
E74 Needle fr. 71/55. L(pres). 8.2. Point missing. Long pointed head with oval section, plate 315, no. 16.
E75 Scoop 67/278. L. 6.6. As no. 69, but shorter and stouter. Ancient break at point; the oblique broken surface
resulting was polished and found a secondary use as polisher or blade. VII 6A. PLATE 316, no. 8.
E76 Needle fr. 71/255. L(pres). 9. Broken at head and point. Round section tapering to oval at head. Three eye
holes, as no. E63. XII 4.
E77 Needle fr. 67/280. L(pres). 4.5. Head tapers to fine point. Well polished. VII 6. plate 315, no. 17.
E78 Needle fr. 71/100. L(pres). 7.6. Round section, tapering to flat oval at head. Flattened head, slightly
rounded. XI 3. plate 315, no. 18.
E79 Pin fr. 71/105. L(pres). 6.6. Conical head, as no. 60. Highly polished. XI 7.
Also found: 28 other pin/needle frs. (from D6 contexts).
E80 Button 67/277. D. 2.3. One face moulded, one face plain. Pierced. VII 7. plate 318, no. 18.
E81 Handle fr. 71/42. L(pres). 6.4. Broken at both ends, at which sleeves were cut, presumably to fit into rings of
other material. Hollow. D(max). 1.6. X 2, Pit 1. plate 318, no. 5.
E82 Moulded ring fr. 67/392. D. 5.2. Broad outer face has internal flange to fit another piece of D. 4.4. (Cf. no.
53, which makes a close fit). II 9. plate 317, no. 21.
Later 2nd century A.D. contexts (Deposits R2 and R3) plate 322 nos. 83-98
Deposit R2
Seventy-two bone objects, all but three needles or pins and most fragmentary, were found in the later 2nd A.D. fill
beneath the North House floors. The existence of a local craft of bone- working is suggested by the occurrence of bone
raw material (E93) and a roughed out pin (E94).
All finished objects have round sections and polished surfaces, unless noted.
E83 Needle 67/401. L. 12.9. Broad, flattened head, with rounded end; large eye formed by two adjacent drill
holes, plate 315, no. 14.
E84 Needle fr. 67/388. L(pres). 9.8. As no. E83.
Also found: the frs. of at least 5 others similar.
E85 Pin 67/298. L. 10.2. Bead at head below pear-shaped finial. Cf. no. 15.
E86 Pin fr. 67/128. L(pres). 5.5. Point broken; pocked surface. Small spherical head, as nos. E64-5.
E87 Pin fr. 67/171. L(pres). 8.5. Point broken; high conical head, as nos. E60-1.
E88 Pin fr. 67/211. L(pres). 9.4. Point broken. Low conical head.
E89 Pin. 67/224. L. 9.9. Conical head. A more slender example.
Also found: 5 others with conical head (as E87-9 or intermediate).

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E90 Pin 67/206. L. 6.1. Low conical head. Much smaller and finer. Unpolished.
E91 Peg 67/221. L. 4.3. Double grrove at head. Rough-cut, plate 317, no. 14.
E92 Handle of tool? 67/425. Cylindrical. L. 5.5. Fragmentary. Decorated with ridg
Trace of burning at one end, green discoloration (from contact with copper) at th
surface. Inner surface worked smooth, plate 318, no. 11.
E93 Bone sliver 67/391. L. 7.1. Example of raw material from bone-worker's shop.
E94 Worked bone 67/320. L. 7.7. Roughed out needle/pin from bone worker's shop.
Deposit R3
Nineteen objects, all fragmentary, of very similar nature to those of Deposit R2. They
large needles as E83 (E96), rough-cut pin with spherical head as E86 (E97) and an un
(E98). NOS.E95-97 come from the late 2nd A.D. street fill (VI 5).
E95 Spoon fr. 67/167. L(pres). 5.5. Plain bowl.
E96 Needle fr. 67/235. L(pres). 4. A second example (71/41) from XI 2.
E97 Pin fr. 67/227. L(pres). 7.3. Small spherical head, as no. E86.
Two others similar (67/228 and 236).
E98 Pin shaft? 67/390. L(pres). 6.5. Stout cylindrical shaft decorated with incised g
polished. III(E) 9. (2nd A.D.). plate 315, no. 10.
Severan contexts (late 2nd'early 3rd A.D.) plate 322, nos. 99-106
From the destruction deposit of the North House, final phase (Deposit SI ) come a stout
the fragments of two needles (see under no. E 102). Twenty-four objects from other Se
nos. E100-109 following, but it is to be noted that a large percentage of the objects
including workshop waste, may also be attributed to this period (see 'Deposit' U).
E99 Cylindrical handle 67/980. L. 4. Worn. Hollowed out to receive rod of other mat
plate 318, no. 8.
E100 Handle fr. (of spoon?) 67/31. L(pres). 6.2. Shaft of round section, changing to rectangular at stem, where it
is offset and decorated with nicks on one side and a cross on the other. Exactly as no. E 1 1 9, which must be
from the same workshop.
E101 Awl handle 71/249. L(pres). 6.2. Cylindrical. One end broken. The other tapers slightly and is pierced
longitudinally (hole D. 1.5mm, depth 6mm.) to receive shaft of point.
E102 Needle 67/125. L. 10.3. Round section, flattened head. Large eye made with three drill holes. Cf. no. E83
(late 2nd A.D.) Also found: frs. of eight others similar, including 67/118 and 119 from Deposit SI.
E 103 Dress pin 67/577. L. 9.4. Round section. Pine cone head and bead, as shown, plate 315, no. 8.
E104 Pin 67/45. L. 9. Conical head. As E105.
E105 Pin fr. 67/106. L(pres). 7.4. Pointed conical head; finely polished.
Also found: frs. of two others similar (including 67/122).
E106 Pin 67/102. L(pres). 9.2. Broken at point. Low conical head. As E62.
E107 Button 67/103. D. 3.3. One side moulded and polished; one side plain. Cf. E80. plate 315, no. 15.
E 108 Button fr. 67/248. D. 2.3. As E 107; simpler, plate 318, no. 19.
E109 Ring fr. 67/624. D. 2.7. Plain. Elliptical section, plate 318, no. 13.
Upper levels (U) plates 322, nos. 110-121; 323, nos. 122-144
There are 166 bone objects deriving from the upper wash levels. These levels are in the main datable to the late
2nd/early 3rd centuries A.D., but include some later material (to the 4th A.D.) as well as redeposited earlier
material, largely late 2nd A.D. In addition a large number of cut bones, workshop rejects, were found, the majority
in association with late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. pottery.
A selection of 35 objects is presented here, showing the variety of types present. Some of these (spoon El 16, stylus
E 122, needle E 124, pins E 128-30) are familiar from early deposits, and especially from the Aurelian and Severan
deposits (R2-3, S 1-2), but many are different, and these widen our knowledge of the range of types evidently made
in the local workshops. In this connection it is worth drawing attention to four unfinished objects (El 40-1 44), and to
two struts or supports (El 38-9) of the kind known to have been used in the late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. ateliers which
made plaster sculptures (see Section 9).
E110 Knife blade 67/4. Two frs. not joining. L(pres). 9.6 and 4.4. One edge only sharpened, about as a paper
knife. Suitable for cutting soft material (such as misithra) or smearing, levelling, plastering etc. plate 316,
no. 14.

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El 1 1 Blade fr. 67/120. L(pres). 7.9. Similar, but a finer and more delicate object.
13.
E 1 1 2 Handle (of knife or awl?) 7 1 /305. L. 4.5. Pierced through full length to receive iron haft which is preserved in
place, and protrudes at top of handle, where it is held in place by a bronze clamp, in U form. Method of
attaching clamp to haft unclear; the iron may have been flattened sufficiently to be threaded by the bronze
clamp, plate 316, no. 15.
El 13 Implement handle 71/46. L(pres). 4.9. Broken off at bottom; original form uncertain. Suspension hole at
top. plate 318, no. 6.
El 14 Awl? 67/223. L(pres). 10.1. Broken off at shaft. Stout bone rod with blunt point. Polished. Worn at point.
plate 318, no. 3.
El 15 Handle fr. 67/38. L(pres). 2.7. Oval reel (D. 1.2) decorated with two grooves. Cut in one piece with shaft of
round section (D. 4mm.). Broken off at both ends (one perhaps originally a small spherical finial), cf. E24).
plate 318, no. 7.
El 16 Spoon 67/2. L(pres). 6.8. Broken at handle. As no. E23. plate 316, no. 2.
El 17 Spoon bowl fr. 68/22. D. c. 2.7. Bowl ridged at edge and decorated round circumference with small circles
and central dot.
El 18 Spoon handle 67/146. L(pres). 8.5. Broken at bowl and handle tip. Bowl plain; handle shaft decorated with
cross-hatched reel, as shown, plate 316, no. 3.
El 19 Handle (of spoon?) 71/18. L(pres). 8.6. Broken at both ends. Stout stem of round section, becoming
rectangular at lower end, where offset and decorated with cross and nicks, exactly as E 100 (Severan).
Perhaps to be associated with a spoon such as E120. plate 316, no. 7.
E 120 Spoon bowl fr. 67/165. L. 6. Broken off at stem. Broad shallow bowl of oval shape. Plain, plate 316, no. 6.
E121 Miniature spoon (ear pick) 71/43. L(pres). 3, 2. Shaft broken, plate 316, no. 10.
Also found: two long scoops, as E71.
E122 Stylus 71/385. L(pres). 8.3. Broken at top. Fine, hard white bone. Highly polished. Sharp point. Cf. E13-14.
XIII unstratified (1st A.D.?) plate 315, no. 23.
E123 Needle 67/91 L. 10.5. As E83.
Also found: frs. of 28 others similar.
E124 Needle fr. 67/241. L. 7. Point broken. Round section; pointed conical head. As E.57.
Two others similar, with flattened head, as E77.
E125 Needle fr. 67/729. L(pres). 4.9. Flattened head with small eye hole. Highly polished, plate 315, no. 13.
E 126 Pin shaft 71/44. L(pres). 7. Broken at point, and at head where perhaps a spherical finial may be restored, as
E24. Bead and groove decoration as shown, plate 315, no. 11.
E 127 Pin 71/303. L(pres). 10.5. Point broken. Head decorated with bead and elongated pine-cone, as shown.
plate 315, no. 9.
E 128 Pin 67/96. L. 7.5. Point broken, but smoothed surface at break shows continued use in shorter form. Head
decorated with bead and pine-cone as shown. Cf. E 103 (Severan).
E 129 Pin 67/384. L. 9.6. Point broken. Globular head, as no. 64 (Hadrianic). plate 315, no. 5.
Also found: 5 others similar.
E130 Pin 67/35 L. 11.1. Conical head, as E105 (Severan).
Also found: frs. of 14 others similar.
El 31 Ring handle(?) 67/199. D. 2.4. Broken at one side. Flat section. Both faces polished. Decorated with triple
element at one side. For a comparable ring handle, cf. Corinth xii, no. 2389. plate 318, no. 9.
E132 Box fr. 71/36. H(pres). 5.2, D. 3.2. Grooved decoration at top. Internal flange at top, to receive lid. Flange
at bottom broken away, plate 317, no. 5.
E133 Box fr. 67/302. H. 2.3, D. 3.5. As no. E132.
E134 Box panel or inlay fr. 67/255. L(pres). 5, Th. c. 1.5mm. One face only polished. Pierced; hole D. 3mm.
E135 Furniture inlay(?) 67/809. L(pres). 5.6. Broken off at lower end. Flat tapering form with serrated edges. One
side only polished, plate 317, no. 12.
E 136 Pierced cylinder 67/380. L. 3.3, D. 2.5. Slight longitudinal groove at transverse hole. Polished. Ends
carefully finished and lightly hollowed to make flush join at edges. Cf. E48-51 (Flavian), plate 317, no.
16.
E137 Cylinder fr. 67/381. L. 2.5, D. 3.5. No hole preserved, plate 317, no. 19.
E 138 Rod 67/22. L. 17.4, D. 5-7mm. Surface roughly knife-pared; ends cut square. Probably a strut for use in
plaster sculpture. Cf. E 139. plate 318, no. 21.
E 139 Strut 68/15. L. 9. Cut surface at two sides and one end (the other broken). Probably an internal support for

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plaster sculpture. Matching holes occur on the inside face of some of the plaster sc
House of Diamond Frescoes.
E 140-1 44 Worked bone frs: two strips (L. 7.4 and 6) square cut at preserved end and sides; cut ring, ovoid 4.5
roughed out peg (67/522), H. 2. Unfinished column base, 2 x 2.5.
EVIDENCE FOR LOCAL BONE WORKSHOPS
Although no actual bone workshop was found within the excavated a

combine to show that such work was done locally, somewhere close by, ov
point to one specific industrial use for worked bone pieces in the latest ph
First, the total number of bone objects collected, at 529, is a large one, an
of finished objects is wide and varied, both in form and quality. It is a pre
at least of the simple objects would be locally made, 1 1 and we may ask w
also to the more sophisticated objects such as the panelled boxes and fin
For the former category supporting evidence for local manufacture comes i
few unfinished or roughed-out small objects (E6 Hellenistic; E94 Anton
addition, E58a (Trajanic) was cut as part of a complex object but not f
some of the pieces of fine box panelling also represent unfinished wor
and the hinge knuckles (E35, 43 and 48-52), which show no wear on the
cases remain unpierced. The styluses, on the other hand, stand out as e
and quality of finish, and it may be thought that these at least were impo
Clinching evidence for local bone working is the occurrence of cut
workshop waste. Sixty-eight such pieces were collected and include sheep,
(ovis astragalus; bos metacarpal, radius, scapula, tibia; and similar equ
were sawn cleanly from the long bones and objects were cut from the straig
plate 319).12 The chronological distribution of these workshop wasters
Hellenistic to 3rd century A.D., with a concentration in the final ph
Particularly interesting is the concentration of pieces (23 in number) in th
A.D. fill and on the floor of Room I of the House of Diamond Frescoes,
that there was a specific use for pieces of such long bones as suppor
manufacture of the plaster sculptures found and perhaps made there. T
fragments preserve holes for such bone struts, and E138-9 are surely
bones would have been cut in or near the sculptor's atelier, the cast off pi
and later been brought back into the room fill by the forces of erosion
It seems then a fair presumption to take the assemblage of bone objec
largely the output of local industry, which can in a small way reflect soci
over the period which concerns us. There are too few pre-Roman
generalisations about these except to suggest that bone tools, dress items l
and perhaps gaming pieces were quite probably made locally in the Helleni
Roman period the finds seem to point to a gradually increased output of h
as pins, needles and buttons, and, perhaps after an initial period of import
also of a variety of more sophisticated objects including spoons, tools, ring
Precise information as to the output of a particular workshop, however,
of specific types of objects must await the excavation of the actual worksh

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Section 13
Other Finds in Stone, Clay and Faience

(PLATES 22-3, 222-3, 324-335, 353)
L. H. SACKETT with JANE COCKING and others1
Page
Objects in stone 391
A. Primarily functional (tools, mortars, troughs, millstones etc.) 391
Catalogue (Sl-58) 393
B. Primarily decorative,
sculpture, gaming pieces,
Catalogue (S59-89) 396
Mineral materials 397
Marble 398
Terracotta loomweights and spindle whorls 399
Early Iron Age contexts (Wl-6) 399
Greco-Roman 399
Type series (W7-19, 21-26) and dated contexts 400
Catalogue of stamped, incised and moulded examples (W29-88) 403
Commentary (Jane Cocking) 405
Terracotta tiles, water pipes etc. 406
Objects in clay 41 1
Faience 413
OBJECTS IN STONE
A. Primarily functional (tools, mortars, troughs, millstones etc.)
plates 324-328
The stone tools most frequently found are made from small pebbles or cobbles of hard
commonly of igneous rock, limestone or calcareous sandstone. They were used for p
grinding and perhaps also for polishing. Forty seven of these were found, varying in sha
spherical and flattened spherical to discoid and cuboid. These are simple and prac
indestructible objects which could find a use in a working area of any period. All a
familiar in Minoan times.2 Thus, since they may well have been collected as surv
391

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392 OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE
discussion is warranted, on the basis of this collection, of their typolo

specific uses. But it is worth noting that they do occur not only in th
but also in good contexts later (S37 Augustan, S47-49 Hadrian
chronological distribution is as follows: 12 PG-Geometric, 5 Classical,
10 2nd-3rd A.D. (4 not stratified).
Two small conical pestles (S13) in black volcanic rock (dacite
uncertain date (perhaps as early as Orientalizing). In form they resem
cf. S40); the material, known in the Bronze Age, is not paralleled in t
in the larger millstone fragments, discussed below.
Small portable whetstones are equally widespread chronolog
Geometric, Orientalizing and Roman contexts (SI, 2, 5, 11, 19). It
stones were also used for sharpening blades; one (uncatalogued) occurr
Pierced weights of limestone, roughly finished, occur in Geometric
(S17, 22, 33). Worth considering as possible small weights, too, is
more carefully made discs (S27-32), all of roughly finished white
three of these were found together, all come from Hellenist
contemporary. If these were indeed weights, they seem to be based o
as the standard (see discussion in the catalogue under S27-32
interpretation is to regard them as gaming pieces, see S68-75 below, a
so interpreted
Also from the Hellenistic period come fragments of a limestone bowl and a louter (S34, 35),
types common in Classical and later farm and country house contexts.3 Other stone vessels
found built into Roman walls, and likely to derive from the Hellenistic house or farm work
areas, are the stone basins from three olive presses (one unfinished) (S35a-c) and a tall
limestone mortar (S35d), perhaps used for pulverising gypsum for plaster or whitewash, plate
327.4
The first occurrence of millstone pieces in black porous volcanic rock, of which ten were
found, is a re-used flat piece (S36) set into the washing area floor near Well 12, whose final use
was in the mid 2nd century B.C. Other small pieces, again possibly re-used - perhaps as querns
in grinding - occur in Claudian (S43) and Hadrianic contexts (S51). Three larger pieces
belong to mortars or standard handmill types (S57a-c). First is the trough-like rectangular
hopper-rubber with its upper surfaces sloping inward and down to a central slit. This type of
lever mill was common at Olynthos; it was gravity fed and hand manipulated by means of a
long wooden handle which fitted into the slots provided at each end. The underside of the
hopper-rubber and the top surface of the lower stone have striations in a herringbone
arrangement (plates 325 no. 12, 324 no. 17). The second piece (S57b) is part of a large
circular mortar evidently used in the preparation of plaster (as S35d). The third (S57c)
appears to be one segment of a tall rotary mill.5
Other millstones of whitish limestone, circular with convex and striated working face, were
found built into the north wall of the House of Diamond Frescoes, construction late 2nd A.D.;
there were sixteen fragments of these from four large millstones, D. c. 75. They may belong to a
type of rotary mill or 'trapetum', first known at Olynthos, but common in Roman times, and
evidently used as a press for olive oil.6 In this type two circular millstones revolved on their
edges in a large stone mortarium around a central fixed column on which they were suspended
in such a way that the olive pips were not crushed by their weight. Some of the stones, however,
show wear on their flat surfaces, which suggests that they had been used in a horizontal
position, presumably in a grain mill. Complete examples (D. 65) in the same material come

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OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE 393
from post-Minoan construction in the 1978-82 excavations at the

does one complete example in black volcanic rock (D. 62). 7 plate
In the Roman periods small stone grinder/pounders and whetstones
noted above, also larger grinding stones of sandstone and volcanic
basins and mortars too continued to be made, the best example (S30)
Augustan floor. Smaller implements, perhaps made for use in prepar
the highly polished greenstone tools (S39, 54) and palette (S45). Th
imported marbles - primarily for decorative purposes - is a feature o
discussed below under 'materials'.
Catalogue
Protogeometric to early orientalizing plates 324, 326
51 Whetstone. L. 9.2, W. 5.3. Grey-brown sandstone. Top and bottom convex, sides cut straight; ends rough
perhaps from secondary use as grinder/pounder? Upper face abraded. XI 36, LMIII/LPG. plates 324 no
1; 326.
52 Whetstone 72/81. L. 9.3, W. 4.2-9. Green micaceous sandstone, fine-grained. Broken at one end, but
smoothed (? from use as rubber). XV 19, LMIII/PG. plate 326.
53 Grinder/polisher 67/781. Spherical with facets, max. dimension 5.5. Blue-grey igneous rock. Found inside
bell-skyphos GH 4. LPG. plates 324 no. 2; 326
Another similar from XI 36, LMIII/LPG.
54 Grinder/polisher, flattened sphere, D. 4.7-5.2. Flat surfaces slightly concave and smooth; edges pitted. Dark
grey igneous rock. XI 37, LM/PG. plate 326.
55 Whetstone 68/212. W. 2.5-2.9. L.(pres.) 6.5. Broken at both ends, one smoothed. One face abraded. Grey,
fine-grained sandstone. Deposit GC, PGB/EG. plate 326.
56 Hemispherical grinder, D. 5.5. Flat surface pitted. Grey calcareous rock. XI 35, PG/EG. plates 324 no. 3;
326.
57 Pierced weight 68/184. H. 10. Yellow-brown calcareous sandstone. Deposit GC, PGB/EG. plate 326.
58 Grinder/polisher, ovoid, 8.5 x 9. Split cobble; flat sides smoothed, edges pitted. Grey-white crystalline
limestone. Traces of red, from use in grinding red-ochre or haematite? XI 34, MG. plate 324 no. 4.
59 Grinder/pounder, D. 6.3. Flattened sphere. Flat sides smoothed, edges pitted. Grey calcareous sandstone.
XIII 42, 9th-8th B.C. (to LG). plate 326.
5 10 Pounder 68/223. Tall oval. H. 12.5, D. 8.1-8.5. Surface pitted. Fine-grained, grey-green sandy limestone.
VI 34a, LG (cf. no. 14). plate 326.
511 Whetstone fr. 68/217. L(pres). 5, W. 2.3-2.5. Broken at one end, all other surfaces worked. Chipped at
unfinished suspension hole, bored part way through near rounded end. Mauve arcóse. VI Wall 'be', sherd
context: LM-EO. plates 324 no. 5; 326.
512 Grinder/polisher 68/214. Spheroid. D. 5.5. Flat surfaces smoothed. Grey limestone. XII 19, LG/EO. Not
illustrated.
S 13a Pestle 68/214. Conical. H. 5.4. Flat surface smoothed, but pocked in centre from use as hammer. Grey,
vesicular volcanic stone, dacite? VI Wall 'bc' Sherd context: LM-EO. plates 324 no. 6; 326.
b A second similar was found in cleaning early (primarily Geometric) levels 1972, H. 5. plate 326.
514 Grinder/pounder 68/41. Tall ovoid. H. 9.5. Ends pocked and chipped. Grey, fine-grained calcareous
sandstone. VIII Pit Ila, Geometric, plate 326.
Archaic to Classical plates 324, 326

51 5 Grinder/pounder, regular sphere, D. 6.7. One side slightly flattened and pitted. Pinkish brown igneous rock
(welded tuff?). Deposit H2, late 6th B.C. plates 324 no. 8; 326.
516 Grinder/pounder, flattened cuboid, 5.5 x 4.8. Flat sides slightly concave and smoothed; edges rough and
pitted. Black emory. Deposit H2, late 6th B.C. plates 324 no. 9; 326.
SI 7 Grinder/pounder, flattened sphere, D. 5. Flat sides smoothed. Green igneous rock. Deposit H2, late 6th B.C.
plates 324 no. 10; 326.
5 18 Grinder/pounder, spherical, D. 5.6. Two sides flattened and smoothed, circumference rough and pocked.
Grey limestone. XIII 31a, Pit 11; to 5th B.C. Not illustrated.
519 Whetstone fr. 68/29. W. 4.8. L(pres). 7.7. Rectangular section; convex upper surface and sides smoothed.

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Preserved end pitted. Brownish grey calcareous sandstone; fine-grained.

Classical, plate 326.
520 Grinder/pounder 67/869, discoid. D. 7.6. Flat sides smooth, edges pitted. Grey limestone/marble. Depos
H8, 4th B.C. plate 326.
Hellenistic (plates 324, 326)

521 Grinder/pounder, disc. D. 6. Flat sides smoothed, edges rough and pocked. Black igneous rock. Well 14,
early 3rd B.C. plates 324 no. 11; 326.
522 Weight fr, pierced disc. D. 7. About one half. Soft white limestone. Surface rough. Well 14, early 3rd B.C
plate 326.
523 Weight?, rod of square section, edges rounded. L. 7. Soft white, sandy limestone. Deposit H 13, 3
plate 326.
524 Grinder/pounder 67/742, biconical. D. 6. Rough surface, one point chipped off. Dark grey, fine-
sandstone? Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C. plate 326
Also found in Hellenistic contexts: three others similar, two spherical, one flattened sphere.
525 Grinder/pounder fr, irregular discoid. W. 6.7. Flat surfaces smooth, edges pitted. Grey-black igneous
I(S) 20, Pit 9, to late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Not illustrated.
526 Weight?, spherical with low knob above, concave below. D. 6.1. Wt. 270gr. Pale brown, fine-gr
calcareous sandstone. XIII 29A, Hellenistic, plates 324 no. 12; 326.
S27-32 Disc weights? (six). D. 6.5, 6.1, 6.4, 5.5, 4.4, 3.7. Wt. 249, 199, 153, 93.3, 59.8, 31.5 gr. (or in units o
8, 7, 5, 3, 2 and 1). No. 28 damaged. None show signs of wear from use as tools. Soft white sandy lim
All are from Hellenistic contexts, nos. 27, 29 and 31 found together. Contexts: XIII 29A, XI 35, XIII
V(N) 4, XIII 30A, I(N) 22. plate 326.
533 Disc weight? D. 13, Wt. 371 gr. One side flat and smooth, the other convex and left rough. Purpose
uncertain. Deposit H28 (Pit 1), mixed Hellenistic to 2nd B.C. plate 324 no. 14.
534 Louter rim fr. 67/746. D. c. 50. White marble. Flat rim; external groove and carination below. V 4,
Class/Hell, plate 324 no. 15
Also base fr, D. 25, from this or a similar vessel. Raised base, slightly concave beneath; underside left
rough, with marks of claw chisel apparent. Deposit H28 (Pit 1), mixed Hellenistic, to 2nd B.C.
535 Hemispherical bowl, rim fr. D. 36. Soft white limestone. Smoothed inside and outside to 5cm. below the rim;
below this rough, with chisel marks apparent. Deposit H28 (Pit 1), mixed Hellenistic, to 2nd B.C. plate 324
no. 5
Also found, built into Roman walls and probably deriving from Hellenistic work areas: (a) Olive press
trough, square 51.5x52.5, interior basin D. 45; H. 13.5. Fine-grained white limestone, well-dressed.
Broken, spout missing. Basin has groove round circumference and a cross in centre, plate 327. (b) Olive
press trough, circular, D. 70. Grey limestone. Groove around bowl circumference to spout; irregular cross on
floor, plate 327. (c) Trough, circular, D. 45, H. 18. White limestone. Unfinished and irregular; drill holes in
centre of bowl, two lugs on side, plate 327. (d) Tall conical mortar. H(pres). 40; D. 18-25. White limestone.
Used for mixing white gypsum or lime plaster, which remains in narrow base. This is a known Minoan type
(information from Harriet Watrous) and so may well derive from even earlier buildings, plate 327.
536 Millstone fr, 22.5 x 16, Th. 3-4. Porous grey volcanic rock. Section as Laconian pan-tile. One side striated
(parallel cuts in V-formation) for grinding. Originally perhaps part of the lower member of a lever mill as
57a. XII 26, re-used as washing board or grinding surface in the mid-2nd B.C. floor at Well 12. See Deposit
H26. plate 324 no. 17.
Roman plates 325, 326

1st Century A.D.
537 Grinder/pounder (or weight?) . Irregular spheroid, max. dimension 7.6. Pebble of black-brown igneous rock;
flat side smooth, edges pitted from use. Deposit Al, Augustan, plate 326
Four others, more regular spheroids (in crystalline limestone or calcareous sandstone) in other 1st A.D.
contexts (Augustan, Claudian and Neronian).
538 Grinder, rectangular, 9 x 8, H. 6.5. Flat surface pitted from use. Red sandstone. X 1 1 , Augustan, plates 325
no. 1; 326.
539 Greenstone tool 71/407. L. 2.8. Hard green stone. One end tapers to rounded point (for insertion into
handle?), the other a broad blade, with flat surface for possible use as polisher, or cosmetic grinder? XIV 13,
Augustan, plates 325 no. 2; 328.

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S40-41 Pestle and mortar 71/P91-90. White crystalline marble. Pestle, H. 7. In for
A common type, cf. Délos xviii pl. 354-7. Mortar, D. 21. Three lug handles (o
Raised base; flat bottom with shallow groove beneath marking off slight ring fo
Southwest House, Room II. Augustan, plates 325 nos. 3-4; 326
Frs. of three others similar from upper wash levels.
542 Louter rim fr. D. c. 58. White crystalline marble. Flat rim. Finished surf
outside marks off rim. X 1 1 , Augustan, plate 325 no. 5
Also found: four others, (a) Louter rim fr. D. c. 55. Similar, but with conca
below groove. Floor inside left rough. Mending hole. Deposit Cl, Claudian flo
groove. D. c. 40. XIII 10, Flavian, (c) Louter body fr, with more elaborate mo
Hadrianic. (d) Louter rim fr. D. c. 55. Whitish limestone, smoothed inside, ro
543 Millstone fr. W. 17. Working face concave, back rounded (re-used as sadd
rock. Deposit Cl, Claudian floor. Not illustrated.
544 Whetstone fr. W. 2.4. Broken at both ends. Wear on both flat faces. Grey
chert/limestone. Deposit Nl, Neronian floor. Not illustrated.
2nd-3rd Centuries A.D.

545 Palette fr. 71/762. W. 4.5. About one half. Fine-grained black calcareous sandstone. Upper surface highly
polished from use (perhaps in preparing cosmetics?) XI 9, Trajanic. plates 325 no. 6; 328.
546 Bowl rim fr. D. 21. White crystalline marble. Outer surface left rough from c. 10mm. below rim. Deposit Tl,
Trajanic Pit. Not illustrated.
547 Grinder/pounder (or weight?). Discoid. D. 6.4. Wt. 281gr. White crystalline marble. Upper and lower
surfaces worn concave. Well 12, Hadrianic. plates 325 no. 7; 326.
548 Grinder (or weight?). Flattened sphere. D. 5.5. Wt. 177gr. Pale-brown fine-grained calcareous sandstone.
Signs of wear on all surfaces. Well 12, Hadrianic. plate 326.
549 Grinder/pounder, spherical. D. 4-7-5.1. Traces of red (from use with red-ochre?). Dark grey, fine-grained
sandstone. Deposit D5, Hadrianic tip. plate 326.
550 Bowl/mortar rim fr. D. c. 50. White limestone. Cf. S35. Well 12, Hadrianic. Not illustrated
Also from Well 12: bowl base fr, D. 7, in fine pink grained white limestone; raised base, flat underside.
551 Millstone frs. in black, porous volcanic rock
(a) corner fr, flat and striated, as S36; 23 x 14, Th. 3.7 (b) one face convex, the other concave (as thick
cover tile) 13.5 x 18, Th. 5.5. plate 325 no. 8
Both pieces perhaps re-used as grinders. Well 12, Hadrianic.
552 Grinder/pounder, flattened sphere, D. 6. Black igneous rock. Flat sides smoothed, edges pitted from use. VII
3, Deposit S2, Severan. plate 326
Two others similar, from late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. contexts.
553 Grinder/pounder (weight?). Regular cube, 4.2 x 4.2 x 4.2. Wt. 160gr. Wear on several faces. VII 3, Deposit
S2, Severan. plates 325 no. 9; 326.
554 Greenstone tool fr. L(pres). 1.8. As S39. VII 4A, Deposit S2, Severan. plate 328.
S55a Pestle 67/642. H. 4.8. Conical with rounded top and slightly convex bottom. Top pitted from use, bottom
smooth. White crystalline marble. VII 4, Severan. plates 325 no. 10; 326.
S55b Pestle. H (près). 5. Similar. Chipped. Surface level, plate 326.
556 Hemispherical bowl 67/427. Rim and handle fr. D. 8. Square-cut handle; grooves on handle and rim, as
shown. White fine-grained limestone, with smoothed surface. Surface level (to 4th A.D.) plate 325 no. 1 1.
557 Millstone and mortar frs. in black volcanic rock, (a) Rectangular. W(est). 46, H. 9-1 1. About one quarter,
in two joining pieces. Flat sides; upper surface sloping inward to central slit (not preserved). Underside
shows regular parallel striations for grinding, running obliquely. A more complete parallel at the Villa
Ariadne garden measures length 46. These were standardised and must have been imported. XII 3,
Hadrianic. plates 325 no. 12; 327. (b) Circular, rim fr. D(int). c. 55. Interior face abraded. Part of large
circular bowl or mortar? A patch of white plaster still adheres to one surface, and may indicate the original
function of this vessel, plate 327. (c) Tall tapering conical. H.42. Short oblique face pierced for attachment.
Part of a rotary mill? plates 325 no. 13; 327.
558 Sphere. D. 14. Wt. c. 3kg. White limestone. One side chipped. Surface rough-hewn. Too large for a tool, -
because difficult to grasp in the hand. Ballista missile? Found built into the 1st A.D. cist at the west end of the
Southeast House courtyard, plate 326.

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B. Primarily decorative and other smaller objects (inscripti

pieces, buttons, beads etc.)
PLATE 328.
Under this heading is grouped a collection of miscellaneous stone objects, of some interest in
themselves, but from widely scattered contexts.
The fragmentary inscription (S59), evidently part of an official dedication with imperial
titles, is the only inscription from this excavation. Found in the fill above the floor of the House
of Diamond Frescoes (Room I), with sherds of late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. date, it is virtually the
only find deriving from these rooms, apart from the plaster sculptures. Unfortunately it is not
possible to associate it with the building, either as dedication or as a product of a possible
workshop here. To judge from the letter forms, the inscription predates the construction of the
building by almost a century. It is evidently out of context here, and may have entered the
room soon after abandonment with the gradually accumulating silt which contained material
both of contemporary and earlier date.
Few fragments of stone sculpture were found (S60-65). One (S61) is Hellenistic, the rest
Roman (principally 2nd A.D. or Severan). This paucity serves to emphasise the nature of this
quarter of the town as a working area, poor in ornamentation when compared to the residential
area on the higher ground to the north and west.8
A scattering of gaming pieces was found, beginning with a soapstone pyramid (S77)
probably of Protogeometric date.9 The earliest of a number of marble and limestone counters is
from a Geometric context (S71); a group of similar objects (S27- 32), considered above as
possible weights due to their rather even gradation in size and weight, is Hellenistic; and a
group of five is Severan (S68-70, 72, 74). A fine castle chess-piece comes from a Neronian
context (S67). It is worth noting that far more small gaming pieces from the Roman period
were made of glass (see Section 14). But it seems quite likely that finer gaming sets of this
quality would co-exist in such a quarter of town with a heavier, sometimes rough and ready
'street' variety.
Beads of amethyst (S78), sard (S79), crystal (S80) and serpentine (S82-3) and perhaps some
of the buttons, though found in stratified contexts, resemble chance finds, and could in some
cases have survived as collectors' pieces.
It is worth noting in this context that several engraved Minoan sealstones were found in the
post-Minoan levels; these are published by John Betts with the Minoan material (MUM p.
187).
Finally, a single finely worked intaglio ringstone of carnelian (S89) with running stag comes
from a fill of early Augustan date.
Catalogue
559 Inscribed plaque 71/637. Ten joining frs. H(pres). 26.5. L(pres). 31.5. Th. 1.9-2.3. Dull white marble with
grey markings, fine crystalline structure ('marmor scritto'). Letter H. 9.3. Letters cut 3-4mm. deep, in
cuttings of v-shaped section; terminals with tapering points. Reading: GERM and in second line below: . .D.
Also small non-joining fr. (13 x 6.5, Th. 1.7-1.9) perhaps belonging, with smaller letters (H. c. 8), reading
.CO. Part of an official dedication or decree with imperial titles, presumably from a public building or
intended for one. Letter style suggests Flavian to Trajanic date. Possible reconstructions might include the
title GERMANICUS, DACICUS or DOMITIANUS and COS. Too fragmentary to restore more
extensively. Context: XV 14 and 15, fill in House of Diamond Frescoes, Room I; late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
plate 328.
560 Female statuette fr. 67/813. H. 15, W. 8, Th. 8. Missing are the head, right arm, body from below abd
Fine grained, chalky marble; local? Upper part of a female figure, weight on right leg, wearing chit

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himation. The chiton slips off the left shoulder, partially revealing the left br
falling any further by the right hand - traces of the right arm are visible acro
loops in a bunch around the abdomen, winds round the left elbow, and then fal
The left hand is held down, grasping the himation bunch to prevent that from
This rather self-conscious pose is best attributed to an Aphrodite. The drapery
B.C., but the very summary workmanship, with careless slashing drill work, i
Roman, possibly 2nd A.D. Context: V 3, later 2nd A.D. fill. (GBW.) plate 3
561 Leg of statuette 67/664. H (près). 5.8. White marble (Pentelic?). Leg and part
knee and at foot. Outside surface of leg finely polished, inside left rough. I(S)
562 Foot of statuette 67/25. L(pres). 4.2. Dull white marble (local). Broken at h
2nd/early 3rd A.D.
563 Hand of statuette 67/162. L(pres). 3. White crystalline marble (island?). Bro
I(N) 12A, 2nd A.D.
564 Acanthus leaf. L(pres). 6.2. White and grey crystalline marble. Broken at st
Two holes pierced through leaf, for attachment as architectural fr. I(N) 8, Sev
565 Leaf fr. 67/783. L(pres). 10.2. White crystalline marble. Front in relief, bac
566 Pegged finial, H. 8.3, W. 4.7, Th. 3. White marble. Rectangular. Top, fron
grooves; back and one side plain. Fitted with peg. Decorative element from hou
A.D.
567 Gaming piece 71/760. H (près). 5.2. Broken at base, where remains of stem protrude. Soft grey limestone.
Cylindrical with crenellation above; three grooves around body. As 'castle' chess-piece. XI S Blk; 50-75
A.D.
S68-75 Counters (gaming pieces or weights?), D. 6, 4.6, 4.0-4.5, 3.6, 3.6, 3.5, 3.0-3.2, 2; Wt. 103.5, 59.2, 33.5,
26.2, 32.8, 20.4, 22.5 and 5 gr. All except 73 and 75 of marble (pink 'giallo antico', white or grey/white). S71
is a regular disc of white marble, carefully finished and with a small circular depression cut in the top
surface. S73 and 75 are of grey limestone; 73 preserves compass point on one surface. Contexts: XV 2, VII 3,
VII 4A, XII 20, VII 3, XI 21, IX 2 and XIV 32; 68-70, 72, 74 Severan; 71 Geometric^); 73 mixed
Geometric - 1st A.D.; 75 Classical.
See also S27-32, listed above as possible weights.
576 Gaming piece(?) Soapstone pyramid. H. 1.7. XI 19, PG/G survival in Augustan context? See following.
577 Gaming piece(?) 77/16. Soapstone pyramid. H. 1.7. XV 19, PG(?).
578 Bead 71/360. Spherical. D. 1.1. Amethyst. XI 16, Augustan.
579 Bead 71/359. Spherical. D. 1.6. Red-brown sard. XIV/XV blk 1; mixed Hellenistic - 3rd A.D.
580 Bead 67/292. Amygdaloid. L. 2, W. 1 .8. Clear rock crystal. Surface finely finished, but bore holes from each
end meet irregularly at an angle. V(E) 3A; 1-50 A.D.
581 Bead 68/145. Elongated pyramidal. L. 1.9, H. 8mm. Pierced vertically. Green soapstone. Deposit GC,
PGB/EG.
582 Bead 71/82. Flattened sphere. D. 1.8. Black serpentine. Deposit Cl, Claudian.
583 Bead 68/144. Flattened sphere. D. 2. Black serpentine. Irregular; worn and chipped. VIII 34; Geometric
and 5th B.C. mixed.
584 Button 68/25. Discoid. D. 2.2. One side flat, the other convex. Grey-green serpentine. VIII 29, Hellenist
585 Button fr, discoid. D. 3.1. Grey crystalline marble. Well 14, early 3rd B.C.
586 Button 67/399. Cylindrical. D. 1.6-1.7. Black serpentine. IV(N) 3, Hadrianic.
587 Button 71/461. Discoid. D. 1.8. Pale brown stone (marl?), highly polished. XII 19, LG/EO and la
2nd/early 1st B.C. mixed.
588 Button 67/398. Disk with pinched loop at back. D. 1. White marble. IV(N) 3, Hadrianic.
589 Ring-stone 71/367. Oval with hemispherical section. L. 1.2. Carnelian. Intaglio of stag running to right
Flat side plain; highly polished. XI 19, Augustan, plate 353
590 Bead of red stone. L. 19mm. Lozenged-shaped. Roman plate 353.
MINERAL MATERIALS
In addition to the hard stone tools catalogued above (of igneous and volcanic
limestone and marble), others not catalogued occurred as follows.

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Obsidian
Sixty-nine pieces were collected, one a clear white-spotted piece of Gi

with an occasional extremely black lustrous piece. There were blade f
chunks (48) ranging from small regular flakes up to large angular pie
(4). Their contexts are PG-Geometric (7), Classical-Hellenistic (15
general nature suggests the local manufacture of prismatic blades
Minoan periods. The contexts are scattered and the examples too f
determine how much, if any, use of this material continued int
considered here. Such a use seems natural, but all could be surviv
Pumice
Twenty-seven pieces were collected, from varied contexts: PG (o

Roman (20). Of these, eighteen had flat or concave surfaces showi
soft backing material (one shows a shallow drill hole), or in personal t
times.
Colouring materials
Soft minerals of dark-red (haematite/magnetite), pink (mudstone), br
(mercury sulphide?) and blue (Egyptian frit) were found in these con
Hellenistic/2nd A.D.; pink - PG.; bright pink - Augustan; orange
samples) - late 3rd B.C. (2), 2nd B.C. (one), Augustan (3), and one
been used in workshops, producing colour dyes or paint for fresco wor
pottery, glass (especially the blue frit) and other wares. It is unfortun
scattered, Their mineral analyses are discussed separately by Dr Ri
Other
Scattered fragments of carnelian (surface), rock crystal (MG. and Augustan), soapstone
(Augustan, Trajanic, 2nd A.D.), worked serpentine (Geometric, and Hadrianic floor), chlorite
(surface) and red coral (Hadrianic) are not sufficient to indicate work in these materials. Some
may be Collector's pieces, most perhaps simply in the ground as a heritage of the wealthy
Minoan capital.
MARBLE
Some 212 pieces of marble cut thin for panelling, dadoes, tiles etc., were colle
extensive Roman trade in marble and the use of different coloured varieties in build
documented,10 and Knossos was no exception. The identification of marble typ
proveniences is notoriously difficult, but the attempt is worth while, and th
suggestions made by an experienced hand 1 1 do confirm the notion that Knossos w
trade routes for this material and was the recipient of a variety of types
identifications include Pentelic (12 frs.), white unbanded with distinctive dapple
Proconnesian (?) (62),12 other white or greyish marble (over 70), dark grey (10),
mottled - "marmor scritto" (24), green "verde antico" or Marmor Thessalicum (7), re
grey mottled - Phrygian "paronasseto" or Marmor Synnadicum (5), yellow-red
"giallo antico" or Marmor Numidicum (10), dark mauvish-red - Cretan from Di
(8), veined red-white - "breccia de settebasi" from Skyros (?) (two), and mottled

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"lumachella camina" from Tunisia (?) (two). These marble dado a

already been discussed and some illustrated in colour in conn
frescoes. * 3 An analysis of the find spots indicates that most originate
North House. Nineteen small pieces, mostly grey/white marble
Diamond Frescoes, but belong to the upper fill; none come from
associated with the building itself. From the Severan destruction
Room III come 24 pieces (identified as Pentelic, Proconnesian
Phrygian), and from other Severan floors (= Deposit S2) come 71
Proconnesian, other grey- white, "verde antico" and dark mauve,
pieces come from earlier contexts (of these 15 are Hadrianic and 4
rest (c.55) were in the upper levels with late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. m
floors. Curiously, no marble dado or panelling was found anyw
House walls. Two reasons may be offered for this, first that such pa
North House rooms was thoroughly robbed after the abandonmen
the walls themselves was found surviving above the latest floor level
the floor deposits do suggest that the house decorations made some u
other hand, a proportion of the material in the upper levels may ori
buildings higher up the slope to the west of the excavated area.
TERRACOTTA LOOMWEIGHTS AND SPINDLE WHORLS

plates 330-1, 333-5.
Early Iron Age Contexts (Protogeometric - Orientalizing)

PLATE 333.
Of a total 656 loomweights and 63 spindle whorls and other terracotta weights found, only a
few, scattered examples originate from the Early Iron Age levels. They include large ovoid and
discoid shapes, and smaller conical, biconical and cylindrical ones. These resemble the later,
standard Greco-Roman types, but are less regular in form and of coarser fabric. Seven (Wl, la-
6) have been selected for illustration, plate 333. Also found in these levels were seven spherical
weights, pierced centrally and grooved externally, - a common late Minoan type. These and
thirteen other examples from later contexts are presumed to be survivals.
W 1 Oval weight 7 1 /755, H. 9, Wt. 26 1 gr. Coarse red clay, heavy. Deposit GD, MG.
Wla Flat triangular weight, H. 4.3, Wt. 39.9gr. Coarse brick-red, fired dark at surface. Irregular shape, slightly
waisted. VII 52 (Pit 52). SM.
W2 Biconical spindle whorl fr. 68/118, D. 3.8, (hole) 6mm, wt. 22.6gr. Coarse grey-brown; black surface. VI
21a, MG.
W3 Conical spindle whorl 71/720, D. 3.2, Wt. 15.6gr. Hard grey, gritty; buff surface. XII 45, LG/EO.
W4 Cylindrical spindle whorl/button/weight 71/725, D. 2.5, (hole) 7mm, Wt. 17.6gr. Coarse brick-red, with
smooth black surface. XI 53, PG.
W5 Cylindrical spindle whorl/button/weight 71/727, D. 2.3, wt. 13.3gr. Fine cream fabric. XIV 36, LG/EO.
W6 Biconical weight 71/719, D. 3.3, Wt. 22.9gr. Soft buff, gritty; crude. XI 40, Geometric.
Greco-Roman
In the Greco-Roman levels there are two standard types of loomweight, the pyram
disc, with a number of less common sub-forms. Ten examples are illustrated a
show this variation of form, a-g being pyramidal, and h-k discoid.

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Very few spindle whorls were found. These include both conical and
other objects of spherical, rounded or cylindrical form (as W5), all pi
have served this function.
Another common object is a small biconical weight, pinched at the top, where it has a
horizontal suspension hole (see Type p, plate 333). Although these seem too small to be
loomweights, they are often found with the common forms of loomweight.
The fabric of all these objects is the local cream/buff, pink or light red clay, grittier in the
larger sizes, with smoothed surface. There is a tendency for the larger types, especially the discs
(Type j), to be cream or greenish cream in colour. A few examples are overfired to a brittle
grey; two kiln wasters (71/13) come from a Flavian context.
Following the list of type samples (a-p below) is a short account of the chronological
distribution of these weights and whorls, noting significant contexts such as actual loomweight
deposits. A catalogue is also given of the sixty examples which bear stamps or incised markings.
These are illustrated either by drawing or photograph at plates 330-1, 334-5. Finally comes a
commentary by Jane Cocking on the significance of this collection of objects and their use in the
weaving process.
TYPES
PLATE 333.
Pyramidal
Types a-c are pyramidal proper, square in section. Type a is the common form, varying in
height and width, and virtually merging with Type b, which is the pointed short form and
comparatively rare. The larger form, Type c, was found clustered in two loomweight deposits,
although it occurs sporadically elsewhere; the rest (d-g) are rare or unique variations, found on
floors in association with examples of Type a.
W7-14
(a) Tall triangular, flat-topped or rounded at top. Example: W7 71/742 H. 6.8, Wt. 67gr. XIV pit 10, Late
Archaic.
Total found: 451. Date range: Archaic - Severan; very common in the Hellenistic period and the 1st century
A.D.
(b) Short triangular, pointed top. Example: W8 76/787 H. 4.5, Wt. 47gr. I(S) 23, 4th/3rd B.C.
Total found: 30. Date range 4th B.C. - 1st A.D.
(c) Outsize triangular, flat-topped or rounded at top. Example: W9 Well 14, no. 53, H. 7.5, Wt. 140gr. early 3rd
B.C.
Total found: 26. Date range: 3rd B.C. - 2nd A.D. The largest example (from the Hadrianic cistern, Deposit
D4) weighed 255gr.
(d) Small, near rectangular. Example: W10 72/798, H. 4.1, Wt. 27gr. XIII 46, Late Archaic.
Total found: 6. Date range: 5th B.C. - 1st A.D.
(e) Tall, near rectangular. Example: Wll 67/746, H. 5.9, Wt. 39gr. V(S) 6; 400-350 B.C.
Total found: 4. Date: 4th B.C. and Hellenistic.
(f) Flat triangular, rectangular in section. Examples: W12 67/750 fr. h(pres). 7.4; Wt. 137gr. V(S) 6; 400-350 B.C.
Not illustrated. Wl 3 67/686, H. 10.9, Wt. 115gr. Unstratified.
Total found: 2. Contexts: Classical and unstratified.
(g) Large conical (round in section). Example: W14 71/695, H. 9.3, Wt. 330gr. Five holes pierced beneath. XII
Floor 10, late 3rd B.C.
Total found: one. Date: late 3rd B.C.

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Discoid
The lentoid disc, Type h, is less common, but frequently stamped, and seems to be
version of the standard flat disc (Type j), most common in 1st B.C. to 1st A.D. con
W15-19
(h) Thickened lentoid disc. Examples: W15 71/324, D. 5.5, Wt. 64gr. I 1-2, upper levels (Severan+); =W85
(qv.).W16 67/829, D. 6.8, Wt. 116gr. incomplete. Ill 12, 5th B.C. Not illustrated.
Total found: 12. Date range: 5th B.C. - Augustan.
(j) Flat disc, D. 5.5-9.5. Examples: W17 67/720, D. 6.5, Wt. 80gr. W18 71/756, hexagonal, 7.5 x 9, Wt. 140g
XIV/XV Baulk 5, early 1st B.C.
Total found: 124. Date range: 3rd B.C. - 2nd A.D.
(k) Small disc, D. 3.2-3.4. Example: W19 71/433, D. 3.2, Wt. 12gr. XI 19, Augustan, plates 331 no. 1, 333
Total found: two, both from Augustan contexts.
Spindle whorls
The biconical spindle whorl (Type 1) is common from Classical contexts onwards. A few conica
or spherical forms also occur (Type m).
W21 (and W3-5)
(1) Biconical, rounded or sharply pointed. Example: W21 67/760, D.4.5; Wt. 51gr. Classical.
(m) Conical. Example: W3, 71/720.
(n) Cylindrical Example: W4 and W5, 71/725 and 727.
Others
A number of small biconal weights, pinched at the top near the string hole, were also f
(Type p). Their exact function is unknown. Examples: W22-28.
W22 71/752, D. 3.8. Deposit H2, late Archaic.
W23 67/719, D. 2.8. , Classical.
W24 67/709, D. 4.5. Hard grey, gritty. I(S) 29, 5th B.C.
W25 71/748, D. 3.7. Deposit H5, early 4th B.C.
W26 68/122, D. 4.1, incised cross on top. VIII 32, to 2nd B.C.
W27 71/713, D. 5. Pit 2, Deposit H28, mixed Hellenistic, to 2nd B.C.
W28 71/544, H. 4. Pit 1, Deposit H28, mixed Hellenistic, to 2nd B.C.
Total found: 24. Date range: 5th B.C. - Severan.
Archaic and Classical Contexts

Types a-b, d-f, h, j, m, n.
Pyramidal weights (Type a) were found stratified in good contexts of late Arch
B.C. (one), early 4th B.C. (5 from Pit 23, Deposit H5) and other 4th B.C. contexts (1
five others occurred in other Classical levels. The pointed form (Type b) was less c
being noted in 4th B.C. levels, four others in broader Classical or late Classical
rectangular shape was rare: there were three small ones (Type d), one Late Arc
B.C., and one other. Other types occurring were: Type f (flat pyramidal), one 4th
other; Type h (lentoid) two, including one 5th B.C.; and Type j (flat disc), tw
contexts. Fourteen biconical weights were found (Type 1), including two Arch
early 4th B.C. (Pit 23, Deposit H5). Four pinched biconical weights (Type
including one 5th B.C., and one early 4th B.C. (Pit 23, Deposit H5).
Two pyramidal weights bear stamps, W29 (labyrinth) and W30 (winged Ero

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Hellenistic Contexts
Types a-d, g-j, 1-n.
The pyramidal loomweight continues to be the common form, but large disc weights b
more common; other forms occur sporadically.
The largest early group comes from Well 14, dated early in the 3rd century B.C
334A). This had eighty-one pyramidal weights, of which one is Type b, five are fl
with shallow vertical hole on the top, and three have incised graffiti (nos. W34-6
variation is an outsize pyramidal weight (Type c), H. 7.5, one complete and fragments o
others. Also in Well 14: one disc weight (Type j), seven whorls (one conical, six b
Types 1 and m) and three small biconical weights (Type p).
These same types occurred in other early 3rd century B.C. contexts as follows: py
(Type a) 16, (Type b) two, disc (Type j) one; whorls (Type m) 4, biconical weights (T
(one with incised cross on top, and pinched on four sides).
The later 3rd century is best represented by Well 1, which contained twenty-six pyr
weights, of which one is Type b. One (67/911) is stamped on its top surface with a
figure, as W52. Well 1 also contained three disc weights and two biconical weights
These types also occurred in other mid to late 3rd century contexts as follows: (Type
(one with stamp on top as W52); (Type b) three, and one large conical example (Ty
W14) found on the Southeast House mid 3rd B.C. floor (Section G no. 12) in associat
Types a and b.
For the 2nd century B.C., fewer large deposits were found, and in none was th
concentration of loomweights or spindle whorls. These occurred in the following q
pyramidal (Type a) 11, (Type b) one; disc (Type j) one; biconical weights (Type p)
Late 2nd and 1st century B.C. pre-colonial contexts were more productive, includ
pits in Trenches I (Pit 59) and III/IV (Pit 65). From these come the following: py
(Type a) 27, (Type b) two, (Type d) one; discoid (Type h) one, (Type j) 24; whorls
one; biconical weights (Type p) two. Contemporary are two bell-shaped weights fr
(Deposit H28), cf. W28.
Twenty-two weights from Hellenistic contexts were stamped or inscribed, see W34-5
Roman Contexts
Augustan
Nineteen loomweights were found on the early Augustan floor of the Southwest House Room I,
or in its packing (Deposit Al), as follows: pyramidal (Type a) 17, (Type b) one, (Type d) one;
also one spherical spindle whorl and one biconical weight.
Twenty-six weights were found together on the contemporary floor of Room III to the west
(XIV 18, Deposit A2, part). These include eleven pyramidal: (Type a) 3, (Type b) one, (Type
c) 7; the rest discoid, including five stamped or moulded (W56, 61-2, 67, 70). Also one
cylindrical spindle whorl (Type m) and 6 biconical weights (Type n). plate 334D shows a
selection of these.
These groups show a continuation of the earlier 1st century B.C. trend towards larger
weights, whether disc or pyramidal. The trade-mark/graffito 'A' occurring earlier is again
found (two examples) along with others. The presence of so many weights on the floors of two
adjacent rooms, though not enabling one to reconstruct a loom in position, does indicate the
existence of a home weaving industry here at this period.

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From other Augustan levels come fifty-one pyramidal weights, (46

c); also forty-two discs, including two undersized (Type k). Of t
graffiti (W57-60, 63-66, 68-69, 71), plates 330-1, 334.
Other 1st Century A.D. Contexts

The Tiberian floor deposit (Bl) included three pyramidal weights
Other Tiberian levels (B2) have one pyramidal (Type a) and two d
(W72).
The Claudian floor deposit (Cl) contained three pyramidal weights (Type a) and two discs
(Type j), one of each type stamped (W73-4). Other Claudian levels (C2) had ten pyramidal
(Type a), five discs (Type j), one rounded whorl (Type 1) and one biconical weight (Type p).
Included are three stamped or moulded (W75-7).
The Neronian floor deposit (Nl) contained two pyramidal weights (Type a), one stamped
(W78). Other Neronian levels had nine pyramidal (Type a), two discs and one cylindrical
whorl.
The Flavian pit (Fl) contained six pyramidal weights (Type a) including two kiln wasters,
one disc weight and two biconical weights.
2nd Century A.D. Contexts

From 2nd century A.D. contexts come fifty pyramidal weights, including five of the heavy type
(Type c), seventeen discs and two spindle whorls; four are stamped or have graffiti (W80- 83).
The contexts are as follows: Type a: 7 Trajanic, 23 Hadrianic (one in the floor deposit Dl ), one
later 2nd century (R2); Type j: one Trajanic, ten Hadrianic (D6) and six later (R3). Two
whorls (Type m) come from the Hadrianic cistern (D4).
Severan and later Contexts
Three pyramidal weights (one stamped, W84) and one small biconical weight (Type p) come
from the North House court floor (I(S)7-8). From other late levels ('Deposit' U) come 36
pyramidal weights, 12 discs (including two lentoid and two stamped or inscribed, W85 and
87), 2 spindle whorls (Type m) and 10 small biconical weights.
The weights and spindle whorls found in these 2nd A.D. and later contexts are scattered and
not in sufficient numbers to warrant further discussion. These are fairly indestructible objects
and most may be survivals. However, the occurrence of several on the Hadrianic and Severan
floors suggests that some at least are contemporary. Though no longer used in the weaving
trade, they may have found varying other uses as weights or measures, as perhaps suggested by
the graffito OVA on W59.
Catalogue of Stamped, Incised and Moulded Weights, pyramidal Type a or disc

Type j, unless noted
plates 330-1, 334-5.
From Classical I Hellenistic contexts
W29 71/600 Pyramid, H. 7.5. Labyrinth (H. 1.6), see also W84. Deposit H29, to late Hellenistic.
W30 67/494 Pyramid, H. 4.8. Winged Eros (H. 1). V(S) 4. To late Hellenistic.
W31 68/109 Pyramid, H. 5.8. Winged horse. VIII 33, Deposit H15. 2nd B.C.
W32 68/52 Pyramid, H. 5.1. Sitting bird. VIII 32, 2nd B.C.
W33 67/824 Pyramid, Type b, H. 4.8. Quadruped (deer?) running to right. IV (N) 5, 4th/3rd B.C.
W34 73/25 Pyramid fr, H(pres). 6.9. Incised cross on two adjacent sides. Well 14, Deposit H12. Early 3rd B.C.

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W35 Pyramid, H. 6.1. Incised 'XI'. Well 14, as W34.

W36 73/22 Pyramid, H. 5.7. Incised three stroke alpha. Well 14, as W34.
W37 67/91 1 Pyramid, H. 5.4. Worn stamp on flat top; standing figure. Well 1,
illustrated.
W38 67/991 Lentoid disc, Type h, D. 6.5. Horse and armed rider, to right. Well 1, as W37.
W39 71/567 Pyramid fr, H(pres). 4.8. Incised letter pl. XII 34a, mixed Classical - late 3rd B.C.
W40 71/612 Pyramid, H. 5.7. Incised leaf. XII 40, late 3rd B.C.
W41 67/952 Disc fr, D. 9. Incised alpha inside pi(?). Pit 39. Deposit H18. Mid 2nd B.C.
W42 71/490 Pyramid, H. 5.2. Incised alpha (?), cf. W39. XIV 33. Classical/ Hellenistic.
W43 71/739 Pyramid, H. 5.3. As W42. Pit 16. Mixed Class, (see Deposit H10) - 2nd B.C.
W44 67/967 Disc fr, D. c. 8.8. Moulded 'PH'. Pit 65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
W45 67/711 Disc, D. 7.5. Trident in relief. Pit 65, as W44.
W46 67/772 Pyramid, H. 5.4. Portrait head, helmeted (?). Pit 65 (top of), as W44.
W47 71/426 Disc fr, D. 7. Stamped with Greek letters in two lines: PO LY (in ligature). XII 19, Deposit H25, late
Hellenistic.
W48 71/560 Disc, D. 7.8. Incised 'A'. XI 29, late Hellenistic.
W49 71/609 Disc, D. 8.8. Moulded, Athena head with three-plumed helmet. XI 31, 1st B.C.
W50 71/438 Disc fr, D. 8.5. Incised 'A'. XIII 28, 1st B.C.
W51 67/623 Disc, D. 7.4. Stamped Greek letters AP retrograde. V(N) 4, mixed Classical/Hellenistic.
W52 67/487 Pyramid, H. 4.7. Hard dark grey, gritty, with cream slip. Artemis with bow and quiver (H. 1.5).
V(S) foundation trench of North House east wall. Late Hellenistic?
Two others similar.
W53 71/652 Pyramid, H. 5.6. Worn stamp on flat top: standing figure to right. XII 41 , late Hellenistic. Not
illustrated.
W54 71/666 Pyramid, H. 6. Flat top stamped with rosette. Pit 2, Deposit H28, mixed Hellenistic, to 2nd B.C.
W55 71/616 Pyramid, H. 5. Concentric circles stamped on one side and on base. Pit 2, as W54.
Augustan contexts
(Deposit A2); nos. W56, 61-2, 67 and 70 are from one loomweight deposit (Southwest House, Room III).
W56 71/289 Lentoid disc fr, D. 6. Worn stamp, broad oval; two figures, ? as W57. XIV 18, loomweight deposit.
W57 71/259 Pyramid, H. 6. Two figures, symplegma? XI 17.
W58 71/201 Pyramid fr, H(pres). 5.3. Incised oblique line. XI 14.
W59 71/218 Pyramid, H. 5.4. Incised 'OVA'. XIII 24a.
W60 71/129 Pyramid fr, h(pres). 7.4. Incised T XIII 19b, pit 3.
W61 71/273 Disc, D. 8-8.5. Incised 4-stroke 'A'. XIV 18.
W62 71/285 Hexagonal disc, 8.8 x 7.3. 4-stroke 'A' in low relief. XIV 18.
W63 71/434 Disc, D. 7.8. Finely incised 'A'. XI 19.
W64 71/440 Disc, D. 7.8. Crudely incised 'A'. XI 19.
W65 71/267 Disc, D. 9. Rounded letter 'E' beneath bar, in relief. XIV 18.
W66 71/263 Disc, D. 9.2. Impressed 'M' within circle. XI 16.
W67 71/300 Disc, D. 8.7-9.2. Incised 'ME'. XIV 18.
W68 7 1 /240 Disc (face damaged), D. 8.5. Incised 'MAP'; series of impressed rosettes beneath (four preserved) . XI
15.
W69 71/390 Disc fr, D. c. 9. Incised T XIV 13.
W70 71/274 Disc, D. 9. Half circle and dot in relief. XIV 18.
W71 71/392 Disc fr, D. c. 9. Impressed shield pattern, as on example from Phaestos {Ann 43-4, 1965-6, 582 Fig. 15
no. 2). XI 18.
Tiberian contexts
W72 71/381 Disc, D. 8.5. Incised letter pl. XIII 36.
Claudian contexts
(No. W73 is from the Southwest House destruction deposit, Cl.)
W73 71/327 Pyramid, H. 6. Incised 'X' on three sides. XIII 33. Cl.
W74 71/148 Disc fr, D. 8.6. Four stroke 'A' with bar above, in relief. XI baulk #2492.
W76 67/553 Disc fr, D. 8.5. Incised letter 'A'(P). I(S) 16.
W77 71/141 Disc, D. 8.7. Impressed labyrinth; worn. X 7.

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Neronian contexts
W78 67/350 Pyramid, H. 4.8. Flat top with incised cross. VII 9a, Deposit Nl.
W79 vacant no.
2nd A.D. and later contexts (and including unstratified)

W80 71/547 Pyramid, H. 6.6. Pear shaped incision. XI wall dx and area.
W81 67/265 Pyramid, H. 6. Incised arrow. I(S) 12a. Late 2nd A.D.
W82 71/494 Pyramid, H. 6.4. Lightly incised compass beneath crescent(P). XV wall 'ey'. Late
W83 67/792 Disc fr, D. 8.7. Incised 'CI'. V wall b. Late 2nd A.D.(?)
W84 67/67 Pyramid, H. 7.6. Labyrinth (H. 1.6), same stamp as W29. I(S) 7. Above Severan fl
W85 71/324 Lentoid disc, D. 5.5. Ring stone impression; column and standing figure with offe
1-2. Late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.
W86 71/374 Pyramid fr, H (près). 4.2. Incised digamma. XI unstratified.
W87 71/337 Disc fr, D. 8.2. Impressed triangle beneath inverted V. XV 13. Late 2nd/early 3rd
W88 71/758 Disc, D. c. 9. Incised *C'(?). XIV wall er. Late 2nd A.D.?
COMMENTARY
1. Function of Loomweights and Spindle Whorls

Before examining the objects catalogued as loomweights and spindle whorls from the
Unexplored Mansion it may be useful to summarize their function in textile production. The
most common form of loom in the ancient Greek world was the warp-weighted loom. 1 5
Loomweights served only to exert tension on the vertical warp threads as they hung from the
rectangular frame of the loom. Several threads were tied onto each weight probably by means
of an intermediate stick or ring passed through the vertical hole in the top of the weight.
Loomweights were succeeded in their function by the introduction of a tension beam at the
bottom of the loom around which the warp threads were wrapped.
The function of the spindle whorl on the other hand was to exert pull and twist on a vertical
spindle during the conversion of a prepared fibrous mass into a single twisted thread for use in
weaving or sewing. 1 6 Therefore the requirements of such an object were to be roughly circular
with a centrally, vertically pierced hole to enable the spindle to turn as evenly as possible. To
maximize efficiency the most important factor was to have as high a diameter to weight ratio as
possible.
2. Range and Chronology of Types

Bearing the above in mind it may be possible that not all of the objects published here are
actually loomweights or spindle whorls. Nevertheless the range of loomweights and spindle
whorls represented here is as broad as any group found elsewhere in Greece. This is particularly
important in providing evidence for the chronological development of both classes of object. In
the case of the loomweights it is possible to see the change from the common Minoan 'melon'
weight to the small pyramidal type which subsequently develops into a slightly larger form.
Parallel with this development is the introduction of the more rare, but still significant disc type
of weight.
This chronological development indicates the refinement of loom technique. The Minoan
weights, even the spherical ones with their surrounding grooves to give better hold when tying
threads onto the weight were rather cumbersome. The introduction of the pyramidal type
enabled more threads to be attached to one weight and there was also space at the top of the
weight to allow the weaver to work more quickly when attaching or detaching warps.

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It is particularly interesting that loomweights continue into the

usually been suggested that the loom with the tension beam rather tha
usually looked upon as a Roman invention spread quickly through
during the early Roman period, 1 7 and yet here we may have evidence
the warp weighted loom at least until the 3rd century A.D.
In the case of the spindle whorls it is rather more difficult to establish
there are fewer objects and they seem to fall into fewer distinct group
said of the collection is that it represents a wide range of materials
would have been expected if one were considering the preparation and
types and weights of raw materials and fabrics.
3. Features and Distribution of the Loomweights

Both the pyramidal and discoid loomweights display typical wear-marks which indicate their
function and extensive use. Most have intense rubbing around the hole as a result of the thread
which they carried and wear by the weavers re-threading the warp. Around the base of each
weight there is considerable chipping from constant clashing with adjacent weights.
The stamps on some of the weights are a common feature throughout the post-Bronze Age
Aegean1 8 but as yet there does not seem to be any plausible explanation for them. They do not
seem to relate to stamps or markings on any other class of object and unfortunately not enough
weights have been found either in situ or in sealed deposits to suggest that they delimitted a 'set'
of weights.
The survival rate of loomweights is quite high as they are obviously very durable objects and
yet most are isolated finds. The exceptions to this are the two Augustan deposits comprising 19
and 26 weights. These would seem to be sufficient numbers to suggest that each room contained
a small loom. This is of great interest as this is the first definite indication from the historic
periods in Greece that weaving was carried out in a domestic context as opposed to through a
central organization.
4. Unidentified Objects
Two main types of objects published here do not fulfill the criteria outlined in section 1 for the
functional characteristics of loomweights or spindle whorls. This section is intended only to
suggest possible other uses for such objects. Type c, the large pyramidal weights would seem to
be too heavy to be used in a textile context and may instead have been roof weights or some
other form of architectural artefact.
The small biconical weights which make up Type p are even more difficult to interpret, 1 9
they may have been fishing weights, very heavy dress or curtain weights, counter-weights in
some mechanism, buttons or toggles.
TERRACOTTA TILES, WATER PIPES ETC.

plates 22-3, 222-3.
Roof tiles were found in abundance throughout the excavations and were concentrated in
particular areas, on floors, indicating roof collapse probably due to natural disasters such as
earthquakes. The numbers found indicate that Roman houses in this area were for the most
part tile roofed. No complete tiles were found in these destruction deposits, - which may

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indicate some salvage or possibly subsequent breakage due to eart

examples could be made up complete or near complete. Others were fou
use, notably a series of Laconian pan tiles re-used to floor a drainage ch
of the North House (Room V). Most of the roof tiles were of the L
Corinthian type were more fragmentary, but the opportunity has bee
comparanda complete examples of this type from Knossian tile graves.
(Note: in the catalogue which follows dimensions given refer to preser
preserved width; in the few cases where the full dimensions of a comp
is noted.)
a) Pre-Roman
Since no buildings remain intact with destruction deposits from the Archaic, Classical or
Hellenistic periods, and no tile survives which can be associated with a particular building
phase, little discussion of the many tile fragments which derive from fills etc. is warranted. It
may suffice to say that both Laconian and Corinthian types occur, and that a high proportion
of the Laconian have black or brown wash on the upper surface. Laconian tiles are c.
10- 17mm. thick, Corinthian 2.5( + ) thick; no overall dimension recoverable.
An illustrative sample comes from Pit 1 (Deposit H28) of mixed Hellenistic character, which
produced twenty-seven fragments. Of these fifteen are from Laconian cover tiles, hard-fired
pink to grey fabric, with streaky black or brown wash, four from pan tiles of the same type; six
others are from plain Laconian tiles with buff slip (three cover, three pan tiles). Only two are
from Corinthian tiles, thicker and of coarser fabric, with buff slip but no colour wash.
However, the tiles which occur in great numbers in the Roman levels, and whose types are
differentiated below, continue to show the common Hellenistic forms, since fragments of the
same types are found in early levels. Some of those from Roman contexts could be re-used
Hellenistic tiles, but the general collection taken together with other complete examples from
Roman Knossos seems to indicate a straightforward continuity in the tile industry. When such
an early occurrence of one of the types listed below is found, the relevant context is listed under
each type.
b) Roman Corinthian
The Corinthian tiles are finely made and have carefully articulated features, which seem to
distinguish different variations or styles. The fragments found were catalogued in five separate
groups, the cover tiles (I) and then the pan tiles according to the treatment of the side and top
ridges. The edge ridges are of broad rectangular section (II), high and narrow (III), carefully
cut obliquely at the top surface (IV) or with sides curving up to a thick edge with no ridge
proper (V). However tiles of these types found at the UM site are very fragmentary, and many
probably do not derive from the roofs of buildings excavated there. Thus it is particularly useful
to have at Knossos a range of complete examples from three tile graves which display these
distinguishing features and to which our fragments, which are for the most part from dated
contexts, may be referred. These complete examples are illustrated by permission of the
excavators23 at plate 23.
The four groups of pan tiles presented do not form a chronological series. On the cont
they appear to be alternative styles, each with a long history running at least from Hell
through the 1st century A.D., when the most common and standardised type had high n
side ridges (Group III).

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That these fine tiles were being manufactured during the early Ro
shown by the examples stamped with the labyrinth and the lett
Cnosos'), seeJ38-9.
Catalogue
I. Corinthian cover tiles with angular gable (Jl- 3) plate 23.
Dimensions: W. 15, H. 8, length as pan tiles (none fully preserved). Late context
this is unlikely to be significant. No separate form to serve as ridge tile was ident
Jl Cover tile fr. 38.5 x 12, Th. 2-3.5. About half of gable preserved including par
and surface; red core; no wash. I 4, conduit (Severan).
J2 Cover tile, end fr. L(pres). 16.5, full W. 14.5, H. (gable) 8. Pink-buff fabri
Deposit U.
J3 Cover tile, end fr. 18x12. As preceding. Surface fired yellow. Deposit U.
Another similar was found built into the plaster/tile structure in North House Room V, Hadrianic.
II. Pan tiles with broad flat ridge at sides and small rounded cross ridge at top (J4- 10). Cf. MKT I(C). plate 23.
The underside may have a narrow groove across the bottom (to fit over top ridge) or a broad groove (as MKT I
A/B), or curve down to a ridge (as MKT I C).
Contexts are early Hellenistic (see under J9), Augustan (J4,J7?), early 1st A.D. (J9), 2nd A.D. (J6, 8) and 3rd
A.D. (J5). This type then seems to be of Hellenistic origin, continuing at least into the 1st century A.D. Examples
from later contexts may be re-used, as was certainly the case with an uncatalogued Hadrianic example (built into
the plaster/tile construction of North House Room 3). If so perhaps some substantial early building was plundered
or scavenged both for buildings in the town area and for the late tile grave (MKT I).
J4 Pan tile fr. (top left corner). 13.5 x 22, Th. 3.3 (at edge) 5.8. Broad rectangular ridge at side (W. 3), small
rounded ridge at end (W. 1.5), set in by lem. Red gritty fabric with yellow buff slip. XI 15, Augustan.
J5 Pan tile fr. (top left corner). 24 x 14, Th. 2.5. Ridge at side (W. 3, H. 1.5); ridge at end, set in by lem. (W.
1). Pink-buff fabric and surface. I 3, Severan.
J6 Pan tile fr. (top right corner). 7.5 x 1 1, Th. 2.1. Ridge at side (W. 3); ridge at end, set in by 3.2 (W. 3). II 5,
mid 2nd A.D.
J7 Pan tile fr. (bottom edge). 21 x 14, Th. 3-3.5. Pink gritty, self slip. Narrow groove on underside at end (W
1 .5), set in by 4.5. Southeast House courtyard, Roman Phase II; re-used in drain by cistern (XII 19 #2287)
1st A.D.(?)
J8 Pan tile fr. (top right corner). 33 x 15.9, Th. 3. Ridge at side (W. 2.4); ridge at end, set in by 1.6 (W. 1.9).
Red fabric with sandy surface. North House, 2nd A.D.( + )
J9 Pan tile fr. (bottom edge). 13x21, Th. 2-3.2. Gritty buff, self slip. Broad groove beneath across bottom edge
(W. 4, depth 1) as MKT I (A/B), plate 23. Southwest House Room I, early 1st A.D. floor build-up (XIII
34).
Another example, preserving side ridge of rectangular section and curving down to end ridge beneath as
MKT I(C), comes from an early Hellenistic context (I(S) 25 Pit X).
III. Pan tiles curving up at sides to high ridge with narrow flat top, as MKT I (A), plate 23; ridge across top edge.
Groove beneath, across bottom edge (as MKT I A), plates 23, 222.
The contexts show that this, too, is a Hellenistic form, but that it continued in use during the 1st century A.D. It
may have been standardised by the Romans; see the examples stamped 'CIC, J38 below, and FJ/70, plates 23, 222.
J10 Pan tile fr. (left bottom corner). 33 x 19, Th. 3-5.6. Pink gritty, with cream slip. Bottom left corner reworked
to form angle as MKT I C. Southeast House courtyard Phase II, re-used in water conduit leading to cistern
(XII 19 #2287). Early 1st A.D.
Other large fragments from tiles of this type come from the same water conduit.
Jl 1-16 Six similar tiles come from Hellenistic contexts as follows: VII 32, VII 35; I(S) 25, Pit X; Pit 22, Deposit
H28 (3 frs).
J17-19 Three frs. come from Deposit A2 (XI 14), Augustan.
IV. Pan tiles as III but with angled side ridges, sloping down and outwards, as MKT I(B), plate 23, J20-24.
The contexts suggest that this form, which had an early origin in the Classical period, continued in use through
the Hellenistic period and into the 1st century A.D.
J20 Pan tile fr. (bottom left corner). 13 x 14, Th. 2.7-6.2. Red gritty, pink slip. Side edge with angular top,
worn. Broad groove below across bottom, W. 5.5. XI 48, Deposit H5 (early 4th B.C.).
J21-22 Pan tile frs. (upper left and right corners of same tile?). Small pieces £.11x10, Th. 2.8-5. Distinctive yellow

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fabric with black grits; yellow slip. Slight angular bevel at side edge. Low rid
65, late 2nd/early 1st B.C.
J23 Pan tile (side fr). 17 x 6.5, Th. 3.-5.5. Hard red gritty; good red-brown wa
angled outwards, Th. 2-2.5. Southeast House, construction of small cistern at
B.C./early 1st A.D.
J24 Pan tile (side fr). 7 x 9.5, Th. 2.8-5.5. Pink gritty; buff slip. Side ridge ang
Augustan.
V. Pan tiles curving up to thickest point at each side, two examples only (J25-6), one Hellenistic, one 2nd A.D.
Roman.
J25 Pan tile (right side fr). 22 x 17, Th. 2.2-4.8. Pink gritty, smoothed surface; burnt. Side ridge not articul
plates 23, 222. Pit 22, Deposit H28.
J26 Pan tile (bottom left corner). 18 x 13, Th. 3-6. As preceding. Broad groove below across end (W. 5
with sloping edges. North House Room III, Deposit Dl, Hadrianic.
(c) Roman Laconian (J27-37)

plates 22, 223.
Of the very numerous tile fragments found, only samples were kept to illustrate different fabrics
and surface treatment. The East House was roofed with these tiles in the Neronian period (see
J32). A Hellenistic example (J37) is distinguished by its colour slip.
J27 Cover tile (end fr.). L(pres). 67, full W. 24.5, H. 7-16. Flattened edges. Pink to brown fabric; plain surface.
Re-used as drain in North House Room V, west wall; 2nd A.D.
J28 Cover tile (end fr). L(pres). 29, full W. 20, H. 7.5. Pink-brown fabric with buff slip.
J29 Cover tile (end fr). L(pres). 23, full W. 18, H. 7.2. As preceding.
J30 Cover tile (end fr). L(pres). 20, full W. 22.5. Pink-brown fabric; yellow slip.
J31 Pan tile. L.89.7, W. 39-43, Th. 2-3. Made up near complete. Pale pink-buff with dark grits; buff slip. Re-
used as tile drain at W. of North House Room V, in latest phase. Severan. Similar to no. 32 below; possibly
re-used from East House?
J32 Pan tile. L.I 10, W. 38-46, Th. 2-3. Made up complete. As preceding. East House Room I, Deposit Nl,
Neronian.
Numerous similar examples derive from the roof collapse of this House. (Trenches VII and XII; se
Section C, no. 10)
J33 Pan tile (end fr.). W(full) 37.5 - 39, Th. 2. Pinkish buff with yellow buff slip. Angled edges.
J34 Pan tile (broad end). L(pres). 37, full W. 45, Th. 2-2.5. Buff surface, red core.
J35 Pan tile (end fr.). L(pres). 31, full W. 40.5, Th. 2.5. Buff-pink with red inclusions, rough sandy surfa
Rounded edges.
J36 Pan tile (end fr.). L(pres). 58, full W. 43. Coarse red fabric, yellow-buff slip. Angled edges. Re-used as d
cover in North House yard (Area VIII); 2nd A.D.
J37 Pan tile (side fr.). 15x6, Th. 1.6-2.3. Grey-buff fabric with worn red-brown slip. Angled edges wit
flattened tip. I(S) 25, Pit X. Early Hellenistic.
(d) Stamped and Incised Tiles

plates 23, 222-3.
Two stamps are found imprinted on the finest Corinthian tiles, the letters 'CIC for 'Colonia
Julia Cnosos' and the labyrinth. That these are contemporary is proved by their juxtaposition
on one tile from the Fortetsa grave (see under J39 below). The best examples derive from tile
graves, but fragments with the same stamps occur in the UM Roman houses, and the context of
J39 indicates that these were produced in the 1st century A.D. when the Colonia was active
and expansive.
Both the labyrinth and a comparable acronym (CINC 'Colonia Iulia Nobilis Cnosos') occur
on 1st A.D. coins from the Knossian mint. We may suppose then that there was at this time a
tilery in the Knossos territory, under municipal management, perhaps with the sizes tested and

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approved (and so stamped) by the 'weights and measures' official. Alte

produced as a job lot for municipal buildings, which were roofed with
Corinthian types. The tile form itself (Corinthian Group III) however
of Hellenistic origin.
The Greek letters inscribed on the Laconian tiles (J41- 42) seem mor
number of the individual tile in its sequence on the roof.
J38 Laconian pan tile (lower right corner). 15x23.5, Th. 3.5. Pink-buff fabric
Circular stamp, D. 5.2, C.I.C. V(S) 2, Severan.
J39 Corinthian pan tile (top right corner). 25.5 x 18, Th. 2.8-5.5. Coarse red wit
ridge, inset top ridge. Round stamp (D. 6.8) with labyrinth, faint. Southwest
Cf. near complete parallel from Fortetsa with both labyrinth and 'CIC stam
plates 23, 222.
J40 Laconian cover tile (bottom end fr.). 28 x 18. Rather angular profile. Graff
2nd A.D.
J41 Laconian pan tile fr. (bottom right corner). 15x22, th. 2-2.6. Pink gritty, self slip. Two incised letters,
Theta/Alpha (Greek numeral?). XIII 25b, Augustan.
J42 Laconian cover tile fr. (bottom right corner). 18.5 x 17.5, th. 1.9-2.4. Pink-buff gritty, cream-buff slip
Incised letters 'IK'. Deposit U.
J43 Laconian pan tile (bottom left corner fr.). 24 x 13, th. 2.7-3.7. Pink-buff fabric, purplish at core, yellow-buf
surface. Inscribed 'C in corner, done with the finger. V (baulk) 2, Severan.
J44 Laconian cover tile (bottom left corner fr.). 20 x 19 Th. 3. Finger holes and finger-drawn impression in
shape of horse-shoe near corner. IV(N) 1, Severan and later.
J45 Laconian pan tile fr. (bottom left corner). 20 x 21, Th. 3-3.3. Gritty pink-buff, self slip; impressed dog's paw
on top surface (foot-pad mark and two claws).24 North House Room V, Deposit D2, Hadrianic/later 2nd
A.D.
(e) Antefixes (J46-7) Both Hadrianic

PLATE 223.
J46 Palmette antefix fr. H(pres). 14, W(max.) 13, Th. 2. Pale yellow fabric. Moulded. Ridge at back. Well 12,
Deposit D4, Hadrianic.
J47 Palmette antefix fr. H(pres). 10, W(max.) 11.5, Th. 1.5-2. As preceding.
(f) Building Tiles etc.

J48-9 Two square building tiles, 27.5 x 27.5, Th. 3.5. Complete and near complete. Coarse pink, burnt. Two
diagonal grooves, deeply incised. One has trace of plaster in groove. Southwest House, Severan floor, plates
15(c), 223.
The floor deposit contained many others similar.
J50 Square building tile (corner fr.). 14 x 18, Th. 4.5. Gritty yellow-green fabric; smoothed surface. Plain. XI 5,
2nd A.D.
Also found: one fragment of a hypocaust disc tile, red fabric, burnt. Deposit U.
(g) Water Pipes etc.

PLATE 223.
Three fragments of narrow-bore water pipes were found (J51-53) two preserving examples of
socketed ends, one male, one female, for adjoining adjacent lengths of water pipes. The two end
fragments do not fit together, and so will not derive from the same pipe system. But all three are
narrower in bore than examples of similar water pipes from the Villa Dionysus (now housed in
the Stratigraphical Museum). There was also one thicker fragment (J54).
Though these pieces must derive from an original, continuous pipeline, none was found in
position for this or even for a secondary purpose (as spout or outlet).

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OTHER FINDS IN STONE, CLAY AND FAIENCE 41 1
J51 Water pipe fr. L(pres). 32, D. 9, (of spout) 7. Pink-buff fabric. Flange (L. 4)
Deposit D2, Hadrianic/later 2nd A.D.
J52 Water pipe, end fr, female. L(pres). 28.5, D. 8.8 (at end). Pink-buff. Faint spi
inset stop 2.7 in from près, end, to fit flange of next pipe section, D(int.) 4. Fr
preceding. II/III wall W #0624, Hellenistic?
J53 Water pipe fr. L(pres). 32, D(ext.) 8.5-9.0, (int.) 5.0-6.5. As preceding, but b
mixed Hell. /Roman.
J54 Water pipe fr. L. 27, D(ext.) 20, (int.) 10. Coarse red with grey core. Trace of
away; inset stop at other end. VII 21b, Deposit H 13, late 3rd B.C.
Other water channel frs, rectangular in section, come from earlier contexts: LG/EO
W. 9-12, depth 6; Th. of fabric 1.5-2), coarse pink fabric, cream slip. Another from V
depth 7, Th. 2.5-3); coarse red fabric, self slip.
OBJECTS IN CLAY
plates 329, 332.
Incised buttons and beads (and similar) in brown fabric

plates 329, 332
There are twenty-eight of these, seventeen from early contexts (SM-LG), most of the rest from
areas where later walls or occupation levels cut into such contexts. One biconical melon bead
(K21) comes from the Augustan floor deposit (Al), and though of a type common in Roman
levels in blue faience (cf. Faience nos. V4-19), is of the normal early brown fabric, and was
perhaps an antique in the late 1st century B.C.
The fabric is a rather pure pale brown clay, ranging from greyish-brown (as K2, 3, 11,
20-21) to yellowish-brown (as K4, 7, 13); some are fired black at the surface (Kl, 2, 5, 8-9, 15,
19, 22, 24), - a few of these well burnished (Kl, 2, 24). K10 is of a coarser micaceous fabric.
This type of incised bead is well known and has considerable interest for the interrelations of
certain sites and their populations in the Early Iron Age. Their distribution, discussed in
connection with Knossos by Boardman20 and again more recently in a wider context by
Desborough,21 includes Athens, Eleusis, Lefkandi, the Cyclades and the Dodecanese. In Crete
they are known at a number of sites in the Knossos area as well as at Vrokastro, Anavlochos,
The Dictaean Cave, Gortyn and Petrokephali (Phaestos).22 Our comparatively full and varied
collection, which includes most of the types found in Ayios Ioannis Tomb V, adds another
group to the list, and is interesting as deriving from settlement rather than tomb contexts.
Knossos is confirmed as a place where they were in general use, but it is not suggested that they
are local products, and no further light is shed on their origin. It is however worth noting that
they occur already in association with Sub-Minoan pottery, and appear to continue through at
least to the Middle Geometric period. 22a
The list follows in approximate chronological order of their pottery contexts. All are
complete unless otherwise noted.
Kl Conical button 68/33. D. 2.4. Incised wavy line, strokes and dots as shown. VII 47A, SM. plates 329 no. 1;
332A.
K2 Biconical button 72/800. D. 2. Chipped. Plain. XV Wall 'gc' foundation. SM. plates 329 no. 2, 332A.
K3 Bead 68/ 191b. D. 1.9. Flattened sphere. Double concentric circles, as shown. V(E) below floor 7. SM.
plates 329 no. 3, 332A.
K4 Bead 68/ 19 la. D. 2. Flattened sphere. Broad wavy band, as shown. Found with no. 3. plates 329 no. 4,
332A.
K5 Bead 68/36. D. 2. As no. 3. Chipped. Single concentric circles. Deposit GB; LPG/PGB pit. plate 332A.
K6 Bead 68/136. D. 2.1. Spherical. Chipped. Three sets of oblique strokes. Deposit GC; PGB/EG pit. plates
329 no. 5, 332A.

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K7 Bead 68/108. D. 1.8. The twin of no. 3. Deposit GC; PGB/EG. plate 332A.
K8 Biconical button 67/768. D. 1.9. Plain. As no. 2. Deposit GC; PGB/EG. plate 332A.
K9 Bead 71/722. D. 2.1. Spherical. Heavy concentric circles between vertical strokes, as shown. XI 44, PG.
plates 329 no. 6, 332A.
K10 Bead 71/824. D. 2. As no. 3. XII 53, Pit 9; PG. plate 332A.
Kl 1 Bead 72/779. D. 2.5. Large spherical. Irregular; coarse, micaceous. XIII/XV 18; early MG. plates 329 no.
7, 332A.
K12 Bead 72/777. D. 2.1. As no. 3. XIII/XV 18; early MG. plate 332A.
K13 Bead 72/812. D. 2.1. As no. 3. XII 55; PG and LG mixed, plate 332A.
K14 Bead 72/2. D. 2. Flattened sphere. Worn. Vertical incisions, as shown. XII 55; PG and LG mixed, plates
329 no. 8, 332A.
K15 Bead 72/75. D. 1.9. As no. 4. Chipped. XIII 50; LG/EO. plate 332A.
K16 Bead 68/18. D. 2.1. As no. 4. MUM 4, E-W blk. Mixed wash level. LG/EO? plates 329 no. 9, 332B.
K17 Bead 68/91. D. 2. As no. 3. MUM 1 wxt, Geometric pit. plate 332B.
K18 Bead 68/66. D. 2.1. Flattened sphere. About half. Two rows of circles. VIII 32; early 2nd B.C. plates 329
no. 10, 332B.
K19 Bead 71/639. D. 1.9. As no. 3. Chipped. XV Wall 'ek' (Roman); sherd content Hellenistic, plate 332B.
K20 Bead 71/470. D. 1.9. Elongated sphere. Plain, with border of short strokes. XIV 32, Hellenistic, plates 329
no. 11, 332B.
K21 Bead 71/468. D. 2.1. Biconical 'melon' shape. Deposit Al, Augustan, plates 329 no. 12, 332B.
K22 Bead 68/175. D. 2. Spherical. Horizontal groove, oblique strokes above and below. VI Wall 'w'; 1-50 A.D.
plates 329 no. 13, 332B.
K23 Bead 77/4. D. 2. Flattened sphere. Chipped. As no. 6, but central zone plain. Surface '77; unstratified. plate
332B.
K24 Biconical button 67/638. D. 2.4. Chipped. Plain. V Wall 'j'; 2nd A.D. plate 332B.
K24a Biconical button 68/119. D. 2.5. As preceding. Unstratified. plate 332B.
K25 Bead 67/508. D. 2. As no. 3. About one half. IX 2, Deposit S2, Severan. plate 332B.
K26 Bead fr. 71/823. D. 1.9. As no. 9. About one half. Unstratified. plate 332B.
K27 Bead 68/63. D. 2.3. Flat biconical. About three-quarters. Unstratified. plate 332B.
K28 Bead 68/266. D. 2. Cylindrical. About one half. Pit 65, late 2nd/ early 1st A.D. plate 332B.
Other beads, discs, counters etc., in plain pink to buff ware, including some cut
from sherds
plate 329 nos. 14-16, 332C.
There are forty-five of these, including cut-sherd counters. Beads and pierced discs from early
contexts (K29-33) and from good Roman contexts (K34-36) are briefly listed. Further
discussion does not seem warranted since the contexts are scattered and such objects could be
survivals, even from Minoan times (see MUM pl. 232). However simple board games will have
been played at all times, and groups of discs and counters from Classical and again Severan
levels belong in properly stratified contexts. K35, 36 (two) and 62 come from Severan floor
levels. For K43-52 (Classical), see under clay counters below.
K29 Kylix stem bead 68/9. D. 2.4. Rough-cut; surface smoothed. VII 46; SM. plate 332B.
K30 Kylix stem bead 68/2. D. 2.3. Similar to preceding. VII 42; MG/LG, plate 332B.
K31 Disc bead 68/159. D. 2.5. Pale brown clay. VIII 34; MG/LG. plates 329 no. 14, 332B.
K32 Pierced disc 71/821. D. 3. Rough-cut, from kylix stem? XI 48, 1st B.C. Not illustrated.
K33 Disc bead 71/685. D. 1.5. Grey clay, trace of burnishing. XI 31; 1st B.C. plate 329 no. 15.
Also found: eight others from Roman levels, D. 1.8-2.8, two certainly cut from kylix stems. Survivals?
K34 Disc button (or spindle whorl?) 67/770. D. 2.6. Hard dark grey micaceous clay; smoothed surface. V Wall
'j', foundation. Sherd content 1st B.C./ A.D. Not illustrated.
K35 Disc button (or spindle whorl?) 67/76. D. 3.2. Hard dark grey; top surface decorated with concentric
grooves, circumference with cross-hatched grooves. VII 2, Deposit S2, Severan. plate 329 no. 16.
K36 Pierced disc 67/114. D. 4.7-4.9. Roughed out from cream-ware sherd of large (Roman) vessel. V(S) 2,
Deposit S2, Severan. Gaming piece? Not illustrated.
A second example (67/656, D. 2.7) comes from IX 2, also Deposit S2, Severan.

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Sherd counters
PLATE 332C.
Twenty-eight counters were found, cut to a circular shape, some with smoothed edge. Eighteen
are from pre-Roman contexts. Some of these, to judge from their find contexts, may have
formed part of a gaming set (or sets).
Most are cut from thick sherds and have diameters varying from 3.8 to 1 .8. Two are cut from
pithos sherds and are much thicker and larger, d. 6.5. and 6.8. One (K57) is stamped.
K38 Counter 71/759. D. 2.9. Coarse ware. XI 43; LG/EO. plate 332C.
K39-42 Four counters, 39 cut from a pithos fr, from Classical contexts: XIV 32; I 32A; V(E) 4; V(N) 4. plate
332C.
K43-52 Ten counters, D. 1.8-3.8. Classical/Hellenistic. XII 30, 33, 34 and 40 (see Deposits H19 and 22). plate
332C.
K53-56 Four counters from other Hellenistic contexts. Possibly gaming pieces of gradated sizes? VIII 30, 175-150
B.C. (two); XIII 39; V Wall V (lower), plate 332C.
K57-66 Ten counters from Roman contexts, K57 cut from a pithos, with stamp of seven concentric circles. XI 17,
Augustan; I(N) 12, Neronian; XI 6 and 8 Trajanic; I(S) 13, Hadrianic; I 7, North House court floor,
Severan; and four from upper levels, plate 332C.
Miscellaneous
Other objects in clay include a possible bread stamp and a seal impression (p
K67 Cylindrical stamp 68/867. H. 3.5. One side chipped. Suspension hole near top. Light re
trace of black paint in and outlining incised cross, which forms the stamp motif. Perhaps a
32A, Pit 11; Deposit H8, c. 375-350 B.C. plate 332E.
K68 Sealing 67/871. Disc, D. 1.5-1.6. Dark brown clay. Artemis frontal, bow in right hand
Linear impression on reverse side. XI 31; 5th B.C. plate 329 no. 17.
FAIENCE
plates 332, 353.
Nineteen beads and one pendant are the principal finds. These are of green to turquoise, white
or pinkish faience. Sixteen come from 2nd A.D. contexts and are of a very hard and durable
fabric. The pottery contexts are as follows: Geometric - one melon bead (VI);
Neronian/Hadrianic - six melon beads (V2-7); later 2nd A.D. - ten melon beads (V8-17);
Severan - one pendant (V20); and Upper Levels - two large melon beads (V18-19).
The one example from a pre-Roman context, may perhaps be intrusive, being close to the
foundations of a Roman wall (Wall 'x'). This is a class of object with a long history, well known
from the Aegean Bronze Age and Early Iron Age; they are equally at home in the Roman
Imperial period, when they were probably also luxury goods of the import trade rather than
local products. Parallels at Knossos come from a Flavian tomb of the North Cemetery (1978) -
Tomb 124, dated by a coin of Domitian.25 Our examples are a superior product in terms of
their manufacture, - both in regularity of form, hardness of fabric and brilliance of surface.
They compare very well in quality with the best of the Egyptian or Near East examples
imported into Early Iron Age Lefkandi, for instance. For the vessel fragment V21 see discussion
in Section 14.
Catalogue (all dimensions are in millimetres)

VI Melon bead 68/31, D. 10. Complete; worn. White fabric. VIII below Wall V. 'Geometric'.
V2 Melon bead fr. 71/302. D. c. 10. About half. Hard. Turquoise throughout. XII 8, Deposit D5, Hadrianic

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V3 Melon bead 67/939, D. 12. Complete. Irregular. Turquoise. Neronian, Deposit

V4 Melon bead 71/149, D. 11-12. Complete; worn. White. XII 9, Deposit D5,
V5 Melon bead 71/304, D. 14. As no. 4. XII 9, Deposit D5, Hadrianic.
V6 Melon bead 71/354, D. 15. Complete, good condition. Turquoise (as no. 20). X
V7 Melon bead fr. 71/295. D. ¿.14. About one third. Turquoise. X 2, Hadrianic.
V8-17 Ten melon beads 67/256, D. 9-10. Complete; rather crude; some worn. Whi
coating; partly worn off. IV(N) 2B, Deposit R2, later 2nd A.D.
V18-19 Two melon beads 67/366, D. 9 and 10. Complete. Crude. As nos. 8-17. IV
A.D.
V20 67/66 Pendant amulet, H. 19. Intact; good condition. Pinkish white fabric with vitreous turquoise surf
Elongated form with triple protrusion below (?male genitalia). V2, Deposit S2, Severan.
V21 Square or rectangular vessel fr, 55 x 38mm. See p. 462.

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Section 14
Hellenistic and Roman Glass
(PLATES 336-353)
JENNIFER PRICE
Page
Vessel glass 415
Glass objects 454
The evidence for glassworking 458
VESSEL GLASS
The excavation produced more than 3100 fragments of late Hellenistic and Roman
ranging in date from the third or second century B.C. to the third century A.D., w
pieces dating from the fourth century A.D. or later. Eighty glass objects, five fra
window panes and some evidence for glass working were also recorded on the
Some aspects of Hellenistic and early Roman vessel glass in Crete are already
These include glass pyxides with domed lids probably produced in western Cr
1959), and a few instances of later Hellenistic polychrome or monochrome cast
1968; Weinberg 1960; Weinberg (S) 1988), many of which probably came fro
addition, at least 74 cast, mould-blown and blown vessels and objects of the first c
have been found in a chamber tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala, Knossos (Carin
1982). Glass has also been noted from some settlement sites; there are fragments o
and a few blown vessels in four early Roman deposits at Knossos (Hayes 1971) a
formed, cast and blown pieces from Tarrha in southwest Crete (Buechner 1960
known about ancient glass in Crete after the third quarter of the first century A
the small group of Byzantine glass recently published from Gortyna (Sternini
unpublished material from Knossos and Kommos will eventually throw more light
use during the later Roman period.1
The Unexplored Mansion glass is the largest group of vessel glass yet to be st
Hellenistic and Roman urban settlement in Crete, and it has added greatly to the r
forms known in the island. Much of the glass came from stratified floor and destru
dating from the Augustan period to the early third century A.D., and some c
deposits in pits and cisterns also contained glass. A particularly interesting gro
nos. 90, 157, 179-81, 201, 227, 231, 262, 278-9, 281, 299 and 303, occurred in well 1
in the southeast house which was filled during the Hadrianic period.
Most of the vessel fragments found at this site were very small, and only three
138, 1 77, 298) preserve their complete profiles. All the fragments known to come f
vessel have been recorded as one piece, but it is unlikely that all the links have bee
particularly among the undecorated blown vessels. It is therefore not possible to p
415

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416 HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS
estimate of the minimum number of vessels pre

at least 1000-1500. Nearly all the glass has a sur
enamel-like layer or a flaking iridescent layer;
such as no. 199 the colour of the vessel is com
Four methods of manufacture have been recog
are core-formed (0.26 per cent), at least 397 are
per cent) and at least 2678 are blown (86.39
fragments come from a limited range of vesse
vessels. No absolutely rare forms were noted, t
have been very unusual vessels. Virtually all th
of the tablewares are of high quality, though a
were also found.
The glass falls into three chronological groups, and these indicate influence at different times
from glass production centres in the east and west Mediterranean regions. Crete is well
positioned to receive products from both eastern and western glass houses, and a Roman city of
the importance of Knossos is likely to have had access to most of the glass available in Crete. It
is, however, often difficult to establish the source of many of the vessels found, because so little is
currently known about many of the production centres. The emphasis given to Syria-Palestine,
Cyprus, Egypt and Italy in the discussion sections almost certainly obscures similar production
in Greece, Turkey and north Africa, as well as the likelihood of considerable local production in
Crete itself.
The first period is represented by a small number of late Hellenistic core-formed alabastra
and amphoriskoi probably from Cyprus, and a considerable quantity of plain and ribbed
monochrome cast bowls probably from Syria-Palestine, which were reaching the site in the
third or second to first century B.C. Several types of plain bowls were found, including some
with exterior wheel-cutting. The presence of these vessels at Knossos is noteworthy, as most of
them have not previously been recorded in Crete.
During the second period, from the late first century B.C. to around the middle of the first
century A.D., a very small number of polychrome cast vessels and a much larger quantity of
plain and ribbed monochrome cast bowls, often made in bright colours, were reaching the site,
as were a few mould-blown and several forms of polychrome and monochrome blown vessels.
Both the polychrome and monochrome cast vessels probably came from Italy, though some of
the monochrome ones could have been produced in Syria-Palestine. The mould-blown vessels
appear to have come from both regions, while most of the early blown glass is likely to have
come from Italy. This period coincides with a great increase in the quantity and variety of
glassware in circulation, thought to have been caused by the invention of glass blowing and by
the establishment of new production centres in Rome and perhaps elsewhere in Italy during
the Augustan period. This increase has been documented in many parts of the Mediterranean
region but is not so apparent at the Unexplored Mansion site; there is a complete absence of
some cast vessels characteristic of the early production phase in Italy, particularly ceramic-
form bowls, and others, such as monochrome ribbed bowls and polychrome vessels, are not
very common.
The third period, from the later first to the late second or early third century, is when most
glass was in use on the Unexplored Mansion site. This is arguably the most important of th
groups, as it provides new information about the Roman glass of Crete. The colourless cas
vessels and much of the decorated blown glass were imported, either from Italy or from the
eastern Mediterranean region, but most of the undecorated blown vessels are simple forms

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HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS 417
made in pale green, blue-green or colourless glass

context because few close parallels have been foun
between them and finds from Cyrenaica and T
Ordinary blown vessels dominate the glass of
glassware was obviously used for a variety of p
possible to identify their precise forms. Much of t
quality to suggest that it was produced locally,
centre in Crete. There is almost no evidence for th
century, though a very few fragments dating fr
noted, such as nos. 160, 216 and 275.
The small size of most fragments, and the fact t
one or only a few fragments, may imply that muc
as cullet for re-use in a local glass furnace. Thi
sources of the first century A.D. and is likely to
Roman world. It is noteworthy that material
Unexplored Mansion site (pages 458-62 below).
The almost complete absence of window glass sug
have glazed windows. Window glass is, however
were found at the Villa Dionysos (unpublished)
Core-formed vessels (nos. 1-8)

Eight small pieces of core-formed vessels wer
destruction layers dated to the first century B
contexts. Seven were dark blue or pale green neck
and horizontal trails, and one was pale green w
base. They all probably belong to Mediterrane
were produced from the third (or second) to f
122-31), and the yellow-brown knob base of no
(Harden Mediterranean Group 3 Forms 5-7B; G
Group III, 1-2B).
A few additional pieces of Hellenistic core-made
amphorisk with opaque red and white trails and a
Knossos (unpublished; information from A. Mac
yellow and turquoise trails from Tarrha (Buec
common in the region and they were almost ce
containers for cosmetic products. The production
later first century B.C., and only a few vessels oc
one in a tomb of Augustan date on Samothrac
fragment from another came from a Gaian-Cl
1988, no. 1), while the amphorisk from Knossos m
later first century A.D.
Cast Vessels; polychrome (nos. 9-12)

Five small pieces from four early Roman complex
were found in first century A.D. and later cont

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comes from the foot of a large vessel, perhaps

surfaces have been ground but only the top su
rough. Strip mosaic glass incorporating gold leaf
in alabastra in the first century B.C., and was
including globular and carinated unguent bott
other forms in the early first century A.D.
Goldstein 1979, nos. 556-87). Most of these hav
rings are known on vessels such as the fragmenta
(Oliver 1967, 27-8, figs. 21-2), and a bowl in t
1974, 104-5, no. 276), but these are much smaller
The other fragments come from a composite m
with applied base-ring and a mottled bowl. Polyc
in early first century contexts in Italy and the w
1973-6, 177), Frejus (Price 1988, nos. 7-13), Ma
12, 19-20) and Vindonissa (Berger 1960, nos. 6
Italy. They do not appear to have been reachi
Knossos a strip mosaic rim fragment came fro
small body fragments (1 strip mosaic, 2 flora
information from A. MacGillivray) . A melted fra
Tarrha (Buechner 1960, no. 20). Early Roman m
Cyrenaica (Price 1985 A, 289, fig. 24.1.4-6), an
region.
Cast vessels; monochrome (nos. 13-95)

A large number of monochrome cast bowls were found, several from closely dated contexts.
Their dates of production range from the second century B.C. or earlier to at least the end of
the first century A.D. Most are forms common elsewhere in the Mediterranean region, though
a few are quite unusual.
No. 13, a fragment from a light yellow-green hemispherical bowl, was found in a mixed
Hellenistic-Roman context. It preserves a pointed triangular leaf with central rib in relief and
the edge of another, which have been created by cutting away the outside surface. Relief-cut
decoration occurs on colourless, green and yellow-brown bowls at several periods in the later
first millennium B.C., though few are very similar to this piece. The Achaemenid bowls,
produced in the fifth and fourth centuries (Barag 1985, 57-8, 68-9, nos. 46-7; Grose 1989,
80-1, fig. 48), were decorated with various forms of flat petals and leaves in relief, and few of
these have central ribs. The third or second century greenish-colourless and dark green bowls
from Canosa and Xanthos have prominent almond-shaped bosses, though the rosettes and
petals are cut flush with the surface of the vessels (Harden 1968, 27-8, 43-4). Closer parallels
for the relief cutting of this piece, though not for the shape of the leaves, occur on a deep
colourless bowl with almond shaped bosses and convex leaves with central ribs from a second
century tomb at Salónica (Weinberg 1963, 106, fig. 67), a shallow yellow-brown bowl with
oval bosses and convex leaves with central ribs from the Antikythera shipwreck (Weinberg
1965, 32-3, no. 7) and an opaque red fragment with similar decoration in the Corning
Museum of Glass (Goldstein 1979, no. 278). Fragments of both translucent and opaque bowls
with comparable relief-cut decoration have also been found at Delos (unpublished -
information from M.-D. Nenna).

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At least 35 other fragments of cast bowls with

divided into three groups. Two, made in colo
green or yellow-brown glass, were produced in
the third, made in dark blue, peacock blue, dar
is more difficult to date, though it may also b
Seventeen fragments from hemispherical bow
on the body and a rosette or star on the bas
from mid-second to early first century contex
early Roman levels. These vessels were recorded
first century contexts (Weinberg 1961), and ar
burial near Pylos (Grose 1979, 60). They
(Crowfoot 1957, fig. 93.3) and Tel Anafa (We
and further west (Price 1985 A, nos. 13-4). Som
are also known (Weinberg 1961; Grose 1979) an
Syro-Palestinian coastal region.
Eight fragments from heavy conical or hemis
on the body (nos. 22-6) were found, five in sec
disturbed early Roman levels. A fragment w
Athenian Agora (Weinberg 1961, no. 10), oth
Ashdod and Meroe in Nubia (Barag 1971, 203.
contexts dated to the last quarter of the secon
Anafa (Weinberg 1970, profiles 19-27; Gr
presumably from burials, are known elsewhe
Chania Museum, and the other, a pale blue-gr
in the late 19th century and is now in the Bos
fig. 2c, pl. 92d).
The fragments in the third group (nos. 27-9) c
century A.D. and later. Their bright opaque and
but are also found among Hellenistic vessels.
29, are very similar in form and decoration
numerous opaque Hellenistic fragments from
Nenna). No. 28 is comparable with a small dar
(Goldstein 1979, no. 283), and may also be r
bowls in the Canosa tomb-groups, dating from
1968; Grose 1989, 185-8).
Sixty-four fragments of heavy conical, he
wheel cut lines on the inside surface were foun
mid-second to early first century deposits, and
contexts.
These vessels are widely distributed in the east Mediterranean region (Gros
A). They are found in Greece in the Athenian Agora (Weinberg 1961, nos. 9, 1
particularly common in Syria-Palestine, as at Tel Anafa (Weinberg 1970, Pr
Ashdod (Barag 1971, 202-3. 2, 4-5, fig. 105.1, 6-7), Hagoshrim (Weinberg 1973
and Jerusalem (Avigad 1984, 186, fig. 220). Some have been noted further we
(unpublished - information from A. Oliver) and Benghazi (Price 1985A, fig. 24
at Cosa, Voi terra and sites in southern Italy and Sicily (Grose 1979, 58-9). Th
piece noted at Knossos came from RR/K/60, dated to about 20-1 B.C. (Hayes 1

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6,33), and it is probable that the vessels were im

Thin-walled deep, hemispherical and shallow bow
below the rim and on the body on the inside sur
plus two without wheel cutting (nos. 42-52). M
mid first century A.D. contexts.
These bowls occur in bright colours such as pur
well as the colourless, greenish colourless, light g
earlier bowls. They are less massive than the earl
below the rim which is frequently ground, creat
below the rim. They were produced in the last th
of the first century A.D. (Grose 1979, Group D
Thin-walled bowls are known in great numbers
Fragments have frequently been noted in Syria-P
other sites; in Greece and the Aegean; and in Ital
found in North Africa, in Cyrenaica (Price 19
1986, A3, fig. 119, and further west at Cartha
(unpublished - information from T.W. Potter
Leyge 1989; Price 1988, 28-9, figs. 17-20) and
1987, nos. 183-91, figs. 28-9).
Other fragments have been recorded at Knos
fig. 6.33-4; fig. 12.58, 60; fig. 19.25-6, 31-3, 4
Extension (unpublished - information fro
(unpublished). In addition, complete hemispher
Museum and a tall one is displayed in Rethymnon
The great numbers in circulation in the weste
produced at centres in that region, probably i
possible that the ones found in Crete came from
Ribbed bowls were also found in considerable nu
10) has already been mentioned, and the mono
groups, ribbed bowls rather similar in shape to t
made bowls with very regular ribs, frequently
At least 126 fragments of the first group were
cut lines on the upper body inside and the outsid
often rather carelessly ground, and a wide variet
may be in prominent or shallow relief, long o
frequently rather uneven in their form and spac
Ribbed bowls, like the plain bowls discussed abo
periods. Grose has recently argued that colourles
broad, deeply incised internal wheel cut lines and
century B.C. as part of the late Hellenistic Syro-
larger volume of brightly coloured and polychro
the east and west Mediterranean region from the
century A.D. (Grose 1989, 195, 244-6).
Using these criteria, many of the pieces from
belong to the earlier group. All of them, exce
colourless, yellow-green or yellow-brown glass, a
and noticeably uneven ribs. The dated contexts d

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early production, as only a few pieces, such as nos

the Augustan period.
Fragments from the Augustan group of ribb
Several were found in early Roman deposits (Haye
30, 39) and others have been noted from the St
- information from P.M. Warren) and the Vil
complete ribbed bowls, one deep and one hem
The ribbed bowls in Crete may have come from
Italy.
Fragments from 33 Pillar Moulded bowls, a clearly identifiable group of ribbed bowls
belonging to the early Roman industry (Isings 1957, Form 3), were also found (nos. 69-72).
They are distinguishable from other contemporary ribbed bowl forms as they have a carefully
ground and polished area below the rim and symmetrical, evenly spaced ribs on the body.
They sometimes also have narrow cut lines inside at the edge and centre of the base.
Hemispherical and shallow bowls are represented, and one of the shallow bowls (no. 72) has
close-set short ribs on the body. For the most part, the fragments came from Augustan to
Claudian or Neronian contexts, though some came from later deposits. Pillar Moulded bowls
have been noted elsewhere in Crete. A complete blue-green hemispherical bowl came from the
first century chamber tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala (Carington Smith 1982, no. 1), and other
finds in Knossos include fragments from the Stratigraphical Museum Extension (unpublished -
information from P.M. Warren) and the Villa Dionysos (unpublished). There is also a part-
melted fragment from Tarrha (Buechner 1960, no. 1).
Pillar Moulded bowls occur throughout the Roman world until the mid first century. They
are very common finds in the west and north west provinces and must have been made at
western centres. Production of these bowls continued in the western provinces until near the
end of the first century, though they seem to disappear in the eastern Mediterranean before this
time. On balance, the bowls found in Crete are more likely to have come from a western centre
of production, perhaps in Italy.
Two small fragments of colourless cast glass were found in Augustan and Tiberian deposits.
No early Roman parallels for no. 91 have been found, but no. 92 is part of a winged handle
from a two-handled cup or skyphos. Hellenistic cups with winged handles were produced in
colourless or pale green glass during the third (Harden 1968) or second-first century B.C.
(Oliver 1967), and one was found in the Antikythera shipwreck (Weinberg 1965, fig. 9). This
fragment may come from a late Hellenistic cup, though it may also be part of an early Roman
vessel, perhaps comparable with examples found in first century contexts at the Auerberg,
Austria (Ulbert 1975, fig. 19.3), London (Noel Hume 1953, pl. IV), Merida, Spain (Price
1974, fig. 2.2) and Vindonissa (Berger 1960, no. 215, pl. 14).
Colourless cast bowls and plates with broad rims, convex bodies, and base-rings ground from
the blank are represented by 19 fragments (nos. 73-86), and 25 further body and base
fragments probably came from similar vessels. The earliest dated piece was found in a Flavian
context (no. 77) and others came from Trajanic, Hadrianic and later deposits. This dating
confirms the evidence of finds elsewhere in the Roman world.
These colourless vessels were among the last early Roman cast vessel forms to be produced.
They appear in the early Flavian period, and then occur in considerable numbers in many
parts of the Roman world during the late first and early second century. Most of the vessels are
undecorated, though some have cutting under the rim, and a few also have decorated bodies
and bases. Examples are also known with two projecting carved handles. They were produced

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
in a wide range of sizes and their distribution,

66-93), the Judaean Desert (Barag 1962, no. 6; Y
(Harden 1936, nos. 166-8, pl. XII. 166; Meyer 1
1987, 72-80) and northern Britain (Charlesworth
been made at several centres, though it is interestin
areas have usually been worked in precisely the s
One piece, a base fragment (no. 84), is decorated
other base fragments, nos. 82-3, preserve a con
respectively. Rim fragments from plain bowls have
information from J. Hayes), and a fragment of
Dionysos (unpublished) shows that more elaborat
Fragments from seven thin-walled colourless s
horizontal ribs raised by grinding away the outside
and later contexts. These vessels are broadly cont
plates discussed above, but they have received less a
in shape with a bowl from Zara on the north Adria
it is not certain whether this is a cast or a blown
similar to no. 89 is known at Karanis (Harden 1936,
Cave of Horror, a deposit dated to the first third o
7)-
The last three pieces from cast vessels are base fragments (nos. 93-5), two from plates or
bowls and one probably from a drinking cup. The plate fragments were found in mid first
century A.D. deposits, and the cup in an early second century context. The body forms are
unknown, though it is possible that no. 93 comes from an oval, rather than circular, vessel.
Mould-blown vessels (nos. 96-110)

Sixteen fragments of early Imperial decorated mould-blown vessels were found. Nine came
from drinking cups (nos. 96-104), and seven from small unguent or perfume containers (nos.
105-10).
Two groups of drinking cups are represented. The first are cylindrical cups with small curved
rims decorated with narrow horizontal cordons and carefully modelled stylised vegetal motifs
in low relief (nos. 96-7); nos. 98 has been grouped with these, though no part of the body dec-
oration now survives. The vegetal motifs, ears of barley arranged diagonally and a circular
fruit with three spikes, perhaps a pomegranate, are found on a series of mould-blown drinking
vessels which are also decorated with ivy leaves, bunches of grapes and other motifs. A shallow
cylindrical cup in the Oppenlander collection has a stylised foliage design with two bands of
three-spiked fruits and oval leaves between two pairs of horizontal cordons (von Saldern et al.
1974, no. 446), and two concave sided beakers decorated on the upper body with two bands of
three-spiked fruits and ears of barley arranged in herringbone fashion between pairs of
horizontal cordons are known from the Constable-Maxwell collection (Sotheby 1979, lot 301),
and from a private collection in south Germany (Rutti 1981, no. 272). The design on the lower
body of these beakers, an ivy leaf and vine scroll, provides a link with further cylindrical cups,
such as one in the Cinzano collection (Lazarus 1978, no. 7) and others in the Oppenlander
collection (von Saldern et al. 1974, no. 454) and in London (J Glass Studies 12, 1970, 171.5).
Most of these drinking cups have not been found on excavated sites and are not closely dated
or from recorded proveniences, though it is generally accepted they were produced on the

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Syrian coast. The Unexplored Mansion contexts are

be an error, as decorated mould blown glass does not
century A.D. (Price forthcoming), and the other pie
The second group of drinking cups are ribbed bow
Neronian or later first century contexts. Ribbed bo
world, and they are among the earliest dated mo
early Claudian contexts at Vindonissa (Berger 1
and continue in circulation, and probably also in
forthcoming) .
Hemispherical, ovoid and shallow bowls were f
known and their widespread distribution suggests t
west Mediterranean. Ovoid cups are not very comm
eastern Mediterranean and northern Italy, but not
small group of fragments was found at Benghaz
Two types of decorated unguent bottles were al
hexagonal unguent bottles, of which three were
1 10, a small body fragment from a Flavian context,
as a bunch of grapes.
Hexagonal unguent bottles were produced in large
wide variety of body designs are known (Eisen 1
small fragments, and comparatively little detail sur
have been recognised. Nos. 105-8 have moulded fe
zone, which shows part of two vessels, apparently a
These motifs indicate that the vessels belong to the
(Eisen 1927, 233-248, figs. 114-5), a common ty
design. Examples without provenience are known in
example in the Constable-Maxwell (Sotheby 19
Saldern et al. 1974, nos. 401-405) collections, and mo
from Syria, Cyprus, Greece and the Black Sea (Li
example is known at Angera in north Italy (Facchin
slightly larger vessel. It shows an amphora and p
and belongs to the Processional series of hexagon
118).
Grape unguent bottles were produced at several periods, but the context of no. 110
establishes this as a first century vessel. Two examples of this form were found in the first
century chamber tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala (Carington Smith 1982, nos. 70-1), and
several have been noted from burials elsewhere at Knossos (unpublished - information from K.
Wardle). Others are known in Italy and the western provinces, at Pompeii (Isings 1957, Form
78e), a first century burial at Niort, western France (Mitard 1977) and Ampurias in northeast
Spain (unpublished).
More early Roman mould-blown unguent bottles have also been recorded in Crete,
particularly at Knossos. A pinecone bottle from the Dictaean Cave is now in Oxford
(Boardman 1961, no. 555, pl. XLVIII), and pinecone and date bottles, a face bottle and a
hexagonal bottle were found in the chamber tomb on Monasteriaki Kephala (Carington Smith
1982, 278-281, fig. 6), while other tombs have also produced fragmentary date and walnut
bottles (unpublished - information from A. MacGillivray and K. Wardle).
The hexagonal unguent bottle types found at the Unexplored Mansion site were probably

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
manufactured on the Syrian coast and brought t

that the hexagonal bottle from Monasteriaki Kep
provinces thought to have been made in Italy
likely to come from Italy.
Mould-blown bottle bases (nos. 111-120)

Fragments from nine or ten bottles were found
though no. 119 came from a Flavian pit. Exce
rectangular bases, and all except no. 1 1 1 are blu
circles. Square and cylindrical bottles are discusse
fragments (nos. 279-84).
The bodies and bases of square-sectioned bott
some, like the example in the chamber tomb at M
no. 58), were free-blown and flattened. The bases
decorated with designs in raised relief. Som
distributions and may help to identify regiona
many parts of the Roman world.
No. 1 1 1 , a greenish colourless base, was found
now survives to be certain of the original base d
wreath. Nos. 112-114 come from three smaller ve
The design of four small rings in the corners an
similar fragment was found at the Sanctuary of
from A. Oliver), and others occur on a small b
160-1) and on several small bottles from the nor
2,1-6). The circle with internal arcs and rosett
regions, such as Tripolitania (Price 1985, no. 7
(Charlesworth 1959, fig. 9 bottom right), whil
central pellets on nos. 116-119 are found in gr
The mould-blown cylindrical bottle with a ra
The date of the context indicates that this is a se
been found. The surviving part of the lower bod
horizontal corrugations close to the base, so it is
bottles, often with base designs naming Felix or
century contexts in the north-west provinces
nos. 259-84).
Blown vessels; polychrome (nos. 121-9; see

Thirteen fragments representing at least nin
Neronian and later contexts. Five came from sma
century A.D. which were made in brightly c
decorated with opaque white or other marvere
Small ribbed cups (zarte rippenschalen) have
edge, a squat convex curved body and a flat base,
shoulder and marvered before the short vertical
on several occasions (for example, Isings 1957,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
van Lith 1977, 29-38; Czurda-Ruth 1979, 43-47). Th

northern Italy and the northern Adriatic area, an
though they are found in many parts of the Rom
in the Black Sea region, Turkey, Cyprus, North A
north-west provinces, including some in northern
more have been recorded since then, though no
Nos. 125-27, which were found in mid first ce
from vessels decorated with trails. The precise fo
though the brightly coloured body of no. 125, an
and trails on all three pieces are characteristic of
contexts at many sites in northern Italy and el
and they are likely to have been traded from nor
marvered splashes was found in the first cen
(Carington Smith 1982, no. 17), and elsewhere
yellow-brown jar with faint opaque white marver
- information from K. Wardle), and a blue ungu
streaks and a blue-green bowl rim with a blue z
Museum Extension (unpublished - information
polychrome vessels have not been noted in Cret
Two fragments from later polychrome vessel
second century context, came from the base of a
streaks, perhaps a cup or bowl. Nothing is know
pontil mark on the base indicates that the miss
rounded or a tubular edge. A few blown polych
been noted in second, third or fourth century
1985C, 470-1), but nothing is known about their c
unstratified context; the fragment belongs to a c
not been identified.
Blown vessels; monochrome

Colourless; facet and wheel cut decoration
Eleven pieces from at least six conical beakers with facet-cut decoration were found in Flavian
and second century contexts (nos. 130-35).
Conical facet-cut beakers were produced in the last third of the first and the early second
century A.D. Tall and short versions are known and there are many variations in the
decoration. In a recent study (Oliver 1984), the vessels were divided into two groups, one
which has the facet-cut zone raised above the undecorated areas, and the second which has
raised ridges above and below the facet-cut zone. The fragments from the Unexplored Mansion
site which preserve an edge of the facet-cut zone (nos. 130, 133-4) belong to group 2, and it is
likely that nos. 131-2 also come from this group. Nos. 130-2 are tall beakers with large oval
facets in a facet-cut zone separated into at least two parts by a plain band bounded by
horizontal ridges. Oliver noted five group 2 examples with this feature, four from Italy and the
western provinces and one said to be from Palestine (Oliver 1984, 89-93). The cutting on no.
130 (and perhaps also no. 131) is comparable with the single row of vertical oval facets in the
lower zones of the examples from Vindonissa and London. Two of the group 2 pieces listed by

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Oliver came from closely dated contexts; t

Schutthugel, a generally Flavian deposit (Berg
beaker from Salters Hall, London was found i
Nos. 133-4 are small body fragments with circula
2 comparable with the pieces illustrated from
Begram and elsewhere (Oliver 1984, figs. 46, 48
thin-walled vessel, but this may be a result of we
1 35 is a small body fragment with three rows o
form hexagons, but too little survives to establish
vessel.
Finds from the west and north-west provinces
and have received a great deal of attention in pri
1960, 67-74; Norling-Christensen 1968; Harde
but these vessels are also found in many other p
in Greece, at Corinth (Davidson 1950, no. 641),
102), Syria, in Damascus Museum and at Dura-
at Karanis (Harden 1936, nos. 409-12) and Q
beyond the Imperial frontier at Begram, in Afgh
finds have been noted in Crete, and the vesse
certainly imports, perhaps from Italy, though th
Three pieces of hemispherical bowls (nos. 13
century contexts, will be considered here as th
cutting, though they are also closely comparab
Colourless hemispherical bowls with ground
wheel-cut lines have been recorded in many pa
over a long period of time; Isings (1957, Form
though the form mainly occurs in the third a
decorated with close-set oval facets have been rec
it is often difficult to distinguish between th
Fragments of hemispherical and shallower bo
Karanis (Harden 1936, nos. 205, 211, 315-6), a
several have been found in closely dated second c
(Welker 1978; Price 1980, 63-4).
Coloured and blue-green; wheel-cut and abraded decor

More than 90 fragments of small cylindrical a
Claudian-Flavian and later contexts, though no
These vessels were in common use in the middle
are known from Augustan contexts, as at Ma
vertical or slightly curved rims with cracked off
abrasion on the body and small concave bas
Considerable variation occurs in body thickness a
not been recorded as frequently as hemispherical
from Idalion, Vasa and elsewhere in Cyprus (Vess
20j), Tripoli, Libya (Price 1985B, no. 8), Bab
149, fig. 29), Aquileia, north east Italy (Calvi 1
Spain (Bendala Galan 1976, pl. XLIX.30).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Hemispherical cups occur in very large numbers i

A.D., and they are likely to have been produce
listed dated examples in the western provinces, an
burials in the eastern Mediterranean region. Cu
finds come from Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 4
35-7), Siphnos (Mackworth Young 1949, pl. 28.2
Sanctuary of Demeter, Cyrene (unpublished - in
1986, fig. 1 19-20) and elsewhere in Tripolitania (P
sites. At Knossos some examples have also been no
from A McGillivray), but these cups have not bee
certainly imported, perhaps from Italy though
Colourless; wheel-cut and abraded decoration (nos. 14

These fragments have been divided into two grou
147-55), 13 being found in late first century-H
century-Severan and unstratified contexts. Ten pi
early second century contexts and the rest from
A wide variety of colourless drinking cups with
concave bases, tubular base rings or applied feet,
world in the late first and early second century A
Nos. 147-50 and 152 come from biconical or cy
convex curved cups. Elsewhere in Knossos, a rim f
fill over the Roman building in RT/60, though no
(Hayes 1971, fig. 19.36). Other pieces have bee
Demeter, Cyrene (unpublished - information from
examples found in the region have mostly come f
A fragmentary greenish colourless biconical be
wheel-cutting on the upper body and a tubular
burial at Knossos dating from the last quarter
information from A. MacGillivray), and a similar
Crete and now in the Boston Museum of Fine A
from a burial. Others are known in Tripolitania, C
Price 1985B, nos. 12-3), and similar cups are als
found in Crete may have come from either the w
locally.
Hemispherical or shallower bowls have been described in connection with nos. 136-7, and
nos. 156-9 also come from bowls with bands of linear cutting. These bowls have been found on
settlement sites in the east Mediterranean region and the western provinces, though they are
rarely recorded from burials. Examples are known from Karanis (Harden 1936, nos. 320-1)
and in Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 42.18-20), where they were in use during the second
century. Fragments of two similar bowls have also been found in the Cave of Horror, in the
Judaean Desert, a deposit dated to the first third of the second century (Barag 1962, figs. 8-9),
which supports the early second century dating at Knossos, and others have been noted in mid-
second century contexts in the north west provinces.
Applied decoration (nos. 160-70)

No. 160 is a colourless fragment from a mixed deposit containing third century material. It has

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
been blown and manipulated into the form of a f

the wall of a vessel. A small part of the vessel wal
the fish, now missing.
A few bowls with fishes and other sea creatures
known from Italy and the Rhineland. One comes
Fremersdorf 1975, 72-3, no 706, pl. 32), three
15, 21; Harden et al. 1987, no. 144), and one f
Goethert-Polaschek 1977, no. 241, pls. 24, 40). T
cracked off and ground edge, a convex curv
decorated with narrow horizontal cut lines near the rim. Two of the vessels from Köln are
supported on a foot or stem and foot, while the others rest on the bottom row of applied
decoration. Several types of fishes, sea creatures and shells were produced, and no. 160 i
comparable with the long slender fish facing left in the top register of the Trier vessel, as seen in
Fremersdorf (1961, pl. 23) and Tagart (1982, fig. 2). These bowls and their applied decoratio
were made in colourless glass, though blue glass has been used on the Rome and one of th
Köln bowls for the details of the fishes and sea creatures.
In addition to the complete examples, numerous detached fish fragments have also survived,
though nothing is known in these instances about the form of the original vessel. Some pieces,
like no 160, were preserved as keepsakes, amulets or beads, as the sharp edges of the vessel wall
have often been carefully grozed and smoothed. Although many without findspots exist in
museums and private collections, the distribution of pieces with known provenience shows that
these vessels were widespread in the Roman world. Fremersdorf (1961, 26-8) listed fragments
found in Köln, Tyre, Beirut and Aquileia, and others have been noted from Corinth (Davidson
1952, no. 619), Saniat Gebril, Wadi el-Agial, Fezzan (Tagart 1982) and Autun (Grosjean
1985, no. 238 a & c).
The sparse dating evidence suggests that the vessels were produced in the late third or early
fourth century. Many of the elaborately cut cage-cups being made at this time also have
outsplayed rims, deep convex curved bodies and rounded bases which are rather similar to the
fish bowls (for example, Harden et al. 1987, nos. 134-9). Further indications of links between
these groups of vessels are found on the shallow cage-cup from Szekszard, Hungary, which has
an open-work cut design of fishes and shells in high relief (Barkoczi 1988, no. 556, pls. LXVIII,
CXVII), and the fragment from Autun which shows a carved and wheel-cut fish in colourless
glass with dark green overlay (Grosjean 1985, no. 238 b). The Roman rock crystal bowl with
marine animals carved in high relief, now mounted as a hanging lamp in the Treasury of San
Marco, Venice (Alcouffe 1984, no. 2), must be closely related to both groups.
Trailed decoration was noted on 42 fragments (nos. 161-70), of which 23 were blue-green,
mostly from late first and second century contexts, and 19 were colourless, mostly from early
second century to Severan contexts. These fragments are generally very small, and only no.
168, a tall ovoid cup, has been re-constructed. The remainder may also come from drinking
cups or bowls, though the base fragments could be from flasks or jars; a pon til mark survives on
no. 165. Similar vessels have been noted in burials in Cyprus (Harden 1955, fig. 21b; Vessberg
1956, fig. 45.10-1 1, 24-7), but in general little attention has been given to these ordinary vessel
forms.
Pinched ribs were noted on 19 fragments from various early first to mid second century or
later contexts (nos. 171-3). Six fragments came from the small ribbed bowls (zarte
rippenschalen) already discussed in connection with the polychrome fragments (nos. 121-4).
The monochrome versions were produced at the same time as the polychrome bowls, and were

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
also made in brightly coloured and blue-green g

abraded lines above the ribs, as on no. 172. They
and fairly common in parts of the eastern Me
many examples, and others are known from S
(Harden 1955, fig. 20e), Corinth (Davidson 1952,
Cyrene (unpublished - information from A. O
Augustan tomb on Samothrace (Dusenbury 196
closely dated contexts.
Indented decoration was recorded on 22 blue-
fragments found in Neronian to Hadrianic and lat
narrow vessels, perhaps cups. Although the precis
of pontil marks on nos. 1 74-5 indicates that these
is likely to have had a cold-finished, cracked o
cracked off and ground rim, tubular base ring, an
first century chamber tomb at Monasteriaki
fragments have been noted elsewhere in Kn
(unpublished), as well as in Aghios Nikolaos M
information from J. Hayes). Drinking cups with
every province of the Roman empire in the fir
region have been found in burials, in Tripolitan
(Vessberg 1956, fig. 44. 25-35; 35. 13-16) and els
sites have been published less frequently.
Undecorated vessels (nos. 177-304)

The remainder of the blown vessel fragments com
most of which were in use between the middle of
material has been classified according to shape
jars, flasks, jugs, bottles, unguent bottles and oth
Cups (nos. 177-216)

At least 116 rim fragments came from thin-w
match-head rims (nos. 177-87). Of these, 59 ar
greenish colourless, 6 are yellow-green and 2 are d
and none have been linked to base fragments e
tubular base ring, concave base and pontil mark. A
found in Neronian contexts, and greenish colourle
contexts, though the majority, particularly of th
century and later deposits.
It is noteworthy that the colourless fragments a
shallow conical bowl (no. 187), whereas there is
blue-green and other shades of green. The form o
with the colourless cylindrical cups with fire-roun
north west provinces from the third quarter of th
(Isings 1957, Form 85a). The Unexplored Mansi
probably had quite different bases; except for

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
tubular base rings with inner trailed rings and

north west vessels.
Blue-green, greenish colourless and colourless fragments of similar cups have been noted
from the Villa Dionysos (unpublished) and the Stratigraphical Museum Extension
(unpublished - information from P.M. Warren), and elsewhere in Crete at Kommos
(unpublished - information from J. Hayes). They are also known from the Sanctuary of
Demeter, Cyrene (unpublished - information from A. Oliver) and Benghazi. Thin-walled cups
or bowls with fire rounded rims and various body and base forms generally comparable with
these fragments have also been found in first century and later burials in Tripolitania (Price
1985B, nos. 23-8), Samothrace (Dusenbury 1967, nos. 43-4) and Cyprus (Harden 1955, fig.
21a,c; Vessberg 1956, figs. 44. 36-42; 45. 1-5,7,9), and they appear to have been common in
the region. The large numbers found at Knossos and elsewhere in Crete may suggest that many
of these cups were of local manufacture.
Many small bases were found in contexts with a date range similar to the rims (nos.
188-216). Most of these probably came from cups, though it is not usually possible to identify
the vessel form. Concave bases were very common (nos. 188-96); 140 fragments, about 50 per
cent with pontil marks, came from straight or convex curved blue-green and colourless vessels.
No. 194 is different from the other concave bases as the glass in the base is much thicker than in
the body, a feature which occurs on some third century cups in the western provinces.
The pushed-in bases (nos. 197-208) come from a wide range of vessels. Five are open base
rings, including an unusual example with a pontil mark (no. 198), and 71 are tubular or solid
bases. Nos. 200-2 are very similar to the base of no. 177, while no. 203 is a base type which
occurs on tall drinking cups with linear cutting found in Claudian and Neronian contexts (see
Dusenbury 1967, fig. 41; Hayes 1986, AIO, B20), and no. 204 is probably also an early-mid first
century base as it came from a Claudian deposit. The high base-rings of nos. 205-6 may come
from dishes or bowls, rather than cups. They are comparable with the bases on low truncated
conical dishes and other small bowls at Vasa (Harden 1955, 48, fig. 19) and elsewhere in
Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 43.7-16).
Ten fragments with applied bases, or stems and bases, were noted (nos. 209-16). The pieces
with applied true base-rings (nos. 209-11) may come from early Roman bowls (cf. nos.
218-20), while the trailed bases, mentioned in connection with nos. 183-6 above, probably
belong to second or early third century vessels. Nos. 214-5 are applied pad base-rings; the dark
blue base, no. 214, comes from an early- mid first century cup or small bowl, and no. 215 also
comes from a first or second century vessel.
The last two fragments (no. 216) are yellow-green stems and feet from mixed and
unstratified deposits. They come from small cups made in the late Roman and Byzantine
periods (Isings 1957, Form 111). Elsewhere in Crete, examples are known from Gortyna
(Sternini 1989, nos 12-8), and many comparable specimens have been found in the
Mediterranean region in fourth to seventh century contexts, as at Sardis (von Saldern 1980,
53-60), Karanis (Harden 1936, nos. 479-88), Benghazi, Sabratha (Hayes 1986, B 60) and
Carthage (Tatton-Brown 1984, nos. 41-52).
Bowls
Bowls and plates with a wide variety of rim forms were found (nos. 217-51). Nos. 217-26 have
folded rims bent out and down to form a tubular edge, except for no. 2 1 7 which is bent inwards.
Nos. 218-21 were found in mid first to early second century contexts; they come from deep or
shallow convex sided or cylindrical bowls with vertical rims. Shallow versions of these bowls

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
were in use in Rome and elsewhere in Italy at the

century A.D. (Grose 1977), and both deep and
Roman world in the first and early second cen
The bowls with broad outsplayed tubular rims
applied to the rim edge were mostly found in H
Crete fragments of similar vessels have been
Kommos (unpublished - information from J. H
Mediterranean provinces, often in late first and s
Tripolitania (Price 1985B, nos. 40-3) and Cyrena
Corinth (Davidson 1952, nos. 612-3), Cyprus
Palestine, as at the Cave of Horror, Judaean Deser
Saldern 1980, nos. 94-101) and elsewhere. They
notably in north Italy and southern Switzerla
Algeria (Lancei 1967, nos 176-9, 195). The form is
Palestine (Weinberg and Goldstein 1988, 41-3,
Much greater variety was noted among the bowl
come from later first and early second century c
underside creating a stepped profile. No. 227 is
horizontal pinched trail on the rim edge.
Nos. 230-34 were mostly found in Flavian to
conical or hemispherical bowls with everted r
applied to the rim edge, and nos. 233-4 are piec
bowls with saucepan handles (trullae) are known in
parts of the Roman world. Very similar examp
Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 43.21-2) and in Ita
Form 75; Lancei 1967, no. 196).
The only other trulla noted in Crete is in Rethy
rather bubbly, and has a slightly everted fire rou
eight fold below the rim (cf. no. 243), an applied p
with flattened terminal. The vessel, and two very
they are closely comparable with the Unexplore
details of manufacture, and may well have com
centre.
Nos. 235-7 come from shallow bowls or plates. No. 235 is a wide colourless ves
conical upper body, found in an early third century context. Similar examples are k
Cyprus, at Vasa (Harden 1955, fig. 19a) and Kazaphani (Vessberg 1956, fig. 42.9
from an unstratified context, is yellow-green with low convex sides. It is comp
vessels from Cyprus (Vessberg 1956 132 fig. 42.6) and others from a Flavian bur
(Lancei 1967, nos. 167-8). No. 237, which was also found in an unstratified contex
comes from a small colourless bowl or jar.
Nos. 238-244 come from bluish green vessels with fire rounded rims and tubular f
top of the bodies. Most of them have double, figure-of-eight folds, though nos.
have single folds. Fragments of bowls with figure-of-eight folds have also been note
Stratigraphical Museum Extension (unpublished - information from P.M. Warren
Kommos (unpublished - information from J. Hayes), and the two-handled cups in Re
Museum mentioned in connection with 231-4 above have similar folds.
Nos. 238-40, from Flavian to Trajanic-Hadrianic contexts, may belong to hemispherical

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
bowls similar to the one found in the Cave of the Le

133-5 (Yadin 1963, 104-5, no. 7), though they are mo
cylindrical vessels often known as measuring bowl
Modioli have a slightly everted rim, a broad cylindr
a double or single tubular fold below the rim, a tubu
ring-shaped handle. They were fairly common in the
later first century A.D. Isings (1957, Form 37) listed d
the century, though some, such as the examples f
51-2) are likely to have been produced before A.D
Two principal areas of distribution in the Medit
(Haevernick 1978). A small group of finds is know
concentrated on the Black Sea with outliers in Tur
larger group is known in the western provinces, with
head of the Adriatic and in southern Italy, and ou
Spain. These vessels occur in Libya, at Germa in a
and at Benghazi, but further examples have not b
imported from Italy, perhaps from the northern
Nos. 241-2 came from Severan contexts. No. 241
horizontal rim with a figure-of-eight fold at the
examples have been found at Vasa, Cyprus (Harden 19
Judaean Desert, which dates from the first third of
and colourless ones are known in Tripoli (Price 1985B
Tipasa (Lancei 1967, nos 134-8). No. 242 seems to be an
and a figure-of-eight fold below the everted, fire rou
a two-handled vessel from Herculaneum (Scatozza
second row) although that does not show a figure-of
No. 243, found in a Trajanic context, comes from a
eight fold at the top of the body; a small part of a h
edge. Too little survives for certain identification
handled cup or a trulla. The trulla in Rethymnon
231-4), and other examples with figure-of-eight fold
Romania (Bucovala 1968, no. 27) and others withou
Pa via Museum (Maccabruni 1983, no. 10), and in t
no. 557) and Constable Maxwell (Sotheby 1979, no
No. 244, a small blue-green bowl with a tubular fold
second century context. Similar bowls are found in m
century A.D., including Italy, Cyprus and Siphnos
finds from the western provinces, and suggested that
but subsequent finds from Magdalensberg (Czurd
1988, no. 44) and elsewhere show that they were in u
Nos. 245-51 were found in Hadrianic and later conte
base rings (which does not survive on no. 251), and a
Jars
Rim fragments of jars were found in various contexts dating from the early first to late second-
early third century A.D. They all come from small vessels originally produced as containers
and have been divided into two broad groups, funnel mouthed jars with fire rounded (nos. 252,

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
259-60) or folded (nos. 253, 256-8) rims, and ja

other jars have been noted in Crete except the f
mentioned in connection with nos. 125-7.
In the first group, nos. 252-3 are likely to come from jars without handles, though the
surviving fragments are very similar to the rims of nos. 256-60. No. 253 was found in an
Augustan context, and may be compared with ones from Augustan-early Tiberian burials at
Aquileia and Minusio, Ticino (Calvi 1968, 32), and no. 252 has a small ovoid body.
Examples known from Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 45, 19-27) have some similarities with
the Knossos fragments, though it is otherwise difficult to find close parallels. Many jar forms
were produced from the later first century A.D. onwards and they may often have been
products of local glass houses. They have been noted in many parts of the western provinces as
well as the eastern Mediterranean region, though they have not often been studied in detail
(some examples listed in Isings 1957, Form 68; Auth 1975, nos. 460-70, 517; Hayes 1975, nos.
141-2, 153-4, 164, 172, 185, 198, 211-2, 271-2, 291-4, 323, 445, 471, 563-5).
In the second group, no. 254 comes from a small colourless pot with rolled rim, and no. 255
comes from a larger and more robust jar with heavy rolled rim. Jars of this kind are common on
domestic sites in Italy and the western provinces from the mid first century A.D., and also
served as cinerary urns (Isings 1957, Form 67a).
The fragments with handles have been catalogued as jars though some, such as no. 260, may
come from cups and others could be from small jugs. Two two-handled cups in Rethymnon
Museum have already been mentioned (cf. nos. 230-4, 243). These are rather bubbly greenish
colourless vessels which have two rod handles with pinched projections, figure-of-eight folds in
the body and applied feet. Handled jars have sometimes been noted in the Mediterranean
provinces, though they are not very common. One- and two-handled jars with folded thumb
rests at the top of the handles are known from Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 45.32; Fitzwilliam
1978, no. 102a), and others have been found in late first and early second century contexts in
southern Spain and Portugal (Price 1987B, 34-6), and a two-handled example came from an
early-mid first century burial at Muralto, Locarno (Carazzetti and Biaggio Simona 1988, no.
46).
Flasks
Five fragments of flasks with cracked off and ground rims and tapering or constricted
cylindrical necks, and one with a wide convex body, were found in Hadrianic to early third
century contexts (nos 261-3), but little is otherwise known about their forms. Another
fragment has been noted from the Stratigraphical Museum Extension (unpublished -
information from P.M. Warren) and further pieces are known from Kommos (unpublished -
information from J. Hayes).
Flasks occur in late first-fourth century contexts in the western provinces (Isings 1957, Forms
92, 103-4; Price 1987B, 37-8), and they are also known in the east and central Mediterranean,
from Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 48.11-2,14; fig. 49.7 - indented body), Karanis (Harden
1936, nos. 639-40), Tripoli tania (Price 1985B, nos. 50, 51 - indented body), Aquileia (Calvi
1968, nos. 296-300) and elsewhere.
3ugs
Numerous fragments have been recorded as jugs, though many of the pieces were too small for
certain identification. Nos. 300-2 may also come from jugs rather than unguent bottles or
flasks.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Nos. 264, 268-9 and 272 were found in first and

nos. 270-1, come from early Roman vessels. Very
jugs and amphorisks found in the first centu
(Carington Smith 1982, nos. 17-21), and on som
nos. 55, 57-60, 63-4). These vessels are closely r
contexts at sites in southern Switzerland (Car
Italy, at Aquileia (Calvi 1968), and other sites
Magdalensberg (Czurda Ruth 1979). They were
has been suggested that some may have been p
and it is interesting that nos. 269 and 272 in par
Nos. 265-7 are more problematic. No. 265 is a bl
in an unstratified context. Glass in contrasting c
other decorative features on brightly coloured ju
example, Harden et al. 1987, no. 50; Mackworth
also occurs on later jugs from the eastern Med
1987, Nos 73-4), but this piece cannot be closely
context. Funnel mouths with constrictions are k
fig. 48.32-3), Sardis (von Saldern 1980, no.
(Mariacher 1966, vetrina 4.9, fig. 28), though the
rims. The handle attachment suggests that the v
two jugs from Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 46
1936, no. 728). No. 267 is without known context
on late Roman jars from Syria-Palestine (for exam
Hayes 1974, nos. 324-32, 384-6), but no other
Two jugs with small trefoil mouths (nos. 273-4)
pieces of 18 others were also recorded. No other
for the small jug from the first century cham
Smith 1982, no. 59) which may have a distorted t
jug with trefoil mouth from another burial (u
Trefoil-mouthed jugs were produced from the e
known from the western provinces, at Magdal
various sites in southern Switzerland (Carazzet
Similar examples have been found at Tipasa (L
are known from Herculaneum and Siphnos
Mackworth Young 1949, pl. 31.3). These jugs m
been traded from Italy.
Five rims with wide funnel mouths were found
small to establish whether they come from ha
which have a prominent fold forming a ridge be
early third century contexts while no. 275, the o
edge, was unstratified and is likely to be from a
Rims similar to nos. 276-7 are not very com
formed in the same way occurs on a fragmentar
from a burial at Knossos (unpublished - inform
rim fragment from the Sanctuary of Demeter
Oliver) may also come from a rim of this kind. A
23d - with pouring spout), elsewhere in Cypru

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
1936, no. 764), though these were made in pale

colourless vessels with rims of this kind know
cylindrical bottles and third-fourth century
(Fitzwilliam 1978, nos. 77b, 79b, 80a; Isings 19
Vessels with rims similar to no. 275 are well kno
Palestine, at the mid to late fourth century gla
green, blue green and other coloured fragments w
1988, nos. 217-28, 262-71), and in Egypt, at Ka
greenish colourless, yellow green and brown pi
common, though Stern (1977, no. 24) has discu
come from the eastern Mediterranean in her
Custodia in Paris, and listed other examples fro
with thick trails below the rims are found in the
120-1, 123, 126-7).
Bottles
Fifty-three fragments from two groups of first a

at the Unexplored Mansion site, including the
(nos. 111-20). Only two pieces were found in first
Hadrianic or unstratified deposits. All the squar
No. 278 comes from a yellow-green cylindrical b
the body. These bottles have either a vertical f
vertical folded rim with a horizontal lip, or a h
green cylindrical bottle with abraded bands on th
the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, is said to be
bottles are common finds in the east and cent
(Sorokina 1967, fig. 1.14-5), Syria-Palestine, in
1), Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 46. 21-3; Hayes
74-5) and Algeria (d'Escurac-Doisy 1962-63, 1, 3-
probably made in the east Mediterranean, and the
the Cave of the Letters, confirm that they were
recently been suggested that vessels with vertical
the coast of Asia Minor at Pergamum (Sorokin
production at this centre does not seem to be c
The remaining fragments (nos. 279-81, 283
cylindrical and square bottles which usually ha
body, though a vertical rim forming a collar was
have been noted elsewhere in Crete, at Chania a
in very large numbers and in a wide range of size
semi-liquid substances. Both cylindrical and square
and angular ribbon handle, often with multip
sometimes left plain, as on no. 284, but the bases
square bottles they are generally undecorate
generally have raised designs.
Cylindrical and square bottles have been studie
than elsewhere, though they occur throughout th
centuries (Isings 1957, Forms 50-1; Charleswor

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
both forms appears to have begun in the second quart

in large numbers before the Flavian period. In the
disappear in the early second century while squa
numbers until the end ofthat century, but the prese
Knossos suggests that this may not always be the
Fragments from seven cylindrical bottles with und
found, and one (no. 279) has a wide squat body wit
been moved in and out of a close-fitting wooden or w
the precise number of square bottles represented
represented by a single body fragment; at least
fragments (nos. 1 1 1-9) and the rim, handle and bod
been many more.
Bath flasks
Nos. 285-7 come from small bath flasks with folde
attached to the shoulder, neck and underside of rim;
bodies and convex bases, but these do not survive her
contain oils for use after bathing, and were designed
attached by metal rings to the handles and the sto
stopper found with the bath flask in the chamber
Smith 1982, no. 60, nos. 77-80). Bath flasks were i
later first to third centuries. Dated finds, mostly fr
listed by Isings (1957, Form 61), and many more
manufacture of the bath flasks in different regi
different centres; a recent study of the finds from th
variety of rim forms and handle forms occurring in
Nos. 285-6 were not found in stratified contexts, b
that of the bath flask from the first century c
(Carington Smith 1982, no. 60) which suggests it is o
from a first or second century specimen. No. 287 was
it is greenish colourless with a broad horizontal ri
aperture, and a large ring handle, applied to the s
Several finds from Balansourah, Faras, Karanis, K
in Egypt and the Sudan are comparable with this f
Harden et al. 1987, no. 110), and no. 287 may have co
similar rims have also been found in the western pro
1967, pls. 1 19-20) and in the drain of the legionary
a deposit dated to 160-230 A.D. (Allen 1986, no. 52)
and linear cutting but too little survives of no. 28
dating evidence for these bath flasks generally indica
third century, so the Trajanic-Hadrianic context of t
Unguent bottles
Several types of unguent bottles were found, ranging
to the late second or early third century.
Nos. 288-90 and 293-5 come from thin-walled, of
produced in the early and mid first century. No.

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bottle with a short narrow neck similar to at least

tomb at Monasteriaki Kephala (Carington Smith 198
that burial it retains a pinkish red deposit, apparen
inside surface. An uncatalogued pale blue fragm
unguent bottle in the shape of a bird, and five
Monasteriaki Kephala (Carington Smith 1982, nos
in tombs elsewhere in Knossos (unpublished - inform
known from Herakleion and Chania. Thin-walled glo
found in many burials in northern Italy, southern
Forms 10-11). They travelled far afield, to Crete
and Benghazi, but they were almost certainly pro
Nos. 289-90 and 293-5 also come from early thin
295 have flaring rims, short necks without constric
293-4 have similar rims with short narrow cylindri
early Roman unguent bottles found at Aquileia (Calv
B, D, F, G-I) and elsewhere, though the body for
Other first century unguent bottles in the assemb
brightly coloured tubular unguent bottles (nos. 291-
of unguent bottles in the early and mid first centur
period. At least 20 tubular unguent bottles were f
Kephala (Carington Smith 1982, nos. 25-45), and t
at Knossos (unpublished - information from
Herakleion and Aghios Nikolaios. The earliest dated f
southern Switzerland and the Rhineland (Isings 1957
many other regions. Most tubular unguent bott
specimens were also made, particularly in the early
No 296, a tall unguent bottle with a small tr
Hadrianic and later deposit. None came from the
examples have been found in other burials at Kn
MacGillivray and K Wardle), and at Chania and A
were produced in the late first and early second cen
known at Herculaneum (Scatozza Horicht 1986, no
noted in tombs on Siphnos (Mackworth Young 19
(Price 1985B, no. 100), and in late first and second
127-34).
Fragments of seven second and third century Roman unguent bottle types were also found
(nos. 297-8). No. 297, which came from a Severan context, is a blue green unguent bottle with
rolled rim, long cylindrical neck, narrow indented body and small concave base. The form
appears to be without local parallels, though it is known in the western provinces in the mid
second-early third century (Isings 1957, Form 83).
No. 298 was found in a deposit dating from A.D. 150-175, which provides a close date for
this form of tall thin-walled unguent bottle with low conical body. Another is known from a
burial in Knossos (unpublished - information from K. Wardle), and there is also one in
Chania. Closely comparable specimens are known from Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 50.1;
Harden 1955, T 4/19, fig. 24c; Hayes 1975, no. 256) and Aquileia (Calvi 1968, balsamari tipo
C 2, no. 274, pl. L.6), and others at Tipasa (Lancei 1967, Form 17, no. 137) are very similar.
No 299, a tall strongly made unguent bottle with a large hemispherical body, was found in a

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Hadrianic well deposit. Two others came from th

Kephala (Carington Smith 1982, nos. 23-4), an
Chania and Aghios Nikolaios. Large hemispher
1957, Form 28a) occur in many parts of the Rom
Most come from burials, as from Siphnos (Mac
(Vessberg 1956, fig. 48.3-6), Tripolitania (Pric
no. 52), but the form is also found in settlement
Horicht 1986, nos. 212-40).
Miscellaneous vessels
A curving neck or tube with pouring spout (no. 303) was found in a Hadrianic deposit. This
might be part of an unusual askos, or a vessel used to pour liquid into small apertures, perhaps
a lamp-filler, but no close parallels have been found. No. 304 is part of the reservoir and tube of
a convex bodied vessel, probably a funnel, which was found in an early-mid second century
context, and five other fragments of tube were also noted. Fragments of funnels are often
mistaken for unguent bottles or flasks, but in this case the piece preserves the characteristic
curve of the body and the tube is thicker than would be usual in unguent bottles of this size.
Funnels occur at Pompeii and Herculaneum, and are not uncommon in the western provinces
in the later first and early second century A.D. (Isings 1957, Form 74).
CATALOGUE OF THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN GLASS
Abbreviations feather pattern, inside surface rough. Dims 24 x 24; T

4.
BD base diameter
D diameter 3. XI 12, C2, mid 1st A.D. Fr, body. Translucent blue,
Dims dimensions opaque white trails. Cylindrical side. Marvered trails
H height combed into feather pattern, inside surface rough.
Dims 26 x 19; T 3
Fr fragment
L length 4. II 4a; unstratified. Fr, body. Translucent blue,
ND neck diameter opaque white trails. Cylindrical side curving in.
PH present height Marvered trails combed into feather pattern, inside
RD rim diameter surface rough. Dims 26 x 22; T 3.
T thickness
5. VIII 4-6, Trajanic. Fr, body. Translucent blue,
W width
opaque white trails. Cylindrical side. Marvered trails
Wt weight combed into feather pattern, inside surface rough.
measurements are expressed in millimetresDims 19 x 15; T 3-4.
weight is expressed in grams 6. XIII 24a; A2, late 1st B.C./early 1st A.D. Fr, lower
body. Translucent blue, opaque white trails. Slightly
convex side. 3 horizontal marvered trails. Inside
surface rough. Dims 17 x 19; T 2
Core-formed vessels (plate 336)
7. XIII Pit 1, T4, Trajanic. Fr, lower body. Translucent
1. Southwest House XIII 35, early 1st A.D. Fr, neck.
greenish ground, opaque white trails. Slightly convex
Translucent blue, opaque white trails Narrow side. 3 horizontal marvered trails. Inside surface
cylindr-
ical neck expanding out to shoulder. 5 linesrough. Dims 17 x 19; T 3-4.
of spiral
trail marvered nearly flush. Inside surface rough. PH
8. XI 12, C2, mid 1st A.D. Fr, base. Pale green
26; ND 14; T 1.54.
translucent ground, dark yellow-brown translucent
2. XI 14, A2, late 1st B.C./early 1st A.D. Fr, lower body. knob. Very small part of convex lower body, round
Translucent blue, opaque white trails. Cylindrical side knob attached as base terminal. Inside surface rough.
curving in to base. Marvered trails combed into PH 17; max D (knob) 13; T (body) 13.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Cast vessels 16. XIII 23, up to A2, Augustan. Fr, rim, bowl. Light
green. Slightly everted rim, edge rounded, straight
Polychrome mosaic (plate 336) side. 2 narrow horizontal lines on upper body, traces
9. North House, I (E-W baulk); fill below phase I floor, of vertical grooves below. PH 23; RD 120; T 2.5.
1st A.D. Fr, foot, from bowl (?). 'Gold-band'. Dark
Also found: 2 similar rim frs. Contexts: Neronian (1),
blue, strong green-blue (peacock blue), purple and
up to 2nd A.D. (1). 1 green-colourless, 1 blue-green.
opaque white strips, and gold-leaf sandwiched be-
tween 2 colourless layers. Low outsplayed foot; outside 17. XIV 2, unstratified. Fr, body, bowl. Pale blue-green.
surface and base edge ground away and polished, Convex lower body and base. 9 shallow vertical
underside ground and left rough. PH 12; BD 120; T grooves divided by slightly deeper vertical lines,
5-10. terminating above 2 concentric circles on base.
Surfaces ground. PH c. 16; T 1.5-2.
10. North House, north wall of court and II 7; H6,
mid-late 2nd A.D. Fr, body, ribbed bowl. Floral Also found: 2 similar body and base frs. Contexts: up
to Augustan ( 1 ) , Neronian ( 1 ) . 1 colourless, 1 yellow-
mosaic. Opaque white and translucent brown roun-
brown.
dels with opaque white centres; translucent dark blue
with opaque white chips; purple with opaque white; 17A. I (S) 21; late 2nd/early 1st B.C. Fr, base, bowl.
opaque white sandwiched between 2 colourless layers. Yellow-green. Convex base. Circle round 6-pointed
Shoulder and convex side, narrow vertical rib. rosette at centre base. Surfaces ground. Dims 17 x 12;
Shoulder and inside surface ground. Dims 36 x 26; T T 3.
(body) 2-4.
18. XI 27; H30 (floor content) 150-125 B.C. Fr, body,
11. VIII 27, 1st A.D. (mid + ) Fr, lower body and base, hemispherical bowl. Colourless. Convex lower body.
small bowl. Floral mosaic. Translucent purple, Vertical grooves. Inside surface ground. PH c. 32; T 2.
opaque yellow 'raspberries' with opaque white cen- Also found: 3 similar body frs. Contexts: late Classical/
tres, surrounded by yellow chips; base-ring purple,
Hellenistic (1), Hellenistic + Hadrianic (1), late
blue, yellow and white stripes. Convex lower body
2nd/early 3rd A.D. (1). 1 colourless, 2 pale yellow-
and base, applied strip base-ring. PH 13; BD 42; T brown.
2-3.
Also found: X 9, N3 Neronian. Small chip, inside 19. VIII 28 above Floor III; 1-50 A.D. Fr, rim, bowl.
surface only. Floral mosaic. Translucent purple, Pale yellowish. Slightly everted rim, edge rounded,
opaque yellow centre with opaque white petals straight side. 2 narrow horizontal lines below rim
radiating out. Dims 8x9. outside. Surfaces ground. PH 18; RD 120; T 3.5-4.5.
Also found: 3 similar rim frs. Contexts: Neronian (1),
12. XI 3, Hadrianic to mid-2nd A.D. Fr, rim, bowl.
Mottled. Translucent dark blue, opaque white chips.
Trajanic (1), Severan (1). 1 light green, 2 yellow-
brown.
Rim rounded, slightly convex body tapering in. PH c.
18; T 2.5-3. 20. XIV 29; A2, late 1st B.C. early 1st A.D. Fr, rim, bowl.
Deep dark blue. Slightly everted rim, edge rounded,
vertical side. 2 narrow horizontal lines below rim
Monochrome
outside. PH 25; RD c. 120; T 4-5.
Bowls with wheel-cutting on exterior (plates 336, 337, 349)
21. IX 10; mid 1st A.D. Fr, base, bowl. Light green.
13. North House, mixed fill beneath Room VI,
Convex lower body, small slightly concave base.
Hellenistic/Roman. Fr, rim, hemispherical bowl. Horizontal line at junction between body and base.
Light yellow-green. Rim edge rounded outside, flat Surfaces ground. PH 6; BD 40; T 2-4.
inside, thick convex side. 2 triangular leaves in raised
relief, adjacent areas ground away. Inside ground.22. Hellenistic pit fill. Fr, rim, conical bowl. Yellow-
PH
43; RD c. 160; T 5-7. brown. Rim edge rounded, almost straight side
tapering in. 2 horizontal lines below rim, 2 on upper
14. XIV 10, A2, Augustan. Fr, rim, hemispherical bowl. body. Surfaces ground. PH 26; RD 140; T 3-3.5.
Green-colourless. Slightly everted rim, edge rounded,
Also found: similar rim fr. Context: Hellenistic.
convex side. 2 narrow horizontal lines above shallow
Yellow-brown.
vertical grooves on outside surface, narrow horizontal
line below rim on inside surface. Inside ground. PH23. IX 29; Pit 39, mixed Hellenistic fill, 2nd and 1st B.C.
38; RD 140; T 2-5. Fr, rim, heavy conical bowl. Yellow-green. Rim edge
Also found: similar body fr. Context: Hellenistic to rounded outside, slightly convex side tapering in. 2
late 1 B.C. Yellow-brown. narrow horizontal lines below rim, horizontal band on
body, consisting of narrow line, interval, broad line,
15. XII 17, Hellenistic 4- to T4, Trajanic. Fr, rim, bowl. interval, narrow line. Surfaces ground. PH 45; RD
Yellow-brown. Slightly everted rim, edge rounded, 130; T 3.5-4.
convex upper body expanding out. 2 narrow horiz-
24. I
ontal lines at base of rim, traces of vertical grooves on (S) 19; late Hellenistic to early 1st B.C. Fr, rim,
body; narrow horizontal line below rim on inside conical bowl. Yellow-brown. Rim edge rounded,
surface. PH 31; RD 110; T 2-4.5. slightly convex side tapering in. 2 narrow close-set

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
horizontal lines below rim and 2 bands of similar lines

33. Street between walls 'w' and 'az' (lower); 1st A.D. (?
on upper body outside, broad line below rim inside. early). Fr, rim and body. Dark yellow-brown. Rim
Surfaces ground. PH 48; RD 110; T 1.5-4. edge rounded outside, straight side tapering in. One
25. II Pit 3 (wall V), 1st A.D. and to late 2nd/early 3rd line. Surfaces ground. PH 42; RD 150; T 3-5.
A.D. Fr, rim, heavy conical bowl. Yellow-brown. Rim Also found: 5 body frs. Contexts: Hellenistic to 1st
edge rounded outside, slightly convex side tapering in. A.D. (4), to early 2nd A.D. (1). All yellow-green.
2 narrow close-set horizontal lines below rim and 2
34. XIII 27a; A2, Augustan. 2 joined frs, rim and body.
bands of similar lines on upper body outside, narrow
Dark yellow-brown. Rim edge rounded outside,
line below rim inside. Surfaces ground. PH 41; RD
nearly straight side tapering in. Narrow and broad
110; T 2.5-5.
lines. Surfaces ground. PH 21; RD 140; T 3-5.
26. V (E) 3; D3, Hadrianic to late 2nd A.D.; VIII 29, to Also found: 10 similar rim frs., 4 similar body frs.
1st B.C. 2 joining frs, body, heavy conical or Contexts: Late Hellenistic to 1st A.D. (10), 2nd A.D.
hemispherical bowl. Pale yellow-brown. Rim missing, and later (4). 13 Yellow-brown, 1 yellow-green.
slightly convex body tapering in. 2 horizontal bands of
narrow lines on body, broad line inside. PH c. 43; max35. VIII 28; Bl, Tiberian. Fr, rim and body. Blue-green.
Dì. 124; T 3.5-5. Rim rounded, straight side tapering in. Narrow and
broad lines. Surfaces ground. PH 41; RD c. 160; T 6.
Also found: 2 similar body frs. Contexts: Classical, ?
4th B.C. (1), Augustan (1). Both yellow-brown. Also found: 4 similar rim frs. Contexts: Augustan (3),
early 2nd A.D. (1). All blue-green.
27. House of Diamond Frescoes, fill above floor; late 2nd
to 3rd A.D. Fr, rim, bowl. Opaque light blue. Slightly
everted rim, edge rounded, concave upper body. 2
Hemispherical (plate 337)
horizontal ridges below rim outside, 2 close-set broad
36. VII 42; to 1st A.D. (late). Fr, rim and body. Yellow-
lines below rim inside. Surfaces ground. PH 25; T
3.5-4.5. green. Rim edge rounded, slightly convex side
tapering in. 2 lines. Surfaces ground. PH 34; RD 140;
Also found: 4 small body fragments with wheel- T3-4.
cutting outside. Contexts: mixed 1st to 3rd A.D. (1),
Also found: 3 similar rim frs., 1 body fr. Contexts:
unstratified (3). 1 yellow-brown, 1 dark green, 2 deep
Hellenistic-Augustan (3), upper levels (1). 3 yellow-
green-blue (peacock blue).
brown, 1 yellow-green.
28. XIII 15; N2, Neronian. Fr, rim, thin-walled conical or
37. IV 4, Pit 7: ? 2nd A.D. Two joined frs, rim. Yellow-
hemispherical bowl. Deep dark blue. Rim edge
brown. Vertical rim, edge rounded, convex side. 2
rounded, slightly convex side. Ridge on outside rim
broad lines. Surfaces ground. PH 37; RD 120; T
edge. Surfaces ground. PH 36; RD c. 140; T 1.5-2.5. 2.5-4.
29. Southwest House Room I, XIII 22; early-mid 1st Also found: 14 similar rim frs., 2 body frs. Contexts:
A.D. Fr, body, ? bowl. Opaque red. Slightly convex Hellenistic to 1st A.D. (10), 2nd A.D. and upper levels
lower body. Vertical ribs and grooves above 3 close-set (4), unstratified (2). 13 yellow-brown, 3 yellow-green.
concentric circles on base. Dims 22 x 16; T 23.
Heavy bowls, horizontal wheel-cut lines below rim inside Shallow (plates 337, 338)
Conical (plate 337) 38. XIV 2; unstratified. Fr, rim and body. Dark grey-
30. XIV 11, A2, Augustan. Fr, rim and body. Green- blue. Rounded rim, convex side. 2 lines. Rim edge and
colourless, some pink to purple streaks. Rounded rim, inside ground. PH 30; RD c. 140; T 2-4.5.
almost straight side tapering in. Broad and narrow
39. VIII 29; Hellenistic (175-150 B.C. + mixed 1st B.C.)
lines. Surfaces ground. PH 52; RD 140; T 2.5-4.5.
Fr, rim and body. Yellow-brown. Rounded rim,
Also found: 7 similar frs. Contexts: late Hellenistic to
convex side. 2 lines; rim edge and inside ground. PH
1st A.D. (6), Severan (1). 3 yellow-brown, 4 light 45; RD-;T 1.5-4.
green.
40. XI 4; A2, Augustan. Fr, rim. Yellow-green. Rounded
31. North House, cist; Rl, later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim and
rim, convex body. 2 lines; rim edge and inside ground.
body. Purple-grey/colourless. Rim edge rounded PH 40; RD 120; T 2-4.5.
outside, straight side tapering in. 3 deeply cut lines.
Also found: 4 similar rim frs. Contexts: Augustan. All
Surfaces ground. PH 55; RD 170; T 2.5-8.
yellow-green.
Also found: 2 similar fragments. Context: Augustan.
Yellow-green.
32. I (N) 15, H34; 100-50 B.C. Fr, rim and body. Yellow-Cylindrical (plate 338)
colourless. Rim edge rounded outside, straight side 41. Pit 65; late 2nd/early 1st B.C. 2 joined frs, rim and
tapering in. Narrow and broad lines; also, broad band body. Pale yellow-brown. Slightly inturned rim,
of wheel-cut lines on body inside. Surfaces ground. PH vertical straight side. Narrow line. Rim edge and
51; RDf. 160; T 4-5. inside ground. PH 53; RD 120; T 2-3.5.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Thin-walled bowls, horizontal wheel-cut

Also: similarlines below
fr. Augustan context.rim
Green-colourless.
inside
Also found: 15 other frs., hemispherical bowls.
Tall bowls with everted rims (plate 338) Contexts: Hellenistic to 1st B.C. (3), Augustan (1),
42. VIII 8; to mid 1st A.D. Fr, rim. Yellow-brown. Tiberian (3), Claudian (1), 1st cent A.D. (2), 1st 3rd
Slightly everted rim, edge pointed, upper body A.D. (1), Trajanic (1), unstratified (3).
cylindrical. Narrow line. Ground band below rim
outside. PH 27; RD 150; T 2.5-4. Shallow bowls (plate 338)
50. XI 14; A2 Augustan. Fr, rim and upper body. Green-
Also: similar fr. Augustan context. Green-colourless.
colourless. Rim edge pointed, side convex. Broad line
43. Southwest House; Cl, mid 1st A.D. Fr, rim and upper below rim, narrow line on body. Ground band below
rim outside. PH 33; RD 140; T 2-3.
body. Mid-blue. Slightly everted rim, edge rounded,
upper body convex. Narrow lines below rim and on Also found: 3 similar frs. Contexts: Tiberian (1),
body. Ground band below rim outside. H 35; RD 120; Neronian to mid-2nd A.D. (1), 1st A.D. ? (1). 2
T 1.5-3. yellow-brown, 1 green-colourless.
Also: similar fr. Tiberian context. Colourless.
Bowls without wheel-cut lines (plate 338)
44. VIII 8 wall 'x'; 1st A.D. 2 joining frs, rim and upper
body. Green-colourless. Slightly everted rim, edge 51. XIV 15; Augustan, to 50 A.D. Fr, rim and upper
rounded, upper body convex. Broad line below rim, 2 body, conical bowl. Yellow-brown. Rim edge
narrow close-set lines on body. Ground band below rounded, straight side tapering in. Surfaces ground.
rim outside. PH 37; RD 110; T 1.5-3. PH 29; RD 140; T 3-4.5.
Also: similar fr. Neronian context. Yellow-brown. 52. VII 4a Pit 1; S2 Severan. Fr, rim and upper body,
shallow cylindrical bowl. Green-colourless. Rim edge
45. North House, phase 1, D2; Hadrianic, and to later
rounded, straight upper side, convex lower body.
2nd A.D. Fr, rim and upper body. Purple. Slightly Surfaces ground. PH 30; RD c. 160; T 2-3.
everted rim, edge rounded, upper body convex. Broad
line below rim, 2 narrow close-set lines on body. Also found: 46 body frs., cast bowls. Contexts:
Ground band below rim outside. PH 43; RD 100; T Hellenistic- 1st cent A.D. (12), Augustan (14),
1-3. Tiberian (5), Claudian (8), Neronian (3),
Also found: 4 similar frs. Contexts: Hellenistic + later
Trajanic/Hadrianic (4), Severan (1), unstratified (1).
32 yellow-brown, 1 blue-green, 8 green-colourless, 7
2nd A.D. (1), Claudian (1), Neronian (1), Hadrianic yellow-green.
+ (1). All yellow-brown.
Ribbed bowls, wheel-cut lines inside (plates 339, 340, 349)

Hemispherical bowls (plate 338) 53. VIII 28; Bl Tiberian. Fr, rim and upper body, deep
46. II pit 2; to 2nd A.D. ? Fr, rim and upper body. bowl. Pale yellow-brown. Everted rim, edge rounded,
Yellow-brown. Vertical rim, edge pointed, side convex side. Close-set, prominent, vertical ribs,
convex and tapering in. Broad line below rim, narrow flattened tops. Broad line below rim, 2 narrow close-
line on body. Ground band below rim outside. PH 34; set lines on body. Shoulder outside partly ground. PH
RD 120; T 1.5-2.5. 49; RD 120; T (body) 1.5-4.
47. XI 14; A2 Augustan. 2 joining frs, rim and upper 54. VIII 28, VIII 8; Bl Tiberian, to mid 1st A.D. 5 frs,
body. Deep green-blue (peacock blue). Vertical rim, rim and body, deep bowl. Dark blue. Everted rim,
edge pointed, side convex and tapering in. Broad line edge rounded, convex side. Vertical ribs, rounded
below rim, 2 narrow lines on body. Ground band tops. Narrow line below rim, 2 narrow close-set lines
below rim outside. PH 45; RD 120; T 1.5-2.5. on body. Shoulder outside partly ground. PH c. 66;
Also found: 9 similar frs. Contexts: Augustan (3), to RD 110; T 1.5-5.
mid 1st A.D. (3), Claudian (1), to mid 3rd A.D. (1),
55. V 3, 4; Hellenistic, and to 2nd A.D., D 1/2 -
unstratified (1). 5 Yellow-brown, 3 peacock blue, 1
green-colourless.
Hadrianic. 2 joined frs, rim and body, deep bowl.
Yellow-brown. Everted rim, edge rounded, convex
48. VIII 29; 2nd cent B.C. (2nd quarter), and to 1st B.C. side. Close-set vertical ribs in low relief. Broad line
3 joined frs, rim and upper body. Yellow-brown. below rim. Shoulder outside partly ground. PH 47;
Vertical rim, edge pointed, side convex and tapering RD 100; T 1.5-4.
in. Broad line below rim, 2 narrow lines on body. Also found: 2 similar frs. Neronian, Hadrianic
Ground band below rim outside. PH 37; RD 110; T contexts. Both pale green.
1.5-2.5.
56. XI 14; A2 Augustan. Fr, rim and body, hemispherical
Also: similar fr. Augustan context, green-colourless.
bowl. Yellow-green. Everted rim, edge rounded,
49. I (S) 16; C2, Claudian. Fr, rim and upper body. Mid- convex side. Short, unevenly spaced vertical ribs,
blue. Vertical rim, edge rounded, side convex. Line rounded tops, extending to mid-body. Line below rim.
below rim inside. Ground band below rim outside. PH Shoulder outside ground overall, tool/ mould-marks
28; RD 100; T 2.5-3.5. survive. PH 46; RD 130; T 1.5-4.5.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Also found: 20 similar frs. Contexts: Hellenistic to mid Deep yellow-brown. Vertical rounded rim, flattened
1st A.D. (5), Augustan (5), Tiberian (5), Neronian outside, convex side. Widely spaced, short, very
(1), Flavian (1), 1st A.D. (1), late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. prominent ribs, rounded tops, on mid body only. 2
(1), unstratified (1). 14 yellow-brown, 5 greenish lines below rim. Shoulder outside unevenly ground.
colourless, 1 yellow-green. PH 54; RD 160 ; T 36.
Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts: Augustan (1),
57. Ill Wall (c) East Bastion removing Street I fill; late 1st
early-mid 1st A.D. (2), Flavian (1), unstratified (1). 3
A.D. Fr, rim and body, hemispherical bowl. Light
yellow-green, 2 yellow-brown.
green. Everted rim, edge rounded, convex side. Close-
set small ribs in low relief, rounded tops. Line below 65. XI 16; A2 Augustan. Fr, rim and body, conical bowl.
rim. Shoulder outside ground. PH 37; RD 130; T 3-6. Light green. Rim rounded, slightly convex side.
Widely spaced, short, prominent ribs, rounded tops. 2
58. XI 14; A2 Augustan. Fr, rim and body, hemispherical
lines below rim. Shoulder outside mostly ground. PH
bowl. Yellow-brown. Everted rim, edge rounded,
40; RD 160; T 3-6.
convex side. Close-set short ribs in low relief on body.
Broad wheel-cut line below rim. Shoulder outside 66. Fill beneath North House, V 5; mixed Classical to
partly ground. PH 53; RD 150; T 2-5. Roman. 2 joined frs, rim, body and base, shallow
Also found: 19 similar frs. Contexts: Augustan (7), bowl. Yellow-green. Rim rounded, flattened outside,
Tiberian (1), Claudian (4), Trajanic (1), to late 2nd convex side. Uneven widely spaced, short prominent
A.D. (4), Severan (1), unstratified (1). 15 yellow- ribs, rounded tops. 2 broad lines below rim, 2 on body.
brown, 2 yellow-green, 1 green-colourless. Depressions on shoulder outside, slight evidence for
grinding. PH 55; RD 140; T 2.5-6.
59. XIV 11; A2 Augustan. Fr, rim and upper body, Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts: Hellenistic to
hemispherical bowl. Yellow-green. Everted rim, edge
rounded, convex side. Close-set short diagonal ribs in
Neronian (1), Augustan (1), 1st to 3rd A.D. (1),
low relief, rounded tops. Line below rim. Shoulder
Severan (1), unstratified (1). 4 yellow-brown, 1
yellow-green.
outside ground. PH 36; RD 130; T 4.
67. XI 16; A2, Augustan. Fr, rim and body, conical bowl.
60. XII 12, removal Wall 'ec/j'; late 1st B.C. Fr, rim and
body, very heavy hemispherical bowl. Yellow-green.
Light green. Rounded rim, almost straight side
tapering in. Uneven widely spaced, short prominent
Vertical rim, diagonal flat face outside, convex side.
ribs, indented tops. 2 broad lines below rim. Shoulder
Short close-set vertical ribs in low relief, upper body
outside ground for 6mm. PH 53; RD 120; T 1.5-7.
only. Narrow line below rim. Small area below rim
Also found: 4 similar frs. Contexts: mixed Hellenistic
outside ground. PH 53; RD 120; T 1-6.
(1), Augustan (1), 150 A.D. (1), to 3rd A.D. (1). 3
61. XIII 20; early-mid 1st A.D. Fr, rim and body, light green, 1 yellow-green.
hemispherical bowl. Yellow-brown. Vertical rim,
diagonal flat face outside, convex side. Short close-set 68. XIII 10, upper fill in Southwest House, Room I; to
vertical ribs in low relief. 2 lines below rim. Small area late 1st A.D. Fr, rim and body, hemispherical bowl.
below rim outside ground, depressions visible. PH 40; Pale green. Vertical rounded rim, slightly convex side.
RD 140; T 2-4. Prominent rib, rounded top. Narrow line below rim, 2
Also found: 6 similar frs. Contexts: Hellenistic to closely set on body. Deep shoulder, mostly ground,
some depressions. PH 38; RD -; T 34.
lst/2nd A.D. (5), Augustan (1). 5 blue-green, 1
Also found: 31 other cast ribbed frs. Contexts: 4th-3rd
yellow-brown.
B.C. (1), 2nd-lst B.C. (5), Augustan (7), early-mid
62. VIII 29; Hellenistic, 175-150 B.C., + mixed to 1st 1st A.D. (7), lst-early 2nd A.D. (4), late 2nd-3rd
B.C. 3 joined frs, rim and body, hemispherical bowl. A.D. (4), unstratified (3). 21 yellow-brown, 5 green-
Yellow-green. Vertical rim, edge flat outside, convex colourless, 2 yellow-green, 2 light green, 1 dark blue.
side. Short well-defined ribs, rounded tops. 2 broad
lines below rim. Small area below rim outside patchily
ground overall. PH 59; RD 160; T 1.5-4.5. Pillar Moulded Bowls; Blue-green (plates 340, 349)
Also found: 1 1 similar frs. Contexts: Augustan (11). 11 69. XII 14; 1st A.D. to mid-2nd A.D. 3 joining frs, body,
yellow-green. deep bowl. Convex side. Uniform prominent ribs,
ground sloping tops. Inside ground, shoulder ground
63. XI 16; A2 Augustan. 2 frs, rim and body, hemispher-
to ribs. PH45;T 1.5-4.5.
ical bowl. Yellow-green. Thick vertical rim, diagonal
flat faces to edge, convex side. Broad well-defined ribs, Also found: 2 similar frs. Early 2nd A.D. Blue-green.
rounded tops, extending to lower body. 2 broad lines 70. I (N) 11, I (S) 12, 12a; later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim and
below rim. Shoulder outside ground. PH 58; RD 140; body, hemispherical bowl. Rounded rim, convex side.
T 2.5-7.
Uniform, widely spaced ribs extending to lower body,
Also found: 7 similar frs. Contexts: Augustan (4), rounded tops. Inside ground, shoulder lightly ground
Tiberian (1), Neronian (1), unstratified (1). 3 yellow- to ribs. PH 46; RD 120; T 1-4.
brown, 2 yellow-green, 1 green-colourless. Also found: 4 similar frs. Contexts: Hadrianic to late
64. XI 15; A2 Augustan. Fr, rim and body, shallow bowl. 2nd A.D. (2), to 4th A.D. (1), unstratified (1).

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
71. XIII 15; N2, Neronian. Fr, rim and body,

vertical base-ring, shallow
flat base. Surfaces ground. PH 40;
bowl. Rounded rim, low convex side.
RD 220; T 2. Uniform well-
defined ribs extending to lower body, ground tops.
79. X 2, Pit 1; D6, Hadrianic. Fr, rim and body, small
Inside ground, shoulder ground to ribs. PH 42; RD
160; T 2-4. bowl. Everted diagonal rim, edge rounded, convex
side. Surfaces ground. PH 23; RD 130; T 0.5-2.
Also found: 10 similar body frs. Contexts: early to mid
Also found: 2 similar rims. Hadrianic contexts.
1st A.D. (3), 1st A.D. (2), 2nd A.D. (4), unstratified
80. VII 9; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and body, small
hemispherical bowl. Everted diagonal rim, rounded
72. X 10, 1 1; A2, Augustan. 2 frs, body and base, shallow
edge,
bowl. Low convex side, concave convex side.
base. Surfaces ground.
Uniform PH 18; RD 80; T
short
1.
close-set ribs on mid body only. Inside ground,
shoulder ground to tops ofAlso found: 3 similar frs. Hadrianic contexts.
ribs; two concentric
wheelcut circles and central ring inside base. PH c. 19 ;
81. VII 9; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and body, small conical
T2-3.
bowl. Almost horizontal everted rim, edge rounded,
Also found: similar body fr. Flavian context. almost straight side. Upper surface of rim convex
between ridges, lower surface flat. Surfaces ground.
13 unclassified body fragments. Contexts: early-mid
1st A.D. (8), Hadrianic (2), Severan (1). PH 20; RD96;T 1.5-3.
Also found: 25 unclassified frs. Contexts: 1st A.D. (3);
early 2nd A.D. (12), late 2nd-3rd A.D. (5), unstrati-
Colourless fied (5).
Bowls with overhanging rims (plate 340)82. VII 42; to late 1st A.D., Flavian. 2 joined frs, base.
73. XII 2; 2nd A.D. Fr, rim. Horizontal everted rim with Vertical base ring, flat base. 2 close-set concentric
overhang, rounded edge. Upper and lower surfaces wheel-cut lines on underside of base. Surfaces ground.
flat, ridges on upper surface at overhang and body PH 10; RD 120; T 3.
junctions. Surfaces ground. PH 8; RD c. 230; T 3. 83. XIII 4; D6, Hadrianic. Small fr, base, bowl (?). Flat
Also found; similar fr. Context: early 2nd A.D. base. Central raised circle and dot. Surfaces ground.
Dims 26 x 17; T 2.
74. XI 8; T4, Trajanic. 3 frs, 2 joined, rim and body.
Horizontal everted rim with overhang, edge rounded, 84. XIV 1; Trajanic. Small fr, base, bowl (?). Flat base.
shallow convex side. Upper and lower surfaces flat, Curving facet-cut design. Surfaces ground. Dims
ridges at overhang and body junctions. Surfaces 26 x 17; T 2.
ground. PH 13; RD c. 220; T 1.5-2.
85. XII 8; D5, Hadrianic. 2 joined frs, body and base.
75. XIII 4; D6, Hadrianic. 2 joined frs, rim and body. Carination above flat lower body and base; high base-
Diagonal everted rim with overhang, rounded edge, ring. Surfaces ground. PH 15; BD 100; T 2
almost straight side tapering in. Upper surface convex Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts: Hadrianic (4),
between ridges at overhang and body junctions, lower Severan (1).
surface flat. Surfaces ground. PH 19; RD 200; T 1-2.
Also found; 2 similar frs. Contexts: 2nd century. 86. XII 2; 2nd A.D. 2 joined frs, body and base. Lower
body tapering in, flat base; high base-ring. Surfaces
76. XII 2; 2nd to early 3rd A.D. Fr, rim, small bowl. ground. PH 16; BD 70; T 2-3.
Wide everted diagonal rim with overhang, rounded Also found: similar fr. Unstratified.
edge. Upper surface convex between ridges at
overhang and body junctions, lower surface flat. Segmental and Conical Bowls (plate 341)
Surfaces ground. PH 8; RD 120; T 3.
87. VIII 6; T3, Trajanic, mixed with later 2nd A.D. 2
Also found: similar fr. Severan context.
joined frs, rim and body, segmental bowl. Rounded
77. XIII lib; F2, Flavian. 6 frs, some joining, rim, body rim, convex side. 2 close-set horizontal ridges on body
and base. Everted diagonal rim with overhang, outside, narrow line below rim inside. Surfaces
rounded edge, shallow straight side tapering in, low ground. PH 28; RD 180; T 1.5.
vertical base-ring, flat base. Upper surface of rim 88. XI 9; T4, Trajanic. Fr, rim and body, segmental
slightly concave, lower surface flat. Surfaces ground. bowl. Rounded rim, convex side. 2 close-set ridges at
PH 13 (base), 8 (rim); RD 180; BD 120; T 1-2. rim outside. Surfaces ground. PH 32; RD c. 180; T 1.
Also found: 2 frs with overhanging rim. Contexts: Also found: 2 frs, similar bowls. Contexts: mid 2nd
Hadrianic and Severan.
B.C. (1), 2nd A.D. (1).
89. VIII 6; T3 + , to late 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, small conical
Bowls with outsplayed rims (plates 340, 341, 349) bowl. Slightly everted rim, rounded edge, straight side
78. VIII 6; T3, Trajanic and mixed, to late 2nd A.D. 3 tapering in. Narrow line below rim inside. Surfaces
joined frs, rim, body and base. Everted diagonal rim, ground. PH 19; RD 120; T 1-2.
edge rounded, shallow convex side tapering in, low Also found: similar rim fr. Severan context.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
100.joined
90. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 2 VII 5; S2, Severan.
frs, rim Fr, body,
and hemispherical
body, bowl.
conical bowl. Rounded rim,Yellow-green.
almost Convexstraight sidein. Close-set
side, tapering
tapering in. Surfaces ground. PH vertical
narrow c. 40; RD ending
ribbing, c. 120;
above T
narrow horiz-
1.5-3. ontal moulding on lower body. Dims 33 x 29; T
0.5-2.5.
Miscellaneous Forms (plates 341, 349) 101. Ill 7; 2nd A.D. Fr, body, shallow bowl. Pale blue-
green. Cylindrical and convex side tapering in. Close-
91. I (S) 17; A2, Augustan; I (S) 15; Neronian. 2 joined
set narrow vertical ribbing. PH 24; T 2.
frs, rim, jar (?) Grey-green colourless. Everted
diagonal rim, thick square-sectioned edge, cylindrical 102. XIV 7; C2, Claudian. Fr, body, hemispherical or
neck. Lower surface of rim ground flat, wheel-cut line shallow bowl. Pale blue-green. Slightly convex lower
on upper surface. PH 16; RD 88; T 2-6. body tapering in, base edge. Close-set narrow vertical
ribs on body, rounded terminals, raised ridge at base
92. VIII 28; Bl, Tiberian. Fr, handle, cup. Expanded
edge. PH c. 9; T 2-3.
upper projection and holding loop, winged handle.
Carved, ground and polished. PH 11; width of wing 103. XIII 5a; Neronian ( + ). Fr, body and base, hemisph-
17; T 2. erical bowl. Dark blue. Wide lower body, concave
base. Close-set narrow vertical ribs, rounded ter-
minals; 3 concentric rings on base. Vertical mould-
Miscellaneous Monochrome Vessels seam on body. PH 1 1; BD 60; T 3-6.
(plate 341) 104. X 7; F2, Flavian to late 1st A.D. Fr, body and base,
93. I 15; Hellenistic (mid 1st B.C.), and 1st A.D. ovoid cup (?). Blue-green. Slightly convex side
(Neronian). Fr, base, bowl or plate. Yellow-green. tapering in, small concave base. Narrow vertical ribs
Wide lower body, flat base, vertical base-ring. Broad on body, rounded terminals; faint horizontal mould-
wheel-cut line on upper surface outside base-ring. ing on lower body, raised ridge at base edge, central
Surfaces ground. PH 13; BD c, 90; T 1.5-2.5. dot. PH 12; BD 36; T 1-2.
94. XIII 13; top of Cl, Claudian. Fr, base, bowl or plate.105. XIII 10, later 1st A.D. fill, Southwest House, Room I;
Blue-green. Flat base, diagonal base-ring. Surfaces Flavian. 2 joined frs, body, hexagonal unguent bottle.
ground. PH 13; BD 60; T 2.5-5. Pale blue-green. Vertical side tapering in, base edge. 3
panels of decoration separated by horizontal ridges;
Also found: body fr, unknown form. 2nd-lst cent B.C.
boss, footed vessel containing 3 oval bosses, triangular
context. Pale green.
moulding; low ridge at base edge. Vertical mould-
95. VII 68; T4/H6, to Hadrianic. Fr, body and base, seam. PH 46; T 1-2.
beaker (?). Pale green. Straight side tapering in,
106. X 9; N3, Neronian. Fr, neck and shoulder, unguent
slightly everted low base-ring, flat base. Inside base
bottle. Pale blue-green. Small cylindrical neck, convex
convex curved. Surfaces ground. PH 24; BD 50; T
1.5-5. shoulder expanding out. Parts of 2 loops of arcading
with rounded tops, one containing vertical oval.
Vertical mould-seam on neck. PH c. 25; Neck D 14; T
1.
Decorated Mould-Blown Vessels
107. II Baulk below Wall 'a'; 2nd A.D. Fr, shoulder,
(plates 341, 349)
unguent bottle. Pale blue-green. Convex shoulder
96. VI 2; S 2, Severan. Fr, rim and body, cylindrical cup.
expanding out, raised oval loop containing circular
Pale green. Curved rim, edge missing, vertical side.
motif; horizontal ridge below. Vertical mould-seam on
Row of diagonal ears of barley between horizontalneck. PHf. 15; T 1.
cordon on body below rim and two horizontal cordons
on lower body. PH 49; RD c. 88; T 1-1.5. 108. VIII 4; T1/H6, Trajanic/Hadrianic. Fr, lower body,
unguent bottle. Blue-green. Convex side tapering in,
97. I (S) 21; late 2nd-early 1st B.C. Fr, rim, hemispher-
small flat base. Bosses and triangular motif. Mould-
ical cup. Pale blue-green. Curved rim, edge cracked
seam on body and across base. PH 9; BD c. 28; T 1-2.
off and ground smooth; slightly convex side. Two
narrow horizontal cordons below rim, circle with 3
1 09. XI 1 1 3 1 a, post-Claudian fill, Southwest House, Room
short spikes below cordons. PH 25; RD 80; T 1-1.5.I; later 1st A.D. Fr, body, hexagonal unguent bottle.
98. Ill 10; mixed Hellenistic-Roman. Fr, rim, cup. Pale Yellow-brown. Parts of 2 vertical sides. Raised design;
yellow-green, small curved rim, edge cracked off and amphorisk with ovoid body and foot, angular motif;
ground smooth, slightly convex side. Traces of verticalridges at angles and bottom edges of sides. PH 35; T
1-2.
raised design on body. PH 15; RD 80; T 0.5-1.
1 10.
99. X 9; N3, Neronian. Fr, rim, hemispherical bowl. X/XI baulk 4; F2, Flavian. Fr, body, unguent bottle.
Blue-
green. Vertical rim, edge cracked off and ground,Pale blue-green. Thin convex side, close-set small
inward bevel, convex side; thick walls. Close-setraised bosses in quincunx. Dims 28 x 14; T less than
narrow vertical ribbing. PH 27; RD c. 120; T 3. 0.5.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Square bottles (plates 341, 342, 350)

122. II 4a; late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. Fr, body, small ribbed
111. VII 5; S2, Severan. 2 joining frs, base. Green- bowl. Yellow-brown, opaque white trail. Convex side
colourless. Slightly concave base, edges of 2 sides. Part expanding out; vertical rib. Marvered spiral trail.
of 2 hollow lozenges with extended terminals, circular Dims 22 x 19; T 2-3.
motif with central ring, ? wreath. Dims 62 x 68; width
123. XI 5; mixed, 1st and 3rd A.D. Fr, body, small ribbed
of side 66; T 16.5.
bowl. Pale yellow-brown, opaque white trail. Convex
112. XII 9; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, lower body and base, side expanding out. Marvered spiral trail. Dims
square bottle. Blue-green. Parts of 3 vertical sides, 19x21; T 1.5.
concave base. Small ring and central pellet at each 124. XIII 19a; N2, Neronian. Fr, base, small ribbed bowl.
corner, larger ring and pellet at centre. PH 15; Width
Strong yellow-brown, opaque white trail. Wide lower
ofsides52x53;T 1-2.
body, flat base. Marvered spiral trail. Dims 31 x 42; T
1.5-2.
113. XII 9; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, lower body and base,
square bottle. Blue-green. Part of vertical side, Also found: similar rim fr. 1st, + late 2nd/early 3rd
concave base. Small ring and 'tail' near corner, larger A.D. context. Purple, opaque white.
ring and pellet at centre. PH 7; Dims 40x40; T
1.5-3.5. 125. I 6, unstratified. Fr, rim, jar. Purple, opaque white
trail. Everted rim, edge rounded, constriction below
114. 14; unstratified, to mid 3rd A.D. Fr, lower body and rim, convex side expanding out. Trail on rim edge.
base, square bottle. Blue-green. Part of vertical side, PH 20; RD 96; T 0.5-2.
concave base. Small ring and central pellet near
corner, edge of ring at centre. PH 8; Dims 44 x 27; T126. VIII 8; to mid 1st A.D. Fr, rim, bowl. Blue-green,
1-1.5. opaque white trail. Everted rim, rounded edge, side
expanding out. Unmarvered spiral trail on body. PH
115. VIII 4; to Hadrianic. Fr, base, square bottle. Blue- 11; RD 104; T 1-2.
green. Angle of side, concave base. Large circle Also found: 3 similar body frs. Contexts: Flavian (1),
enclosing 4 lines and pellet. PH 9; Dims 42 x 45; T 6. 2nd A.D. (2). Colours: blue-green, opaque white (2),
1 16. XII 2; 2nd to early 3rd A.D.; X 2, Pit 1; Hadrianic. 2 dark blue, opaque white (1).
joining frs, base, square bottle. Blue-green. Concave 127. X 7; F2. Fr, body and base Blue-green, opaque white
base. 4 concentric circles. Dims 56 x 47; T 2-4. streaks, opaque light blue. Convex side curving in, flat
117. XII 2; 2nd to early 3rd A.D. Fr, base, square bottle. base. Unmarvered blue trail at body/base junction.
Blue-green. Concave base. 3 concentric circles. Dims PH 8; T 2-2.5.
32x52;T 1.5-5. 128. Ill; R2, mid/late 2nd A.D. Fr, body and base, bowl.
118. XII 1; unstratified, to mid/late 3rd A.D. Fr, base, Yellow-brown, opaque white streaks. Wide convex
square bottle. Blue-green. Angle of side, concave base. lower body tapering in, tubular base-ring, concave
2 concentric circles, large central pellet. PH 7; Dims base, pontil mark. Marvered opaque white streaks.
47x33;T 1-3. PH 10;BD46;T 1.5 + .
129. XIII 28, Southwest House, Room I, Final phase;

119. VIII 7, Pit 4; Fl, Flavian. 6 joining frs, body and base,
small thin-walled square bottle. Blue-green; very Severan. Fr, body. Colourless, dark green trail.
bubbly. Convex shoulder, vertical sides, flat base. Convex side, thick unmarvered curving trail. Dims
Careless circle, central pellet. PH 44; width of sides 20 x 15; T 0.5 (wall), 3 (trail).
34x38; T 0.5-1.5.
Cylindrical Bottle (plate 342) Monochrome: Decorated

1 20. IV (N) 3; Hadrianic and to later 2nd A.D. 5 joined frs,
Facet Cutting; Colourless (plate 342)
base. Pale green-colourless. Vertical side, flat base.
Large circle, central pellet. Mould-seam on side. PH 130. X 2, Pit 1; early/mid 2nd A.D. (Hadrianic). 2 frs,
5; BD 80; T 0.5-2. body, tall cylindrical or conical drinking cup. Vertical
side tapering in, outsplayed base-ring. 2 bands of large
vertical oval facets, separated by plain zone bounded
by horizontal ridges. Horizontal ridge below decor-
ation zone. Outside surface ground away to produce
Blown Vessels ridges and base-ring. PH c. 96; Body D c. 72; T 1.5-6.
Polychrome (plates 342, 350) Also found: similar fr. 2nd/3rd A.D. context.
121. V (E) 2, North House, phase II; S2, Severan. Fr,

131. VII 42. Fr, body, tall cylindrical or conical drinking
body, small ribbed bowl. Royal blue, opaque white
cup. Vertical side. 2 bands of close-set long narrow
trail. Convex side expanding out; 2 vertical ribs vertical oval facets, separated by plain zone bounded
depending from shoulder. Marvered spiral trail on by horizontal ridges. PH 42; Body D c. 66; T 2.5-3.5.
shoulder and tops of ribs. Dims 23 x 34; T 0.5-2. Also found: similar fr. Later 2nd A.D. context.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
132. XI 7; early 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, abraded band

body, on body.
tall PH c. 62; max D c. 90; T or
cylindrical
conical drinking cup. Vertical 1.5-4.5.
side. 2 bands of facet-
cutting separated by plain zone bounded
Also found: 4 similar frs.by horiz-
Contexts: Claudian (2),
ontal ridges; a) small vertical Neronian
oval (1),
facet with pointed
Trajanic/Hadrianic (1). Blue-green.
terminals, b) close-set large vertical oval facets. PH 36;
Body D c. 66; T 3. 141. XIV 15; C2, Claudian. Fr, rim, thin-walled hemisph-
erical cup. Pale blue-green. Rim edge cracked off and
133. Unstratified. Fr, body, conical drinking
ground, convex side. Broad linecup. Weath-
on rim and body. PH
ered; very thin glass. Straight side tapering in.
38; RD80;T 1.5-2.5.
Horizontal ridge above 2 circular facets. PH c. 20; T
1-1.5. 142. XIII 17c; N2, Neronian. Fr, rim, thin-walled hemis-
pherical cup. Blue-green. Rim edge cracked off and
1 34. XIII 1 1 b; F2, Flavian. Fr, body, conical drinking cup. ground. Slightly convex side curving in. 4 abraded
Straight side tapering in. 2 rows of circular facets, bands on rim and body. PH 43; RD 80; T 1.
close-set to produce diamonds, above horizontal ridge. Also found: 58 similar frs. Contexts: Claudian (2),
PHt. 38; T 1.5-5.
Neronian (18), Flavian (4), late lst/early 2nd A.D.
135. XII 4, Pit 2; Hadrianic. Fr, body, conical drinking (24), late 2nd/3rd A.D. (6), unstratified (4). Colours:
cup. Straight side. 3 rows of vertical oval facets, close- 1 purple, 1 pale yellow, 1 yellow-brown, 1 dark blue, 3
set to produce long hexagons. Dims 28 x 18; T 1 .5-2.5. dark green, 4 pale green, 11 yellow-green, 36 blue-
green.
Also found: 3 similar frs. Contexts: Flavian (1), 2nd
A.D. (2). 143. XI 3; Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, base, thin-walled hemisph-
erical cup (?) . Blue-green. Small concave base, central
'kick'. PH6;BD26;T 1-1.5.
Facet and Linear Cutting; Colourless (plate 342) Also found: similar base fr. Unstratified. Yellow-
136. XII 8; D5, Hadrianic. 2 frs, rim and body, hemispher- green.
ical bowl. Greenish tinge. Curved rim, edge cracked
off and ground, convex side curving in. 2 narrow lines 144. XIII 13; Top of Cl, Claudian ( + ). Fr, rim,
on rim, broad line on upper body, 3 rows of vertical hemispherical cup. Pale purple-colourless. Slightly
oval facets, close-set to form diamonds, broad line on everted curved rim, edge cracked off and ground,
lower body, row of circular facets near base. H convex side. 2 narrow lines at rim. PH 32; RD 80; T
(reconstructed) 56; RD 132; T 2-4. 1.5-2.
Also found: similar rim fr. Early 2nd A.D. context. Also found; 9 similar frs. Contexts: Neronian (3),
Hadrianic (5), Severan (1). 1 purple, 1 yellow-green,
137. X West Baulk; unstratified. Fr, rim, hemispherical 3 blue-green, 4 pale green.
bowl. Curved rim, edge cracked off and ground,
convex side. 2 narrow lines on rim and upper body, 145. XIV 29; A2, late 1st B.C.-early 1st A.D. Fr, rim, cup
oval or circular facet below. PH 40; RD 1 18; T 2. (?). Pale blue-green. Curved rim, edge cracked off and
Also found: 2 frs, similar bowls. Contexts: 1st A.D. (?), ground, convex side. 2 abraded bands below rim. PH
early 3rd A.D.
16; RD 90; T 1-3.
146. XV 4; 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, thin- walled hemispherical
bowl. Pale green. Curved rim, edge cracked off and
ground, convex side. 2 bands of abraded lines on rim
Linear Cutting and Abrasion; Coloured and Blue-
and body. PH 32; RD 100; T 1.
green (plates 342, 343)
Also found; 4 similar frs. Contexts: late lst/early 2nd
138. VII E Baulk; early 2nd A.D. 2 frs, rim, body, base,
A.D. (2), Severan (1), unstratified (1). 2 blue-green. 2
thick-walled cylindrical cup. Light green. Inturned
pale green.
rim, edge cracked off and ground, slightly convex side,
concave base. Broad and narrow lines at rim, narrow,
broad and narrow on body, 2 narrow above base. H Linear Cutting and Abrasion; Colourless (plate 343)
64; RD 70; T 1.5-4.5. 147. XIII 4, XIII 5; late lst/early 2nd A.D., to Hadrianic.
Also found: 6 similar frs. Contexts: Claudian (1), 3 joined frs, rim, cup. Curved rim, edge cracked off
Flavian (2), lst-early 2nd A.D. (2), unstratified (1). 2 and ground, straight side. 2 narrow lines at rim. PH
pale yellow, 4 blue-green. 14;RD94;T 1.
139. XIII 16; Cl, Claudian. 2 joined frs, rim and body, 148. XIII 4, XIII 5; late lst/early 2nd A.D., to Hadrianic.
thick-walled hemispherical cup. Blue-green. Rim edge 2 joined frs, body, biconical (?) cup. Slightly concave
cracked off and ground smooth, low convex side. side expanding out. Bands of 3 and 1 narrow lines. PH
Narrow line at rim, broad on body, narrow above c. 43; T 1-1.5.
base. PH 42; RD 70; T 2-4.5.
149. XII 2; unstratified. Fr, rim, biconical (?) cup. Vertical
140. XI 5; Mixed, lst-3rd A.D. Fr, body, thick-walled rim, edge cracked off and ground, slightly concave
hemispherical cup. Blue-green. Rim edge missing, side expanding out. 3 abraded bands; fugitive blob of
convex side curving in. Broad and narrow lines below glass attached to body. PH 27; RD 60; T 0.5-1.5.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
150. XIII 4; to Hadrianic. Fr, rim, cylindrical

Everted rim, (?) side
edge fire-rounded, straight cup.expand-
Curved rim, edge cracked off ing and
out. Unmarvered
ground, spiral trail. PH 19; RD 70; T
straight
1-3.
side. Narrow line at rim. PH 22; RD c. 84; T 1.
151. VII 1; unstratified. Fr, rim162. XI and

2, Pit 1, body,
XI 9; D6, Hadrianic,
small T4, hemisph-
Trajanic. 2
erical bowl. Slightly curved rim, joined frs,
edge rim, cup or bowl. Everted
cracked offrim, and
edge fire-
ground, convex side tapering rounded,
in. convex
4 pairs side expanding out. Unmarvered
of narrow
lines. PH 30; RD c. 70; T 1-2. spiral trail. PH 19; RD 100; T 0.5-2.
Also found: similar fr. 2nd A.D. context.
152. XIII Pit 1, XIII 4, XIII 5: late lst/early 2nd A.D., to
Hadrianic. 3 joined frs, body and base, cylindrical 163. VII 6; D6, Hadrianic. Fr, rim, bowl. Vertical tubular
cup. Vertical side tapering in, small concave base. 2 rim, edge bent out and down, vertical side. Unmar-
narrow lines on body, one at carination. PH 28; BD vered spiral trail on body. PH 14; RD 80; T 0.5-1.
20; T 1-2.
164. XII 11, Pit 6; T4, Trajanic. Fr, base, bowl or flask.
Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts; Hadrianic (2),
Convex side, concave base. Unmarvered trail wound
Severan (2), unstratified (1).
spirally from centre base. PH 6; RD 44; T 1-3.
153. IX 2; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and body, ovoid cup. Also found: 2 similar frs. Contexts: Hadrianic (1),
Curved rim, edge cracked off and ground, convex unstratified (1).
side. 2 narrow lines at rim, 2 bands of 5 lines on body.
PH 57; RD 80; T 2. 165. XIII 37, XIII 15b; Al, Augustan, N2, Neronian. 2
joined frs, body and base, bowl or flask. Bubbly.
Also found: similar fr. Late lst/early 2nd A.D. context.
Convex side, small concave base. Pontil scar. Unmar-
154. VIII 4, Pit 2; Tl, Trajanic. 2 joined frs, body and vered trail wound spirally from centre base. PH 22;
base, ovoid (?) cup. Convex side, small concave base. BD 38; T 1-2.5.
Bands of 3 and 2 narrow lines. PH 33; BD c. 35; T Also found: 6 similar frs. Contexts: Hadrianic (5),
1-2.5.
unstratified (1). 2 body frs. Contexts: Hadrianic (1),
155. VIII 6; Trajanic, to late 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, ovoid (?) late 2nd A.D. (1).
cup. Curved rim, edge cracked off and ground, convex
side. 2 abraded bands below rim. PH 34; RD 90; T 1.
Also found: 8 frs. Contexts: Flavian (1), late lst/early
2nd A.D. (4), late 2nd/3rd A.D. (1), unstratified (2). Trails; Colourless (plate 344)
156. VII E baulk; early 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, cylindrical bowl. 166. I (S) 12a; R2, later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, cup. Slightly
Slightly curved rim, edge cracked off and ground, everted rim, edge fire-rounded, straight side. Unmar-
vertical side. 2 narrow lines on body. PH 25; RD 120; vered spiral trail. PH 16; RD 50; T 0.5-2.
T 1.
167. VIII 5; T3. Fr, rim, segmentai bowl or plate. Rim
157. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 4 frs, hemispherical bowl. edge rounded, low convex side. Unmarvered spiral
Curved rim, edge cracked off and ground, convex trail. PH 26; RD 240; T 1-1.5.
side. 2 pairs of narrow lines on rim and body. PH 42; Also found: 4 frs, spiral trails. Contexts: Flavian (2),
RD 110;T 1.5-2.5. unstratified (2).
158. X, cleaning W. baulk; unstratified. Fr, body, bowl. Also found: 4 blue-green frs, spiral trails and indents.
Convex side. 2 lines. PHf. 1 1; T 2.5. Late lst-2nd A.D.
Also found: similar fr. Hadrianic context.

168. Room IV N 2a; late 2nd A.D./Severan. 11 frs, rim,
159. XII 9, XII 7, XII 6; D5, Hadrianic. 3 joined frs, body body and base, tall ovoid cup. Green-tinged. Slightly
and base, segmental (?) bowl. Wide convex side. 3 everted rim, edge fire-rounded, narrow convex side,
bands of 3 narrow lines on body, raised ridge at base small tubular base-ring, concave base, central 'kick';
edge. Outside surface ground. PH 48; BD 70; T 1-2.5. pontil mark. Unmarvered trail below rim. H (re-
constructed) 108; RD 40; BD 32; T 1-2.
Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts: Severan (4),
unstratified (1). 169. X 3; unstratified. Fr, rim, cylindrical cup. Everted
rim, edge fire-rounded, vertical side. Unmarvered
trail below rim. PH 22; RD 70; T 0.5-2.
Applied Decoration (plate 344,349)
170. I 13; D3, Hadrianic, to later 2nd A.D. Fr, body and
160. XIII 7; to 3rd A.D. Fr, body and fish-shaped
base, cylindrical cup. Vertical side, almost flat base.
attachment, bowl (?). Colourless. Small part of side.
Unmarvered trail at carination, thick trailed base-
Tube-blown and tooled fish, tail missing. Present
ring. PH 1 1; Body D c. 80; T 1-1.5.
length 36; max H 16; T (vessel) 1.5.
Also found: blue-green fr. Late 2nd A.D. context.
Also found: 12 frs, 'spectacle' and other curved trails.
Trails; Blue-green (plate 344, 350) Contexts: Hadrianic (11), late 2nd A.D. (1). 9 pale
161. I 9, Pit 2; 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, cup or bowl. Bubbly. green-colourless, 2 blue-green, 1 colourless.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Ribs (plate 344) 1 79. Well 1 2; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, rim, cylindrical cup. Blue-
171. XI 5; mixed, lst-3rd A.D. green.
Fr,Weathered,
rim and very thin-walled.
body, Vertical
smallrim,
straight rim,
ribbed bowl. Royal blue. Curved side. PH 19; RD 80; T cracked
edge 0.25-2.
Also found:
off and ground slightly, convex side 32 similar frs. Contexts: out.
expanding Neronian (1),
Flavian
Vertical pinched-up rib. PH c. 30; (2), T
Hadrianic
1-3. (19), later 2nd A.D. (7),
Severan (3). 2 yellow-green,
Also found: 4 similar frs. Contexts: Tiberian4 pale green-colourless,
(1),
Neronian (1), 2nd A.D. (2). 326 blue-green.
blue-green, 1 pale
green.
180. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 2 joined frs, cup (?). Blue-
Also found: 4 colourless ribbed frs. Unstratified. green. Straight side tapering in. PH 28; RD 66; T
0.25-3.
172. I (N) 12; lst-150 A.D. Fr, body, ribbed bowl. Pale
blue-green. Convex side. 2 prominent vertical Also found: 25 similar frs. Contexts; Trajanic-
pinched-up ribs. Abraded band above ribs. PH c. 40; Hadrianic (13), 2nd A.D. (6), Severan (4), unstrati-
T 1-3. fied (2). 3 yellow-green, 3 pale green-colourless, 19
blue-green.
173. VIII 7; Fl, Flavian. 2 frs, body and base, ribbed bowl.
181. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, rim, cup. Blue-green.
Blue-green. Convex side, small concave base; pontil
mark. 4 vertical pinched-up ribs extending to base Funnel mouth, side expanding out. PH 19; RD 70; T
0.25-2.
edge. PH 13; BD 24; T 1-3.5.
Also found: 6 similar frs. Contexts: late 1st
Also found: 8 ribbed frs. Contexts: Claudian (2),
Flavian ( 1 ) , Hadrianic (3) , 2nd A.D. ( 1 ) , Severan ( 1 ) . A.D.-Hadrianic (5), 3rd A.D. (1). 1 yellow-green, 5
5 blue-green, 1 dark blue, 1 pale green, 1 colourless. blue-green.
182. VII 5; S2, Severan. Fr, rim, cup. Pale green-

Indents (plate 344) colourless. Bubbly. Inturned rim, convex side. PH 22;
RD 60; T 0.25-3.
174. East House, VII (W) 3; Nl, Neronian. 2 joined frs,
body and base, cup (?). Blue-green. Convex side, Also found: 3 similar frs. 1 Flavian, 1 Hadrianic, 1
later 2nd A.D.
slightly concave base; large pontil mark. 5 oval
indents. PH 23; BD 38; T 0.52.
183. I 1 1 (N), Pit 3; R2, later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, cylindrical
Also found: 4 similar frs. Contexts: Hadrianic (3), cup. Colourless. Vertical side. PH 23; RD 60; T
later 2nd A.D. (1). 3 blue-green, 1 yellow-green. 0.25-2.
175. XI; Unstratified. Fr, body and base, cup (?). Yellow- Also: 1 1 similar frs. Hadrianic (6), later 2nd A.D. (2),
green. Convex side, small concave base; pontil mark. 4 early 3rd A.D. (2), unstratified (2).
oval indents. PH 12; BD 30; T 0.5-1.25.
184. V 4 and 4; D 1-2, to Hadrianic. Fr, rim, cylindrical
176. XII 6; Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, body and base, cup (?). cup. Colourless. Vertical side. PH 26; RD 90; T
0.25-2.5.
Pale blue-green. Convex side, small concave base. 4
oval indents. PH 12; BD 30; T 0.5-1. Also found: 6 similar frs. late 1st A.D.-Hadrianic (3),
Also found: 15 indented frs. Contexts: Flavian (1), later 2nd A.D. (2), unstratified (1).
early 2nd A.D. (10), later 2nd A.D. (3), unstratified 185. V 3, North House phase 1; D2, Hadrianic to later 2nd
( 1 ) . 1 yellow-green, 3 pale green, 4 colourless, 7 blue-
A.D. Fr, rim, cylindrical cup or bowl. Colourless.
green. Vertical side. PH 35; RD 100; T 0.25-2.5.
Also found: 7 similar frs. 2nd A.D. (2), unstratified (5)
Monochrome: Undecorated 186. Ill, clearing from NE corner; unstratified. 2 joined frs,
rim, cylindrical bowl. Colourless. Vertical side. PH 31;
Gups and Bowls: fire-rounded rims (plate 344) RD 120; T 0.25-3.
177. XII 15, Pit; 1st A.D. 27 frs, rim, body and base, ovoid
Also found: 3 similar frs. Early 3rd A.D. (1),
cup. Blue-green. Weathered, very thin walled. unstratified (2).
Everted rim, convex side, tubular base-ring, concave
base, central 'kick'; pontil mark. H 65; RD 60;187.
BDIll,
38;clearing from NE corner; unstratified. Fr, rim,
T 0.25-1.5 + . shallow conical bowl (?). Colourless. Straight side
Also found: 4 similar rim frs. Contexts: Neronian (1, tapering in. PH 21; RD 140; T 0.25-1.5.
dark green), 2nd A.D. (2, blue-green), Severan (1, Also found: 4 similar frs. Hadrianic (3), unstratified
dark green).
178. I (N) 8; S2, Severan. Fr, rim, cylindrical. Blue-green.

Weathered, very thin-walled. Everted rim, vertical
side. PH 12; RD 80; T 0.25-2. Cups and Bowls; Concave bases
Also found: 3 similar frs. Contexts; Flavian (1), Blue-green (plate 344)
Hadrianic (1), later 2nd A.D. (1). 2 blue-green, 1 188. Ill 4; unstratified, to 4th A.D. Fr, conical cup (?).
colourless. Almost vertical side; pontil wad. NB: wad deeper than

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
204. XIV PH
concavity, so vessel unstable. 22; C2,15;
Claudian.
BDFr, cup or
20; Tbowl.
1-2 Blue-green.
+ .
189. Unstratified. Fr, conical cup
Wide convex side,(?). Straight
outsplayed side
base-ring, high domed
base;12
tapering in. PH 16; BD 33; T pontil
+scar.
. PH 22; BD 44; T 1.5 + .
205.conical
190. XII 2; unstratified. Fr, VIII 2; unstratified.
cupFr, bowl Straight
(?). (?). Blue-green. High
side
tapering in; pontil scar. PH outsplayed
13; BD base-ring,
40;convex base. PH 16;
T 1-2.5 + BD
. 60; T
1-1.5.
Also found: 40 frs, similar bases, with pontil marks; 50
frs, similar bases, without206.
pontil
VII 4a, Pitmarks.
2; S2, Severan. Fr, bowl (?). Colourless.
High outsplayed base-ring. PH 16; BD 66; T 1.
Colourless (plates 344, 345)
191. I (N) 11; R2, later 2nd 207. XIV 1; 2
A.D. unstratified.
joining Fr, small cylindrical
frs, bowl.
conical cup
Yellow-green.
(?). Almost vertical side; pontil scar. Slightly
PHconvex side, nearly
14; BD flat base. T
32;
0.5-2. PH 17;BD52;T 1.5-5.
192. XIII, Pit 1; T4, Trajanic. Fr, conical cup (?). Side 208. Unstratified. Fr, small bowl. Green-colourless. Slight-
tapering in. PH 9; BD c. 36; T 2-2.5. ly convex side tapering in, concave base. PH 13; BD
60; T 1-1.5.
193. I (N) 6; unstratified. Fr, hemispherical cup (?).
Also found: 15 frs, similar bases, with pontil marks. 10
Convex side. PH 13; BD 22; T 2-2.5 + .
blue-green, 3 colourless, 1 yellow-brown, 1 yellow-
194. VIII 3; S2, Severan. Fr, hemispherical cup (?). green. 13 frs, similar bases, without pontil marks. 8
Convex side, thick base, pontil scar. PH 14; BD 26; T blue-green. 3 colourless, 2 yellow-green. 33 small frs,
1-2 + . similar bases. 22 blue-green, 7 colourless, 3 yellow-
green, 1 dark blue.
195. I (N) 11; R2, later 2nd A.D. 3 joined frs, bowl (?).
High base, pontil mark. PH 10; BD c. 70; T 1.5.
Cups and Bowls: applied base-rings (plate 345)
196. II, Wall a; R3, later 2nd A.D. Fr, cup or bowl. High
base, central 'kick'. PH 16; BD 46; T 1. 209. North House fill, V (S) 3; D2, Hadrianic, later 2nd
A.D. Fr, small bowl. Blue-green. Wide lower body,
Also found: 25 frs, similar bases, with pontil marks; 16
convex base, 'true' ring. PH 11; BD 38; T 1-3.
frs, similar bases, without pontil marks.
210. XI 3; D6, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, small bowl. Dark green.
Wide lower body, slightly concave base, 'true' ring.
Cups and bowls: open, pushed-in base-rings (plate 345) PH 8; BD 44; T 0.5-2.
197. SXT la; Mixed, Hellenistic to lst/2nd A.D. Fr, cup.
211. XIII 4; to D6, Hadrianic. Fr, small bowl. Blue-green.
Blue-green. Narrow convex side tapering in. PH 18;
Concave base, 'true' ring. 'Post' scars on base-ring
BD 38; T 1 + .
edge. PH9; BD 58; T 1.5-3.5.
198. X 2; D6, Hadrianic. Fr, cup. Pale yellow-green.
212. XII 2; later 2nd A.D. to unstratified. 3 frs, cylindrical
Convex side; pontil mark. PH 12; BD 33; T 0.5-1 + .
cup or bowl (?). Colourless. Curve at junction with
Also found: 3 frs, similar bases. 1 blue-green, 2 green- side, wide lower body, flat base. 2 trailed base-rings.
colourless.
Pontil mark on inside trail. PH 6; BD 58; T 1-3.5.
213. VIII 2; unstratified. Fr, bowl (?). Colourless. Concave

Cups and Bowls: tubular, pushed-in base-rings base, thick trailed base-ring. PH 7; BD 42; T 0.5-2.5.
(plates 345, 349) 214. XIV, below cobbles 'ee'; C2, Claudian. Fr, small
199. II (E) 9; D6 + , Hadrianic. Fr, cup or small bowl. bowl. Dark blue. Concave base, pad base-ring with
Colour not known. Side tapering in. Broken edges rounded edges. Tooled point at centre base. PH 7; BD
grosed for secondary use. PH 5; BD 24; T 1. 46; T 3.5-4.5.
200. VII (E) 6, 7, 8, 8a; T4-D6, Trajanic-Hadrianic. Fr, Also found: 2 similar frs. 2nd/early 3rd A.D. contexts.
cup or small bowl. Pale blue-green. Convex side, Blue-green, colourless.
central 'kick'; pontil scar. PH 10; BD 32; T 0.5-1. 215. XI 3; T4, Trajanic. Fr, small bowl. Blue-green.
201. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, cup or small bowl. Pale Convex side, high outsplayed pad base-ring, rounded
blue-green. Convex side, central 'kick'. PH 12; BD 40; edges. PH 19; BD 50; T 1-3.5.
T 0.5-2. Also found: similar fr. Early 3rd A.D. Blue-green.
202. VIII/IX, baulk 5; 2nd A.D. ? Fr, cup or small bowl.

Blue-green. Convex side, central 'kick'. PH 10; BD 47;Cups and Bowls: applied stem and foot (plates 345, 350)
T 0.5-2.
216. XI 12; mixed, 2nd A.D. onwards. Fr, drinking cup
203. XIII 10a; post-Claudian fill, Southwest House, Room (?). Yellow-green. Solid twisted stem attached to
I, 1st A.D. Fr, conical cup. Blue-green. Straight side body, low conical foot, scored lines, rounded edge. PH
tapering in, thick base edge, thin high globular centre. 21; BD43; T (body) 1.
PH 23;BD40;T 1.5 + . Also found: similar fr. Hadrianic and later context.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Bowls and Plates: Tubular rims Diagonal rim, ridge on underside. Pinched trail on
217. XIII lib, 5; F2, Flavian ( + ). 2 joined frs, conical rim edge. PH 8; RD c. 120; T 1.5-2.5.
bowl. Pale blue-green. Edge rolled in and down, side Also found: 7 frs, similar rims. 3 blue-green, 2 yellow-
tapering in. PH 15; RD 130; T 1.5. green, 2 green colourless.
Also found: 5 frs, similar rims. Blue-green. 230. SA 2; S2, early 3rd A.D. Fr, conical bowl. Yellow-
218. VA 4; T4, Trajanic. Fr, small cylindrical bowl. Blue- green. Everted rim, straight side tapering in. PH 25;
green. Narrow vertical rim, edge rolled out and down, RD 120; T 1-2.5.
straight side. PH 13; RD 76; T 0.5 + . 231. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, rim and handle, bowl.
219. XI 13; C2, Claudian. Fr, cylindrical bowl. Blue-green. Blue-green. Everted rim, horizontal ribbon handle
Narrow vertical rim, edge rolled out and down, applied to rim edge. PH 10; RD c. 140; T 1.5-3; width
of handle 18-48.
straight side. PH 12; RD 120; T 0.5-1.
220. X 8; F2, Flavian. Fr, cylindrical bowl. Blue-green. 232. I (N) 12; 1st A.D.-150 A.D. Fr, rim and handle, bowl.
Broad, slightly everted rim, edge rolled out and down, Light green. Everted rim, horizontal ribbon handle
straight side. PH 13; RD 170; T 0.5-1.5. applied to rim edge. PH 10; RD 120; T 1.5-3; width of
handle 17-48.
Also found: 6 frs, similar rims. Blue-green.
221. XII 23; Hellenistic to mid 1st A.D. Fr, shallow bowl.
233. No provenance; unstratified. Fr, handle, bowl.
Yellow-green. Horizontal ribbon handle, flat pinched
Blue-green. Broad vertical rim, edge bent out and
terminal. Present length 36; width 20-31.
down, horizontal side tapering in. PH 10; RD 98; T
11.5. 234. XII 7; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, handle, bowl. Blue-green.
Horizontal ribbon handle, flat pinched terminal.
222. XII 13; D5, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, bowl. Green-
Present length 40; width 17-27.
colourless. Diagonal everted rim, edge rolled out and
down, side tapering in. PH 9; RD 1 10; T 0.5-1.5. Also found: 2 similar blue-green frs. Flavian/Trajanic
contexts.
223. XII 7; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, bowl. Blue-green. Diagonal

everted rim, edge rolled out and down, side tapering 235. I (S) 3. Fr, shallow bowl or plate. Colourless. Straigh
in. PH8; RD 180; T 0.5-1. side tapering in. PH c. 7; RD 260; T 0.25-3.
Also found: 9 frs, similar rims. Blue-green. 236. XIV 1; unstratified. Fr, rim, body and base, shallow
cylindrical plate. Yellow-green. Vertical rim, convex
224. XIII 4, D6, Hadrianic. 2 frs, bowl. Pale green-
side, tubular base-ring. H 24; RD 180; BD 160; T 1.5.
colourless. Horizontal rim, edge rolled out and down.
Scored trail attached to rim edge. PH 10; RD 80; T 237. IV and V (E); unstratified. Fr, bowl (?). Colourles
0.51 + . Diagonal rim, straight side. PH 13; RD 100; T 0.5-1.
225. XII 4, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, bowl. Pale blue-green. 238. VIII 7, Pit 4; Fl, Flavian. Fr, bowl (?). Pale blue-
Broad horizontal rim, edge rolled out and down, green. Horizontal rim, double (figure-of-8) fold below,
straight side tapering in. Scored trail attached to rim vertical side. PH 12; RD 114; T 0.5-2.5.
edge. PH 7 (with trail) 10; RD 140; T 0.5-1 +.
239. V (N) 3, XI Road (dismantling wall 'dx'); D2,
226. XII 2; unstratified. 2 frs, bowl. Pale green-colourless. Hadrianic ( + ), Trajanic. 2 joined frs, bowl (?). Blue-
Broad horizontal rim, edge rolled out and down, green. Diagonal rim, double fold (figure-of-8) below,
straight side tapering in. Scored trail attached to rim straight side. PH 22; RD 120; T 1-3.
edge. PH 6; RD 200; T 0.5-1.
240. VII 9 and 10; T4, Trajanic. 2 frs, bowl. Pale green.
Also found: 53 frs, horizontal rims. 31 green- Outsplayed rim, internal tubular fold below, straight
colourless, 20 blue-green, 2 yellow-green. : 16 frs, side tapering in. PH 29; RD 140; T 1-3.
horizontal rims with trails. 6 yellow-green, 5 green
colourless, 5 blue-green. 241. SA 2; S2, Severan. Fr, small bowl. Pale blue-green.
Horizontal rim, double (figure-of-8) fold at junction
with body. PH 4; RD 94; T 0.5-1.
Bowls and Plates: stepped and other rounded rims
242. Ill 3, Floor 1; SI, Severan. 10 frs, rim, body and
(plates 345, 346, 349, 350, 351) handle, small bowl or jug (?). Green-colourless.
227. Well 12, XII; Hadrianic and 2nd A.D. 2 frs, Diagonal rim, double (figure-of-8) fold below, straight
hemispherical bowl. Yellow-green. Diagonal rim, side expanding out. D-sectioned curving rod handle
ridge on underside, convex side. PH 31; RD 140; T applied to body, attached to outside of rim. PH
1-3.
(reconstructed) c. 54; RD 70; T 0.5-1.5.
228. I 10 and 12; mixed, Neronian to Hadrianic. Fr, bowl.
243. X/XI Baulk, 2 and 3; T4, Trajanic. 2 frs, rim and
Blue-green. Diagonal stepped rim, side tapering in.
handle, small bowl. Yellow-green. Diagonal rim,
PH6; RD 140; T 1.5-3.
double (figure-of-8) fold below, vertical side. Handle
229. XI 3; D6, Hadrianic ( + ). 2 frs, bowl. Yellow-green. attached to rim. PH 16; RD 94; T 0.5-1.5.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
244. I (N) 12; 1st A.D.-150 A.D. Fr,

body, small
attached bowl.
to rim, vertical pinched Blue-
thumb-rest.
PH c. 30; RD c.fold.
green. Vertical rim, external tubular 80; T 0.5.PH 15; RD
1 10; T 0.5-2.
257. VII 4a; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and handle, jar (?).
Also found: 9 frs, cut-out or figure-of-8 folds. 6 blue- Green-colourless. Small tubular rim, edge rolled in,
green, 3 green colourless. funnel mouth, side expanding out. Curved rod handle
applied to body, attached to rim, vertical pinched
thumb-rest. PH 54; T 0.5-1.
Bowls and Plates: tubular base-rings (plate 346)
245. VII 6; D6, Hadrianic. 6 frs, body and base, shallow 258. XII 4; to 1st half 2nd A.D. Fr, rim and handle, jar (?).
bowl or plate. Pale blue-green. Wide convex side, high Blue-green. Diagonal tubular rim, edge bent in and
concave base, pontil mark. PH 14; BD 70; T 0.5-3. down, side expanding out. Curved D-sectioned rod
handle applied to body, attached to rim, pinched
246. XII 6; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, body and base, shallow thumb-rest above rim, pinched projection on lower
bowl or plate. Pale blue-green. Wide convex side, attachment. PH c. 48; T 0.5-1.
slightly convex base. PH 11; BD 100; T 0.5-2.
259. VIII 7a; mid to late 1st A.D. (Flavian). Fr, rim and
247. VII 5; S2, Severan. 3 frs, lower body and base, shallow handle, jar (?). Pale yellow-green. Diagonal rim, edge
bowl or plate. Green-colourless. Wide lower body, fire-rounded, side expanding out. Small angular rod
part of flat base. PH 10; BD 120; T 1-1.5. applied to body, attached to rim, folded vertical
248. XII, SA 2; 2nd A.D., S2, Severan. 2 frs, bowl or plate. thumb-rest. PH 42; T 0.25-1.
Green-colourless. Outsplayed base-ring (figure-of-8 Also found: 22 frs, similar handles. 15 blue-green, 3
fold with lower body), slightly concave base. PH 6; BD green-colourless, 2 yellow-brown, 1 yellow-green, 1
140; T 1-1.5. opaque white.
249. XII 6; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, bowl or plate. Blue-green. 260. I (N) 8; S2, Severan. Fr, rim and handle, small bowl
Outsplayed base-ring, concave base. PH 11; BD 100; or jar. Pale green-colourless. Slightly everted rim,
T 1-3.5. edge fire-rounded, almost vertical side. Curved ribbon
handle with folded and pinched loop applied to body,
250. North House fill, V 3; D2, Hadrianic, and to late 2nd
attached to rim. PH (reconstructed) 52; RD c. 80; T
A.D. Fr, bowl or plate. Colourless. Vertical base-ring, 0.25-1.5.
flat base. PH 11; BD 80; T 1-2.5.
Also found: 14 frs, similar handles. 6 blue-green, 5
Also found: 27 frs, similar bases. 12 green-colourless,
green-colourless, 3 yellow-green.
1 1 blue green, 3 yellow-green, 1 yellow-brown.
251. Unstratified. Fr, base, bowl or plate. Yellow-green.

Wide flat base; pontil mark (base ring missing). Dims Flasks (plate 347)
91 x82; max D c. 120; T 1-4. 261. VII 5; S2, Severan. Fr. Pale blue-green. Vertical rim,
Also found: 6 similar frs. 3 blue-green; 3 green- edge cracked off and ground, straight neck. Band of
colourless. abraded lines. PH 22; RD 38; T 0.5-1.
Also found: 2 similar frs. Severan (colourless),
unstratified (yellow green) contexts.
Jars (plate 346, 347)
262. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr. Green-colourless. Vertical
252. VII E baulk; 1st half 2nd A.D. Fr, rim. Blue-green.
rim, edge cracked off and ground, cylindrical neck,
Everted rim, edge fire-rounded, funnel mouth, convex
strong constriction. PH 35; RD c. 40 ; T 1-2.
side. PH 36; RD 80; T 12.5.
263. II 4 A; unstratified. Fr. Green-colourless. Cylindrical
253. XI 1316; A2, Augustan. Fr, rim. Mid-blue, streaky.
neck tapering in, wide convex side. PH 37; neck D 22;
Everted tubular rim, edge rolled in and flattened, T 1-2.
funnel mouth. PH 22; RD 80; T 1.5.
254. II 7a; mixed, Hellenistic to 2nd A.D. Fr, rim.
Colourless. Horizontal rim, edge rolled up and in,
Jugs and Flasks (plates 347, 351)
strong constriction above body. PH 8; RD 46;264. T XIV 4; 1st A.D. Fr, rim and neck with handle scar.
1-1.5.
Blue-green. Tubular rim, edge rolled in, cylindrical
255. I (S) 2; unstratified. Fr, rim, large jar or urn. Pale neck; upper attachment, narrow ribbon handle, 2
green. Horizontal tubular rim, edge rolled out, down ridges. PH 20; RD 44; T 1-2.
and up. PH 13; RD 116; T 1.5-5. Also found: 6 blue-green frs, similar rims with handle
scars (NB. perhaps also from bottles). 13 frs, necks
(NB. perhaps also from bottles or unguent bottles). 9
blue-green, 4 green-colourless.
Jars and other small vessels with handles (plate 347)
256. VII 8; D6, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, rim and handle, jar (?). 265. XV 1; unstratified. Fr, rim with handle scar. Blue-
Green-colourless. Small tubular rim, edge rolled in, green, purple handle. Funnel mouth, tubular rim,
side expanding out. Curved rod handle applied to edge rolled in, narrow cylindrical neck. Fine unmar-

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
276. VII
vered spiral trail below rim, 4A; S2, Severan.
upper Fr, rim. Colourless. Folded rim,
attachment,
narrow ribbon handle. PH 15; RD edge37; T down
bent out, 1-2. and up, funnel mouth, cylindr-
Also found: 19 similar rims (NB.icalperhaps
neck. PH 31; RD 76; T 2.5.
also from
bottles or unguent bottles). 13
277. blue-green, 4 A.D.
I (S) 12A; R2, later 2nd green-
Fr, rim. Light green.
colourless, 1 yellow-brown, 1 dark blue.
Folded rim, edge bent out, down and up, funnel
mouth. rim,
266. II (E) 9; D6, Hadrianic ( + ). 4 frs, PH21; RD neck,
86; T 2.5. handle
Also found: 2 similar frs. Hadrianic
scar. Pale blue-green. Rim edge fire-rounded, funnel to later contexts.
mouth, constriction, convex side;Green-colourless
upper attachment,
narrow ribbon handle below rim. PH 36; RD 46; T
0.5-1.
Bottles: Cylindrical (plates 347, 348)
278. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 3 frs, body. Yellow-green.
267. No provenance. Fr, rim, neck, handle. Pale green-
colourless. Horizontal rim, edge fire-rounded, open Vertical side. Horizontal band of abraded lines. PH
cut-out roll below, neck expanding out. Upper 45; body D 68; T 1.5-2.
attachment of ribbon handle, 3 ribs, looped vertical
279. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic Fr, body. Blue-green. Curve
thumb-rest above rim. PH 25; RD c. 60; T 0.25-1.
to shoulder, vertical side, curve to base (shoulder and
268. XIII, Pit 1; Flavian/Trajanic. Fr, rim and handle. base missing). Vertical scratches on body below
Blue-green. Slightly everted rim, edge fire-rounded, shoulder. PH 75; body D c. 120; T 2-2.5.
cylindrical neck. Curved ribbon handle, 2 ribs; upper280. X 2, Pit 1; D6, Hadrianic. 3 frs, body and base. Blue-
attachment and vertical loop above rim. PH c. 17; T
green. Vertical side, concave base. PH 33; body c. 100;
0.5-1.
T2-5.
269. VII (E) 6, 7, 8, 8a; T4/D6, Trajanic-Hadrianic. Fr, Also found: 5 similar frs. Contexts: Hadrianic (3),
body and handle. Blue-green. Poor quality. Curved unstratified (2).
ribbon handle, 2 ribs, applied to convex side. PH c. 72;
T (body) 1.
Bottles: Square (plate 348)
281. Well 12; Deposit D4, Hadrianic. 11 frs, rim, neck,
green-colourless, 1 yellow-green, 1 opaque white
shoulder, body, handle. Blue-green. Folded rim, edge
270. Unstratified. Fr, neck, body and handle. Yellow- bent out, up, in, and flattened, cylindrical neck, slight
green. Angular ribbon handle, 3 ribs, applied to constriction above flat shoulder, square-sectioned
convex side, attached to cylindrical neck. PH 30; T body, vertical sides. Broad angular ribbon handle
0.25-0.5. applied to shoulder, attached to neck below rim, 8 ribs
Also found: 3 blue-green frs, similar handles. combed onto body. PH 134; RD 42; body width
66 x 66; T 1-4.
271. Pit 65; late 2nd/early 1st B.C., under 2nd A.D. Also found: 19 frs, square bottles. Contexts: early 2nd
foundations of North House. Fr, body and large A.D. (11), later 2nd A.D. (5), unstratified (3). See also
handle. Yellow-brown. Angular ribbon handle, 3 ribs, Cat. Nos. 1 1 1-1 19; for decorated bases.
applied to convex side. PH c. 73; T (side) 1.5.
Bottles: Rims and Handles (plate 348, 351)
yellow-green, 2 green-colourless.
282. VII 2; unstratified. Fr, rim, neck, handle. Blue-green.
272. XI 9; T4, Trajanic. Fr, body and handle. Blue-green. Folded rim, edge bent out, down and up, cylindrical
Poor quality. Small curved rod handle, applied to neck; upper handle attachment on neck below rim.
side, attached to neck. PH 38; T (wall) 0.5. PH23; RD40;T 1.5-2.
273. I (S) 13; D3, Hadrianic ( + ). 2 frs, rim, jug with trefoil Also found: 5 similar rims (NB. perhaps also from
mouth. Pale blue-green. Edge fire-rounded, tooled to flasks, jugs or unguent bottles). 2 blue-green, 2 green-
form pouring spout, cylindrical neck; handle missing. colourless, 1 yellow-brown.
PH 24; T 0.5-1.
283. XII 2; unstratified. Fr, shoulder and handle. Blue-
Also found: 16 similar frs. 10 blue-green, 5 green- green. Convex shoulder edge, broad angular ribbon
colourless, 1 yellow green. handle with multiple reeding attached. PH 44; T
274. I (S) 13; D3, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, rim, jug with trefoil (side) 1.
mouth. Pale green. Tubular rim, edge rolled in, tooled 284. XII 7; D5, Hadrianic. Fr, shoulder and handle. Blue-
to form pouring spout, cylindrical neck; handle green. Convex shoulder edge, broad angular ribbon
missing. PHc. 24; T 1.5. handle attached. PH 44; T (side) 0.5.
Also found: 2 similar frs. 1 blue-green, 1 green- Also found: 9 other bottle frs. Contexts: Flavian (1),
colourless. Hadrianic (4), unstratified (4).
275. VIII 2; unstratified. Fr, rim. Colourless. Everted rim,
edge fire rounded, funnel mouth. Thick trail below Bath-flasks (plates 348, 351)
rim. PH 10; RD 80; T 2.5. 285. XI 1, 2; unstratified. Fr, rim and neck, thick-walled

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
296. XII
flask. Blue-green. Folded rim, 7, Pit 4; D5,
short neckHadrianic ( + ). Fr, body,in,
tapering base, small
wide convex side. Handle scar on neck and underside conical unguent bottle. Blue-green. Slightly concave
of rim. PH 22; RD 28; T 3-3.5. side expanding out, small concave base. PH 20; BD
30; T 12.
286. VIII 2; unstratified. 2 frs, rim, neck, handle. Pale
Also found: 7 blue-green frs, similar unguent bottles.
blue-green. Bubbly. Folded rim, edge bent out, up, in
and flattened, short neck, wide convex side. Ring- 297. Ill 3, 2, Floor I; SI, Severan. 2 frs, rim, body, base,
handle applied to body, attached to neck. PH 30; RD indented unguent bottle. Blue-green. Tubular rim,
34; T 1.5. edge rolled in, narrow neck, convex shoulder, cylindr-
287. VIII 4; Tl, Trajanic. 2 frs, rim, neck, body, handles. ical body tapering in, small slightly concave base. 4
Green-colourless. Folded rim, edge bent out, up and long narrow indents. H (reconstructed) 128; RD 17;
BD 10; T 0.25-1 + .
in to leave very small aperture, short cylindrical neck,
wide convex body. 2 ring-handles applied to body, 298. II, Pit 2, Cist; Rl, 150-175 A.D. Fragmentary tall
attached to neck and underside of rim. PH 31; RD 48; discoid unguent bottle. Pale green-colourless. Wide
T2.
rim, edge rolled in and flattened, long neck expanding
out, slight constriction, low wide convex reservoir,
concave base. H 144; RD 36; BD 88; T 1 + .
Unguent bottles (plates 348, 351)
Also found: 7 frs, other 2nd-3rd A.D. unguent bottles.
288. VII 18; early 1st A.D. 2 frs, neck, body, thin-walled
6 blue-green, 1 green-colourless.
globe. Colourless. Small cylindrical neck, convex body
299. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. 5 frs, rim, neck, body, base,
expanding out. NB. pink-red deposit on inside surface.
PH 28; neck D 15; T 0.25-0.5. tall hemispherical unguent bottle or flask. Blue-green.
Horizontal folded rim, edge bent out, up, diagonally
289. Unstratified. Fr, rim, body. Green-colourless. Flared
in and flattened, long neck, wide convex body
rim, edge rolled in, narrow neck, convex side
expanding out, slightly concave base. H (reconstruc-
expanding out. PH 23; RD 20; T 0.25-0.5. ted) 128; RD32;BD60;T 1 + .
290. XIV, below cobbles 'ee'; C2, Claudian. Fr, rim, body.
Also found: 9 similar frs. Contexts: early 2nd A.D. (7),
Pale yellow-green. Flared rim, edge rolled in, short
unstratified (1). 16 similar rims (NB. could also come
wide neck, convex side expanding out. PH 20; RD c. from flasks, jugs or bottles). 15 blue-green, 1 purple-
30; T 0.5-1. colourless.
Also found: 4 similar frs. 2 blue-green, 1 yellow-

300. No provenance. Fr, rim, neck, tall unguent bottle or
brown, 1 royal blue.
flask. Yellow-brown. Folded rim, edge bent down, out
and up, cylindrical neck. PH 32; RD 41; T 1 + .
291. XI 1; unstratified. Fr, body, base, tubular unguent
bottle. Blue-green. Narrow straight side, small flat-
301. XII 6; D5, Hadrianic ( + ). Fr, rim, neck, unguent
tened base. PH 27; max D 21; T 1-2.
bottle or flask. Blue-green. Wide rim, edge rolled in
292. XII 2; unstratified. Fr, body and base, tubular and flattened, cylindrical neck. PH 15; RD 58; T
unguent bottle. Dark green-blue (peacock blue). 1-1.5.
Narrow straight side, small flattened base; pontil wad

302. Unstratified. Fr, rim, neck, unguent bottle or flask.
on base. PH 48; max D 28; T 2-4.
Colourless. Wide horizontal rim, edge rounded,
Also found: 1 1 frs, similar unguent bottles. 8 blue- cylindrical neck. PH 14; RD 60; T 2-3.
green, 2 yellow-green, 1 dark blue, 1 purple.
293. V (E) 3, 4; to Hadrianic. Fr, rim, neck. Royal blue.

Horizontal rim, sheared edge, short, narrow neck, Funnels and Miscellaneous (plates 348, 351)
slightly constricted at base, body missing. PH 20; RD
303. Well 12; D4, Hadrianic. Fr, rim, neck, askos or funnel
20; T 1.
with pouring spout (?). Pale green. Curved cylindrical
294. I (S) 13; Hadrianic, and to later 2nd A.D. Fr, rim, neck, fire-rounded edge pulled into pouring spout.
neck, thin-walled unguent bottle. Pale blue-green. Present length 45; neck D 1418; T 1.5.
Flared rim, sheared edge, cylindrical neck. PH 33; RD
30; T 0.5.
304. XI 4; T4/D6, early/mid 2nd A.D. Fr, body and tube,
funnel. Pale blue-green. Convex side tapering to
Also found: 11 frs, similar unguent bottles. 6 blue- narrow cylindrical tube. PH 45; tube D 9.514; T
green, 2 dark blue, 2 yellow-green, 1 green-colourless. 1-1.5.
295. XIII 17c; N2, Neronian. 2 frs, rim, neck. Pale yellow- Also found; 5 similar frs. Contexts; Neronian (1),
green. Flared rim, sheared edge, cylindrical neck Hadrianic (1), late 2nd on (3). 3 blue-green, 2 green-
expanding out. PH 55; RD 30; T 0.5. colourless.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
GLASS OBJECTS
Counters and Gaming Pieces (Nos. 305-7, 31
Thirty-nine of these small bun-shaped objects, fo
surface, were found in contexts ranging in da
Examples were noted in opaque white and yell
colourless and translucent pale green and blue-
convex in section, though some are less regular. T
millimetres and in diameter from 9 to 18 milli
examples are generally smaller than the ones fo
These objects are well-known on settlement sites i
rarely possible to establish whether single undeco
as gaming pieces. Sets of gaming pieces in at least t
816 turquoise, yellow and white ones in a burial in
most are found in smaller groups, as in an Aug
illustrated (Dusenbury 1967, fig. 53). In Crete,
counters, were found in the first century chambe
Smith 1982, nos. 124-5).
Catalogue
305 Round, D 13, H 6. Dark blue. I (S) 19, late 2nd/early
306 71/358 Irregular triangle, L 11, H 6. Dark blue. XI
307 67/470 Round, D 15, H 7. Black, bright surface. VI
310 71/406 Oval, L 13, H 5. Pale green. VIII 2, Severan -
Also
a. 68/116 Round, D 9, H 5. Turquoise. VIII 32, 4th-3r
b. 71/403 Round, D 12, H 6. XII 19, Deposit H 25, late 2
c. 71/688 Round, D 11, H 6. White. XII 24, late 2nd/ear
d. 71/687 Oval, D 14-16, H 7. Pale green. XIII 39C, ea
f. 71/686 Irregular, D 12-14, H 6. Grey-white. XIII pit
g. 71/361 Round, D 11, H 6. Dark blue. XI 16-19, Aug
h. 71/351 Round, D 11, H 6 Pale green. XIII 24A, Augustan
i. 68/70 Round, D 11, H 6. Pale green. Vili 28, deposit Bl, Tiberian
j. 71/362 Round, D 17, H 6. Green. XIII 35, early 1st A.D.
k. Round (irregular), D 16-18, H 6. Colourless. XIII 20A, Claudian
1. 68/14 Heart-shaped, L 18, H 7.5. Colourless. VIII 27, early-mid 1st A.D.
m. 67/726 Oval, L 12, H 6. Green. SA 25, Claudian
n. 67/647 Round, D 17, H 7. Blue. VII 3A, deposit NI, Neronian
o. 67/349 Round, D 15, H 7. Yellow. I (S) 15, Neronian
p. 77/318 Round, D 12, H 6. White. VIII 4, Trajanic
q. 67/280 Round, D 12, H 6. Black. VIII 4, Trajanic
r. 68/247 Round, D 13, H 6. grey-white. III(E), paved street I, Trajanic
s. 71/323 Round (worn), D 14, H 6. Pale green. XI,9 Trajanic
t. 71/317 Oval, L 11, H 5. Blue. XII 10, Trajanic
u. 67/653 Round, D 16, H 6. Mottled white/black. V(N) 3, Hadrianic
v. Round, D 18, H 6. Black. Well 12, deposit D4, Hadrianic
w. 71/356 Oval, L 16, H 6.5. Pale green. XII 8A, Hadrianic
x. 71/319 Round, D 10, H 5. Dark blue. XI 3, Hadrianic
y. 71/320 Round, D 18, H 7. Black. XI 3, Hadrianic
z. 67/423 Round, D 10, H 5. Dark blue. II 8 mixed Hellenistic - 2nd A.D.
aa. 77/26 Round, D 11, H 6. Pale turquoise. MUM 77, IA (as z)
ab. 67/331 Round, D 14, H 6. Green. II 7 (as z)

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
ac. 67/400 Round, D 12, H 6. Yellow. IV(N) 3, Hadrianic

ad. Round, D 12, H 6. Light green. II 8 (as z)
ae. Round, D 12. H 8. Light blue-green. VII 4, deposit S
af. 67/23 Oval, L 1 1, H 6. Blue. VIII 2, Severan and to
ag. 71/322 Round, D 15, H 7. Blue/white, streaky. XII 2
ah. 71/321 Round, D 13, H 7. Green. XIII 7, Severan
ai. 71/350 Round, D 15, H 7. Dark blue. XIV 2, Severan
No. 309 is a truncated conical glazed pottery object.
Needles and Stirring rods (Nos. 311-13)

Eight fragments were found in first and second century A.D. deposits. No. 311, found in a
Neronian context, is a narrow tubular pale blue-green rod tapering towards the (missing)
point. This probably comes from a tubular needle, a long pointed rod which often has an
expanded pointed head and a narrow eye. Four complete examples, one blue-green, two dark
green and one dark blue, each with a fine opaque white marvered trail wound spirally round
the pointed head, are displayed in Aghios Nikolaos Museum, and two further examples, one
blue and white, one yellow brown and white, are displayed in Rethymnon Museum. These
objects are found in burials in the first century A.D., and are sometimes thought to be cosmetic
needles, used for the application of perfume. They are known in northern Italy and Southern
Switzerland, in Cyprus (Vessberg 1956, fig. 51.18) and an Augustan burial in Samothrace,
where two dark green and white ones were found with bone rods arranged round the skull of
the skeleton, indicating that these were probably hair ornaments (Dusenbury 1967, 49, fig. 52).
Broken examples were also found in burials at Siphnos in association with truncated conical
glass discs (Mackworth Young 1949, T 20.10, T 22.15, pl. 36.1).
Seven other fragments, one dark blue, five blue-green and two yellow and opaque white,
came from twisted rods. The yellow and opaque white pieces were narrower than the others
and probably belong to the same rod. Fragments of solid twisted rods, with ring, disc and more
elaborate terminals, occur quite frequently on settlement sites during the first century A.D.,
and complete ones are found in burials at this time in many parts of the Roman world. They
are common in northern Italy and southern Switzerland (Isings 1957, Form 79) and Cyprus
(Vessberg 1956, fig. 51.15-7), and in Crete a dark green, opaque white and yellow example
with ring and disc terminals is displayed in Aghios Nikolaos Museum.
Catalogue
311 Fr, narrow tubular rod tapering to pointed end, L 57, D 4. Blue-green. X 2 Neronian (plate 353.7)
312 Fr, solid rod tight right hand twist, L 21, D 6. Dark blue. X 1 (plate 353.8)
313 Fr, solid rod left hand twist, L 28, D 6. Blue green. Ill cleaning of wall V (plate 353.9)
Also
a. Fr, ring terminal, solid rod loose left hand twist, L 28, D 6. Blue-green. IV (N) 3 Hadrianic and later 2nd A.D.
b. Fr, ring terminal, solid rod loose left hand twist, L 24, D. 5. Blue green. Well 12 D 4 Hadrianic
c. Fr, solid rod tight right hand twist, L 20, D 7.5. Blue-green. I 21
d. Fr, solid rod loose right hand twist, L 24, D 4. Pale yellow brown, two strands opaque white. X 7 Flavian
e. Fr, as d., L 22, D 4. As d. X/XI baulk 4 Flavian.
Ring insets (Nos. 308, 323-6)

Eight ring insets were found, four plain and four with cut decoration. No. 308, a colourless
convex disc from a Severan context, is probably a ring setting, and three similar discs were

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noted. Two dark blue ones, one inlaid with a white an

Claudian and Neronian contexts, and a light blue-
They have slightly concave ground undersides, w
brilliance.
No. 324 is a circular cameo-cut opaque white and dark blue disc which was found in a
Flavian context. The opaque white layer survives as the border and a male head with comic
mask facing left in the centre, while the rest of this layer has been cut away to reveal the dark
blue underneath. The other three pieces are engraved. Nos. 323 and 326, from Neronian and
late second century contexts, are yellow brown oval discs with flat surfaces. No. 323 is
decorated with a charioteer driving a two-horse chariot or biga, and no. 326 retains part of a
floral design. No. 325 is a more unusual glass gemstone, as the design, now lost, has been
engraved on the convex surface.
Catalogue
308 67/379 Circular disc, D 12, H 2.5. Colourless. Convex top surface, flat base with central concavity. SA 2
deposit S2, Severan (plate 353.4)
323 71/366 Oval disc, L 1 1, T 2. Flat surfaces, bevelled edges. Yellow brown. Engraved; charioteer driving two-
horse chariot to right. XIII 17B deposit N2 Neronian (plate 353.20)
324 71/348 Circular disc, D 22, T 4. Flat surfaces. Opaque white above dark blue. Cameo cut; male head with
comic mask facing left inside border. XIII 5, Flavian, (plate 353.21)
325 67/288 Oval disc, W 13, T 5. Plano-convex, about half surviving. Yellow brown. Engraved; subject uncertain.
VIII 5, Trajanic (plate 353.22)
326 67/163 Oval disc ?, W 11, T 1.5. Flat surfaces, about one third surviving. Yellow brown. Engraved; floral
design. VI5, deposit R3 (road fill) late 2nd A.D. (plate 353.23)
Also
a. Disc, D 8, H 2. Shallow convex top surface, flat base with central concavity. Dark blue. I(N) 12, Neronian
b. Disc, D 6, H 4. As a. Inlaid black ring and white central dot. XIV 7, Claudian
c. Disc, D 13, H 4. Light blue-green. Shallow convex top surface, flat base with central concavity. I (N) 8,
deposit S2, Severan
Beads and 'button' (nos. 314-5, 317-21)

Seventeen beads and one truncated conical 'button' were noted, in contexts ranging from the
first century B.C. to the late second-early third century A.D.
Various types of polychrome beads were found, including three with polychrome or white
spots set into their surfaces (not illustrated), one from an Augustan context and the others from
late second or early third century contexts. No. 314, a large tubular bead with feathered trails,
is also from a late second or early third century context, and nos. 318-9, two spherical beads
with marvered spiral patterns, were found in the same Flavian deposit. The last two were also
associated with two spherical black beads.
The undecorated beads include a long segmented opaque white example from a Trajanic
context (no. 315), and a small square-sectioned pale blue bead (no. 320) and a spherical
opaque blue bead (no. 321), from Hellenistic and Augustan levels.
This surprisingly small number, and the absence of examples in museums in Crete, appears
to indicate that glass beads were not generally in common use in the region, and it has been
difficult to find parallels for most of the types, though some are known at the Sanctuary of
Demeter, Cyrene (unpublished - information from A. Oliver).
The perforated truncated conical object (no. 317) came from a Neronian context. Its
function is uncertain, as some examples from burials have been found in situations which

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
suggest they were ornaments or buttons from ga

others are associated with the needles and stir
(Mackworth Young 1949, pl. 35.22[15a]) and Cy
Catalogue
314 Tubular, wide perforation, D 11, L 24. Blue, opaque
XIX/XV baulk, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D. (plate 353.11)
315 67/160 Segmented, D 3.5, L 17. White. Five segmen
317 67/254 Truncated conical disc, large perforation, D
318 67/507 Spherical, D 16. Yellow, yellow, black, light
(plate 353.15)
319 67/506 Spherical, D 15. Pale green, white spiral pat
320 71/357 Small, square-section, W 4, L 4. Pale blue. X
321 67/652 Spherical (irregular), very narrow perforation, D 7, H 6. Opaque mid blue. V(N) 5,
Classical/Hellenistic (plate 353.18)
Also
a. Spherical, D 14. Dark blue. XIV below 'floor IIP, 100-50 B.C.
b. 71/405 Melon bead, about one quarter surviving, H 24. Dark brown/black, white inclusions. XIII 26A, 1st
B.C.
c. 67/504 Flattened sphere, D 10. as b. V 4, Hellenistic
d. 71/353 Eye bead, Dc. 15. Damaged. Black, insets, white circles with blue centres. XIV 14, Augustan
e. 71/349 Flattened sphere, D 1 1. Black, shiny surfaces. XIV,8, Tiberian. f. 67/291 Fr, flattened sphere, about
half surviving, D 14. Yellow, black spiral trail. I(N) 12, Neronian
g-h. Two spherical beads, D 14 and 16. Black surface, burnt ?. Found with nos. 318-9.
i. 67/505 Spherical, D 12. Greenish white, worn. IV 3, Hadrianic and to late 2nd A.D.
j. 67/60 Fr, spherical, D 27. About half. Inlaid with white dots. II 4A, late 2nd/ early 3rd A.D.
k. 71/352 Spherical, D 10. Dark blue. Inlaid with three white circles, forming 'eyes'. XIV 2, late 2nd/early 3rd
A.D.
plate 353.10 is vessel fragment no. 160 and has been discussed there.
316 (plate 353.13) is a piece of melted glass, not a pendant.
Tesserae (no. 322)

Eighteen small cubes of glass were found. Three came from Trajanic or Hadrianic contexts, one
from a late second and nine in early third century contexts, and four were unstratified. Eight
were dark blue, 4 blue-green, 2 opaque mid blue, 2 opaque yellow green, and there was one in
opaque yellow and one in yellow brown.
These cubes are interesting finds; they usually occur as glass tesserae in floor and wall
mosaics, but no mosaics were found on the Unexplored Mansion site, so they are likely to have
had another function. They may simply have fallen out of inlaid panels in furniture, or
alternatively they may perhaps have been intended as enamel for metalwork, or for forming
small glass objects, though no other evidence for these processes has been found.
Catalogue
RH W ext 2, unstratified; dark blue. Dims 7-7.5-12 (plate 353.19)
I(N) 4, to 4th A.D.; opaque yellow green
I N/S baulk, late second century; opaque yellow green
I (S) 5, late 2nd/early 3rd A.D.; 2 blue-green; 2 dark blue; 1 yellow-brown
I (S) 7, early 3rd A.D.; blue-green
I (N) 7, early 3rd A.D.; opaque blue
VII 5, early 3rd A.D.; dark blue
VIII 2, unstratified; dark blue

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VIII 3, unstratified; dark blue

VIII 4, Trajanic; dark blue; opaque yellow
XI 1, unstratified; opaque blue
XI 4, Trajanic/Hadrianic; blue-green
XIII 1, early 3rd A.D.; dark blue
THE EVIDENCE FOR GLASSWORKING
Several categories of melted glass and lumps of fired clay with glass adheri
found in areas I, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV/XV and the Sou
with the greatest concentrations in I, VII and XII. Most of these pieces w
unstratified or later second-third century deposits, though some came from H
contexts, and a few were in first century contexts.
The material has been divided into six groups - drips and trails, distorted ves
melted lumps without surface dirt, glass deposits adhering to thick clay fragm
glass lumps and chips, and vitrified clay fragments. On their own, drips and t
vessel fragments and melted lumps of glass are not persuasive evidence for gla
they could have been created in ordinary domestic or accidental fires. If,
categories of evidence for glassworking are also present they are worth consid
vessel glass or cullet, and other minor waste products from glassworking.
The other three groups provide more convincing evidence for glasswor
deposits adhering to pieces of fired clay appear to come from glassmaking pot
the areas of the furnace such as the walls or floor on which the crucibles
fragments with fused surfaces and glass coating may also have come from
furnaces, though clay surfaces can sometimes become fused and coated i
processes other than glassworking. Several crucible fragments have been id
these are small and little can be learned about their size or form. Two pi
MUM S Ext.a.i.) have convex surfaces on the inside of the base, and others
Xllc.ii. and Ie.i., may either have come from square sectioned crucibles or perh
tank furnaces. One of these, Xllc.iii., contains glass with patches of white inclu
silica, which may indicate that some of the glass produced was made from raw
than from melting cullet.
The glass of the drips and trails, distorted vessel fragments and melted lump
state, whereas the glass attached to the clay fragments, and the large and small
and chips, some of which may originally have been attached to similar clay
generally very crazed and fragmentary, often breaking down into extremely s
implies that the glass has not cooled in controlled conditions and is a stron
these lumps and chips are material from glass working taking place in the loca
in glass around the coasts of Crete has been suggested; prepared cullet may hav
Tarrha (Buechner 1960, 1 16-7) and a block of blue-green glass has been disc
off the island of Gavdos (Weinberg 1963, 107). It is, however, unlikely that gla
found on the Unexplored Mansion site would have come from similar bloc
have fractured too easily to be practicable.
The site of the glassworking furnace was not found, but it is likely to ha
somewhere close by.
Virtually all the glass was either blue-green or pale greenish, though one pie

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(XHIa.i.), one yellow brown (Va.i.) and a few p

g.i. and XHIb.i.) were black. The last group, wit
surfaces, may represent a metalworking process r
Although the quantity of material found was no
the site to argue for glassworking nearby, and so
glass was being produced from raw materials
however, no indication that glass vessels were b
products which are certain evidence of glass blow
no other evidence suggests that glass blowing w
The contexts indicate that much of the glasswor
in the late phases of occupation, but they are not
piece of tile or crucible with yellow-brown glass
post-Roman industrial activity, though not necess
Glassworking finds
Trench I
a. baulk 1 & 2 up to 3rd A.D. i. Melted blob, complete. 'B
L 25.; Max W 19.
b. 2 (south area) U (plate 352.2). i. 12 small angular lump
flaking weathering deposits on unbroken surfaces. Dims
flat blob, melted, pock-marked surfaces. Rounded edges
green. Enamel-like weathering deposits, flaking. Max
c. 2 (S) U. i. 3 lumps, as b.i. above, very probably same
including crazed pale green-colourless glass crystals. D
d. 2 (8) . i. Lump of grey-white sandy material with fused
along edge. Iridescent weathering. Dims 31 x 24.
e. baulk 3 Pit I. Early 3rd A.D. i. Lump of sandy fired cl
surfaces. Ridge on right-angle includes very crazed pale
ii. 6 lumps. Blue-green and green-colourless. As b.i. an
f. baulk 3 U. i. 2 joining lumps. Pale blue-green/green-
g. 3 Pit I (N) U. i. 3 small lumps. Pale green-colourless. E
f. Max L 21; Max W 17; T 8. Wt 3.
h. 3 (S) Pit I. i. Lump. Rounded edge, very uneven thickness, one side rough. Pale green-colourless. Flaking
enamel-like weathering, iridescence. Max L 20.5; Max W 17; Max Til. Wt 5.3.
i. 4 (N) late 2nd/early 3rd to 4th A.D. (plate 352.3). i. Lump of sandy fired clay. Glass embedded in one
surface, including large protruding lump of very shattered green-colourless glass. Max L 93; W 53; T 35. ii. 3
lumps detached from embedded glass. Wt 2.4.
j. 5 (S) U. i. 5 lumps. Pale green-colourless. Flaking enamel-like weathering, iridescence. Wt 3.7. ii. (plate
352.7 bottom) Twisted trail. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Iridescent weathering. L 31; Max W 8.
k. 13 S H3 + . i. Small lump. Blue-green. Wt 0.9.
1. 15 S N3 (plate 352.4). i. 12 fragments, blown glass waste or distorted pieces of cullet. Pale blue-green/green-
colourless. Some black specks. Wt 16.1.
m. 17 (S) A2. i. fragment, melted lump, greenish colourless (not weighed)
Trench IV
a. (N) 3 Hadrianic - late 2nd A.D. R 2. i. Blackish sandy fired clay, pitted. Glazed surface. Dims 53 x 26; T 1 7.
Wt 12.3. Not necessarily evidence for glassworking.
Trench V
a. Surface U (plate 352.6). i. Fragment, red ceramic tile or vessel. Deposit of yellow-brown glass or glaze all

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over slightly curved inside surface, also dripped down

75 x 43 x 10. Not necessarily Roman glassworking.
b. South of baulk immediately above floor I. i. 4 small f
Shiny outside surfaces. Wt 3.75. Not necessarily eviden
c. (E) 3 and 4 Hellenistic to Hadrianic. i. lumps. Bluish
Trench VI
a. 2 S 2. i. 2 lumps and 4 small flakes from lump(s). P
weathering. Sandy fired clay deposit attached to one sur
not weighed).
b. 27 Mid 1st A.D. onwards, i. Melted fragment, vesse
Trench VII
a. 1 late 2 - early 3 A.D. (plate 352.5). i. 2 fragments, crazed glass from convex-based container. Blue-green.
Part of side and inside surface of base remaining as impression in glass; fired clay attached to outside surface.
NB. in cross-section, it is evident that the glass has penetrated the crucible to a depth of 9mm. in places. Dims
(including fired clay) 87 x 53 x 16; 59 x 40 x 14. Max T of glass 1 1 . Wt 79.3. ii. 3 joining lumps. Blue-green;
calcareous deposit on surfaces. Dims 31 x 23 x 28. Wt 18.9.
b. 1 U 3rd-4th A.D. (plate 352.10). i. 3 large pieces from very heavy vitrified partitioned clay object or
structure. Flat base, vertical block creating rectangular divisions. Very pale green-colourless glass adhering to
top of partition. Perhaps part of tank furnace, or square-sectioned crucible with internal partitions, or part of
siege (floor of furnace). Max L 90; Max W 102; T (floor) 30; (partition) 16.
c. 2 S 2. i. Small lump. Blue-green (not weighed)
d. 3 S 2. i. 4 small lumps. Pale/green-colourless. Enamel-like flaking weathering deposits. Wt 12.6.
e. 13 deposit Nl, Neronian (plate 353.13). i. Fragment, melted droplet (not weighed). May not be evidence
for glass working
Trench VIII
a. i. Small trail, bulbous end. Blue-green. Probably drip from manufacturing process.
b. 2 U late 2 - early 3 A.D. i. Lump, dense fired sandy clay, fused at edges. Thin layer of green-colourless glass.
c. 6B drain-fill, i. 5 fragments, probably broken from small lump. Blue-green. Flattened outside surfaces, baked
clay deposit. Wt 6.0.
d. 27 2 B.C. -y 1 A.D. i. Fragment, irregular lump. Shiny 'black'. White inclusions inside. Not necessarily
evidence for glassworking.
Trench X
a. 2 Pit 1. i. Triangular lump. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Very many very small bubbles. Glass crazed. 2
surfaces broken, one very corrugated and distorted, some sandy material embedded in this surface. Dims
19x15. Wt 6.5.
b. 3. i. Fragment, triangular lump. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. One surface broken, others cover
enamel-like weathering deposits, flaking. Dims 26 x 7.
Trench XI
a. 1 § 2153 U. i. small lumps. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Very crazed; 8 crystals detached. Fired sandy
clay adhering to some surfaces. Dims 20 x 20; 20 x 16. Wt 7.5.
b. 1 ^ 2154 U. i. 15 small lumps and chips. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Many surfaces broken, others
covered with enamel-like weathering, flaking. Wt 8.1.
c. 2 R3 - late 2nd A.D. and Severan. 1 1 + small lumps and chips. Greenish colourless (not weighed)
d. 3 ^ 2157 D6. i. Triangular lump. Dirty blue-green. Probably very burned, perhaps from crucible or furnace
bottom, but no clay attached. Dense and heavy, white inclusions. White deposits on outside surfaces. Dims
19.5x31. Wt 12.5.

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e. 3 # 2162.
i. Melted blob or trail. Pale blue-green/green-colourless
terminals pulled out. L 22; T 5. Wt 1.1. Not necessaril
f. 3 $ 2162. i. Lump. 'Black', red streaks. Light in weigh
Dims 20 x 14. Wt 2.1. This may be metalworking slag
g. 14 jj- 2341. i. 2 small lumps. Greyish 'black'. Light in
Wt 2.05.
h. 27 $ 2520 Mixed - Geometric/Hellenistic/Roman, i. Plano-convex triangular blob. Pale blue-green.
Probably droplet of melted glass. Wt 2.25. Not necessarily evidence for glassworking.
Trench XII
a. 1 U mid 3rd A.D. onwards, i. Lump, melted. Greenish (not weighed), ii. 2 small lumps. Blue-green (not
weighed).
b. 2. i. 4 small lumps. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Detached crystals from larger lump. Wt 2.9.
c. 3 § 2105 U. i. 7 small lumps. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Detached crystals from larger lump. Wt 6.3.
ii. 2 fragments. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Thin, crazed glass perhaps from near base of container.
One piece has angular line on underside, the other has fired clay deposit on underside, iii. larger fragment.
Blue-green, crazed; white inclusions in patches. This may indicate silica not thoroughly mixed in batch, which
infers production from raw materials. 2 surfaces embedded with crumbling fired clay; from edge of
rectangular container, perhaps a tank furnace, or part of the siege, or less probably, a square/rectangular
crucible. L 37. iv. (plate 352.8) Large lump of very coarse vitreous material. Blue-green. Very dense,
crazed, white and buff inclusions. One surface flat with rounded edge, one high and pock-marked, very
uneven thickness. This may be skimming from a crucible; the inclusions may indicate working from raw
materials. Dims 65 x 35. Max T 26.
d. 6 (plate 352.7 top), i. Fragment, pulled trail. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Elongated bubbles, so
black specks, tool marks near terminal. L 30; W c. 8. Wt 1.25.
e. 9 pit 5. i. Small lump, detached as crystal from larger piece. Pale blue-green/green-colourless. Ename
flaking weathering deposits. Wt 0.9. ii. Drip. Bluish green (not weighed).
Trench XIII
a. 4 jf- 2054. i. 4 small lumps. Dark blue, white/buff inclusions, very bubbly. Fired clay embedded in one
surface. Surfaces rounded and uneven except surface with clay, which is flat. Wt 5.7.
b. 4. i. Small lump. 'Black'. Light material, very pitted inside, outside surfaces shiny. Wt 1.85. Not necessarily
evidence evidence for glassworking.
Trench XIV/XV
a. Baulk 1 $ 2467 U. i. Lump of sandy fired clay, blue-green glass attached, ii. Three detached cyrstals. Wt
0.85.
77 MUM S. EX
a. Topsoil 8 U (plate 352.1). i. Large fragment, thick sandy fired clay, layer of pale green-colourless
convex curved upper surface. Perhaps crucible base or part of furnace wall. Max dims 72 x 58 x
crazed glass layer 2.5. The surface of the clay beneath the glass is heavily pock-marked.
Unknown context
i. 8 melted lumps. Pale blue-green/greenish (not weighed).

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FAIENCE VESSEL (V 21)

One fragment from a pale blue faience vessel was found in a later second century context.
The fragment preserves parts of two sides and is completely flat with a raised ridge which
runs parallel to the edges on both surfaces. It has been catalogued as a plate or tray, but no
close parallels for the form have been found, and it could alternatively be part of the lid from a
square or rectangular box, perhaps similar to a very small moulded box from Saqqara now in
the Brooklyn Museum (Riefstahl 1968, no. 65), or a cosmetic palette.
Small fragments from two Roman faience vessels have been noted in first century contexts at
Corinth (Davidson 1952, no. 622; Wright 1980, no. 128) and others are known from Roman
levels at Benghazi, but none are at all similar to this piece. The only remotely similar faience
vessels known to me are the rectangular shallow dishes with horizontal moulded handles from
Memphis, now in the British Museum , and a similar one in Tomb 9 at Wadi el-Agial, Germa
in the Fezzan (Tagart 1983, no. 3).
Catalogue
X 3, # 2017 Later 2nd A.D. (plate 352.9)
Fragment, square or rectangular vessel. Pale blue dull surfaces, interior fine buff fabric. Part of flat vessel, perhaps a
plate or tray. One straight side with rounded edge, ridge parallel to sides with right-angle at corner on both surfaces.
Dims 55 x 38; T 9.

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Section 15
Summary and Conclusions
L. H. SACKETT
While almost all periods from Sub-Minoan to Severan are represented at this sit
the advent of the imperial Roman period that architectural units with associate
to form a coherent pattern. For the Sub-Minoan to Classical periods, and to a le
for the much better represented Hellenistic period, we are dependent on pits, w
and the fragments of buildings or deposits left by chance between the foundatio
buildings which were continually terraced back into the hillside slope.
In the summary which follows these phases are discussed in chronologic
assessment is offered of the contribution made to each by the Unexplored M
The evidence for Sub-Minoan activity on this site comes primarily from a sev
area within the re-occupied northeast quarter of the Unexplored Mansion. H
Sub-Minoan material were found partly stratified over LM IIIC and cut f
series of Geometric pits (see introductory remarks to the Sub-Minoaan deposits
points rather to stone robbing than any kind of habitation at this spot, an acti
the Minoan masonry suffered intermittently from the LM IIIC period to at
times, to judge from the network of robbing pits shown in plan at plate
presence here of Sub-Minoan material is useful in showing continued occupation
Knossos through the Early Iron Age, and is supplemented by the fuller deposits
further west in the Stratigraphical Museum excavation (AR 1982-3, p. 124).
While there is very little evidence of later 10th or early 9th century B.C.
(EPG-MPG), an apparent continuity of occupation in the general area is sho
thread of evidence surviving at the very edge of the Little Palace cutting, wher
trodden levels or floors produced sherd material of EPG to Orientalizing date (s
PG contexts in Section 3).
The quantity of material available gradually increases during the 8th and 7 th
is still largely made up of pit or well fills, where a homogeneous group of contem
had remained intact. An exception is found in the early 8th century (MG, s
GD), when there is evidence for a fairly broad levelled space, with trodden e
parts of the south half of the excavation; even here however no building or flo
found, and the published material derives almost exclusively from an associa
difficult to estimate how much of the hillside was covered with buildings durin
since most traces would in any case have been removed by later building
relatively late wells, the Late Orientalizing Well 1 2 and the early Archaic Well
the existence of housing here of which all trace was later lost, yet the fill of the
the appearance of small field stones, cleared to improve yield, so perhaps the bu
most sporadic. It does seem clear that an early track-way passed obliquely throu
463

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
464 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
approximately the same line as the later H

importance in accounting for the selective hig
line, due to the impracticality or impropriety
itself (see fuller discussion in Section 1 , The
The main contribution of the finds of these
Early Hellenic deposits GA-GG and the Orie
settlement deposits which form a useful su
often exotic finds deriving from the Knossos
settlement series (see table in Section 3). C
themselves, including a decorated house mode
bird decoration (GH1-2), winged griffins r
(GH25) on local pottery of the late 8th cent
newcomer of about the same period (GH53).
character of the early occupation on this hi
some quality.
The Archaic and Classical periods are also principally represented by scattered material,
which can do little more than indicate the continuance of occupation during most of this
period, - perhaps all of it, though the absence of evidence for sixth century B.C. activity
generally at Knossos seems also to apply to this site (see discussion of the sixth century gap in
Section 3). The nature of the evidence, earth floors, fragmentary hearth and wall foundations,
well cutting and pit fills, suggests the existence of hillside houses and the practice of domestic
activities of the kind better documented in the succeeding centuries. The occurrence of residual
material of these periods over much of the excavated area in quantities not represented by the
stratified fragments selected for publication should also be kept in mind when considering the
density of such occupation; the published groups are minimal. That the conditions and
furnishings of life were of reasonable quality is suggested by the occurrence of good black- and
red-figured ware, one showing a musician playing (HI 1,1, see plate 106).
The contribution of these excavations to our knowledge of Hellenistic Knossos is much more
substantial, for while the nature of the evidence is largely similar to that of the preceding
periods due to dense occupation and continual construction and re-construction by the
Romans, this site has produced a series of stratified and dated deposits which should prove
invaluable tools for further Hellenistic studies. The published groups, rigorously selective and
extracted with considerable difficulty by Peter Callaghan from complex stratigraphical
contexts are, again, a small proportion of the Hellenistic material found, whose total volume
included a mass of residual material and may be best indicated in its relation to the Roman by
the proportions of the coins found, or about 1:3, Hellenistic to Roman. Such a wide spread of
material in combination with the fragmentary architectural remains suggests that our area was
occupied with increasing density during the Hellenistic period, a process summarised in Section
1 above.
Architecturally the most important development seems to have been a 2nd century B.C.
building programme in stone, at least over the central and south areas of the site, including the
first massive foundations of the street: the street line, the layout of the buildings and so too the
property lines remained essentially unchanged thereafter. This brings a useful contribution to
our understanding of urban development at Knossos, if this area may be taken as at all
representative. Confirmation of this hypothesis must await further excavation at -the city
centre, which should be located further to the northwest (Knossos Survey p. 19) but seminal
building programmes of this period are noted elsewhere, as at Berenice (Benghazi) and

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 465
Sabratha.2 This was the period when Roman ex

Mediterranean, and indeed Rome has been ch
century B.C. Crete.3 Yet the Hellenistic state
way of internal strife undeterred, as the histo
Callaghan in Section 4 above shows. It is notew
is consistent with a growth spurt in the 2nd ce
to Gortyn, there does seem to have been a con
period.
At the time of excavation Hellenistic Knossos was regarded as very provincial, not the pre-
eminent member of a group of local warring city-states in a region best known as a source of
mercenaries, not to mention as a refuge for pirates. More recent discussion (Knossos Survey pp.
18-22) was able to focus on the size of the Hellenistic town and the location of its districts. The
excavations at the Unexplored Mansion site add new evidence for the existence of an industrial
and cultural centre of some importance here. Activities are not only agricultural and
commercial, trading with centres such as Athens, Corinth, Cyprus and Egypt, and the
production of pottery forms in a local style, but include also the development at this site of
Hadra Ware, a pottery style of international reputation, by one of a group of local workshops of
quality and interest (see discussion of fore-runners at Section 4, following Deposit Hll, of
Hadra Ware and related workshops at Deposit H38E). Other local industries, which are better
documented in the Roman periods, were also developed during the Hellenistic period, among
those for which we have evidence metalworking (M156-87), moulding figurines and plaques
in terracotta (TC51, 61ff, 72a), spinning, weaving and perhaps working in bone (E6) and glass
(see Section 14 and plate 252).
However influential Roman power may have been in Crete during the century preceding the
founding of the Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus, the first evidence provided by these excavations
for actual Roman administration there consists of the coins of Kydas and others in the years
40-31 B.C. (C66-85), about a decade before the date now accepted for the founding of the
Roman colony.4
No clear evidence was found for a destruction of Metellan date two decades earlier in the 1st
century B.C.; on the contrary the fragmentary remains of the latest Hellenistic presenc
(Deposits H33-36) under the North House and the occupation floors and structural
adjustments observed in the Southwest House, where early Roman stratigraphy and deposi
were best preserved, rather indicate a continuity of dwelling into the Augustan period. It was
early in the Augustan period, presumably not long after the founding of the colony and the
establishment of the newcomers that the first destruction took place. This is interpreted as th
result of the first in a series of earthquakes which shook the colony, perhaps as many as six tim
in its two centuries and more of existence.
Whether or not the first colonists were basically Roman rather than Capuan,5 several objects
found in the Augustan destruction deposit and contemporary levels were of Campanian origin
(a Magenta Ware flask TC55, amphora Al,30 and Pompeian-red ware cooking dish A2,84)
and do support other evidence for a connection between the two areas and the presence of
Capuans at Knossos.6 Capuans or Romans, the settlers did not enjoy the use of the Southwest
House for long. The destruction caused the entire building except Room I to be permanently
abandoned. Only in Room I of the Southwest House and in the Southeast House did some
clearance take place and new earth floors build up during the later Augustan period and
thereafter. There was also some early 1st A.D. occupation in the north half of the site, beneath
the North House, but too fragmented by later building to make any assessment of its quality

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
466 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
possible; enough however to affirm a genera

Augustan period.
There follows a series of rebuildings and ne
pottery deposits and other material, richer f
for the 2nd century A.D. at the north. Th
retaining walls, was stone paved and provide
A.D. Houses were constructed on either s
century Southwest, Southeast and East Ho
Frescoes in the 2nd century A.D.; on the n
during the 2nd century A.D. effectively raz
had been there. These buildings have all b
Two 1st century A.D. destructions provide
mid 1st A.D. (Claudian) in the Southwest H
decades later in the East House. For the later
A.D. we have to rely on pit fill and other re
later destroyed by the North House or aw
west side. Taken together these deposits of p
local employment in domestic and agricul
food and wine, and a variety of industrial ac
along the lines set in late Hellenistic time
century A.D., and best discussed in that co
The 2nd century A.D. buildings were found
(but partly also because of) a Hadrianic destr
abundant debris both there and in the ar
House of Diamond Frescoes had walls preserv
fresco found in situ. Yet it had a chequered a
evidence given in Section 1 is correct: tha
tremors) during the actual course of constru
decoration, and leading to a final abando
completion of the work. The principal finds
in Section 9, apparently decorated the buildi
final state of completion. The North Hou
century A.D. after the Hadrianic destruction
date, not everywhere succesfully isolated fr
the final floor deposit (North House Roo
allotted to the latest activity on the site
neighbourhood than is represented by Depos
Severan material (Deposit S2) found overly
the North House deposit and even more
indicate abandonment rather than destructi
any of the structures in this area. Wash lay
to the 4th and 5th centuries A.D., see Dep
The deposits from within the buildings we
shown a variation in the sources of importe
in the 1st century A.D. to a higher proporti
in the 2nd Century, and the introduction of
our period. It is hoped that further study o

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 467
amphorae may add substantially to the pictu

treated in Section 7, is new for Knossos,
Roman Crete on a wider basis. The study of
provides evidence for iron-smithing a
(M551- 600a), with the suggestion of a local
period (see M263-273 and plates 308, 312)
(Section 9) along with that of the bone fi
that both were being made locally in the 2n
at the House of Diamond Frescoes shows ano
cannot connect directly any of the miner
this particular contract. The glass objects of
occurrence of glass-making waste must indi
of terracotta moulds, of pottery kiln waste
agricultural implements relate to different
The association of those kinds of industrial
intended purely for domestic use, along wit
building on our site seems to indicate that t
flourished. Thus we may envisage on our
industries including the traditional agricu
and perhaps trading, weaving and spinning,
sculptures in plaster and of smaller terracot
have been some distance away; the kiln wast
glass making.
While these activities are best documente
more scattered evidence for the same ki
exception of working on plaster sculptures,
storage of food and wine (Southwest and
We may now visualize on the western slope
sloping hillside street with houses on eith
Knossos and one occupied almost continu
abandonment. This site has been very pro
increasing intensity in later times as the re
new evidence for the varied life and work of ancient Knossos.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
NOTES
Section 1 Excavation and Architecture
1 . The pre-Roman sections are by L.H. Sackett, in consultation with P J. Callaghan. For the R
drafts of the sections on the House of Diamond frescoes and the North House were written by
others by L.H. Sackett; all sections were subsequently revised in collaboration with both w
2. The line of this wall was revealed in the Minoan excavations of 1977 (after the completion o
K. McFadzean). It ran parallel with the north wall at a distance of 4.10m.
3. Here the north wall (Wall 'dt') is shown built on strong and broader Hellenistic foun
preserved Hellenistic occupation layer (no. 15) is shown running up against the north face o
the Neronian floor (no. 9).
4. For the pottery dating this feature, see Deposit H23.
5. The floor levels are these: Southeast House court, 13.50 at west, 13.17 at east; Southwes
13.60-13.76; Room II 13.45-13.50; Room III 13,40-13.45. Intermediate buildings c. 13.45 (
6. These would then form approximately equal steps up of c. 15cms interval from floor at c. 1
13.64, second step at c. 13.80, top step at 13.97.
7. If this basin does belong to this lower floor, and was not cut down from a subsequent one
the mid 1st century B.C., but it may have been re-used later. In either case there will have
with the rectangular built cistern nearby, which was constructed later.
8. The wall which runs north-south across the yard, dividing it into two (Wall 'ec') was built fi
(Wall 'df ) which runs up to the entrance steps, abutts against it. But they are part of one con
The general view at plate 26a shows an intermediate stage in excavation, after the remova
with the cross wall ('ec') still dividing the yard.
9. The intervals are at the following levels: from 14. 10 at floor, to 14.24 at lower step, 14.43 a
at upper step and 14.87 at street level.
10. The excavation was directed by L.H. Sackett and the work done by Nikos Daskalakis and
supervised at various stages by Charles Coolidge, David Erhart, J.E. Jones, and Rhodri C
excavation of the well shaft below the cistern was supervised by Tony Spawforth. Help in clean
mending finds was given by Mrs Renee Ellis Jones, Angharad Wyn Jones, and Rhodri Car
Petrakis restored the pottery from the primary deposit of the well-shaft. Finds from the cist
and catalogued by J. Ellis Jones and those from the well shaft by J.N. Coldstream. Tha
Jonathan Choate of Groton Massachusetts who, with his Applied Mathematics class of 1987
liquid capacity of the cistern, using a Basic program with numerical integration routine to
11. In the event only the Archaic material from the lower well-shaft was published separately
since it has no connection with any stratified level within the Unexplored Mansion excava
contents of the bottle cistern however are associated with fills in the Southeast House, and can
Roman pottery sequence of the site, into which they are now incorporated.
12. The quantities of pottery were as follows: at depth 0-1 m. below Minoan floor, 2 baskets; at
2-3m., 4 baskets; at 3.0-3.50m., 11 baskets; at 3.50-3.90m. 2 baskets; at 3.90-4.15m., 5 b
4.15-4.35m., 6 baskets, including a higher proportion of larger fragments or whole pots.
13. This type of cistern is often found at ancient house sites. At Olynthus the inhabitants mostly
water drawn from public fountain houses, but a few houses had cisterns to collect rain-
generally in the open court; some significantly enough under the eaves-line of roofed galleries
the roofed pastas or a covered loggia. The majority were bottle-shaped, from 4.50 to 6.0m.
hard subsoil, lined with plaster, and provided with a shallow round depression in the midd
make cleaning easier. Capacities varied from 23 to 26 thousand litres. See Olynthus viii 307
especially 76.1 for a profile like the Knossian example; also Olynthus xii 118, pls. 101, 123
469

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
470 NOTES TO PAGES 33-56
profiles. Olynthus viii 307-9 cites parallels

said to have been in use in the fourth centu
by early Hellenistic times. Certainly the O
expansion and destruction of Olynthus, i.e
isolated house-site (perhaps a farmhouse) to
surface finds to date back to Hellenistic ti
Coastal Demes of Attica 43-4 (Site D): 'A cis
began during Greek times. The pottery th
Hellenistic period'. Our bottle-shaped cister
Its period of use extends from c. 150 B.C.
14. There is no reason to think that the thi
since it is identical in texture with that o
15. For a description of the tiles, see Section
strengthened or 'anchored' with large flat
16. Harcourt, R.A. (1974) 'The dog in prehisto
151-175.
17. An analysis of this ash, undertaken by D. Ninkovich (as part of a profile of soils at Knossos, and in connection
with the Bronze Age eruption of the Thera volcano) gave the surprising result that it contained a recognisable
quantity of ash from Santorini. The significance of this is not clear, though it has been reported to me that such
ash can be used as a clarifier of wine.
18. These suggestions were made to me by Vronwy Hankey and Stelios Andreou, at Knossos.
19. These included a lamp with erotic scene (L355) and a carinated casserole of form as D4,23.
20. An earthquake in Nero's thirteenth year is referred to in the Dictys Cretensis story, for which see J. Forsdyke
Greece Before Homer p. 153. Although they are found in a general context of romantic fabrication, it seems
probable that some of the details of the story, including the earthquake at Knossos, the discovery of tablets and
the involvement of Nero, may well be based on fact. It is now thought that the author wrote during the early
empire (A. Lesky History of Greek Literature 860).
21. AJ. Evans PM II 545-6.22. The excavation of Room IV was carried out by Mervyn Popham, who kindly
made over his notes, plans and photographs for use in this publication.
23. Cf. L.H. Sackett and J.E.Jones 'Knossos: A Roman House Revisited' in Archaeology 32(1979) 18-27.
24. Cf. M.K. Durkin and C J. Lister 'The Rods of Digenis: an Ancient Marble Quarry in Eastern Crete' in BSA 78
(1983) 69-96.
25. Cf. J.W. Hayes VilD, esp. pp. 97-99 with earlier references and a summary of the history. The construction of
the Villa Dionysos in its final, elaborate form with columns, marble veneers, frescoes and mosaic floors is dated
'not earlier than the end of the reign of Hadrian' ( 1 1 7-138 A.D.), a date in keeping with the cuirassed statue of
that emperor found near the west end of its court, while a destruction, perhaps from earthquake and at least
partial abandonment followed not very long afterwards, and the destruction layer was sealed with dumped
material of 1 70-180 A.D., while even later material found its way into parts of the building up to the mid-3rd
century A.D.
26. See Section 13 below for discussion of the stone and marble finds.
27. The contrast in vividness between the dado panels of the two rooms is visible in the colour illustrations in
Archaeology 32 (1979) pp. 18 and 20; apart from stylistic differences as between the hands of different craftsmen,
there is a definite qualitative difference in preservation of the paint.
28. Pliny NH 35, 2; 36, 47, 1 14, 134; Vit.ii, 8 and 10.
29. M. Rostovtzeff JHS 39 (1919) 144-63, esp. 150, 152f.
30. C. Praschniker and H. Kenner, Der Bäderbezirk von Virunum (1947), pp. 17-18, 180, 180.
31. The Minoan block formed a useful base, and the point remained unmoved over the centuries. Preserved
heights of the successive walls are as follows: Minoan block at 1 1.73; early wall at 12.37; 3rd B.C. Wall 'al' at
12.79; 1st A.D. Roman street at 13.98; late 2nd A.D. reconstruction (Wall 't') at 14.62.
31a Other Hellenistic contexts where cobbled paving of the same character is found are: in the bottle cistern area,
beneath the Southeast House late Hellenistic floor (plate 29a-b) and in the yard area of the late Hellenistic
'winery' north of the Southwest House (plate 26).
32. The style of masonry in the north (upper) and south (lower) walls is very homogeneous. It has a build of evenly
coursed, roughly faced stones of medium size, levelled up with smaller stones. However, the two walls are of
different dates: the lower stretch forms the west wall of the East House and should be early 1st century A.D.;
the upper stretch is part of the Hadrianic reconstruction of the North House (south wall of Room V). The

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
NOTES TO PAGES 56-64 471
inferior stretch at the right (Wall 't') which

addition, see discussion below.
33. The occurrence of one 4th century A.D. coin
able to flow down drain or crevice by the walls u
34. The photograph shows 1st A.D. street paving
House phase I, whose destruction is dated by
house, built on a line partly overlying the dra
Section 2 The Sub-Minoan Pottery

1. MUM Plate l(b) and pp. 7-15.
2. Evans, PM II 134-8; V.D'A. Desborough PGP p. 236ffand GDA 57-63; J.K. Brock, Fortetsa; J.N. Coldstream,
'Knossos 1951-61: Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery from the Town' in BSA 67 (1972) 63-87, henceforth
referred to as Coldstream; J. Boardman, 'Protogeometric Graves at Agios Ioannis near Knossos' in BSA 55
(1960) 128-148, henceforth referred to as Boardman; P.M. Warren, 'Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum
Excavations 1978-82, Part II' in AR 1982-3 pp. 64-87, henceforth abbreviated to Warren.
3. PM II p. 136 Fig. 69. I am grateful to the authorities of Heraklion Museum for granting me facilities to study
this pottery.
4. Referred to in S. Hood and D. Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area (1981) p. 48 site 188.
5. Fortetsa pp. 8-10 and Plate 3.
6. Boardman, p. 144 who anticipates that other vases too may be SM.
7. AR 1978-9 pp. 45-6.
8. Warren, Fig. 60(a) and (b).
9. Coldstream, p. 70 Fig. 2 no. A25.
10. Fortetsa Tomb VI.57 at Plate 6; Boardman, p. 142 and Plate 36, Tomb VIII, 14.
11. Fortetsa Plate 1, no. 10.
12. Fortetsa Plate 1, no. 19.
13. MUM p. 162 with references.
14. Boardman, Fig. 5 and Plate 36.
15. Fortetsa Tomb VIII no. 622, Plate 38 and p. 58.
16. Coldstream, p. 67.
17. Warren, Fig. 62; also Coldstream, Plate 14, 12a and 14, in the SM/EPG deposit.
18. Fortetsa Plate 6 no. 62.
19. Fortetsa Plate 138 no. 166.
20. PM II Fig. 70 no. 3 a drawing from a photograph in the Ashmolean Museum archive, in part reproduced h
22. PM II p. 137, Fig. 70, 3.
23. See my comments in Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Vol 5(2) p. 159
24. Boardman, Plate 36, Tomb VIII, 10 a small example; Fortetsa Tomb VI, 74 and 90, Plate 5.
25. Lefkandi, BSA 66 ( 1 97 1 ) p. 34 1 , Fig. 5, 7; Melos, C. Renfrew, The Archaeology of Cult: the Sanctuary at Phylakopi
Melos (BSA Suppl. Vol. 18) p. 188, Fig. 5.19, no. 315; Karphi, BSA 55 (1960) p. 10, Fig. 6 no. 8 and p. 1
26. Fortetsa Plate 6.
27. PMUp. 134, Fig. 68.
28. BSA 55 (1960) p. 11.
29. Fortetsa Tomb P no. 1429, p. 124 and Plate 78.
30. BSA 55 (1960) p. 12 with references, Fig. 7, 6.
31. Coldstream, p. 68, Fig. 1 no. Al; Fortetsa p. 23, Tomb BLT no. 205, Plate 14; Boardman, Plate 32, Tomb IV, 1
and VIII, 1.
32. Boardman, Plates 32-3.
33. Lefkandi, BSA 66 (1971) Plate 51, 6 and 53, 1; Palaikastro, BSA 60 (1965) p. 296, fig. 16 but very crude.
35. They are, for instance, present in early levels of LH IIIC at Lefkandi.
36. Fortetsa Plates 3 nos. 1 and 20, and 132 nos. 1 and 3.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
37. ADelt (Chronika) 28 (1973) Plate 559.

38. Fortetsa Tomb VI nos. 42 and 52, p. 161
39. The design is very similar to that on a sh
40. Warren, Fig. 56 and p. 76.
41. Coldstream, Fig. 9, F32 and G 136.
42. MUM Plate 87 (f).
43. Coldstream, Fig. 9, F27.
44. MUM Plate 95(c); Palaikastro, BSA 60 (196
(1960) p. 10 Fig. 6 no. 7 and pp. 10-11 and C
45. Discussed in MUM pp. 174-5 with illustra
Section 3 Early Hellenic Pottery
Acknowledgements
I am obliged to the Managing Committee of the British School at Athens for facilities of study at Knossos, and for
meeting the expenses of research. My thanks are also due to my wife, Mrs Nicola Coldstream, for help with the
drawings, and to Miss Susan Bird for preparing the final tracings.
Abbreviations
AA Atomic Absorption
AR Archaeological Reports (Journal of Hellenic Studies)
F J.K. Brock, Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs near Knossos, BSA Suppl. 2 (Cambridge,
GGP J.N. Coldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery (London, 1986).
Teke tholos R.W. Hutchinson and J. Boardman, 'the Khaniale Tekke Tombs', in BSA 49 (19
Notes
1. F. xvi; see GGP 330 for a slight modification of Brock's absolute dating.
2. Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 65 for PG; 78 for G; BSA 68 (1973) 35 for O.
3. BSA 55 (1960) 159-63, 'lower deposit'; pls. 42-3.
4. For Euboean Subprotogeometric phases and chronology see Lefkandi I plates, opposite p. x.
5. See most recently Caterina Mavriyannaki, SMEA 15 (1972) 161-70.
6. AJ. Evans, The Palace of Minos II, 128ff, fig. 63.
7. St. Alexiou, KCh 4 (1950) 441ff.
8. This model has been thought to represent the abduction of a fertility goddess (Alexiou, KCh 12 (1958) 277ff.),
or the rediscovery of a Minoan tholos tomb (Boardman, BSA 62 (1967) 66), or Hades with Persephone, whose
emergence in spring is eagerly awaited by farmers in the world above (Coldstream, Deities in Aegean Art
(Bedford College, London, 1977) 10).
9. H.W. Catling, Cypriot Bronzework in the Mycenaean World (Oxford, 1964) 168, form 3b, fig. 18b.
10. A much closer Knossian copy in coarse clay, reproducing the handles of the Tiryns cauldron with their spool
attatchments, has been found in a ninth-century tomb in the North Cemetery: KMF T. 287.15.
11. S. Benton, BSA 35 (1934-35) 57f. nos. 1-2 fig. 14.
12. Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 67.
13. Art.cit. 80.
14. Respectively F. 166B(i) and B(ii), C.
15. F. 162.
16. Cf. the decoration on a krater from the North Cemetery Teke D 13: Stele Kontoleontos (Athens, 1
195.
17. Sackett, BSA 71 (1976) 1 17ff. pl. 16, Teke E 3; Catling, AR 1977, 15f. figs. 34-5, Teke F 1. The lat
like our GH 2, combines figures with concentric circles.
18. BSA 31 (1930-31) 64f. no. 16 fig. 9.
19. Coldstream in Acts of 2nd Int. Arch. Symp. , The Relations between Cyprus and Crete c. 2000-500 B.C. (
258f.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
20. Op. cit. 259 pl. 44, 6-7.

21. Brock, F. 144; Coldstream, in Stele Konto
22. Cf. K.R. Maxwell-Hyslop, Western Asiati
an ivory from Nimrud.
23. E.g. GGP pl. 52a = Teke G 8.
24. BSA 55 (1960) 163-71, 'upper deposit';
25. F. no. 749; BSA 55 (1960) 1969 nos. 89
26. BSA 67 (1972) 78f.
27. Imported belly-handled amphorae are n
219.33 (Attic MG II). For the last see J.N. Co
Hägg (Stockholm, 1983) 204 fig. 5).
28. BSA 73 (1978) 45f. nos. 1-2 pl. 10.
29. Brock, F. 164f.; Boardman, The Cretan C
(London, 1977) 272.
30. Cf. GGP pl. 9g, j.
31. F. 188.
32. Coldstream, Geometric Greece 313 fig. 100.
33. I have discussed these pieces more fully in Antichità Cretesi, Studi in onore di D. Levi II (Catania
GH 19 see also Geometric Greece 287 fig. 92c.
34. F. no. 1414, the 'Zeus' lid; BSA 67 (1972) 88, G 14-15, pl. 24, winged sphinxes; KMF 134.47, a
lions and sphinxes in panels, in Mélanges H. Metzger ■, RA 1982, 25ff.
35. F. no. 1299; Boardman, op. cit. (n. 29 supra) 144f.
36. AJA 5 (1901) 148 fig. 11; Geometric Greece 285 fig. 92a.
37. Kunze, Kretische Bronzereliefs nos. 54, 56; Geometrie Greece 287 fig. 93a; F. Canciani, Bronzi orienta
a Creta ... (Roma, 1970) 176ff., 'gruppo dei cervi pascenti'.
38. BSA 73 (1978) 49-60 pls. 11-13.
39. F. 214.
40. Cf. the two amphorae, n. 28 supra.
41. E.g. BSA 73 (1978) 46 no. 5 pl. 10.
42. Art.cit. 59; pl. 13 nos. 17, 25.
43. For the massed circles of GF 21 cf. F. no. 848; BSA 76 (1981) 145 no. 7, 148 no. 40.
44. Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 56 no. 39 fig. 9.
45. F. 167 E(ii).
46. As in the LO kotyle, AE 1945, 64 no. 84 fig. 13.
47. Cf. BSA 68 (1973) 35; 48 no. 35; 43 no. 21; BSA 73 (1978) 56 no. 41.
48. Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 56 no. 42.
49. Cf. BSA (1973) 39f. nos. 43-4, 48, fig. 2.
50. Cf. art.cit. 39 fig. 2 top row. The coarse prototype, discussed in the final section of this chapter, is represented by
GE26.
51. Cf. art.cit. 39 nos. 38-40, 42, fig. 2.
52. Cf. BSA 56 (1961) 76-80 fig. 13.
53. Boardman, op. cit. (n. 29 supra) 46-8.
54. Athenian Agora IV, 8, 14.
55. Tocra I no. 974; see also B. Shefton in Perachora II, 384f, on nos. 41 14-17. Knossian imitations conti
the early fifth-century context of RR Well H (no. 23).
56. Contrast BSA 68 (1973) 39 fig. 2, H 38-40.
57. Hesperia 7 (1938) 601f. nos. 176-83 figs. 25-6.
58. Teke J 46, AR 1977, 14 fig. 31 top centre, now provides a PG precedent for this form.
59. J. Schäfer, Studien zu der griechischen Relief pithoi.... (Kallmunz, 1957) 9ff.; Boardman, BSA 57 (1962) 31
(rectangular stamp).
60. Cf. PAE 1936, 83 fig. 1 (Amnisos); BSA Suppl. 8 (1973) 21f., A 34 pl. 10 (Knossos, Demeter).
61. The analysis was conducted by Drs R.E.Jones and D. Liddy of the Marc and Ismene Fitch Laborato
whom thanks are due for advance information concerning the results. See now D. Liddy. Fitch Lab. Occ
3 (1988) 29fT.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Section 4 Archaic to Hellenistic Pottery
Acknowledgements
1. Miss S. Alcock who helped with the laborious task of reading through the excavation note books, sifting the
evidence and writing up the summaries. Without her help the process would have been a much more arduous
one.
2. Dr I. McPhee who examined and dated the Attic Pelike H5,l.

3. Dr K. Arafat who helped with the dating of the Attic vases in Hll and suggested
some might be placed.
4. Professor A.M. Snodgrass who read the manuscript and made many helpful su
Abbreviations
Agora xii: B.A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5t
Athenian Agora xii Princeton 1970.
Agora xxii: S. Rotroff, Hellenistic pottery: Athenian and Imported Mold Made Bo
Princeton 1982.
Corinth IV O. Broneer, Terracotta Lamps. Corinth IV Cambridge, Mass. 1930.
Délos xxvii: P. Bruneau et. al L'îlot de la Maison des Comédiens, Délos xxvii, Paris 1970.
Délos xxxi: A. Laumonier, La céramique hellénistique à reliefs. Ateliers 'Ioniens'. Délos xxxi, Paris 1977.
Guerrini L. Guerrini, Vasi di Hadra, tentativo di sistemazione cronologica di una classe ceramica, Studi
Miscellanei 8, 1964.
KCG Knossos, Cistern Group. BSA 45 (1950) 175-92.
KDS J.N. Coldstream, Knossos, the Sanctuary of Demeter. BSA Supplementary Volume 8, London 1973.
KKG BSA 45 (1950) 165-175.
KRS The Shrine of Glaukos. BSA 73 (1978) 1-33.
KSP BSA 76 (1981) 83-108.
LPW The Little Palace Well, BSA 76 (1981) 35-58.
Tocra I J. Boardman & J. Hayes, Excavations at Tocra 1963-5. The Archaic Deposits, BSA Supplementary
Volume 4, London 1966.
Tocra II Ditto BSA Supplementary Volume 10, London 1973.
Notes
1. BSA 68 (1973) 45-63 and n. 18. Some fine bf sherds of the Leagros group have been found at the southern
end of the Tekke cemetery.
2. Ibid., 46 and the discussion after Deposit GG in this volume.
3. Ibid., 43, 33 and examples in Deposit GG.
4. Tocra i nos. 927-8; ii no. 2104.
5. BSA 68 (1973) 56, L53-5.
6. BSA 73 (1978) 8, no. 16.
7. Ibid., 18f.
8. Note that the necks are also shorter than any of those from Well H: BSA 68 (1973) 50, L6-11.
9. We owe this dating to Dr I. McPhee. Our example has the squat proportions of the period 425-400 B.C.
rather than the taller profile of the early 4th c. B.C. Close in painting style but slightly later is Olynthos XIII
PL 70.
10. Outlined in BSA 80 (1985) 1-17 and refined by Enklaar in Babesch 61 (1986) 41-43.
11. BSA 73 (1978) lOf.
12. Agora Xll, 118-9.
13. Ibid., nos. 696-9.
14. For the style of the Theseus Painter cf. AB V 450, 518-21, 703-4, 716. Our piece is probably a little later.
15. ARV2 1338, 1.
16. The squared kneecaps seem characteristic
17. For a similar head cf. Olynthos XIII, PI. 59.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
18. Olynthos XIII, PL 60; Hesp. 3 (1934) 427

19. A few unpublished examples from the L
20. In a far later context: Hesp. 3 (1934) 417
H8,17.
21. The sherd is mentioned in Babesch 61 (1
22. Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano.
(1985) 142.
23. Dr K. Lembesis was kind enough to let me examine the material from her destruction deposit, partly
published in ADelt 26 (1971) Chron B2 493-6. Comparisons in this volume are only made with the Knossian
imports at that site; the local vases follow their own line of development.
24. For example, the relatively full sequence provided at Athens in Hesp. 3 (1934) 311-396, AM 85 (1970)
128-196 and many other publications.
25. Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano . Studi in onore di A. Adriani 792; BSA 80 (1985) 1 1-13; Babesch 60 (1985)
142 no. 3.
26. Babesch 60 (1985) 140-2. For other local Knossian sherds painted by the same hand see BSA 80 (1985) 15, fig.
5. In this volume see H18,16.
27. Praktika (1973) PL 218b.
28. ADelt 27 (1972) Chron. B2, PL 580.
29. The deep form of this shape seems to have been the preferred one at Athens, a shallower variety at Knossos
and - generally - in the rest of Crete.
30. Praktika (1973) 211, fig. 7.
31. Ibid., PL 218:b.
32. Ibid. For the identification of the site see AR 22 (1975-6) 30.
33. Délos 31.
34. Kretika Chronika 21 (1969) PL 10 opposite p. 161.
35. ADelt 27 (1972) Chron. B2 PL 580; Praktika (1973) 208, fig. 5.
36. Though it must be admitted that the best parallels are later and it is possible that this vase belongs
fill H37. For a late 2nd c. B.C. example see Hesperia 3 (1934) El. The reasons for the new date are g
Agora 22, p. 110.
37. The reasons for this up dating are given in the deposit summary for H23.
38. Alessandria e il mondo ellenistic-romano 791; BSA 80 (1985) 11, fig. 5 and Plate 3 (a); Babesch 60 (19
39. Babesch 60 (1985) 137-9; 61 (1986) 60-2.
40. BSA 75 (1980) 33-48; BICS 30 (1983) 125-7; Babesch 60 (1985) 137-9; 61 (1986) 62.
41 . The hydria BSA 73 (1978) 15, no. 42 belongs to the same group but its profile, fabric and glaze all
earlier date. See also H38,43.
42. Kretika Chronika 21 (1969) PL 10 opposite p. 61.
43. Babesch 60 (1985) 126-9.
44. BSA 76 (1981) 57 and fig. 9.
45. I wish to thank Professor St. Alexiou for allowing me the opportunity to examine his material fr
Pelaghia/Apollonia.
46. BICS 30 (1983) 31-9; especially 35 and n. 15 for a discussion of this olpe.
47. BSA 76 (1981) 17; 73 (1978) PL 6 nos. 72 and 74 and (unpublished) HM 2501 from a cemetery
Gypsades Hill south of the city.
48. BSA 45 (1950) 181, fig. 20: middle and right. For a similar example, though slightly more atten
Guerrini PL X, e.
49. Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano, 812, fig. 2: bottom right.
50. Babesch 60 (1985) 142. Enklaar's Dolphin Painter; BSA 80 (1985) 11 and figs 3-4: my Aliki Paint
51. Babesch 60 (1985) 142-3.
52. A similar small winemaking establishment was discovered further south AR 24 (1976-7) 61 and
53. These remain unpublished and the nature of the deposits allows only rough estimates as to the dat
developments.
54. BSA 45 (1950) 181, fig. 20. For a similar example see Guerrini PL X, e. For the relative position of
group in the Knossian sequence see the deposit summaries for H30, H35. Of the other shapes, we ca
after BSA 45 (1950) 178, fig. 15D, and 8-9 also seem more developed than BSA 45 (1950) 178, fi
BSA 76 (1981) 90, fig. 5, 283. The Megarian Bowl 5 is discussed at length as H38,85.
55. BSA 45 (1950) 181, fig. 20 left.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
56. Ibid., 183, fig. 23A.

57. And also in KDS, G,l PL 19.
58. This fabric also occurs on the plate BSA 76 (1981) 99, fig. 10, no 360.
59. It has been impossible to isolate a Metellan destruction deposit at Knossos and it is possible that there was no
severe social dislocation until the foundation of the Augustan colony c. 25 B.C. Economic hardship may have
followed the conquest of the island if, as seems likely, Knossos lost a large part of its chora TAPA 106 (1976)
313-30.
60. BSA 66 (1971) 263. Possibly pre-Augustan?
61. For later 1st c. B.C. domestic pottery see BSA 66 (1971) 260; 267-8.
62. Ibid. 266; KDS 49, nos. 22-3.
63. Guerrini PI. X, a-e. The range of types in this group suggests either a long use period for the tomb or a
secondary burial after the lapse of some time.
64. Unpublished, but usually found in a later Hellenistic contexts.
65. R.M. Cook, Greek Painted Pottery, London (1960), 208.
66. BSA 80 (1985) 1-17; Babesch 61 (1986) 41-65. Both have extensive bibliographies on earlier work in this field.
67. Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano Rome (1984) 804-18.
68. There seems to be a general reluctance to admit a widespread production on Crete but if both Knossos and
Phaistos can be given some of these Hadra vases, I see no reason to exclude Gortys, Chania, Hierapytna or
other major centres as possible homes for some of the workshops.
69. B.C. H 100 (1976) Etudes 253-60.
70. As with the figured and floral types painted by the Centaurs Painter: Babesch 60 (1985) 126-9. 1 would like to
add the following to this group on the basis of a shared type of laurel wreath with double dotted berries:
Guerrini B2-3, E,2; IHV2 and 15; Toronto ROM 919x13.27 and Cyprus National Museum D707. For the
last of these I would like to thank B.F. Cook for drawing my attention to it. A missing vase which also belongs
here is ex New York 90.9.20 see Alessandria e il mondo ellenistico-romano 799 Group IV, 47. Dr C. Lightfoot has
kindly informed me that yet another vase to be assigned to this painter is now in the Antalya Museum.
71. Babesch 60 (1985) 142.
72. Délos xxxi, 3.
73. Babesch 61 (1986) 48-51.
73. Pausanias VI, 4, 1 1; Pindar Olympics XII; IC, 1, 47.
74. BSA 73 (1978) 1-33.
75. M.N. Tod A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions (Ox) 1933, no 33; R. Meiggs & D. Lewis A Selection of Greek
Historical Inscriptions (Ox) 1969, no 42.
76. For example see IC 3, VI, 7 A-B; IV, 165 and Rhaukos below.
77. TAPA 106 (1976) 327-8.
78. I owe this thought to Dr N. Sekunda.
79. Diodorus XVI, 62, 3ff.
80. ADelt 26 (1971) Chron B2 494-6, PL 512-3.
81. /Cl,6.
82. Strabo, X, 479, 14.
83. Polybius IV, 53, 3-54; IC 1 pp. 48-9.
84. Polybius IV, 55, Iff.
85. Polybius IV, 54.
86. /C4, p. 21.
87. Polybius XXII, 15, Iff.
88. /C4, 181.
89. IC 4, 182; Polybius XXX, 23, 1.
90. SIG 627.
91. For example the suppression of Milatos by Lyttos in the 2nd century B.C. (Strabo X, 479, 14)
Praisos to Hierapytna c. 150 B.C. (IC 3, IV, 9-10 and commentary).
92. The Drerian oath is very pro-Knossian and anti-Lyttian ( B.C.H 61 (1937) 327-32) and seem
the fears of the Drerians that their city might be taken over by the neighbouring Lyttos. Th
Knossos for help, as they had probably done in the 3rd century B.C.
93. As they may well have done to attack Lato where a Gortynian sling bullet has been found
94. ASAC 240.
95. Vitruvius I, 4, 10. None of the rivers in the Herakleion Valley literally lies between Knosso

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
They are all south north flowing. Vitruvius

but his wording implies that it did.
96. IG II- III2, 1443, col II, 121f.
97. Diodorus XX, 88, 9.
98. AC AS passim.
99. Polybius VII, 11, 9.
100. IC 1, p. 49.
101. P. Panos, Tà SçpayícrfxaTa zf¡c 'AltcoXixyjç KotXknzóXzo^ç, Athens (1985) no. 88.
102. SIG 627.
103. For Cretan mercenary activity cf. G. T. Griffith, The Mercenaries of the Hellenistic World (Cambridg
passim.
104. Ibid, and H.A. Ormerod, Piracy in the Ancient World (Liverpool) 1978, passim.
Section 6 The Roman Pottery

Abbreviations
Agora v H.S. Robinson The Athenian Agora V, Pottery of the Roman Period, Chronology (Princeton 1959).
Cosa M. T. Marabini Moeus The Roman Thin Walled Pottery from Cosa (Memoirs of the American
Academy in Rome XXXII) Rome 1973.
Demeter Sanctuary J.N. Coldstream Knossos, the Sanctuary of Demeter BSA Supplementary Volume 8, London
1973.
EAA J-W. Hayes, Typologies of eastern sigillata wares in Atlante delle Forme Ceramiche II. Ceramica
Fine Romana Nel Bacino Mediterraneo supplementary volume of the Enciclopedia delV Arte Antica,
Classica e Orientale^ issued by the Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Rome 1986.
Goudineau C. Goudineau Fouilles de V École Française de Rome à Bohena (Poggio Moscini) 1962-67 iv, la
céramique aretine lisse (Paris 1968).
Haltern S. Loeschcke, "Keramische Funde in Haltern," Mittwestfalen 5 (1909) 101-322.
Hayes (1971) J.W. Hayes 'Four Early Groups from Knossos' BSA 66 (1971) pp. 249-76.
Hayes (1973) J.W. Hayes 'Roman pottery from the South Stoas at Corinth' Hesperia 42 (1973) 416-70.
Kenrick P.M. Kenrick Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice) in. 1 The Fine Pottery ( =
Supplements to Libya Antiqua V.iii.l. Tripoli 1985).
Knossos Survey M.F.S. Hood and D. Smyth An Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area. BSA Suppl. no. 14
London 1981.
KMF Knossos Medical Faculty Excavations.
Loeschcke S. Loeschcke "Sigillata-Topfereien in Tschandarli," AthMitt 37 (1912) 344-407.
LRP J.W. Hayes Late Roman Pottery (London 1972).
Pergamon Altertumer von Pergamon Vols I-XVI Berlin 1912-86.
Pompeii VI, 5 I M. Bonghi Jovino Ricerche a Pompeii, l'insula 5 della Regio VI dalle origini al 79 d.C. I (campagne di
scavo 1976-1979) Roma 1984.
RCRFActa Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta.
Riley (Berenice) J.A. Riley 'The coarse pottery' in J.A. Lloyd (Ed.), Excavations at Sidi Khrebis
(Berenice) ii ( = Supplements to Libya Antiqua V.ii) Tripoli 1979.
Sabratha P.M. Kenrick Excavations at Sabratha 1948-1951 (Society for the Promotion of Roma
Monograph no. 2).
Vegas Mercedes Vegas Cerámica Común Romana del Mediterráneo Occidental Instituto de Arqu
Prehistoria, Barcelona 1973.
VilD J.W. Hayes, 'The Villa Dionysos Excavations, Knossos: The Pottery' in BSA 78 (1983)
97-169.
Notes
1. For instance the quantity of pottery deriving from the late 2nd to early 1st B.C. pit (Pit 65) was 42 zembils or
nearly half a ton. The Hadrianic fill of 'Well 12' in the Southeast House was 68 zembils or close to two thirds
of one ton.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
2. In particular these included the typologies

typescript form, studies which have now been
(see note 4 below). I am also indebted to H
identifying relief wares, and to Kathy Slan
Knossos.
3. Those pieces which properly belong to Severan deposits are listed separately under the heading S2, but are
illustrated with Deposit U.
4. Atlante delle Forme Ceramiche II, Ceramica Fine Romana Nel Bacino Mediterraneo issued as a supplementary volume
of the Enciclopedia dell' Arte Antica, Classica e Orientale, by the Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Rome 1986.
Abbreviated here as E A A.
5. For the similarity to Corinthian, see remarks by Kathy Slane in Hesperia 49(1980) 175-6.
6. 113 pieces, or about 20% of the total, derive from 2nd A.D. or later contexts. It is possible that re-
examination with an increased knowledge of late forms might turn up some fragments here also.
7. The rim fragment (A2,9a) illustrated with the base A2,9b may well be an incorrect match since the more
closed rim form should be earlier in the series.
8. J.W. Hayes 'Cypriot Sigillata' in EAA, p. 79. A. Negev, 'The Nabataean Potter's Workshop at Oboda' (Bonn
1974); for an alternate, modified view now in the final report see id. 'The Late Hellenistic and Early Roman
Pottery of Nabatean Oboda' QEDEM 22 Jerusalem 1986.
9. Oberaden 12-9 B.C. C.Albrecht 'Das Romerlager in Oberaden ii' (Dortmund 1942), summarised in
Goudineau (1968) 28-35.
10. Rödgen 10-8 B.C. H. Schonberger & H.-G. Simon 'Römerlager Rödgen' = Limesforschungen 15 (Berlin
1976).
11. Haltern 12 B.C. - 9 A.D. S. Loeschcke 'Keramische Funde in Haltern' MittWestfalen 5 (1909) 101-322,
summarised in Goudineau (1968) 18-25.
12. Mainz 10/3 B.C. - 1 1/14 A.D. W. von Pfeffer 'Ein kleines Sigillata-Depot aus Mainz' MZ 56/57 (1961-2)
208-12.
13. Vindonissa 15-20 A.D. R. Fellmann 'Jahresbericht der Gesellschaft Pro Vindonissa' 1954-5, 5-54; and E.
Ettlinger & R. Fellmann Germania 33 (1955) 364-73.
14. Dramont D. Shipwreck mid 1st century A.D. J.-P. Joncheray Rev. Arch. JVarbonnaise 6 (1973) 275-84 and
Cahiers d'archéologie subaquatique 3 (1974) 21-48.
15. Corinth South Stoa c. 55-70 A.D. See Hayes (1973).
16. Bolsena c. 50 B.C. - 50 A.D. See Goudineau (1968). Also: C. Goudineau & J. Andreau 'Bolsena (Poggio
Moscini): les deux citernes communicantes, II' MélRomeAnt 86 (1974) 275-360.
17. A. Moutinho de Alarcao 'Fouilles de Conimbriga iv, les sigillées' (Paris 1975) 1-66.
18. Magdalensberg, to 45 A.D. M. Schindler & S. Scheffenegger 'Die glatte rote Terra sigillata von
Magdalensberg' (Klagenfurt 1977).
19. See Kenrick Berenice pp. 126-129.
20. Hayes EAA, p. 49 (Introduction to E Sig B ware). C. Sentius worked during the period c. 20-1 B.C. One of
his eastern products reached Knossos: our Y29, an E Sig B bowl base, residual in the upper levels, stamped
C.SE. Perhaps also a second, Y12, also found out of context.
21. Robinson Athenian Agora V, Deposit F.
22. Hayes EAA, p. 71 (Introduction to Çandarli ware).
23. Some problem pieces of similar fabric have, perhaps incorrectly, been catalogued with Çandarli ware, see
Fl,8, Fl,10.
24. For a fuller and useful discussion, see Kenrick Berenice 388sq., from which these brief remarks are derived.
25. The figure becomes 19%, if local slipped ware is also taken into consideration.
26. Kenrick Berenice p. 219.
27. D.M. Bailey 'Cnidian relief ware vases and fragments in the British Museum' RCRFActa 14/15 (1972-3)
11-25, and 19/20 (1979) 257-72.
28. Hayes (1971) p. 258 and no. 8.
29. I am grateful to John Hayes for this information and for the reference to the relevant article by him given in
note 50 below. See also discussion of a parallel from Tomb 12 at Episkopi by A. Oliver in RDAnt. Cyprus 1983,
249.
30. LRPp. 13-14.
31. LRPp. 323.
32. LRP p. 325 and 328.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
33. Knossos Survey p. 26.

34. One caveat should be made, that due to a te
include some other products, such as unrecogn
'Brown-slip Ware', tentatively attributed to
35. The only closed shapes found in any of the
bottle (A2,17).
36. Cf. dishes as A 1,8 and A2,51-3; bowls as A 1,1 1 and A2,68, and perhaps the cup with appliqué on the handle,
Al,6.
37. Cf. the dishes A2,46-7, and the bowls A2,48-9. The broad bowl with wide grooved rim (A2,31) is a puzzle: a
carefully articulated shape, it occurs only here, at F2,24 and in a smaller, variant version in a Hadrianic
context (D6,8).
38. For E Sig A, cf. the dishes A2,46-7 and 49; Bl, 12-15; B2,48 and 50-1; Cl,43 and 50.
39. For E Sig B, cf. A2,49?; Bl,16; B2,52; Cl,48; F 1,12; F2,28c; D4,12.
40. For Italian, cf. A2,29?; Cl,39 and 49; C2 uncat. (see after C2,61); N2,15?
41. For Pontic sigillata, cf. NI, 16; Dl,5?; D4,13-14; R3,5.
42. For Cypriot sigillata, cf. A2,30b?; Cl, 44.
43. For Çandarli ware, cf. T2,2; U35-7.
44. For Knidian ware, cf. C2 uncat. (see after C2,61); U34.
45. See also catalogue entry after B2,64.
46. See discussion at catalogue entry for C 1,69-74.
47. Kenrick Berenice pp. 514-5. Note that the thin-walled wares included there with the fine wares are here
placed with the coarse wares in a separate section.
48. In this case, as for the succeeding wares, the count is that of the estimated number of vessels represented by
the fragments found. A sherd count including splinters would be considerably higher. For example, in the
case of the North Italian Grey Ware 123 fragments are thought to represent 46 vessels.
49. See discussion of the chronology below and reference at n. 53b.
50. For a parallel to C 1,8 1-2, see Hayes in J. Rosser Dumb. Oaks Papers 39 (1985) 95, n.48, fig. H,7 (a Paphos
find). See also n.29 above.
51. G.C. Duncan 'A Roman pottery near Sutri' BSR 32 (1964) 38-88.
52. P. Pelagatti 'Akrai (Siracusa). Ricerche nel territorio' Mc 1970, 436-99.
53. F. Mayet Les céramiques à parois fines dans la Péninsule Ibérique (Paris 1975).
53a The examples found in early contexts are: IG3, found with Claudian material in the road cist with open
drain, where however there was also an intrusive 4th A.D. coin (C169), and three fragments from the same
type of bowl.
53b M.G. Maioli: "Vasi a Pared Sottili Grigie dal Ravennate" in RCRFActa 14-15 (1972-3) 106-24.
54. Kenrick Berenice p. 465sq. His discussion is based on the research of Goudineau (1970) and Peacock (see
following note).
55. D.P.S. Peacock 'Pompeian Red Ware' in D.P.S. Peacock (Ed.) Pottery and Early Commerce (London 1977) 147.
56. Hayes (1973) no. 171.
57. Since it is not possible to distinguish small rim fragments of casseroles from those of cookpots, this ratio may
not be accurate. There may have been a tendency to give the cookpot shape priority when in doubt.
58. Cf. also T4,7b; D5, Type 6.
59. U77 is a 4th/early 5th century A.D. form, cf. Hayes VilD 94, 98.
60. The emphasis given to horizontal ribbing in illustration is somewhat subject to the draughtsman's style. The
sudden emphasis appearing in our Trajanic deposits should not contrast quite so much with the apparent
smooth profiles of much of the Hadrianic material.
61. F2,31, three out of seven casseroles; three out of twenty one cookpots.
62. The cookpot Tl,19; one jug and one trefoil jug from T3.
63. See Rl,2 and 4,6,7; R2,14-16 and 18-20; SI, 10 and 13a, 15; and U73-79.
64. Hayes VilD 106.
65. This contrasts with double the number of cookpots (over 300). Presumably not every cookpot was provided
with a lid; but it may have been the norm for the casserole shape.
66. See Hayes VilD 109.
67. This shape appears to imitate a familiar Pompeian red ware shape cf. Riley Berenice 441, 448-9.
68. For parallels at Berenice see Riley Berenice 252 'Early Roman Cooking Ware 5' and nos. 463, 470.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
480 NOTES TO PAGES 173- 256
69. Cl, 96 - four examples with a variety of

following C2,69.
70. Nl,26; N2 catalogue entry following N2,2
71. Catalogue entries following Tl,10 and T
72. Three examples in Deposit D5, found alon
73. Hayes VilD 110.
74. T2,5; T3 two examples; T4 six examples; D4
two; U79 eight.
75. BSA 73, 1978, 17 fig. 10, nos. 63-6.
76. See discussion in the catalogue under C 1
77. Nineteen examples: A2,86; B2 not cat.; N
78. Thirty three examples: six 1st A.D. fragme
century examples.
79. VilD 111 and no. 193, with base preserve
80. Vegas type 64; examples cited from Osti
81 . This shape is difficult to distinguish in frag
D4,40-l; U90-1 drawn as bowl rims.
82. See also preceding note for doubtful exam
83. For the classical shape (Vari), see BSA 68
84. For the wider geographical and chronolog
85. Augustan, A2,94-5, four examples; Tiber
nine examples; Flavian, F 1,21 and F2 not
D4,56-9, D5 not cat., and D6,10; later 2nd A.D
86. Tiberian, Bl,32 and B2,84; Claudian, C2,2
(two), T2,14 and T3,21; Hadrianic, D4,65;
87. VilD 143 and 145, types 3 and 5, followin
88. Cf. another example from a Trajanic con
89. VilD type 3, perhaps associated with the Cr
90. Illustrated examples of stoppers are: A2
Nl,46; N2,45; D 1,1 4; D4,83-4; U 159-60.
91. The stub end of an earlier cross wall at the
corner, could have served to support such a
92. Cat. nos. 1-2, 4-23, 28-31, 33-39, 41-43,
93. Trench and level nos. (as marked on the sh
XIII 23, 24, 24a, 25b, 26; XIV 10-15, 18, 25
94. The relevant coins found in this deposit
95. I am indebted to A. Oliver for these refere
96. This trench was meticulously excavated an
97. E. Forsdyke Greece Before Homer.
98. All the items catalogued as B2 come from
35, 40, 51, 54-5.
99.See also under Deposit A2, especially nos.
100. Coins from this deposit include two Hellen
(KYDAS c. 37-31 B.C.) from XIII 35, the ear
101. Statistics are given to make comparison p
102. The following suggested dates are those of
E Sig B.
103. A group of bone hinge knuckles, E49-52, was found in the loose earth of Trench XII 'Pit 3' at the extreme
SW corner of Room III. Although these have been grouped with the later 1st A.D. material, it seems likely in
retrospect that the 'pit' formed a loose part of the N 1 destruction deposit.
104. Levels where these occurred are: X 7 (two examples), X/XI 2, X/XI 3, XI 4, XI 9, XI S.baulk #2483, XIII
Pit 1.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Section 8 The Coins
1. A.E. Chapman, Some first century B.C. bronze coins of Knossos, NC 1968, 13-26; A.Ja
of the bronze coins of Knossos, BSA 66 (1971) 283-295.
2. J. Svoronos, Numismatique de la Crète ancienne (Maçon, 1890) and supplement in Arch.
Rider, Monnaies Cretoises de Ve au 1er siècle av. J-C. (Paris, 1966).
3. Cf. A.Jackson, The coins, in N. Coldstream, Knossos: Sanctuary of Demeter, BSA Su
4. JVC 1949, 43.
5. JVC 1949, 43 under no. 36.
6. BSA Suppl. 8 (1973) 102.89. A coin issue in the name of a P. Licinius and P. Lepid
Numismatic Journal 6-7 (1982-3) 119 and plate 21.3) is probably too early to be relate
countermarks.
7. I.F. Sanders, Roman Crete (Warminster, 1982), 5 and 14.
8. CJ. Howgego, Greek Imperial Countermarks (London, 1985).
9. T.V. Buttrey, in Studies in numismatic method presented to Philip Grierson (Cambridge, 1983), 30.
10. M. Crawford, Coinage and money under the Roman Republic (London, 1985), 252-3; T.V. Buttrey, above note 9, 31;
M. Price, above note 6, 118-122.
11. JVC 1968, 21.
12. T.V. Buttrey, above note 9, 31.
13. NC 1968, 17.
14. Svoronos pl. XXXII. 1.
15. Crawford, above note 10, following A.M. Rouanet -Liesenfelt in Mélanges H. van Effenterre (Paris, 1984), 343.
16. Cicero Philippics V.5.13.
17. Guarducci/CIV.250-251.
Section 9 Roman Plaster Sculptures
Abbreviations
Drerup H. Drerup, 'Totenmaske und Ahnenbild bei den Römern,' RM 87 (1980) 81-129, pls.
34-55.
Fittschen, Bildnistypen K. Fittschen, Die Bildnistypen der Faustina Minor und die Fecunditas Augustae (Göttingen,
1982).
Fittschen-Zanker K. Fittschen and P. Zanker, Katalog der römischen Porträts in den Capitolinischen Museen und
den anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom III: Kaiserinnen- und Prinzessinnen-
bildnisse; Frauenporträts (Mainz am Rhein, 1983).
Notes
1. Preliminary references to the plaster sculptures have been published in: AR 18 (1971-2) 21; AR 19 (1972-3)
70-71; AR 24 (1977-8) 61; L.H. Sacke« and J.E. Jones, Archaeology 32, 2 (1979) 25-27. Cf. also A.W.
Lawrence, Greek and Roman Sculpture (London, 1972) 43; and I.F. Sanders, Roman Crete (Warminster, 1982) 152.
2. For the kiln, see M.S.F. Hood and D. Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area (1981), no. 304. The
statement of RJ. Ling, 'Stucco Decoration,' PBSR 40 (1972) 23 with n. 73, that while the Egyptians worked in
gypsum plaster, "the Greeks normally utilised the finer, more durable plaster based on lime (calcium oxide),"
is not supported by the chemical analysis of the Knossos fragments.
3. For this technique, cf. Drerup 97.
4. Chr. Landwehr, Die antiken Gipsabgüsse aus Baiae, Archäologische Forschungen, Band 14 (Berlin, 1985) 12-25
and esp. 203-5.
5. Egyptian painted masks: G. Grimm, Die römischen Mumienmasken aus Ägypten (Wiesbaden, 1974) 20-21.
Portuguese mask: Drerup 92-93, pl. 49, 2. Leptis Magna busts: L. Bacchielli, QuadALibia 9 (1977) 103; Drerup
95.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
6. Drerup 88.
7. Drerup, op. cit.
8. R.E.M. Wheeler, Antiquity 23 (1949) 15; S. de M
13; idem, CQ23 (1973) 154; H. Mielsch, Römische S
passim.
9. Landwehr, op. cit. (n. 4). Cf. also W.H. Schuchhardt, JbHeidelb. 1973 lOOff; idem, AA 1974 631ff; Chr. v. Hees,
AntK 21 (1978) 108ff; Drerup 102 n. 55.
9a An arm of gypsum plaster was found in the Dipylon excavations according to E. Curtius, AZ 29 (1872) 35; cf.
Landwehr, op. cit. (n. 4) 12 n. 88. Compare also the clay impressions of Greek metalwork from the Athenian
Agora published by E. Reeder Williams, Hesperia 45 (1976) 41-66, which are interpreted as "the predecessors
of the Hellenistic and Roman workshop collections of plaster impressions and casts." For a plaster death mask
once in Athens, see below n. 58.
10. H. Slim, Antiquités Africaines 10 (1976) 89-90, fig. 6; Drerup 91-92, pl. 47, 2.
11. Slim, op. cit. (n. 10) 79-86, figs. 1-3; Drerup 91, pls. 46, 1-2; 47, 1.
12. Slim, op. cit. (n. 10) 86-89, figs. 4-5; Drerup 91, pl. 48, 1-2.
13. Slim, op. cit. (n. 10) 81 n. 2.
14. Bacchielli, op. cit. (n. 5) 97-100, figs. 1-3.
15. W. v. Sydow, AA 1973 625fF; L. Quilici, Collatia. Forma Italiae I 10 (1974) 273ff; Bacchielli, op. cit. (n. 5) 103;
Drerup 87-89, esp. 88 no. 4, pl. 41, 3.
16. Drerup 88, pl. 42, 1-2.
17. Drerup 88 no. 1, pls. 38-40.
18. Drerup 97.
19. J.M.C. Toynbee -J.B. Ward Perkins, The Shrine of St. Peter (1956) 82ff; Mielsch, op. cit. (n. 8) 94-95, 174-177;
Drerup 85-87, pls. 34-37.
20. Drerup 86-87 no. 3, pl. 35.
21. Drerup 86 no. 2, 87, pls. 36-37.
22. A. Adriani, RM 11 (1970) 108ff, pl. 35, 1-2; A. Rieth, P£49 (1974) pl. 22, 1; Grimm, op. cit. (n. 5) 122, 136
D2; Drerup 90 no. 1, pl. 45, 1-2.
23. Drerup 91 no. 2, pl. 44.4.
24. Kallipolitis, EphArch 1960 141-154, pls. 7-11; J. Meischner, Jdl 97 (1982) 402 no. 2, fig. 4, and p. 406.
25. Dresden: K. Fittschen, Jdl 86 (1971) 241 no. 13, figs. 35-36; Meischner, op. cit. (n. 24) 402 no. 1, fig. 2.
Toulouse, Musée St. Raymond: Fittschen, op. cit. 240 no. 10, figs. 31-32. Padua, University Museum, said to
be mid-Severan (200-215 A.D.): Meischner, op. cit. (n. 24) 413 no. 17, fig. 17.
26. Apart from the examples already cited (nn. 12 and 23), note two further female heads from Egypt of early
third century date: Philadelphia, University Museum, Inv. E 2148 - Grimm, op. cit. (n. 5) 88, 106, 150 B108,
pl. 94, 1 with black-painted melon coiffure; and Cairo, Egyptian Museum, no. C.G.33175 - Grimm, op. cit. (n.
5) 88, pl. 96, 1, with strongly waved hair like the Knossian heads.
27. Fittschen, Bildnistypen 55-65, pls. 24-43; cf. also Fittschen-Zanker pp. 21-24 nos. 20-23, pls. 27-32.
28. Fittschen-Zanker p. 83 no. 113, pls. 142-3, dated by them to c. 160-180.
29. Istanbul, ex-Bertelé: R. Brilliant, RM 82 (1975) 136-7, pls. 28-29. New York, Met. Mus.: Brilliant, op. cit. 138,
pl. 35.
30. E.G. Berlin head: Meischner, op. cit. (n. 24) 406-7, fig. 1; Copenhagen head: Meischner, op. cit. (n. 24) 406, fig.
3; cf. Brilliant, op. cit. (n. 29) 139, pl. 36.
31. Fittschen, Bildnistypen 82-86, pl. 7, 1-3 (coin portraits) and pls. 49-52 (marble portraits).
32. Fittschen-Zanker no. 151 p. 103, pl. 179, dated by them c. 180-210.
33. Fittschen-Zanker no. 140 pp. 96-97, pls. 165-7; cf. version in British Museum, no. 1914, Fittschen-Zanker,
Beil. 20.
34. Fittschen, Bildnistypen p. 36 no. 5, pl. 3, nos. 6-7, 11-12; pl. 4 nos. 3-4; pl. 5, 4-7.
35. Fittschen, Bildnistypen pp. 51-53 nos. 1-6, pls. 19-22.
36. Fittschen, Bildnistypen p. 70 no. 2, pl. 6 nos. 3-9.
37. Fittschen, Bildnistypen pp. 78-80, pl. 48.
38. Fittschen-Zanker nos. 26-27 pp. 26-27, pls. 35-37.
39. Fittschen-Zanker no. 105 pp. 79-80, pls. 132-3, dated by them to c. 160-180.
40. Fittschen-Zanker p. 80 under no. 107.
41. For the most recent treatment of Type 1 of Julia Domna (193 - c. 210), see Fittschen-Zanker no. 28, pl. 38,
with pp. 27-29 for a list of 38 replicas.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
42. Fittschen-Zanker no. 120 p. 87, pl. 152; and n

43. Fittschen-Zanker nos. 118-119 pp. 86-87, pls.
44. Fittschen-Zanker p. 86.
45. Fittschen, Bildnistypen p. 69, pl. 6, 1-2 (coin p
46. Fittschen, loc. cit. (n. 45).
47. E. Breccia, BullSocAlex 9 (1907) 112 figs. 23-24; ide
H. Riad - Y. Hanna Shehata - H. El Gheriani, Alexandr
Museum (Cairo, no date) 132ff; Bacchielli, op. cit
48. P. Graindor, Bustes et Statues-portraits d'Egypte
49. Cairo Museum, Inv. 44671: Graindor, op. cit. (n
pl. 34, 2.
50. Tigani, Castle storeroom: B. Freyer-Schauenburg, Eikones: Festschrift Hans Jucker (Bern, 1980) 119 no. 11, pl.
42, 1.
51. Jucker, op. cit. (n. 49) 103-113; Freyer-Schauenburg, op. cit. (n. 50) 118-125.
52. Jucker, op. cit. (n. 49) 112; Freyer-Schauenburg, op. cit. (n. 50) 120.
53. Numerous architectural examples have been found at Didyma, Aphrodisias, Side and Leptis Magna; and
there is a particulary fine marble head in the Museo Nazionale, Rome, perhaps from a second century A.D.
building: M. Cima in A. Giuliano and others, Museo Nazionale Romano. Le Sculture I, 2 (Rome, 1981) no. 28, pp.
37-39, with lit. For Asiatic garland sarcophagi, see G. Koch and H. Sichtermann, Römische Sarkophage (1982)
499; M. Waelkens, Dokimeion. Die Werkstatt der repräsentativen kleinasiatischen Sarkophage, Archäologische
Forschungen, Bd. 11 (Berlin, 1982).
54. E. Buschor, Medusa Rondanini (Stuttgart, 1958). Recently an origin for the type in the Hellenistic period has
been suggested by J. D. Belson, AJA 84 (1980) 373-8; and P. Callaghan, BSA 76 (1981) 59-70. For gorgoneia,
cf. also J. Floren, Studien zur Typologie des Gorgoneion, Orbis Antiquus, vol. 29 (Münster, 1977), and Boreas I
(1978) 37-38.
55. See e.g. C. Houser, Dionysos and his Circle: Ancient through Modern (Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University,
1979); the marble silenos' head in Boston, M. Comstock and C. C. Vermeule, Sculpture in Stone (Boston, 1976)
no. 165 p. 108; or the marble maenad's head in the same museum, Comstock and Vermeule, op. cit., no. 195 p.
126.
56. JHS55 (1935) 164-5 fig. 12 pl. XI; AR 1957 24; AR 1958 22; AR 1960-61, 29-30; AR 1971-72, 21-22; M.S.F.
Hood and D. Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area, British School at Athens, supplementary volume
no. 14 (London, 1981) no. 114 p. 43.
57. J. Carington Smith, BSA 11 (1982) 259, 288.
58. A plaster death mask in the collection of the Archaeological Society in Athens was recorded by L. von Sybel,
Katalog der Skulpturen zu Athen (1881) 208 no. 2921, but is now apparently lost. Cf. Drerup 94-95, and above n.
9a.
59. Drerup 100.

60. Heibig, Führer* II (1966) no. 1615; Drerup 105, pl. 51, 1-2.
61. Drerup 122-3.
62. H.G. Frenz, Untersuchungen zu den frühen römischen Grabreliefs (Frankfurt a.M., 1977) 55 nos. 1-3; Drerup 122-3.
63. See above, n. 13.
64. Hood and Smyth, op. cit. (n. 56) 24-26 and nos. 154-9, 361.
65. Carington Smith, op. cit. (n. 57) 262.
66. K. Wardle, BSA 67 (1972) 275-9 nos. 103-4 pl. 53; Carington Smith, op. cit. (n. 57) 286-9 no. 115.
67. AR 1971-72, 21-22; J. Hayes, BSA 78 (1983) 97-99.
Section 10 Terracotta Figurines and Other Objects

1. Cf. BMC i, pl. 3, no. 19.
la. See Getty Museum Journal xii (1984), 33-6 for a discussion of Cretan Dedalic dress.
2. G. Rizza and A.M. Scrinari, // Santuario Sull'Acropoli di Gortina, i (Rome, 1968).
3. op. cit. pls. 39 & 40.
4. op. cit. pl. 39, no. 280.
5. Fortetsa, pl. 36, no. 549.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
6. Fortetsa, pl. 95, no. 1211.

7. Ann x-xiv (1927-9), 114, fig. 93.
8. op. cit. 503, fig. 596.
9. cf. Furumark, MP, 265, fig. 34, no. 39.
10. Fortetsa, figs. 16 ae and as.
11. cf. BMC i, pls. 85f, nos. 655-60.
12. op. cit. pl. 21, no. 112.
13. op. cit. pl. 22, no. 121.
14. Sanctuary of Demeter pl. 52, no. 143.
15. op. cit. pl. 52, nos. 149, 150.
16. op. cit. pl. 54, nos. 153-5.
17. op. cit. pl. 54, no. 161. And see refs for other ex
18. op. cit. pl. 54, no. 158.
19. cf. Winter, ii; 156-9.
20. Sanctuary of Demeter, pls. 40-42.
21. cf. op. cit. pl. 53, no. 147.
22. BMC i, pl. 50, no. 295.
23. Sanctuary of Demeter, pl. 37, no. 43.
24. See especially Winter, ii, 417:12.
25. cf. Sanctuary of Demeter pl. 47, nos. 105-6.
26. cf. Winter ii, 25:2, ii, 27:4, ii, 37:2.
27. cf. Winter ii, 42:3, ii, 49:5.
28. cf. Winter ii, 72 passim.
29. Sanctuary of Demeter, pl. 51.
30. cf. Winter ii, 179:4 = BMC C 727-8 (from Cyr
31. cf. Winter ii, 211:6 etc.
32. e.g. Winter ii, 211:6 etc.
33. cf. Louvre Cat. ii, pl. 31a.
34. i.e. Louvre Cat. ii, pl. 15c to/.
35. cf. Winter ii, 164:1.
36. cf. BSA 66 (1971) pl. 43, no. 16.
37. cf. Winter ii, 237:5 or E. Breccia, La necropoli d
38. cf. Winter ii, 242:4 or Higgins, GTC pl. 45.F.
39. cf. Winter ii, 321 to 323.
40. cf. Winter ii, 336 to 343.
41. See Louvre Cat. ii, pls. 146-7; Higgins GTC pl. 5
42. cf. Louvre Cat. ii, pl. 74 a to c.
43. See Winter ii, 220-231 passim; Tarsus, i, 372; D
44. e.g. BMC ('903), D 19.
45. Winter ii, 230:6.
46. Délos xxiii, pl. 97, no. 1296.
47. BSA 66 (1971) pl. 47, nos. 53 and 54.
48. e.g. BMC i, pl. 98, no. 743.
49. e.g. Délos xxiii, pl. 92, no. 1219; BMC (1903) D
50. See British Museum Yearbook i (1975), 27, no. 8
51. C. Bonner, Studies in Magical Amulets (1950), 36.
52. British Museum Yearbook i (1975), 27, no. 79.
53. Scavi di Ostia, iv, pl. 96 (top).
54. A firm distinction has been made between the set
the founding of the Colonia Julia Nobilis Cnossus
322 sqq.
55. cf. F. Courby, Vases grecques à reliefs (Paris, 1922), pls. 8 and 9.
56. Hesperia iii, 380, fig. 66¿.
57. AR 23, 1976-7, 20-1 and fig. 50.
58. See E. Will, Le relief cultuel Greco-romain (1955), 55. Troy Tc, 56.
59. BSA 73 (1978) 21 sqq, and pl. 9.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
60. Unpublished in Heraklion. But see Pendlebury

Guide (1972) 115.
61. Troy Tc, 56. Larisa am Hermos iii, 48, nos.
62. AJA lxxvii (1973), 419. Larisa am Hermos, i
63. Délos xxx, 304, pl. 95. Pergamon vii, pt. 2,
64. Corinth xii, 49. Winter ii, 299 to 302.
65. Hesperia xxxv (1966), pl. 6, no. T2466.
66. BMC (1903), E 162-180.
67. See M. Grant. Gladiators (London, 1967) passim.
68. Winter, ii, 387:2.
69. cf. Corinth xii, pl. 39, no. 436.
70. BSA 67 (1972) pl. 53a.
71. Corinth xii, nos. 436-445.
72. Tarsus i, pls. 235-6.
73. Athenian Agora vi, pl. 11, no. 587.
74. E.g. E. Tudot, Collection de figurines en argile (Paris, 1859), pl. 19.
75. Athenian Agora vi, 44fF.
76. Corinth xii, pl. 41, no. 448.
77. Winter, i, 255:5.
78. cf. Athenian Agora vi, pl. 5.
79. Athenian Agora vi, pl. 11, no. 571.
80. See M. Grant, Gladiators (London, 1967), passim.
81. Athenian Agora vi, pl. 20, no. 796; Louvre Cat. iii, pl. 'c.
82. Hesperia Suppt. vii, 156, fig. 68, no. 103.
Sections 11 and 12 Objects in Metal and in Bone
Abbreviations to Sections 11 and 12

Photos et al. 1985 E. Photos, SJ. Filipakis and CJ. Salter "Preliminary Investigations of some Metallurgical
Remains at Knossos, Hellenistic to third century A.D.", in P.T. Craddock and MJ. Hughes
(eds.) Furnaces and Smelting Technology in Antiquity pp. 189-197 ( = British Museum Occasional
Paper no. 48) London 1985.
D elos Exploration Archéologique de Délos Faite par V École Française d'Athènes Fase, xviii.
Notes to Section 12
1. G. Papathanasopoulos National Archaeological Museum, Neolithic-Cycladic (Athens 1981) 143 and fig. 71.
2. This type of pin, with plain conical head, is found in Romano-British contexts, ranging from Flavian to
Antonine. This provides some support for the chronology suggested here. Cf. Nina Crummy "A Chronology of
Romano-British Bone Pins," Britannia X (1979) 159.
3. The pin with spherical head occurs only in later Romano-British contexts, date range suggested, c. 200-400
A.D. Cf. Nina Crummy loc. cit. (see n.2).
4. Also used for fine work would be smaller metal needles, such as M 191 (plate 305, no. 5).
5. Corinth xii no. 1271. Cf. also the handle of a bronze spoon of doubtful date from Délos, Délos xviii pl. 611.
6. See ref. in catalogue. For pins with elaborate heads of this form, cf. Corinth xii 285, no. 2349 and pl. 119.
7. Note however, that the open or clenched hand is a frequent device for spoon or pin handles also; Corinth xii,
nos. 2351-2.
8. A parallel for the smaller box or pyxis (no. E 133) is associated with a Roman couch at Cambridge, perhaps of
Augustan date; cf. R.V. Nicholls in Archaeologia 106, 1979, 20-1.
9. Délos xviii 242-4, pl. 643 sqq.
10. Alan Me Whirr 'Roman Crafts and Industries' Shire Archaeology no. 24, Aylesbury 1982.
11. For evidence of local manufacture of pins at Corinth, see Corinth xii 278 and pl. 147-8.

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486 NOTES TO PAGES 389-41 1
12. I am grateful to Dr Owen Bed win for examining

illustrating the workshop use of these materials
13. Contexts are as follows: Hellenistic (1), Augu
Severan and later (51).
Section 13 Other Finds in Stone, Clay and Faience

1. Jane Cocking revised the sections containing discussion of the terracotta loomweights and spindle whorls, and
added a commentary of her own. Harriet Watrous and Don Evely assisted in examining the stone objects,
suggesting identification of the stones and helpfully discussing the possible functions of the objects. The latter
also provided some useful references.
2. Parallels for almost all are known to Harriet Watrous from the Messara, and are discussed in the publication of
the Kommos stone material.
3. Délos xviii 48 and pls. 148-9, 177. K.D. White Farm Equipment in the Roman World 154.4. Since these, again, are
types known from the Minoan period, they could also derive directly from Minoan sources.
5. For the rectangular type, see L.A. Moritz Grain mills and flour in Classical Antiquity 43 sqq, pl. 3 and figs. 3-5.
Délos xviii 127. For discussion of their origin, see n.7 below. A cargo of these stones was found in a 4th century
B.C. ship wrecked off Kyrenia; C. Conophagos Le Laurium Antique Athens, 1980, pl. 10.9 and 10.15, with
diagram showing the method of work. For the circular basin, see Délos xviii 104 and pl. 288 sqq. For the
segmented cone, see Délos xviii 133 and pl. 393.
6. L.A. Moritz op. cit. 57-8 and fig. 7.
7. I am grateful to Peter Warren for permission to illustrate this example. The importance of these objects of
specialised trade is emphasised by D.P.S. Peacock in a discussion of their sources and distribution in Italy and
North Africa: "The Roman millstone trade: a petrological sketch" (in World Archaeology 12, 44-53). Possible
local sources for the supply both of this type and the rectangular lever-mill (S57a) would include Nisyros (see
Moritz op. cit. 91), Thera, Melos (still the 20th century source, eg. for the currently working mill at Zaros) and
the Likhades Islands (where ancient workings were observed by the writer during the course of a Euboean
Survey in 1965).
8. This contrast was highlighted during the UM excavation when work in replacing the Villa Ariadne sewer line
some 100m. to the North produced a fine imperial Roman sculpture and cut through mosaic floors.
9. S76, which is very similar, was found in an Augustan context but may be a PG/G survival; the only other
object in this material (S81) is a bead of similar pyramidal form, also dated early - PGB/EG.
10. Cf. R. Gnoli Marmora Romana (Rome 1971).
11. I am indebted to Sarah Parfitt for examining these marble specimens and suggesting identifications.
12. Proconnesian marble seems to have come into fashion in the Severan period, when it was extensively used in
Lepcis Magna, cf. J. Ward Perkins The Marble Trade and its Organisation in Memoirs of the American Academy in
Rome XXXVI 1980, 332. It is interesting that its occurrence at Knossos also falls at this date.
13. L.H. Sackett and J.E. Jones "Knossos: A Roman House Revisited" in Archaeology 32, 1979, 24.
14. Perhaps it was used in the upper floor over Room III, where fragments were found in the fill of the protected
and unrobbed southeast corner, but even here not on the walls.
15. The best study of the warp-weighted loom still remains M. Hoffman The Warp Weighted Loom, (Leiden, 1964).
16. For a general survey see E. Chadwick, The Craft of Hand Spinning. London, 1980.
17. G.M. Crowfoot, 'Of the Warp-weighted Loom', BSA 7, 1937, pp. 36-47.
18. For example those from Corinth in G.R. Davidson Corinth XII, the Minor Objects (Princeton 1952), pp. 148-62,
figs. 24-5 and 27.
19. Other examples include: J. Boardman 'The Khaniale Tekke Tombs II' BSA 62, 1967, 74, fig. 7 no. 63; J.N.
Coldstream Knossos, The Sanctuary of Demeter (London 1973) p. 122, 60/157, pub. 54, pl. 80; E.H. Hall
Excavations at Vrokastro, Eastern Crete (Philadelphia 1914) p. 122, fig. 73; D. Levi 'Arkades' Ann. X-XII
1927-9-29, p. 479, fig. 591.
20. BSA 55, 146-8.
21. Desborough Greek Dark Ages 229, 232.
22. For references, see BSA 55, 146-7, n.31-2 and 36; Desborough op. cit. 232. Lefkandi I 83; E. Smithson Hesperia
xxx 170-3.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
22a The first origin of these incised beads may

Dark Age Incised Ware in Sbornik Novodniho v
23. These include M.A.S. Cameron, K. McFadz
Wardle. The tombs concerned are: Tomb MKT I
and tombs at the Topana ridge, Knossos Survey
24. Dog paw prints have been noted in some num
most numerous foot-impressions of various
'Silchesrer Tile Making - the Faunal Enviro
International Series 68, 1979, 201.
25. Information from J.A. MacGillivray; public
Section 14 Hellenistic and Roman Glass
Notes
1 . I am very grateful to colleagues who have generously provided access to their unpublished material, as this
has been of great value for establishing the Unexplored Mansion glass in its regional context. Dr J.W. Hayes,
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, sent notes of his report on the glass from excavations directed by Professor
J. Shaw at Kommos; Mr A. Oliver Jr, National Endowment for the Arts, Washington DC, sent notes of his
report on the glass from excavations directed by Professor D. White at the Sanctuary of Demeter at Cyrene;
Dr A. McGillivray, formerly Curator at Knossos, showed me the glass from his excavations at Knossos;
Professor P.M. Warren, University of Bristol, showed me the glass from his excavations for the Stratigraphical
Museum extension at Knossos; Dr K.A. Wardle, University of Birmingham, permitted me to examine the
glass from his excavations in tombs at Knossos; and Dr T.W. Potter (British Museum) drew my attention to
glass from his excavations at Chercel. The references to Benghazi are taken from my own unpublished report
on the Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic glass from excavations at Sidi Khrebish directed by Dr J.A. Lloyd.
I also wish to thank Dr D.B. Harden and Dr G. Weinberg, who have answered my questions and provided
information on the glass from Crete, and Dr M. Ehrenberg (University of Birmingham) and Ms S J.
Hardman (University of Durham) who have produced the drawings. Dr A. MacGillivray, and Drs C.E.
Morris and A.A.D., as Curators at Knossos, were extremely helpful to me during my stays at the Taverna.
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Section 15 Summary and Conclusions

1 . For mainland Greece the earliest record of the domestic fowl appears on Proto-Corinthian pottery of around
650 B.C. Oswyn Murray Early Greece 1980, p. 80.
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6. I.F. Sanders loc. cit.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Appendix 1
The Animal Bones
OWEN BEDWIN
A total of 4475 fragments of animal bone and teeth were identified. 77.9% (
Roman levels, another 5.8% from various pre-Roman levels, and the remain
mixed contexts. Because the great majority of bones are of Roman date, it is thes
report concentrates.
Table 1, below, provides a breakdown of the material from the Roman lev
species. The figures for all Roman levels taken together are given, and there is
into a second and/or third century category, and a pre-second century category
this is that a number of carefully sawn-offbone terminals, a waste product in t
of bone tools, were found exclusively in second and third century contexts (see f
bone report). It is clear that a workshop area has been excavated, in which the r
the form of cattle and horse bones, are unusually plentiful, and this distorts co
relative proportions of the main species. Thus only the percentages of the speci
century Roman contexts give a reliable guide to the diet of the inhabitants.
been made to distinguish between sheep and goats).
In the pre-second century Roman levels, the dominance of the caprines in
evident. However, the proportion of caprines, 55.5%, is lower than in the Late M
(60.4%; Bed win, forthcoming), and lower than any of the Early Neolithic figur
Jarman, 1968). The considerably greater weight oí Bos compared to Ovis doe
would have been a substantial part of the diet. Chicken (Gallus), was prese
constant amounts, contributing only slightly to the diet as meat, but no doubt
in the form of eggs. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) was present in only small propor
were also four examples of fish; these latter consisted of one hyomandible frag
sarda, the Atlantic bonita, and three scombrid vertebrae, i.e. belonging to the t
finally, the bone record contained one example each of cat (Felis sp. ), rat (
(Lepus sp.), and one mustelid, probably badger. The evidence offish in the diet i
though it is perhaps surprising that the proportion is so low, since Knossos is n
sea. Poor survival of these tiny bones may be a factor.
The production of bone tools

During identification of the faunal remains, 60 examples of sawn-off bone
found. With one exception, a Bos scapula, all were from the long bones of eithe
Table 2 summarises the findings.
It is clear from the right hand column of figures that the production of bone
sawn-off terminals as a by-product, was at its height in the second century A.D
to a certain extent in the third century.
491

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
492 THE ANIMAL BONES
The limb bones of Bos and Equu

constitute a strong, thick source o
Bos metatarsal are shown schemati
and discarded; this must have been
cut edges. Next, the shaft is treate
which the final tools are manufactured. The terminals were sawn off between 2cm and 10cm
from the end of the bone; in three cases out of 60, the saw had gone through about 90% of the
shaft, and the rest had snapped off, leaving a jagged break. In 1 1 cases (10 Bos and one Equus),
the discarded bone terminal had been immature, i.e. the epiphysis had not fused at the time of
death. It is possible that the bones of young animals were preferred as being easier to work than
those of old animals.
The Bos scapula, the only exception among the limb bones, consisted of an almost intact
specimen from which long, wide slivers had been cut. It is conceivable that these may have
been used for inlay.
References
Bedwin, O.R. 'Unexplored Mansion Bone Report' in Popham, M.R., The Minoan Unexplored Mansion.
Jarman, M.R. and Jarman, H.R. 1968 'The Fauna and Economy of Early Neolithic Knossos; BSA 63, 1968,
241-264.
TABLE 1
Sheep/Goat
Context (Caprine) Pig Cattle Horse Dog Chicken Deer Other Totals
All Roman 1775 745 850 31 16 53 6 7 3483

levels 50.9% 21.4% 24.4% 0.9% 0.5% 1.5% 0.2% 0.2%
Pre-2ndC 947 452 273 4 5 26 5 4 1716
Roman levels 55.5% 26.2% 15.8% 0.2% 0.3% 1.5% 0.3% 0.2%
2nd + 3rd C 573 199 500 23 11 24 - 1 1331
levels 43.0% 15.0% 37.6% 1.7% 0.8% 1.7%
TABLE 2
BOS EQUUS
BONE TERMINALS BONE TERMINALS
Meta- Meta- Meta- Date

carpal tarsal Tibia Radi
11 13 lst-3rd
2 2 Early 2nd
3 6 6 4 13 1 1 1 26 2nd
5 4 2 7 111 21 2nd/3rd
13 2 1 7 3rd
1 1 2nd-4th
9 11 9 17 2 6 1 1 1 3 60

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
Appendix 2
Recent and Fossil Marine Invertebrates
DAVID S. REESE
The 34 marine invertebrates found in post-Minoan levels at the Unex

Knossos, today about 5km. from the sea, are listed by species on Table 1 an
2. The 40 Late Minoan examples from the site have recently been published
246-7, 296-7, 255-6, PL 222 #9 and personal analysis).
Dentalium is the most common shell in post-Minoan levels, and one w
found in the LM II Room H here (Ibid., PI. 222 #9, bottom right). They
in Neolithic to Early Minoan levels (Reese 1987) and in the Royal Road
(personal analysis). It is a species found buried in sand or mud, is not e
history of ornamental use in the Mediterranean Basin and Near East.
Dentalium and all other species found here but coral are present in
Hellenistic, Early Roman, ca. 400 B.C. to 150 A.D.) levels at Kommos in
dentalium at Kommos is a smaller and finer-ribbed species than D. dentalis
There are also six dentalis of 21 marine shells from the Minoan to 8/7th cen
about 18km. from the sea (personal analysis).
Of the five Charonia fragments from four deposits found, the most int
century B.C. fragment cut on the longer edge. There are a number of sim
from other Cretan sites. There are Early Neolithic la and Ib examples w
edge known from Knossos (Reese 1987, 207), one fragment with a cut m
smoothed fragments from the Royal Road, and two cut body fragments k
Myrtos on the south coast. Mallia also produced a cut fragment (Che
XLIX #1). Elsewhere I more fully describe these shells as well as Charonia
Greece, Cyprus and the Near East (Reese 1985a, 354-62); these cut fragm
from shell vessels or containers.
The probably MG Conus has been ground-down on the labial side and holed. This working of
the shell has been found at other sites in Greece and Cyprus, mainly of the Mycenaean period
(Reese 1982a, 1983, 1985a, 343-7), including various excavations at Knossos: Early Neolithic
Ib levels (Shackleton 1968, 266), 12 from the Minoan levels at the Unexplored Mansion (Evely
1984, 246, PL 222 #9, centre), one from the Royal Road, several from the Stratigraphie
Museum site, and one from the Sanctuary of Demeter (Hughes-Brock 1973, 118-9). The
Neolithic example cannot be easily explained, but the post-Mycenaean examples are likely to
be residuals.
A worked coral semicircle comes from the 'Hadrianic' Well 12 fill and has a radius of
11.5mm., a maximum length of 26mm. and a diameter of 4-5 mm. An unmodified coral
fragment (#2154) is 41mm. long and has a diameter of 8-1 lmm.
493

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
494 RECENT AND FOSSIL MARINE INVERTEBRATES
There is one Glycymeris collected dead on the beach which

umbo (bivalve 'beak') which was probably used as an orn
at the Unexplored Mansion produced two similar examples (E
and they are common at sites on Crete. There are over 140 w
C at Kommos, with about half holed at the umbo. At the Ro
down and holed at the umbo of the 1st century A.D. The
Glycymeris with two burnt and one collected dead.
Cerithium, Cerastoderma, Pinna, Spondylus, Donax, Mactra, Venu
are all edible forms, although one Cerastoderma is beach
Glycymeris water-worn. The rarity of the edible forms
significant food items.
The collection also includes ten fossil shells from nine d
chance specimens, weathered out of the bedrock and buildin
archaeological significance, like the fossil scallop from th
of the Gypsades cemetery, Knossos (Reese 1982b, 249
archaeological significance, such as the votive offerings in t
Two fossil oysters and one worn fossil bivalve come fro
These remains are much like the other objects found in the
The principal contents were small rough stones, perhaps derived
some kouskouras lumps and a few worked fragments, proba
(Sackett in Coldstream and Sackett 1978, 49).
References
Chevallier, H. 1975. 'Coquilles Marines.' Chapter IX in Études Cretoises XX Fouilles Exécutées a Mallia. Sondages au
Sud-Ouest du Palais (1968). Paris, 157-9.
Coldstream, T.N. and L.H. Sackett, 1978. 'Knossos: Two Deposits of Orientalising Pottery.' BSA 72, 45-60.
Evely, D. 1984. 'The Other Finds of Stone, Clay, Ivory, Faience, Lead etc' Section 8 in M.R. Popham, et al., The
Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos. Oxford, 223-59, 288-300.
Hughes-Brock, H. 1973. 'The Beads, Loom Weights, etc' In J.N. Coldstream, Knossos: The Sanctuary of Demeter.
Oxford, 114-23.
Reese, D.S. 1982b. 'The use of Cone Shells in Neolithic and Bronze Age Greece.' AAA XV/1, 125-29.
Reese, D.S. 1982a. 'Recent and Fossil Shells from Tomb XVIII, Gypsades Cemetery, Knossos, Crete.' BSA 77,
249-50.
Reese, D.S. 1983. 'The Use of Cone Shells in Neolithic and Bronze Age Greece.' BSA 78, 353-57.
Reese, D.S. 1985a. 'The Late Bronze Age to Geometric Shells from Kition.' Appendix VIII (A) in V. Karageorghis,
Excavations at Kition V/II. Nicosia, 340-71.
Reese, D.S. 1985b. 'Fossils and Mediterranean Archaeology.' AJA 89/2, 347-8 (abstract).
Reese, D.S. 1987. 'The EM IIA shells from Knossos with comments on Neolithic to EM III shell utilization.' BSA
82, 207-211.
Shackleton, N.J. 1968. 'Knossos Marine Mollusca (Neolithic)' in J.D. Evans, 'Knossos Neolithic, Part IL' BSA 63,
264-66.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
RECENT AND FOSSIL MARINE INVERTEBRATES 495
TABLE 1
Catalogue of Species present in Post-Minoan levels at the Unexplored Mansion
(in order of frequency)
MOLLUSCA (gastropods, bivalves, scaphopods)

7 Dentalium dentalis Linnaeus, 1767
Dentalia, Tooth shell, Tusk shell
5 Charonia nodifera (Lamarck, 1822) ( = C. lampas (L.))
Triton, Trumpet shell; Greek: triton (4 deposits)
2 Luria ( = Cypraea, = Talparia) lurida Linnaeus, 1 758
Mediterranean eyed or Lurid cowrie, Cowrie; cypraea
2 Phalium ( = Cassis, =Semicassis) undulata (Gmelin, 1791)
Helmet shell
2 Cerithium vulgatum (Bruguière, 1792)
(Common) Cerith, Horn shell, Needle shell; kerátios
2 Cerastoderma ( = Cardium) edule glaucum (Bruguière, 1 789)
(Common) Cockle; kydóni, methystra
2 Pinna nobilis Linnaeus, 1758
(Noble or Rough) Pen shell, Fan mussel, Pinna shell; pinna
2 Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1 758
Spiny or Thorny oyster
1 Conus mediterraneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1 792 ( = ventricosus Gmelin)
(Mediterranean) Cone
1 Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1759
(Abrupt) Wedge-shell; kochili
1 Mactra stultorum (Linnaeus, 1758) ( = corallina Linnaeus)
(Rayed) Trough-shell; archivada
1 Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758
(Warty) Venus shell; kydóni
1 Glycymeris { - Petunculus) glycymeris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Dog-cockle, Bittersweet clam, Comb shell; melokidono
1 Tonna ( = Dolium) galea (Linnaeus, 1758)
Giant tun, Tun shell, Dolium shell
1 Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819)
(Mediterranean) Mussel; my di, mavromydi
COELENTERATA (coral, jellyfish, sea-anemones, hydroids)

2 Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758))
(Precious) Red coral
ARTHROPODA (crabs, lobster, shrimp)

1 Eriphia verrucosa (Forskâl, 1775) ( = spinifrons Heller)
(Yellow or Furry) Crab; kávouros

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496 RECENT AND FOSSIL MARINE INVERTEBRATES
TABLE 2
Shells from Post-Minoan levels at the Unexplored Mansion
Date Trench Species
PG (9th cent. B.C.) XI 35, packing for roadway Pinna

MG (c. 750 B.C.) XI 34 Luria
MG (?) XIII/XV 18 #1778, 'just above Conns (g-d, ww)
Geometric floor'
Geometric (?)
XII Donax
4th/3rd cent. B.C. XII 34A #2535, fill Charonia (cut on one edge and
slightly worn)
Classical (?) V(E) 4 Charonia
Classical VII 34 no. 208 Dentalium (ww)
1st cent. B.C. I(S) 18 #551 Luria
Early 1st cent. A.D. (Augustan) XI 17 #2396 Dentalium
XI 18 2 Charonia fragments
1st cent. A.D. (?) I(S) 12+ 12A Eriphia
50-75 A.D. (Neronian) East House, Deposit Nl Mactra
Venus
Phalium (ww)
Glycymeris (ww, h)
X 7 #2036 Phalium
X 7 (below X pit 2) Dentalium
c. 130 A.D. (Hadrianic) XI 3 #2161 Dentalium
Cerithium
XI 3 #2163 Dentalium
Well 12, cistern fill Corallium (ww, x)
Mid/Late 2nd cent. A.D. IV(N) 3 Charonia (ww)
XV 12 #2419 Dentalium
2nd cent. A.D. XII 2 #2107 Cerastoderma
Late 2nd/Early 3rd cent. A.D.* Vili 4A Tonna (large)
X 1 #2013 Pinna
#2013 + 2015 Cerastoderma ( w)
Dentalium
Spondylus (ww)
- Mytilus
Late 2nd/Early 3rd cent. A.D.* XI 1 #2154 Corallium
3rd cent. A.D.* X 1 #2002 Cerithium
Mixed, to Roman XV 25 Spondylus
Key: g-d ground-down

ww water-worn
h holed at umbo
x worked into a semicircle
w worn
* upper level wash

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Appendix 3
A Note on the Roman Pigments

R. E. JONES
A very brief and exploratory technical examination was made of some painted plaster
fragments from the 'House of the Diamond Frescoes', excavated at the Unexplored Mansion,
Knossos. The principal aim was to identify some of the principal pigments in use at Roman
Knossos, allowing comparison with those employed during the Minoan period (Cameron et al.,
1977). Pieces or lumps of colouring materials, perhaps connected with wall painting, were also
investigated. A dozen specimens of painted wall painting were selected and examined under a
stereomagnifier; some cleaning of the surface was required before analysis because of the
presence of a heavy calcareous concretion, which is likely, especially in the case of the blues, to
have altered the hue of the original colour.
Preliminary identification of the pigments was made by qualitative chemical analysis using
the Isoprobe (Hall et al., 1973), an energy dispersive XRF, particularly well suited to the rapid
non-destructive analysis of many artefacts; it does not, however, detect elements lighter than
potassium. Two samples were subsequently more fully characterised by X-ray diffraction.
The following results emerged:
Plasters Paint was applied to a thin layer (average thickness 3mm) of good quality plaster,
perhaps gypsum, which had been laid over a rather coarse and thicker lime plaster.
Pigments
Red Iron rich, doubtless haematite; well prepared pigment, fine particle size and evenly
spread; little or no penetration into the plaster.
Orange Iron rich, probably limonite; similar texture and application to the red.
Blue Copper rich, doubtless Egyptian Blue. Crystals of Egyptian Blue can be seen on the
surface, unevenly distributed and of variable size. The quality is inferior to that of
the Minoan counterpart at Knossos.
Green Iron rich. XRD analysis, kindly undertaken at the British Museum Research
Laboratory by Miss M. Bimson, revealed calcite and gypsum but no crystalline iron-
containing phases. The colour may be attributed to ferrous iron. Although the
nature of this vivid pigment is not yet clear, one possibility is that it derives from a
naturally occurring (local) green limestone. In any case it appears to contrast both
in colour and texture with the greens used infrequently by Minoan fresco painters at
Knossos (Cameron et al., 1977, 159), as well as those used in Roman contexts outside
Knossos, for example the 'green earth' at Stobi in Macedonia (Wiseman and
Georgievski 1975, 182-4) and elsewhere (Pratt 1976, 226). The pigment was well
prepared and evenly spread over the plaster surface. Like the red and orange
pigments there was little or no penetration into the plaster.
497

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00
498 A NOTE ON THE ROMAN PIGMENTS
Black No elements detected in the XRF spectru

layer; probably carbon black, well prepared,
Possible colouring materials

Three pieces of blue frit or powder (UM/67/I level
XRF to be copper rich; they are most likely to b
A small lump of crystalline, bright orange-re
identified by XRD as the arsenic sulphide, realga
V. Perdikatsis at IGME. This unusual mineral is
(1962, 82, 348Í) and Noll (1981), amongst others
colourant and cosmetic in ancient Egypt, but th
Roman wall painting despite the remarks of Pliny
with painting (Pratt 1976, 225).
References
Cameron, M.A.S., Jones, R.E. and Philippakis, S.E. 1977. Scientific analyses of Minoan fresco samples from
Knossos, BSA 71, 121-84.
Hall, E.T., Scweizer F. and Noller, P.A. 1973. X-ray analysis of museum objects: a new instrument, Archaeometry 15,
53-78.
Lucas A. (revised by J.R. Harris), 1962. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries. London.
Noll, W. 1981. Zur kenntnis altägyptischer Pigmente und Bindemittel, N.Jb. Miner. Mh 9, 416-32.
Pratt, P. 1976. Wall painting, in D. Strong and D. Brown (Eds.), Roman Crafts. London, 223-29.
Wiseman J. and Georgievski, D. 1975. Wall decoration at Stobi, m J.Wiseman (Ed.), Studies in the Antiquities ofStobi
II. Belgrade, 163-86.
Note
1. The presence of small quantities of gypsum and haematite was also detected.

193.198.33.114 on Fri, 16 Jun 2023 09:41:04 +00:00

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KNOSSOS: FROM GREEK CITY TO ROMAN COLONY.

Excavations at the Unexplored

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40856014

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the Unexplored Mansion II

THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS

THAMES AND HUDSON

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ISBN 0 0904887 081

Typeset by Oxbow Books

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Introduction: Layout, Stratigraphy, Nomenclature, Abbreviations xi

6. Roman Pottery by L.H. Sackett 147

14. Glass Vessels and Other Objects by J. Price 415

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who with Elizabeth

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used as the Tave

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The Course of the Excavations and their Layout

Stratigraphy: the location and value of drawn sections

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were founded directly on

The Excavation Reference System and the Recording of Proveniences

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been marked with the publis

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The following abbreviations occur in catalogue entries:

Measurements are in centimetres except where otherwise in

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Excavation and Architecture

L. H. SACKETT with J. E.JONES and OTHERS1

The Hellenistic Period: Stratigraphy and Structures 8

THE EARLY PERIODS: A SUMMARY OF RESULTS

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found, due to continuous and sometimes

THE SUB-MINOAN PERIOD

No structures or clear occupation levels of the Sub-Minoan period were foun

The Context of the Sub-Minoan Deposit

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the UM to depth 10.25/ 10.50m. (excavat

THE PROTOGEOMETRIC PERIOD

The North Sector

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It is better then to leave the question of

The South Sector

THE GEOMETRIC PERIOD

Early Geometric is found only with PGB in Deposit GC, referred to a

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plan at plate 5; Section A, no. 17). This wall

THE ORIENTALIZING PERIOD

The early seventh century is best represented by an interesting group fou

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little trace and does not appear in the sectio

THE ARCHAIC PERIOD

A break in the sequence of evidence for continued occupation at Knossos h

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Miscellaneous finds from such contexts ar

THE CLASSICAL PERIOD

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through a continuation of this occupation

THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD: STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURES

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