DAY-4

PARTS OF SPEECH

The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within
the sentence. An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when used in
different circumstances.

A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. In English the
main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition,
conjunction, and interjection.

Parts of speech are nine types of English words: verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun,
preposition, determiner, conjunction, interjection. There are thousands of words but they don't
all have the same job.

For example: some words express action. Let us see what these words are and function in a
sentence.

1. Nouns: A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often used with an
article (the, a, an), but not always. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter;
common nouns do not. Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract. e.g goat,
girl, man, woman etc.
(proper, common, concrete, abstract, collective, compound, countable and non-countable
nouns)
2. Verb: Verbs are words that denote an action that is being performed by the noun or the
subject in a sentence. They are also called action words. Some examples of verbs are
read, sit, run, pick, garnish, come, pitch, etc.
3. Adjective: An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. It can be
used to describe the qualities of someone or something independently or in comparison to
something else. Examples: Adjectives in a sentence;

I like old houses. The boy is tall and skinny.

4. Adverb: An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly), an
adjective (very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly), or even a whole sentence
(Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella). Adverbs often end in –ly, but some (such as
fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts.
5. Pronoun: noun. pro·noun ˈprō-ˌnau̇ n. plural pronouns : any of a small set of words
(such as I, she, he, you, it, we, or they) in a language that are used as substitutes for nouns
or noun phrases and whose referents are named or understood in the context
For example, in the sentence “Carol likes apples,” the specific proper noun Carol can be
replaced with the pronoun she: “She likes apples.”

6. Preposition: A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or

noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce
an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to."
A preposition is a short word that is employed in sentences to show the relationship
nouns, pronouns or phrases have with other parts within the respective sentences.
Prepositions are normally found positioned in the latter part of the sentence, but before
a noun or pronoun. There are 8 types of Prepositions
 Preposition of time.
 Preposition of place.
 Preposition of movement.
 Preposition of manner.
 Preposition of agent of instrument.
 Preposition of measure.
 Preposition of source.
 Preposition of possession.

7. Determiner: A determiner is a member of a class of words used to modify nouns or noun

equivalents. Determiners help clarify what a noun is referring to and are typically placed
before descriptive adjectives. For example, in the sentence Would you like to buy this
new book?, the word this is a determiner.
There are 3types of determiner;
 Articles (such as 'a', 'an', and 'the')
 Possessive Determiners (such as 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her', 'its', 'our' and 'their')
 Demonstrative Determiners (such as 'this', 'that', 'those' and 'these')
 Quantifiers (such as 'some', 'a few', 'many', 'a little', 'little', 'few', 'none', etc)

8. Conjunction: A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses, and indicates the

relationship between the elements joined. There are four categories of conjunctions:
 i. Coordinating conjunctions (or, and, but)
ii. Correlative conjunctions (and/or, not only/but also)
iii. Subordinating conjunctions (since, because, when)
iv. Conjunctive adverbs (however, therefore)

i. Coordinating conjunction are single words (and, but, or, so). They link equivalent grammatical
elements, such as nouns with nouns, and clauses with clauses. The ideas being connected carry
the same weight in a sentence.

 I stayed up all night writing, so I was tired the next day

 She’s editing and proofreading my essay.
 He can’t get a ride, so he has to stay home.

ii. Correlative conjunction work in pairs (either/or, both/and, not only/but also, as/as) Similar to
coordinating conjunctions, they link grammatical elements of similar importance.

 I not only passed the exam, but also got 100%.

 The box is as tall as it is wide.
 I don’t know whether he’s getting a ride or staying home.

iii. Subordinating conjunction Subordinating conjunctions are one or more words that unite ideas
in a complex sentence (as soon as, in case, unless, while). They link dependent clauses
(incomplete thoughts) to independent clauses (complete thoughts).

 Unless we give him a ride, he won’t be able to come.

 Here’s some cash in case your credit card doesn’t work.

iv. Conjunctive adverb: are one or more words used to join two independent clauses (after all,
besides, nevertheless). These words are technically adverbs, but perform the same linking
function as conjunctions.

 He can’t get a ride; therefore, he has to stay home.

9. Interjection: An interjection is a word or phrase that is grammatically independent from the
words around it, and mainly expresses feeling rather than meaning.
 Oh, what a beautiful house!
 Uh-oh, this looks bad!
 Well, it's time to say good night!
 Actually, um, it's not my dog!

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

The sentence is generally defined as a word or a group of words that expresses a thorough idea
by giving a statement/order, or asking a question, or exclaiming. It has two major classification
that is with respect to meaning and with respect to structure.

Types of sentences with respect to structure

There are four types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. Each
sentence is defined by the use of independent and dependent clauses, conjunctions, and
subordinators.

i. Simple sentences: A simple sentence is an independent clause with no conjunction or

dependent clause.
A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and
modifiers. However, it contains only one independent clause.
• I like coffee.
• The earth goes round the sun.
ii. Compound sentence: two (or more) independent clauses joined by a conjunction or
semicolon. Each of these clauses could form a sentence alone.
• I like coffee and Najam likes tea.(I like coffee. Najam likes tea)
• Our car broke down; we came last.(Our car broke down. We came last.)
iii. . Complex sentence: consists of an independent clause plus a dependent clause.
 We missed our plane because we were late. (We missed our plane. We were late.)
  He left in a hurry after he got a phone call. (He left in a hurry. He got a phone call.)
iv. Compound-complex sentence: at least two independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.
 Ali didn't come because he was ill so Affan was not happy.
 He left in a hurry after he got a phone call but he came back five minutes later.

Classification with respect to meanings

four types of English sentence, classified by their purpose:
1. Declarative sentence (statement)
2. Interrogative sentence (question)
3. Imperative sentence (command)
4. Exclamative sentence (exclamation, feeling)