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    FALLSEM2023-24 BMAT201L TH VL2023240102090 2023-10-25 Reference-Material-I

    Uploaded by

    Arun Choudhary

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    Unit Linear Transformation 21 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION- DEFINITION If V and W are vector spaces over the same called a linear transformation of linear mapping, provided it preserves the two basic Shetations of a vector space and denoted by T- V-» W. Ww) Tov + w) = T) + Thw) for any v, we ¥ Gi) Trev) = ev), for any ve Vand ce F Note & T(0) = T(Ov) = 0. T(v) = 0. field F, a function T from V into W is Examples of Linear Transformation 1, Zero transformation: LetN: for every ve V, Now Nv +) =0=040= Mv) +N(w) | and Mev) x0=cNv) Hence W is a linear transformation, usually denoted by0. 2. Identity ransformation: Let I: V+ V be a transformation such that I(v) =v, for every ve V. Now — Iv+w)=v+w= itv) + Mw) and I (cv) = ev = cllv) Hence /is @ linear transformation IE Vis the vector of polynomials in the variable x over the real field R and it 1 Di) = a and I(x) = [fends then V— Wea transformation such thatN(v)=06 W, D: V— Vand: V— R are linear transformation, for D(cyv + cw) = c, D(v) +c Dw) and, 1 \ \ Key eqw)= [lev +eqw)dx=c,fvde+e,{wde=elo)+elw) ++ 0 0 a Scanned with CamScanner Linear Algebra and Partial Differential Equations If Tis a transformation over the space F**" is defined as T(A) = PAQ, then Tis a linear transformation, for TKe\A + €2B) = P(c\A + €2B)Q = [e\(PA) + c(PB)IO= c\(PAQ) + c,(PBQ) = ¢T7(A) + c,T(B) Note & T: V Wan be uniquely determined by arbitrarily assigning elements of W to the elements of a basis of V as per the following theorem which is stated without proof. Theorem: If Vis a finite dimensional vector space over a field F, with (v4. ¥p. a Yq) as a basis and W is another vector space over the same field containing the arbitrary vector {W,W2,..,¥,) (Which may be linearly dependent or equal to each oxher) there exists a unique linear transformation T : V—> W such that Tw) = 0; if For example, let us find 7: R? -» R° defined by T(1, 2) =(2,1,-1) Since (1,2) and (0, 1) are linearly independent, they form a basis of R®. The vectors (3, -1, 5) and (2, 1, -1) have been arbitrarily chosen in R® Now (a,b) = c\(1, 2) +¢,(0,1) . ¢,=aandc,=b-2a *. Ta, b) = a(3, -1, 5) + (b= 2a) (2, 1-1) = (2b - a, b — 3a, 7a ~ b), which is the unique linear transformation in 3,1, 5) and 710, 1) required. 2.2 NULL SPACE AND RANGE SPACE Definitions: If V and W are vector spaces over the field F andif 7: V—> Wis a linear transformation, the set of all vectors v in V such that 7(v) = 0 is called the null space of or kernel of T and denoted by Np. The set of all vector w is W such that T(v) = w, v € Vis called the range space or the image space of T and denoted by Ry. Note & Null space of T is a subspace of V and range space of T is a subspace of Ww) If Vis finite dimensional, the dimension of the range of Tis called the rank of T and that of the null space of Tis called the nullity of T Dimension Theorem The sum of the dimension of the range space and null space of a linear transformation is equal to the dimension of its domain viz., if V and W are vector spaces over the field F and if T: V—> Wis a linear transformation and if Vis finite dimensional, then rank (7) + nullity (1) = dim (V). Proof: Let (vj, V3... ¥g) be a basis for Nyy so that dim (Nz) = k Scanned with CamScanner Linear Transformation . es ci Wy) 8a basi of y ] vane that (0 Yas tn We can find veetors yy 4 Mey geo famed hay dim (VY) sn, hs. The thee is proved, if we can prove that (7441 Clearly the vectors 1 Bu ye Nye Toy peo 1%) 15 bag tes 1 pan Ry Me TVG gay oe Ty Span Rp oa provided they are jj These vector 74 43, 1M gb Ty will be a basis of Ry F Nearly independent, Let these be scalars ¢) stich that YX a(ty=0 boku . " VT SY cy, =0 (.T is linear) eH e ry =0 [Tis ij This mearis that v= J) qv, is (im Np) viz T za "te ie im 1) i i ‘sucl Since (4, vp, su v4) is a basis of Nps there exist scalars By, bay «by Sch thay ‘ v= Db, (2) =| A " From (1) and (2), we get Yb) ~ DY ¢y,=0 a ieke1 ¥» form a basis of V, they are linearly independent. n= 0 . SCL C42 Fon Me gts Teg 29 on Ty form a basis for Ry dim (R;) =n - kand dim (N;) = k Rank (7) + nullity (7) = dim(Vy [Worked Esamples TEI) Example 1 Show that the transformation T: R° —> R° defined by T(x, y, 2) = (z, x+y) is linea, Let v= (x,y, 2) and w= (x4, y4z) Then cy + ews (cx + cx’, cy + Cyy’, CZ + Cy2) Tey + egw) = (ez + C92’, ey(x + y) + c,(x’+ y)}, by definition of T = 0,(2,x+y) + 0,2’, x’+ y) Scanned with CamScanner paneer Auger? and Partial Differential Equations ean ntemeyied eT) 4 TH) TAS Vinear. Beample 2 Show that the traneformation 7: Rr pet v= (x, yy and we OD Tren grace (tt erie toy) fsin(eye + e2t Cy + 7 +R? defined by 71x, y) = (i 9) i804 tnege = Rewsew* Bot CTs) + cyTIW) = 61 (si sinx + C7 SiNx’, CY + CY} tH nx, y) +e (Sinx' y) =(e From (1) and (2), we see that T(cyv + egw) # ¢,T(v) + c,TOw) =. Tis not linear. Example 3 Find whether the transformation 7: ° — R? defined by Tix, y= (et, 2y, x + y) is linear. Let vixyyand wey) + Then cy + egw = (ex + Oa C1 + CY) Tey + C2) = {eyx + cpx’+ 1, 2cyy + Cay), (x+y) + CAR") #0 T(v) + TQ) 2. Tis not linear. Example 4 If Vis the vector space of all n xn matrices over F and if B is an arbitrary matrix in V, show that the transformation T : VV defined by 7(A) = AB ~ BA, where Ac V js linear, Show also that 7(A) = A + B is not linear, unless B = 0. TheyA + cA) = (c)A + 2A B- BUCA + 0244 = c\(AB- BA) + ¢,(A’B - BA’) ny c\T(A) + egT(A) = c(AB — BA) + 6(A’B - BA’) 2) From (1) and (2), we see that 7 is linear. Now T(c\A + cA) =A +0,A'+ B (3) and c)T(A) + cT(A‘) = c\(A + B) + 0,(A’+ B) Scanned with CamScanner nat Transformation Beample § - 2 ps Find T11,0), where T: R? 5 R’ is defined hy 711, 2) = (3, 2, 1) and 713, 4) = (6, 5,4) Since (1, 2) and (3, 4) are linearly independent, they form a basis of (3.2, 1) and (6, 5,4) are arbitrary vectors in R’, a TR’ ~» R* can be uniquely determined. Let (1,0) = ey(1, 2) + ¢,(3, 4) ‘Then ©) + 3c) = 1 and 2c, + 4c, 0 Solving there equations, c, = -2 and esl TU, 0) = -27(1, 2) + 713, 4) =-2(3, 2,1) + (6,5, 4) =(0,1,2) Example 6 Find a basis and dimension of R; and N; for the linear transformation T: R® —> R°, defined by Tx, xp x3) = (x) =X) + 2xy = 2ny + 15, x, ~2e, + ey) The images of standard basis vectors of R°, viz: (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) generate Ry TU, 0, 0) = (1, 2,1); 100, 1, 0) = (1, 1, -2) and (0, 0, 1) = (2.0, 2) ‘We have to test wether three images can form the basis of Ry viz., to find the number of independent vectors from the images. 102 =-1 121 121 Now |-1 1 -2|nj0 3 -3|sJo 14 2 0 2) lo 4 4) looo (1,2, 1) and (0, 1, 1)) is a basis of Ry and rank of T= 2. Let (xy, x3. x3) be an element of Ny Then T(x, 22, X3) = (0, 0, 0) viz, Xy— x) + 2x3 =0, . ay 2x, +24=0 Q and a ~ Dy + xy =0 ® viz, Aomtty=0 3-420 (2)-3x() Byt4y=0 (+) viz., xy —%) + 2x, =0 Scanned with CamScanner 0 Linear Algets: }————ear Algebr. 1 (V7) = 1 (No. of ty Taking xy a8 the free vari nknowns. -No. of non -7er0 equations) nd putting x, lable a : i =3, a4 a2 “2.4, 3) is a basis ov, We Rel x = 4 and x, Example 7 Find a basi a dened ty rene re Rr and Nr for the tinear uansformation 7: Kt» The images of the standard tivic’ E23 4s yt Diy — Xe ky ty + By ~ SEO viz., TC, 0, 0, 0 1, Tots OF RE generate Rp r 70.0,0, 1) =(1, 1. 1,0, 0) = (1,0, 1), 700, 0, 1, 0) = (We 2s 3) a Now let us find the number of independ Prynaa 4 Tt 0 1 Joy 9 12 3/"lo 1 al~ 1-1-3) lo -2 4 Let (x), 25,45, x4) € Ny Then Tex, x2, 5,4) = (0, 0, 0) ae A ) +43 +x, =0 x, +22, - lent vectors from the images laa of Ry and coe oon Vite X ~ xy 4x5 424, =0 | viz. xx +44 +14 =0 =0 %2+%3-2x4=0}and x) +4,-2x,=0 %1 +2) +3x, —3x, =0 2x, +2x,-4x, =0 Since x; and x, can be taken as free variables, %2=—1, x1 = 0 (corresponding to x3 = 1 and x, =0) and x, =2,x,=1 (corresponding to x5 = 0 and x, = 1) +. dm (Wp) = 2 and {(0,-1, 1,0), (1, 2, 0, 1)} is a basis of Np. Example 8 If Vis the vector space of 2 x 2 matrices, if M = 7 ) and if T: V— Vbe the 1-1 2 2 linear transformation defined by T(A) = MA, find a basis and dimension of (i) Rand (i) : The images of the standard basis element of V are given by Ge IG WE d6 IG Weg “(2 olm(s ae iC 2): These images span Ry. To find the basis of R,, we have to find the number of independent vectors among these images. Writing these images as row vector. we ~ Scanned with CamScanner Linear, Transformation 2 0 ! Fo 2 (ro NT o 10-24 fo 0 2]jo} ° 2 oi alfo 0 0 fee o-1 0 2 pi 0 2) 9% % : o 1 c. dim (Ry) = 2 and a basis is { ; ‘ho i} xy % Let [* ] be an element of Ny. % Xs Then 7" af -tfs #].[0° Xs Xs 2 ally «J Lo ° viz., 4% “=. The non-zero eqautions ae 1 -%=0 ym = and 4470 can be 2m + 2x =0 | 2.dim(Np)=2 and and X4 2x, + 2x, =0 treeted as free variable Taking xy = 1 and x,=0, we get i al Taking x, =O and x,= 1, we get (° i | _ ff of fot avast ff “Ife i Example 9 Find a linear transformation > R? whose range space Ry is generated by (1,2, and (4, 5, 6) Consider the stan tandard basis of Rs namely €, = (1,0, 0,21, 0) and e,=(0,0, The images Of 1» &2» 3, which are the elements of the basis of Ry, are given TCL, 0, 0) = (1, 2-3 3); 70, 1,0) = (4, 5, 6); 100, 0. = (0, 0, 0). Now xe, +9@2 +263 = = x(1, 0,0) +90 1, 0) +20, 0, 1)= (2) Thx, ys 2) = Tees +9 +63) = xTe,) + Pe) * (es) =x(1, 2, 3) +y4, 5,6) + (0, 0, 0) =(x+4y 2x+5y 3x + 6y) Scanned with CamScanner Igebra ae 5 Linear AI feample 10 san FR RY whose mull space Ny is generated by (4, 2 nsformation T+ ia Find a linear tral 4,4) and (0, 1,1, D pet Tex, yy 25 w) = Care PE (ayx + by 0.1, 1, gene + dW XX + bay + C92 + dw), aegt + yw) (since Tis linear) rate the null space, i id ae 2, 3,4) = (0, 0,0) and (0, 1, 1, 1) = 0,0, 0) “ 20 (1) [view te +d=0 (4) ; ae, +4429 vite, a, + 2b, + eevateD) (2) by +e, +d,=0 (5) by+e,+d,=0 (6) ay + 2b, +30 ay + 2b; +33 aking d, = 0 and sowing aia siving ra 161) Sowing (2) and (5). We Bet (ay, by dy) =D ‘Taking b, = 0 and solving (3) and (6). We get (ay, cy 43) = (C1-1+D wy +z-2r-y tw, —x-zZ+ Ww} and (4), we have Tix, yw) = Geiy-adety- mts tO™M) Exercise 2A) AAO or Part A (Short-Answer Questions) 1. Define linear transformation with an example 2. How can we find the unique linear transformation T: V—> W? 3. Show that the transformation T: R > R? defined by T(x) = (2x, 32) is linear. 4. Show that the transformation T: R° —> R defined by T(x, y) = bx ~ yl not linear. : Find the linear transformation 7’: R’ — R defined by T(1, 1) = 3 and 710, 1) =-2, 5. 6. Define the null space of a linear transformation. 7. Define the range space of a linear transformation. 8. Define rank and nullity of a linear transformation. How are they related? art B 9. Show that the transformation T': R” —> R? defined by T(x, y) = (ax + by, ex + dy); where a, b, c,d € R, is linear. 10. Show that the transformation T : R° — R? defined by T(x, y, 2) =(x+ Ly + 2) is not linear. . 11. Show that the transformation 7’: R’ — R°, defined by T(x, y) = (x2, y’) is not linear. Scanned with CamScanner Mowat Vrenstnmation V4 WV be the NN spe OA HIS yy n HVAT ANY, huey thins hve tren Dh, avere he Vis Sineny “4 i VW the etn space of wibynnisls in 8 OEP, ery thal TY oY Anes by) Ha, SOP yap 6a 6af" andl 1 fading + MWS MS ADA oe yy vey het Vn Hab), whan 7 90 Wieden, Fite ae wh 10,0, ye ge TNA N= 4,0, 5, Dy f VO, V8 there wi Sineny typ IO, Wy, WietTices DyeH F aA i ME in ory WAN TY nn Y. debinen TVA) = AM Nation T

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