ABOUT THE FAMOUS BĂTINEŢU - GIURGIU SEQUENCES

DANIEL SITARU, CLAUDIA NĂNUŢI - ROMANIA

Abstract. In this paper we will give the definition of Bătineţu - Giurgiu’s

sequences, a few properties of these and some applications.
The original Bătineţu - Giurgiu’s sequence is defined as:
(n + 1)2 n2
(B − G)n = p
n+1
− √
n
;n ≥ 2
(n + 1)! n!
We will prove that:
lim (B − G)n = e
n→∞
using only elementary methods. (without Stirling).
Main result:
lim (B − G)n = e
n→∞

Proof. √
 n + 1 2 n
n!
Let be: vn = · n+1p ;n ≥ 2
n (n + 1)!
n + 1 √ n
n! n+1 
lim vn = lim · · n+1p =
n→∞ n→∞ n n (n + 1)!
r s
n + 1 n+1
n n! n+1 (n + 1)
= lim · lim n
· lim =
n→∞ n n→∞ n n→∞ (n + 1)!
(n+1)! (n+2)n+2
CAUCHY-D’ALEMBERT (n+1)n+1 (n+2)!
= 1· lim n!
· lim n+1 =
n→∞ n→∞ (n+1)
nn (n+1)!

n!(n + 1) nn (n + 2)n+1 · (n + 2) (n + 1)!

= lim · · lim · =
n→∞ (n + 1)n (n + 1) n! n→∞ (n + 1)! · (n + 2) (n + 1)n+1
 n n  n + 2 n+1
= lim · lim =
n→∞ n + 1 n→∞ n + 1
 n n  n+2 n+1
= lim 1 + − 1 · lim 1 + −1 =
n→∞ n+1 n→∞ n+1
 −1 n  1 n+1
= lim 1 + · lim 1 + =
n→∞ n+1 n→∞ n+1
= e−1 · e1 = 1
lim vn = 1
n→∞
 n + 1 2n n! p
lim vnn = lim · · n+1
(n + 1)! =
n→∞ n→∞ n (n + 1)!
1
2 DANIEL SITARU, CLAUDIA NĂNUŢI - ROMANIA

p
 1 2n n! · n n+1
(n + 1)!  n + 1 
= lim 1 + · lim · · =
n→∞ n n→∞ (n + 1)! n+1 n
n+1
p
n n+1 (n + 1)!
= e2 · lim · · lim =
n→∞ n + 1 n n→∞ n+1
s
(n + 1)!
= e2 · 1 · 1 · lim n+1 =
n→∞ (n + 1)n+1
(n + 2)! (n + 1)n+1
= e2 · lim n+2
· =
n→∞ (n + 2) (n + 1)!
(n + 1)!(n + 2)  n + 1 n+1
= e2 · lim · =
n→∞ (n + 2)(n + 1)! n+2
 n+1 n+1
= e2 · lim 1 + −1 =
n→∞ n+2
 −1 n+1
= e2 · lim 1 + = e2 · e−1 = e
n→∞ n+2
 (n + 1)2 n2 
lim (B − G)n = lim n+1 p − √n
=
n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)! n!
n2
= lim √ n
(vn − 1) =
n→∞ n!
 n2 v − 1
n
= lim √ · · ln vn ) =
n→∞ n n! ln vn
 n vn − 1 n

= lim √ · · ln v n =
n→∞ n n! ln vn
= e · 1 · ln e = e

Definition 1:
Let be t > 0 and (an )n≥1 ; an > 0 a sequence. The sequence (an )n≥1 has the
Bătineţu - Giurgiu’s property if exists:
an+1
lim =a>0
n→∞ nt · an

The couple t and an define a (t, B) -sequence.

Property 1.
If t > 0 and (an )n≥1 is a (t, B) - sequence then:
√
n a
n a
(1) lim = t
n→∞ nt e
Proof.
(an )n≥1 is a (t, B) - sequence hence exists:
an+1
lim =a>0
n→∞ nt · an
√n a
r
n an CAUCHY-D’ALEMBERT
lim = lim n nt =
n→∞ nt n→∞ n
an+1 nnt
= lim · =
n→∞ (n + 1)(n+1)t an
 ABOUT THE FAMOUS BĂTINEŢU - GIURGIU SEQUENCES 3

an+1  n (n+1)t  n (n+1)t a

= lim t
· = a · lim = t
n→∞ n · an n+1 n→∞ n + 1 e

Property 2. √
n+1an+1
If t > 0 and (an )n≥1 is a (t, B) - sequence and un = √
n a
n
;n ≥ 2 then:
(2) lim unn = et
n→∞

Proof. √
n+1 an+1 nt  n + 1 t (1)
lim un = lim · √ · =
n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)t n a
n n
a et
= · · 1 = 1. Hence:
et a
un − 1
lim = 1 and:
n→∞ ln un
an+1 1
lim unn = lim · n+1
√ =
n→∞ n→∞ an an+1
an+1 (n + 1)t  n t et
= lim t · n+1√ · =a· · 1 = et
n→∞ n · an an+1 n + 1 a

Definition 2.
If t > 0 and (an )n≥1 is a (t, B) - sequence we define:
(n + 1)t+1 nt+1
Bn = √
n+1 a
− √
n a
;n ≥ 2
n+1 n

and the name of this sequence is the t - Bătineţu - Giurgiu’s sequence noted as
(t, B − G).
Theorem 1.
If (t, B − G) is a Bătineţu - Giurgiu’s sequence then:
!
(n + 1)t+1 nt et
(4) lim Bn = lim √
n+1 a
− √n a
=
n→∞ n→∞ n+1 n a

Proof. √
 n + 1 t+1 n a
n
Let be: vn = · √ ;n ≥ 2
n n+1 a
n+1
 n + 1 (n + 1)t √ n a 
et a
n
lim vn = lim · n+1
√ · = 1 · · =1
n→∞ n→∞ n an+1 nt a et
vn − 1
lim =1
n→∞ ln vn
 n + 1 n(t+1) a
n √
lim vnn = lim · · n+1 an+1 =
n→∞ n→∞ n an+1
√
t+1 an · nt n+1 an+1  n + 1 t
=e · lim · · =
n→∞ an+1 (n + 1)t n
1 a
= et+1 · · t · 1 = e
a e
4 DANIEL SITARU, CLAUDIA NĂNUŢI - ROMANIA

!
(n + 1)t+1 nt+1
lim Bn = lim √
n+1 a
− √
n a
=
n→∞ n→∞ n+1 n
t+1
n  nt+1 vn − 1 
= lim √ (v n − 1) = lim √ · · ln vn =
n→∞ n an n→∞ n an ln vn
 nt vn − 1  e t
et
n
= lim √ · · ln v n = · 1 · ln e =
n→∞ n an ln vn a a

Definition 3.
If t > 0 and (an )n≥1 is a (t + 1, B) sequence we define:
√
n+1 a
√
n a
n+1 n
Gn = − ;n ≥ 2
(n + 1)t nt
and the name of this sequence is the t + 1 - Bătineţu - Giurgiu’s sequence noted
(t + 1, B − G).
Theorem 2.
If (t + 1, B − G) is a Bătineţu - Giurgiu’s sequence then:
√
n+1 a
√
n a
!
n+1 n a
(5) lim Gn = lim − = t+1
n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)t nt e
Proof. √
n+1an+1 nt
Let be: wn = t
· √ ;n ≥ 2
(n + 1) n a
n
√n a
n a
By (1): lim t+1 = t+1
n→∞ n e
√
n+1 a
n+1 nt
lim wn = lim · √ =
n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)t n a
n
√
n+1 a  n t
n+1
= lim √n a
· =
n→∞ n n+1
√
n+1 a
n+1 nt+1 n + 1 a et+1
= lim · √ · = · ·1=1
n→∞ (n + 1)t+1 n a
n n et+1 a
wn − 1
lim =1
n→∞ ln wn
an+1  n nt 1
lim wnn = lim · · n+1√ =
n→∞ n→∞ an n+1 an+1
an+1 (n + 1)t+1  n nt  n t+1
= lim t+1 · n+1 √ · · =
n→∞ n an an+1 n + 1 n+1
1 et+1
=a· · ·1=e
et a
√
n+1 a
√
n a
!
n+1 n
lim Gn = lim − =
n→∞ n→∞ (n + 1)t nt
√ √
n wn − 1
n a n a
n
= lim t
· (wn − 1) = lim · · ln wn =
n→∞ n n→∞ nt ln wn
√
n wn − 1
n a
= lim t+1 · · ln wnn =
n→∞ n ln wn
 ABOUT THE FAMOUS BĂTINEŢU - GIURGIU SEQUENCES 5

a a
= · 1 · ln e = t+1
t+1 e


Theorem 3. t
If t ≥ 0; (an )n≥1 ; an > 0; n ∈ N∗ and limn→∞ n ·a n+1
an = a > 0 then:
√ √
(6) lim nt+1 ( n+1 an+1 − n an ) = −atet
n→∞

Proof.
√
n+1 an+1
Denote dn = √
n a
;n ≥ 2
n

√ p CAUCHY-D’ALEMBERT
lim nt · n
an = lim n
an · nnt =
n→∞ n→∞

an+1 · (n + 1)t(n+1) an+1 · nt  n + 1 t(n+1)

= lim = lim · = a · et
n→∞ an · ntn n→∞ an n
√
(7) lim nt · n
a n = a · et
n→∞

√
n+1 an+1 · (n + 1)t  n t
lim dn = lim √ t
· =
n·n
n→∞ n→∞ n a n+1

a · et+1 1
= · =1
a · et e
dn − 1
lim =1
n→∞ ln dn
an+1 1
lim dnn = lim · √ =
n→∞ n→∞ an n+1 an+1

nt · an+1 1  n + 1 t
= lim · √ · =
n→∞ an (n + 1)t · n+1 an+1 n
1
=a· = e−t
a · et
√ √
lim nt+1 ( n+1 an+1 − n an ) =
n→∞
√
= lim nt+1 · n
an · (dn − 1) =
n→∞

√ dn − 1
= lim nt+1 · n
an · · ln dn =
n→∞ ln dn
√ dn − 1
= lim nt · n
an · · ln dnn =
n→∞ ln dn
(7)
= a · et · 1 · ln e−1 = −a · t · et

6 DANIEL SITARU, CLAUDIA NĂNUŢI - ROMANIA

Application 1.
For t = 1 in (4):
!
(n + 1)2 n2 e
(8) lim √
n+1 a
− √
n a
=
n→∞ n+1 n a
For an = n! in (8): !
(n + 1)2 n2
lim p
n+1
− √
n
=e
n→∞ (n + 1)! n!
Application 2.
For t = 1 in (6):
√ √
(9) lim n2 ( n+1 an+1 − n an ) = −a · e
n→∞
1
For an = n! in (9):
 1 1 
lim n2 p
n+1
− √
n
= −e
n→∞ (n + 1)! n!
References
[1] Bătineţu M.D, Şiruri. Albatros Publishing House, Bucharest, 1979.
[2] Bătineţu - Giurgiu M.D, Şiruri Lalescu. RMT, Year XX, No. 1,2, 1989,pp 33-36.
[3] Bătineţu - Giurgiu M.D, O nouă metodă de determinare a limitei şirului Traian Lalescu. GM,
Year XCV (1990), pp. 37-41.
[4] Bătineţu - Giurgiu M.D, Asupra problemei 2042. GM, No. 7-8/1992, pp. 238-239.
[5] Alexandru Lupaş, Asupra problemei 579. GM, 1976, pp. 281-286.
[6] Popoviciu Tiberiu, Asupra calcului unei limite., GMA, 1971, pp. 6-11.
[7] Romanian Mathematical Magazine - Interactive Journal, www.ssmrmh.ro

Mathematics Department, National Economic College ”Theodor Costescu”, Drobeta

Turnu - Severin, Romania
Email address: dansitaru63@yahoo.com