www.ssmrmh.

ro

∞ ∞ 𝒏
𝒌𝟑 − 𝟏
𝛀 = ∑ (∏ 𝟑 )
𝒌 +𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐

Solve for complex numbers:

𝒛𝟒 + 𝟑𝒛𝟑 + 𝛀𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
Proposed by Daniel Sitaru – Romania
Solution 1 by Amin Hajiyev-Azerbaijan, Solution 2 by Toubal Fethi-Algeria,
Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
Solution 1 by Amin Hajiyev-Azerbaijan
∞ ∞ 𝒏 ∞
𝒌𝟑 − 𝟏
𝛀 = ∑ (∏ 𝟑 ) = ∑ 𝒇(𝒏)
𝒌 +𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐 𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏 ∞ 𝒏
𝒌𝟑 − 𝟏 (𝒌 − 𝟏)(𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒇(𝒏) = (∏ 𝟑 ) = (∏ ) =
𝒌 +𝟏 (𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒌=𝟐 𝒌=𝟐
𝒏
∏∞ ∞ 𝟐
𝒌=𝟐(𝒌 − 𝟏) ∏𝒌=𝟐 (𝒌 + 𝒌 + 𝟏)
=( ∞ ) =
∏𝒌=𝟐(𝒌 + 𝟏) ∏∞ 𝟐
𝒌=𝟐 (𝒌 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)
 www.ssmrmh.ro
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 × 𝟐 × 𝟑… ∏∞𝒌=𝟐(𝒌
𝟐
+ 𝒌 + 𝟏) ∏∞ 𝟐
𝒌=𝟏(𝒌 + 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒏
=( × ) = (𝟐 × ∞ ) =( )
𝟑 × 𝟒 × 𝟓 … ∏∞
𝒌=𝟐 ((𝒌 − 𝟏)𝟐 + ( 𝒌 − 𝟏) + 𝟏) ∏𝒌=𝟏(𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟑
∞ 𝟐 ∞ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒏 𝟑<𝟏 𝟑
𝛀 = ∑ 𝒇(𝒏) = ∑ ( ) = =𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟑
𝒛𝟒 + 𝟑𝒛𝟑 + 𝛀𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇔ 𝒛𝟒 + 𝟑𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟑𝒛(𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏) + (𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟎 ⇔ (𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝟑𝒛 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟎

𝒛 𝟐
+ 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟏
{ 𝟐 ⇔{ −𝟑±√𝟓 complex solution 𝒛 = ±𝒊
𝒛 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒛 = 𝟐 ⇔ 𝒛 ∈ ℝ±

Answer: 𝒛 = ±𝒊
Solution 2 by Toubal Fethi-Algeria
Let
∞ ∞ 𝒏
𝒌𝟑 − 𝟏
𝛀 = ∑ (∏ 𝟑 )
𝒌 +𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐

Then:
∞ ∞ 𝒏
(𝒌 − 𝟏)(𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝛀 = ∑ (∏ )
(𝒌 + 𝟏)(𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌 + 𝟏)
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐
𝒏
∞ 𝒎
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌 ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 − ( 𝒌 + 𝟏) + 𝟏
(
𝛀 = ∑ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∏ ( )( )( ))
𝒎→+∞ 𝒌 𝒌+𝟏 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏 𝒌=𝟐

∞ 𝒏
𝟐−𝟏 𝟐 ( 𝒎 + 𝟏) 𝟐 − ( 𝒎 + 𝟏) + 𝟏
𝛀 = ∑ ( 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( )( )( ))
𝒎→+∞ 𝒎 𝒎+𝟏 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐 + 𝟏
𝒏=𝟏
∞ 𝒏 ∞
𝟐𝒎𝟐 𝟐 𝒏
𝛀 = ∑ ( 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ) ,𝛀 = ∑( ) ,𝛀 = 𝟐
𝒎→+∞ 𝟑𝒎𝟐 𝟑
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏=𝟏

𝟑 𝟏
𝒛𝟒 + 𝟑𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟐 + + =𝟎
𝒛 𝒛𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
(𝒛 + ) + 𝟑 (𝒛 + ) = 𝟎, (𝒛 + ) (𝒛 + + 𝟑) = 𝟎
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛 𝒛
√𝟓 𝟑
𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒛 = ±𝒊 or 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒛 = ± −𝟐
𝟐
 www.ssmrmh.ro
Solution 3 by Ravi Prakash-New Delhi-India
𝒌𝟑 −𝟏
Let 𝒂𝒓 = ∏𝒓𝒌=𝟐 𝒌𝟑 +𝟏
𝒓 𝒓
( 𝒌 − 𝟏) ( 𝒌 𝟐 + 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌 + 𝟏
=∏ ⋅ 𝟐 = ⋅∏ 𝟐
( 𝒌 + 𝟏) ( 𝒌 − 𝒌 + 𝟏) 𝒓 ( 𝒓 + 𝟏) 𝒌 −𝒌+𝟏
𝒌=𝟐 𝒌=𝟐

𝟐 𝒓𝟐 + 𝒓 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= ⋅ = [𝟏 + ] = [𝟏 + − ]
𝒓 ( 𝒓 + 𝟏) 𝟑 𝟑 𝒓 ( 𝒓 + 𝟏) 𝟑 𝒓 𝒓+𝟏
𝒓
𝒌𝟑 − 𝟏 𝟐
⇒∏ 𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒂𝒓 =
𝒌 + 𝟏 𝒓→∞ 𝟑
𝒌=𝟐

Now,
∞ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒏
𝛀 = ∑( ) = 𝟑 =𝟐
𝟑 𝟐
𝒏=𝟏 𝟏−𝟑

The equation becomes

𝒛𝟒 + 𝟑𝒛𝟑 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒛𝟐 (𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏) + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝟏
⇒ (𝒛𝟐 + 𝟏)(𝒛𝟐 + 𝟑𝒛 + 𝟏) = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒛 = ±𝒊, (−𝟑 ± √𝟓)
𝟐