Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination (on D2L) and What investigations did Jenner carry out before beginning his work on smallpox? - Jenner worked on cowpox and the effect of it on humans before working on smallpox. Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had contracted a disease called cowpox seemed to be immune to smallpox. He investigated the similarities and differences between cowpox and smallpox and observed that cowpox was a much milder disease. Describe one specific experiment that Edward Jenner conducted in order to validate the smallpox vaccination? - Inone experiment Jenner had a young boy who he tested on. He injected lesions from cowpox and then exposed the young boy to smallpox to see if he would be immuned.Jenner had successfully demonstrated that prior inoculation with cowpox provided protection against smallpox, thus validating the concept of vaccination. Smallpox was eradicated around the world by: - 1980 Describe the scientific method in one or two sentences — USING YOUR OWN WORDS = do NOT copy and paste a definition — instead, write a definition that you could give to someone who has no understanding of what itis. = The scientific method is basically steps you take to figure something out to get the most accurate answer, You guess,experiment, and get results through these steps. What do the authors state were one of the “working hypotheses” of the study’ - Framingham was about the study of coronary heart disease and how it happens. One of the "working hypotheses" or key research questions of the study was to understand the risk factors and determinants of coronary heart disease (CHD) or coronary artery disease. How many different procedures were carried out on the study participants when they were first brought into the study — why was so much information recorded? - They had done many procedures beforehand. For example, Physical exams, blood tests, EKG’s, X-Rays, Psychosocial data, ete. ~The reason for recording such a comprehensive set of information was to understand the various factors that might influence the development of heart disease Using your understanding of the importance of defining a “cohort” would it have been acceptable to include participants who were older than 65 in the Framingham heart, study? Why or why not? ~ Inthe case of the Framingham Heart Study, it was indeed acceptable and valuable to include participants older than 65. This decision allowed the study to capturethe effects of aging on heart disease risk and to provide valuable insights into the factors influencing heart disease across the lifespan. The study's long-term follow-up of a diverse cohort, including older individuals, contributed significantly to our understanding of cardiovascular epidemiology and continues to inform public health recommendations for various age groups. 8. The Framingham study is an -_ Prospective Study 9. The Framingham study is a: - Longitudinal Study