LESSON 2: Cyber World
• Tips to Stay Safe online
✓ Password- a combination of texts, numbers,
and/or special characters to secure accounts
• can be weak (e.g. names, common words,
birthdates, etc.) or strong (combination of all
characters)
• The Cyber World, also known as Cyberspace, is
virtual in nature and unbounded unlike our
physical environment.
✓ The features of the Cyber World
• Virtual Self - a digital representation of humans
to interact in virtual world
• Source of Information - data that are available
to anyone as long as they have an internet
connection
• Social Interaction - digital socialization using
chat, blogs, vlogs, online games, etc.
• Tools for Social Interaction
1. Facebook
2. Twitter
3. Tumblr
4. Instagram
5. Online games (Mobile Legends, COL, etc.)
✓ Dangers and Threats on the Internet
• Hacking - stealing and accessing private
information of organizations such as
government systems, business systems, etc.
• Identity Theft- the act of stealing important
information from the target user by accessing
online accounts such as bank accounts, etc.
• Internet Predators- individuals who lure
children or teenagers to engage in sexual acts
or relationships online
• Cyberbullying- an online act of humiliation
and/or threats that is done with and by children
and teenagers
• Malicious Software- also known as malware, is
created to invade and destroy computer
systems
• Types of Malware
1. virus
2. worms
3. trojan
4. spyware
5. adware
6. ransomware
7. fileless malware
✓ Stay Safe Online
1. Think before you click.
2. Do not share personal information.
3. Beware of phishing and scam.
4. Keep your device secure.
5. Never share passwords.
6. Never agree to meet anyone you just met
online.
7. Keep your device secure.
8. Never share passwords.
9. Never agree to meet anyone you just met
online.
10. Make sure to logout your account in public
devices.
✓ Laws for Internet Users
• Terms and conditions- the stipulations of
an agreement to protect the user and the
service provider before anyone can use its
services
❖ common on websites offering services
• Internet law, also known as cyber law, is
the set of legal principles applied in using
the Internet and other computer-related
actions and interactions of people.
• Four (4) ways to regulate the Internet
1. Laws
2. Architecture
3. Norms
4. Market Regulation
• Policies for Online Marketing
❖ to prevent deceptive and unfair marketing
• List of Online Marketing Policies
1. Consumer Act of the Philippines
2. Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
3. CAN-SPAM Act
• Laws for Intellectual Property - Copyright,
trademark, and patent laws are implemented to
protect authors, artists, and inventors.
• List of IPR
1. Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
2. Fair Use
3. Consumer Protection Act
• Laws for Online Privacy
1. Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
2. The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013
3. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
ETHICS IN CONDUCTING ONLINE RESEARCH • Rule #7: Help keep flame wars under control.
Never post messages that are provocative, for
• Online research is a method that involves the
these add fuel to the fire.
collection of information from the Internet.
• Rule #8: Respect other people’s privacy.
(Accdg. to QuestionPro)
There is always a reason why something is
• Search Engine Optimization- Using SEO will give
private. Never publicly expose private
you better results for the information you need.
information.
✓ The Advantages of Online Research
• Rule #9: Don’t abuse your power.
1. Easy access to large information
Nobody has the right to take advantage of being
2. Acquire diverse information in different formats
knowledgeable in cyberspace.
3. Save more time when researching online
• Rule #10: Be forgiving of other people’s
4. Get up-to-date and relevant information
mistakes. - Give people the benefit of the doubt
5. Reduce the cost of conducting research
as they can commit mistakes. Nobody is
✓ The Disadvantages of Online Research
perfect.
1. One may encounter inconsistent information
2. It is hard to determine if sources are reliable
3. One may be charged with payment
4. One may find it difficult to locate information.
5. One may risk online security and privacy
• 5-Step Simple Search Process
1. Clarify
2. Search
3. Delve
4. Evaluate
5. Cite

NETIQUETTE

• Netiquette is a short term for “Internet

etiquette,” which means proper behavior in
cyberspace.
• Rule #1: Remember the human. - Remember
that you are interacting with a person on the
other end that deserves respect.
• Rule #2: Adhere to the same standards of
behavior online that you follow in real life. -
Always be lawful and ethical regardless of
where you are.
• Rule #3: Know where you are in cyberspace.
Being rude is prohibited. Always know where
you are.
• Rule #4: Respect other people’s time and
bandwidth. -Ensure that the content you give is
meaningful and time is not wasted.
• Rule #5: Make yourself look good online. -
Always produce quality content while being
true to yourself.
• Rule #6: Share expert knowledge. - Make sure
that the information you are sharing is reliable
and credible.
LESSON 3: SEARCHING THE WEB, ANATOMY OF URL
AND PROPER DOMAINS
SEARCH ENGINE
• a program that searches for and identifies items
in a database that correspond to keywords or
characters specified by the user, used especially
for finding particular sites on the World Wide
Web
POPULAR DOMAINS
Boolean Logic
• Boolean “OR”- this operator will find pages that
include either of the search terms. Ex. A or B
• Boolean “AND”- this operator will retrieve only
pages containing both terms Ex. A and B
• Boolean “NOT” – this operator will find pages
that do not include search term immediately
following it. Ex. A not B.
• PHASE SEARCHING – is used for famous quotes,
proper names, recommendations, etc. It
encloses the phrase quotation marks. It
encloses the phrase in quotation marks. Ex
“Jane Doe”, “ To be or NOT to be”
• PLUS (+) –indicates that the word after the sign
is required word must be found in search.
Example: +fire
• MINUS (-) sign- indicates to exclude a
• from your search that it is not required on the
result. Example: Jaguar speed-car
• AMPERSAND (@) is used to find social tags. Ex.
@SteveJobs
• HASHTAG (#)- is used to find popular hashtags.
Ex: #LawofClassroom
WHAT IS URL?
• URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, or in
other words, the web address of an online
resource, i.e. a web site or document.
• Other term “Web Address”
• EXAMPLE: https://doepud.co.uk/anatomy-of-a-
url.
ANATOMY OF URL
PROTOCOL
• The protocol declares how your web browser
should communicate with a web server when
sending or fetching a web page or document.
The most common protocol is http which stands
for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
• HTTPS which stands for Hypertext Transfer
Protocol Secure. You'll see this on secure pages,
like shopping sites and log in pages. This means
your web browser encrypts any information you
provide so it can't be understood by any
phishers who try to intercept the page during
transfer.
SUBDOMAIN
• A subdomain is a subdivision of the main
domain name.
DOMAIN NAME
• A domain name is a unique reference that
identifies a web site on the internet, for
example doepud.co.uk. A domain name
always includes the top-level domain (TLD),
which in Doepud's case is uk. The co part is
shorthand for commercial and combined
.co.uk is called a second-level domain (SLD).
PORT
• The port number is rarely visible in URLs but
always required.
PATH
• The path typically refers to a file or
directory on the web server, e.g.
/directory/file.php.
QUERY
•
A query is commonly found in the URL of
dynamic pages (ones which are generated
from database or user-generated content)
and is represented by a question mark
followed by one or more parameters. The
query directly follows the domain name,
path or port number.
PARAMETER
• Parameters are snippets of information
found in the query string of a URL.
FRAGMENT
• A fragment is an internal page reference,
sometimes called a named anchor. It
usually appears at the end of a URL and
begins with a hash (#) character followed by
an identifier. It refers to a section within a
web page.
GETTING TO KNOW WORD PROCESSING
• A word processor is a type of software that
enables the user to create, edit, and format
text using various tools.
✓ Word Processor: Standard Features
• Insert - adds objects such as tables, images, and
shapes
• Delete - removes text or object from the
document.
• Cut - deletes chosen data from the page and
keeps it on the clipboard
• Copy - keeps data on the clipboard
• Paste - places copied data on chosen field.
• Page Setup - sets the layout of the entire
document.
• Find - tool to search for a string of text and to
provide an option to replace it with another.
• Word Wrap - formats the alignment of your text
and object/s Print - produces a hard copy of the
document when connected to a printer..
• File - lets the user manage the document using
functions such as save, print, and open.
• Font - allows the user to personalize the style
and size of the text.
• Windows - permits multiple screens for users to
work on.
• Spell Check - prompts the user for words
spelled differently from the built-in dictionary.
✓ Word Processor: Additional Features
• Grammar Check - prompts the user
for sentence construction that does
not meet the grammar rules set by
the software
• Footnotes - provides further
information about the document.
• Automated List - adds numbering or
bullets to your list of text.
• Graphics - allows the user to insert
objects such as diagrams, images,
or shapes.
• Header and Footer - permits
customization of the top and
bottom part of the document page.
• Paragraph Layout - adjusts the
indentation and spacing of a
paragraph.
• Macros - allows the user to
automate templates or patterns for
your document.
• Mail Merge - lets the user send out
letters or documents in bulk to
different recipients.
• Table of Contents and Index - lists
topics included in the document.
• Thesaurus - built-in synonym
provider.
• Collaboration - allows multiple
editors to access the document
online.
• Internet Features - provides links to
external sources via the Internet.
• Translation and Speech- voice
commands, text reading, and
translation.
Character and Paragraph Formatting
• Microsoft Word is the most
commonly used word processor
software.
• Formatting a document is vital
in delivering content to readers.
Following rules on writing and
deciding on the proper
structure results in the clarity
and effectiveness of the
message.
• Character formatting refers to
the application of properties or
attributes into single characters
or units without affecting the
whole paragraph.
• Font Face: A dropdown to
change the font style
(e.g Arial, Calibri, Times New
Roman) and numerical font size
1. Increase/Decrease Font size: A clickable to
increase or decrease font size
2. Change Case: A dropdown for options of
character casing
3. Clear All Formatting: A clickable that removes
formatting properties
4. Font Style: A clickable that changes a font into
bold,italic, underline, strikethrough, superscript,
and subscript.
5. Text Effects and Typography: A dropdown that
provides a range of text customization
6. Text Highlight Color: A dropdown for text
highlight colors
7. Font Color: A dropdown of font color options
8. Font Tab displays a dialogue box similar to the
default font options.
9. Advanced Tab provides modifications for
character spacing and opentype features.
10. Character Spacing permits specific
modifications to the scale, spacing, positioning,
and kerning per character unit or set.
11. OpenType Features allows better support for
different languages or glyph characters.
12. Paragraph formatting refers to the application
of properties or attributes into a paragraph in a
document.
13. Automated List: Dropdowns for bullets,
numberings, and multilevel lists
14. Decrease/Increase Indent: A clickable to
increase or decrease indentation
15. Sort: A clickable dialogue box for sorting values
options
16. Show/Hide: A clickable which shows or hides
paragraph marks on the page
17. Align: A clickable for alignment options of left,
center, right, or justified
18. Line and Paragraph Spacing: A dropdown for
vertical paragraph spacing options
19. Shading and Border: A dropdown for shading
color and border options for text, paragraph, or
table
20. Pagination sets up the page numbers of your
document.
21. Textbox options provide wrapping edits with
the presence of a textbox in the document.
✓ Inserting and Manipulating Graphics
1. Graphics are an important medium
of expression.
2. Microsoft Word is the most
accessible and known software for
word processing.
3. Picture - Insert picture/s from your
computer or from another
connected device (file formats: JPG,
PNG, GIF, etc).
4. Clip Art - Insert pre-installed
rasterized or vector images for
version 2010 and lower; 2013 uses
a plug-in called Pickit.
5. Online Pictures - Insert external
photos from the Internet without
using another browser (MS Word
2013 & up).
6. Shapes - Insert pre-installed
editable shapes from a wide
selection.
7. SmartArt - Insert pre-made
presentation graphics such as
charts and graphs used for
qualitative data.
8. Chart - Insert pre-made
presentation graphics such as pie
and bar graphs used for
quantitative data.
9. Screenshot - Use screenshots or
screen clippings of any active
windows available on your desktop.
10. Picture Tools - Formatting tab for
inserted images
11. Remove Background - Used to
delete unwanted part of an image
12. Corrections - Offers photo
enhancement such as brightness
contrast, or sharpness
13. Color - Changes the saturation,
tone, or hue of the image
14. Artistic Effects - Turns the photo
similar into a sketch or painting
15. Compress Pictures - Reduces the
size of the image
16. Change Picture - Replacing the
current image in the document
17. Reset Picture - Removes all
formatting done to the picture
18. Picture Border - Adds an editable
outline to the image
19. Picture Effects - Adds visual effects 43. Selection Pane - Shows and
on the photo organizes a list of inserted shapes
20. Picture Layouts - Turns image into a 44. Align - Enables modification of the
SmartArt positioning of the shapes
21. Position - Selects where the image 45. Group - Bind multiple shapes
will be positioned on the page together into a single shape
22. Wrap Text - Selects how the text 46. Rotate - Rotates or flips shapes
will be aligned with the image 47. Size - Changes the numerical size of
23. Bring Forward - Places the image in the shape’s width and height
front of another object ✓ SmartArt
24. Send Backward - Places the image 1. List - used for non-
behind another object sequential or grouped
25. Selection Pane - Shows and data
organizes a list of inserted images 2. Process - used to show
26. Align - Enables modification on the a sequence or flow
positioning of the images 3. Cycle - used to show
27. Group - Binds multiple images continuing sequence
together into a single image 4. Hierarchy - used for
28. Rotate - Image can be rotated or stratified presentation
flipped 5. Relationship - used to
29. Crop - Cut or trim portions of the show bond between
image data
30. Drawing Tools - Allows alterations 6. Matrix - Shows a part
with shapes or objects of the whole
31. Edit Shape - Changes the shape of 7. Pyramid - Used to show
the current object proportions of data
32. Draw Text Box - Creates a box that 8. Picture - used to show
enables text typing photographic idea
33. Shape Fill - Adds color within the ✓ Charts
shape 1. Column - show data
34. Shape Outline - Enables editing of based on horizontal
the borderline of the shape and vertical values
35. Shape Effects - Adds visual effects 2. Line - illustrate
on the shape points of data
36. Text Direction - Changes the based on
orientation of the text in an object horizontal and
37. Align Text - Changes the alignment vertical values
of the text inside a shape 3. Pie - show
38. Create link - Inserts links from a proportions in slices
shape to another 4. Bar - compare data
39. Position - Selects position of the in blocks
object on the page 5. Area - illustrate
40. Wrap Text - Selects how the text changes of data
will be aligned with the shape throughout time
41. Bring Forward - Places the shape in 6. X Y Scatter -
front of another object illustrates points in
42. Send Backward - Places the shape a wide range of
behind another object values
 7. Stock - show shifts • Formulas - work like normal arithmetic
of stock data operations but the equal sign (=) must be
8. Surface - shows the entered first before other values
same range of • Functions - specialized operations with
values of an area assigned names of actions that use formulas
9. Radar - shows the
and return values
plot of multiple
• Parts of an Excel Document
values
10. Combo - combines 1. Quick Access Toolbar
two types of charts 2. Ribbon
✓ Mail Merge and Label Generation 3. Name Box
• Mail Merge is a powerful tool that combines 4. Formula Bar
customized documents with another file from a 5. Column Letter
data source. 6. Row Number
• This feature offers personalized 7. Sheet Tabs
1. Labels 8. Status Bar
2. Tags ✓ The different tabs found in the ribbon of
3. Certificates Excel documents
4. Emails 1. File Tab
5. Directories 2. Home Tab
6. Letters 3. Insert Tab
7. Envelopes 4. Draw Tab
• Main Document 5. Page Layout
As the name suggests, it refers to the content or 6. Formulas Tab
template of the mail. 7. Data Tab
• Recipient List 8. Review Tab
Refers to the data source or record of names, 9. View Tab
addresses, and selected information that can be ✓ The other spreadsheet options
customized by the user. 1. Add spreadsheet
• Document types: 2. Rearrange spreadsheet
1. Letters - customized greetings 3. Rename, color, move, delete
2. Email - a Word to email content spreadsheet
3. Envelopes or Labels - similar to a stamp 4. Protect spreadsheet
indicating names and address from the ✓ Basic Formatting
recipient list 1. Font face, size, alignment, and colors
4. Directory - serves as a contact list 2. Number formats
• Labels are used on envelopes together with the ✓ Inserting Formulas and Functions
document created during the mail merge. It • Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet
may also be used for different things such as application used to perform
name tags or gift tags. mathematical equations without
manual computation. It shows only the
LESSON 4: Familiarizing with Spreadsheet results to the given operations and
Application data.
• Excel is a spreadsheet software used to input • Types of Operators
and analyze data and is a part of the Microsoft 1. Arithmetic
Office Suite. 2. Comparison
• Workbook - the term for Excel document 3. Text Concatenation
• Spreadsheet- portion (a page) of the workbook 4. Reference
• Spreadsheet Functions
1. predefined operations using different formulas • SUMIFS function adds the values of cells that
named after their function satisfy multiple conditions.
• Parts of a Function ✓ Inserting Graphs and Charts
1. Equal Sign • A graph is considered to be the most basic
2. Function name way to represent data visually.
3. Argument • Charts are more complex than graphs.
• Commonly Used Functions Charts are usually used to compare and
1. SUM contrast parts of the same data against one
2. AVERAGE another.
3. COUNT • Kinds of Graphs and Charts
4. MIN 1. Column
5. MAX 2. Line
6. CONCATENATE 3. Pie
• Function Library -Different functions are 4. Bar
available in the function library, which can be 5. Scatter
found inside the Formulas tab. 6. Area
✓ Conditional Functions 7. Stock
• Conditional functions allow users to perform 8. Surface
different operations based on logical conditions 9. Radar
• Conditional Functions • Chart Elements
1. IF / NESTED IFs 1. Chart title
2. AND 2. Axis titles
3. OR 3. Legend
4. NOT 4. Display labels
5. COUNTIF / COUNTIFS 5. Data table
6. SUMIF / SUMIFS 6. Axes
7. IFERROR 7. Gridlines
• IF Function - This tests whether the argument is 8. Plot area
true or false depending on another logical 9. Trendline
operation used. 10. Error bars
• AND Function - This returns values when both
arguments are true. References: QUIPPER, CLAIDS, OTHER
• OR Function - This returns true if either value is WEBSITES
true or both values are true and vice versa
• NOT Function - This returns a value that is
opposite of the argument (one argument only).
• Nested IF Function- This allows the user to test
multiple conditions inside another condition.
• Be careful with parentheses.
• A close parenthesis “)” that is not equal to an
open parenthesis “(” will give you a syntax
(code) error.
• CountIF counts the cells that satisfy a specific
condition.
• COUNTIFS counts the cells that satisfy multiple
conditions.
• SUMIF function adds the values of selected cells
that satisfy a specific condition.