Geochemistry Chapter 1

0
1234ÿ67ÿ89 29 74
ÿÿÿÿÿ!"ÿ#$%&ÿ'#ÿÿ!"(ÿ$!&&ÿ"!ÿ
)'"!(ÿ&ÿ&$&&ÿ""ÿ"ÿ!ÿ""ÿ"ÿ"ÿ!"ÿÿ&ÿ&*ÿ
&ÿ!"!ÿÿ'!'ÿ&ÿ"ÿÿ$$"&(ÿ &(ÿ&ÿ"&&*
+ ,-./ÿ1234ÿ2-5ÿ62.74ÿ1234ÿ9:;<=>ÿ?@ÿ:A
BCDEFCGHIJKLÿHIÿNOICPÿDQÿJFCÿRKSCÿJDÿRQPCKIJOQPÿ TOKGeÿED[PeÿPKLeÿOQPÿTCJXÿ^FCÿGCJO[IÿSD[PeÿIH[ZCKeÿ
TFLÿIDGCÿIJDQCIÿOKCÿUSDDPVÿOQPÿFDTÿJFCLÿ ED\\CKeÿHKDQeÿJHQeÿGCKERKLeÿOQPÿ[COPÿJDSCJFCKÿTHJFÿ
WDKGCPXÿYJÿHQZD[ZCIÿO\\[HEOJHDQIÿDWÿJFCÿ\KHQEH\[CIÿ IR[WRKÿOQPÿEOKNDQÿFOPÿNCCQÿaQDTQÿWDKÿJFDRIOQPIÿ
DWÿEFCGHIJKLÿJDÿJFCÿID[RJHDQÿDWÿSCD[DSHEO[ÿ\KDN] DWÿLCOKIÿNRJÿTCKCÿQDJÿKCEDSQHbCPÿOIÿC[CGCQJIÿHQÿ
[CGIÿOQPÿJFCKCWDKCÿEDR[PÿQDJÿPCZC[D\ÿRQJH[ÿ JFCÿ\KCICQJÿICQICÿDWÿJFCÿTDKPXÿlQJHGDQLeÿOKICQHEeÿ
EFCGHIJKLÿOQPÿSCD[DSLÿFOPÿNCCQÿCIJON[HIFCPÿOIÿ NHIGRJFeÿOQPÿ\FDI\FDKRIÿTCKCÿIJRPHCPÿNLÿJFCÿ
IEHCQJHWHEÿPHIEH\[HQCIXÿ^FCICÿO\\[HEOJHDQIÿTCKCÿ O[EFCGHIJIÿPRKHQSÿJFCÿzHPP[CÿlSCIX
\KOEJHECPÿWHKIJÿPRKHQSÿJFCÿ0_JFÿECQJRKLÿHQÿJFCÿ ^FCÿPCZC[D\GCQJÿDWÿOQO[LJHEO[ÿEFCGHIJKLÿ
GHQCIÿDWÿ`RKD\CÿTFCKCÿaQDT[CPSCÿDWÿGHQCKO[Iÿ PRKHQSÿJFCÿ0{JFÿECQJRKLÿKCIR[JCPÿHQÿJFCÿPHIEDZCKLÿ
OQPÿJFCHKÿEFCGHEO[ÿEDG\DIHJHDQIÿTOIÿRICPÿJDÿKCE] DWÿh_ÿEFCGHEO[ÿC[CGCQJIÿNCJTCCQÿ0g|}ÿOQPÿ0{f}Xÿ
DSQHbCÿOQPÿWD[[DTÿZCHQIÿDWÿDKCXÿcDKÿCdOG\[CeÿHQÿ lWJCKÿ~RQICQÿOQPÿjHKEFFDWWÿHQZCQJCPÿJFCÿD\JHEO[ÿ
0fghÿiObOKRIÿ`KEaCKeÿJFCÿIR\CKHQJCQPCQJÿDWÿ CGHIIHDQÿI\CEJKDSKO\Feÿ}ÿOPPHJHDQO[ÿC[CGCQJIÿ
GHQCIÿWDKÿjHQSÿkRPD[WÿYYÿDWÿlRIJKHOeÿ\RN[HIFCPÿOÿ TCKCÿOPPCPÿWKDGÿ0{f}ÿJDÿ0n|fX^FCÿJKOQIRKOQHRGÿ
GOQRO[ÿHQÿTFHEFÿFCÿPCIEKHNCPÿDKCIÿOQPÿDRJ[HQCPÿ C[CGCQJIÿOQPÿECKJOHQÿDJFCKÿKOPHDOEJHZCÿC[CGCQJIÿ
\KDECPRKCIÿWDKÿJFCHKÿOQO[LIHIÿm`KEaCKeÿ0nf0oXÿ TCKCÿPHIEDZCKCPÿ[OJCKÿHQÿJFCÿ| } JFÿECQJRKLÿ
pDTCZCKeÿICZCKO[ÿECQJRKHCIÿ\OIICPÿNCWDKCÿSCD] mDKKCQIeÿ0n_noX
EFCGHIJKLÿHQÿJFCÿ\KCICQJÿICQICÿDWÿJFCÿTDKPÿ lIÿJFCÿQRGNCKÿDWÿaQDTQÿEFCGHEO[ÿC[CGCQJIÿ
NCEOGCÿCIJON[HIFCPÿOIÿOQÿHQJCSKO[ÿEDG\DQCQJÿDWÿ HQEKCOICPÿPRKHQSÿJFCÿ0nJFÿECQJRKLeÿEFCGHIJIÿ
ÒKJFÿOQPÿq[OQCJOKLÿrEHCQECX NCEOGCÿOTOKCÿJFOJÿJFCLÿEDR[PÿNCÿDKSOQHbCPÿHQJDÿ
SKDR\IÿNOICPÿDQÿIHGH[OKHJHCIÿDWÿJFCHKÿEFCGHEO[ÿ
stsÿ u3vÿw74 \KD\CKJHCIXÿ^FCICÿJCQPCQEHCIÿNCEOGCÿJFCÿWDRQPO]
JHDQÿDWÿJFCÿ\CKHDPHEÿJON[CÿDWÿJFCÿC[CGCQJIÿ\KD]
^TDÿCIICQJHO[ÿ\KCKCxRHIHJCIÿWDKÿJFCÿSKDTJFÿDWÿ \DICPÿHQPC\CQPCQJ[LÿNLÿXÿYXÿzCQPC[CCZÿHQÿ0{_nÿ
SCDEFCGHIJKLÿTCKCÿJFCÿPHIEDZCKLÿDWÿJFCÿEFCGHEO[ÿ OQPÿNLÿXÿiXÿzCLCKÿHQÿ0{g}ÿmlIHGDZeÿ0n_foXÿ^FCÿ
C[CGCQJIÿOQPÿJFCÿPCZC[D\GCQJÿDWÿICQIHJHZCÿOQPÿ EORICÿWDKÿJFCÿ\CKHDPHEHJLÿDWÿJFCÿEFCGHEO[ÿ\KD\CK]
OEERKOJCÿGCJFDPIÿWDKÿJFCÿOQO[LIHIÿDWÿKDEaIÿOQPÿ JHCIÿDWÿJFCÿC[CGCQJIÿTOIÿQDJÿaQDTQÿJFCQÿOQPÿTOIÿ
GHQCKO[IXÿyQJH[ÿJFCÿCQPÿDWÿJFCÿ0_JFÿECQJRKLÿGOJ] KCEDSQHbCPÿDQ[LÿOWJCKÿJFCÿHQJCKQO[ÿIJKREJRKCÿDWÿ
JCKÿTOIÿJFDRSFJÿJDÿEDQIHIJÿDWÿCOKJFeÿTOJCKeÿWHKCeÿ OJDGIÿTOIÿTDKaCPÿDRJÿPRKHQSÿJFCÿWHKIJÿ}ÿLCOKIÿDWÿ
OQPÿOHKeÿTFDICÿNOIHEÿxRO[HJHCIÿTCKCÿPCIEKHNCPÿOI JFCÿ| } JFÿECQJRKLX

012ÿ 4567859 ÿÿ85ÿ1111ÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿ!"#"ÿ#ÿÿ
" ÿ$"ÿÿ""ÿ %%ÿ#ÿ bcdÿ fghijgklmnopÿ
! ÿ"ÿÿ!ÿ"ÿ&ÿÿ lrÿnjgÿsctctcuc
#ÿÿ!"'ÿ(ÿ#ÿÿ"ÿ)"* J!&ÿ!ÿ"ÿ!"ÿ %vÿ"ÿ
"ÿ#ÿÿ!ÿÿ#ÿÿ!"ÿ ÿD'B'B'w'ÿ%ÿ#ÿÿ"ÿÿ+ÿÿ
"ÿ#ÿÿ +ÿ%"ÿ"ÿ"%' !"ÿ%ÿ#ÿÿ%"&'ÿ("ÿ-.?1ÿB+ÿ
ÿÿ#ÿ,!&ÿÿ!"&ÿ"ÿÿ ,,ÿ,"ÿÿ"&Fÿ &!&ÿ*
-.ÿ"%&/ÿ%ÿÿ0%ÿÿ"ÿ!%#* ÿ ÿ !ÿ%",ÿÿ &ÿ
ÿ!)&ÿ%",ÿÿ12ÿ"%&'ÿÿ$ÿ xA!"/ÿ-.?.y'ÿ("ÿ% 0%"ÿ&ÿÿ,*
34567489:;<=ÿ$ÿ#ÿ% ÿ"ÿ->?>ÿ&ÿ@"ÿ ,ÿ#ÿÿ@"ÿJ,ÿ"ÿz",ÿ
AÿBC""/ÿ$ÿ$ÿÿ!&ÿ#* (" %ÿ"ÿX$ÿÿ%ÿ)"+ÿ{!*ÿ
ÿÿÿD"+&ÿ#ÿEÿ"ÿB$F"'ÿÿ !|ÿ%+&ÿÿ"ÿÿ!ÿ"ÿÿ
!ÿ$ÿ% ÿ,"ÿ"ÿ-.2>/G2ÿ&ÿ/ÿ$"ÿ #ÿ,!ÿ"!'
A"HÿI'ÿ@Hÿ#ÿÿD'B'ÿJ,ÿB%+&ÿ J!&ÿ ÿ"ÿÿD'B'B'w'ÿ
%ÿÿ#ÿ"ÿ#ÿÿH/ÿK74ÿMN;Nÿ % ÿ#ÿÿ%ÿ%ÿÿ+ÿ&ÿ
5OÿP4567489:;<=Q "ÿ" ÿÿÿ!Hÿ$Hÿ#ÿ})"ÿ
@Hÿ$ÿÿ@#ÿ@!ÿ#ÿÿD'B'ÿ A!"ÿx->>?*-.RSy'ÿA!"ÿ %ÿ!"*
J,ÿB%+&ÿ#!ÿ->>Rÿ%"ÿ-.1S'ÿTÿÿ ,&ÿÿÿD"+&ÿ#ÿX$ÿ%"ÿY'ÿ('ÿ
ÿ"ÿ#ÿ)"ÿ"ÿÿ"&ÿ#ÿHÿ Y"H&/ÿ$ÿHÿÿ%"ÿ"ÿ!"&ÿ#ÿ
"ÿ!"ÿÿÿÿÿ!HÿÿB%+&ÿ ÿ"ÿ"%,ÿ!ÿÿ,ÿ!"ÿÿ
"ÿ#ÿÿ,ÿ,!ÿÿ"ÿ"ÿ ÿ%ÿ#ÿ!ÿ"'ÿÿ$ÿ
ÿ$'ÿÿ#ÿ"ÿ#ÿ@HUÿHÿ$ÿ ÿ%ÿ#!ÿ"+""ÿ!",&ÿ
!F",&ÿ!!ÿ"ÿÿÿÿ,!&'ÿ ÿÿÿ%"ÿ#ÿÿ"%&'ÿA!"ÿ
Tÿ"ÿ$ÿÿ"ÿÿ!ÿ!"/ÿ ,%ÿ"ÿ-.2Gÿ"ÿ$ÿÿÿÿ# *
ÿ!/ÿHÿ"ÿ+/ÿ"ÿÿ"ÿ#* ÿ"ÿ!",&ÿ"ÿ-.-1ÿÿÿ,ÿ#ÿ1G'ÿTÿ
$ÿ&ÿÿ"ÿ"ÿHÿ"ÿ",ÿ"ÿ !Hÿ"ÿ"ÿ)"&ÿÿ#ÿ",ÿ
"ÿ+ÿ'ÿV)ÿÿHÿ%ÿ+"ÿ "ÿÿ"ÿ,!&ÿ$ÿ!ÿ"ÿ
,/ÿ!,!/ÿH*#!",ÿ!"/ÿ"ÿ,"%ÿ "'ÿTÿ+ÿ$&ÿ"ÿÿD'B'B'w'ÿ
Hÿ"ÿ"ÿ$",/ÿ !"&ÿH/ÿ "ÿ)ÿ,"ÿ&ÿ+ÿ#'ÿTÿ
!!ÿH/ÿ"ÿÿ'ÿÿHÿ % "ÿ"ÿ"ÿÿ)"ÿ#ÿÿ`ÿ
"ÿ$ÿÿ"ÿ# ÿ#%ÿ"ÿÿ,"'ÿ z""%ÿ"ÿÿ"ÿ%!&ÿÿÿÿ*
ÿÿ&ÿ!%ÿ$ÿ$ÿ$%ÿ"ÿÿÿ +&ÿ#ÿÿ#ÿÿ"ÿ"Hÿ'ÿ} ÿÿ
#ÿ,!&ÿ&/ÿ%ÿ@Hÿÿÿÿ$&ÿ"ÿ %/ÿÿ!ÿ$" ÿÿ$ÿ" #!ÿ
-.2>WÿXÿ"ÿ-Sÿ&ÿ ÿ#ÿÿ,ÿ "ÿ"ÿ!"ÿ"ÿ#ÿ!"",ÿ"ÿ"%&'ÿ
B+ÿ,!ÿY'ÿ('ÿY"H&ÿ%ÿÿ A!"ÿÿ)ÿ"ÿ} ÿ"ÿ+*
,!&ÿHÿ"ÿ-.1R'ÿ@Hÿ$ÿÿ#ÿ ÿÿ"+ÿ%#%ÿ ÿÿ̀ÿ̀%!ÿÿ$ÿ
,!ÿ"ÿÿ!!ÿ"ÿ#ÿÿ$' +&ÿ!"ÿ#ÿ'
@HUÿHÿ$"ÿ%,ÿ#+ÿ"/ÿÿ E$"ÿ-.?Rÿ"ÿ-.?.ÿA!"ÿ%ÿ
ÿ#ÿ$ÿÿ"ÿ-.1R'ÿ(ÿÿ"$ÿ",ÿ ÿ!" +ÿ#%*+%!ÿ$Hÿ"ÿ
%ÿ"ÿ)"ÿ&ÿÿD'B'ÿJ,ÿ P4567489:;<=ÿ"ÿ$ÿÿÿÿ"ÿ
B%+&ÿ%"ÿÿÿ#ÿXÿA'ÿ #ÿ&ÿ!&ÿÿÿ%"ÿ#ÿÿ
T$+/ÿÿZN[\]55^ÿ5OÿP4567489:;<=_ÿÿ !ÿ!"ÿ"ÿ"%'ÿA!"/ÿ+ÿ/ÿ
&ÿ`'ÿT'ÿIÿ#!ÿ-.a.ÿÿ-.G>/ÿÿÿ! ÿ % ÿ%ÿ"ÿ"ÿ,,&ÿ"ÿ,!*
!ÿ%ÿ#ÿ,!ÿÿ%"&ÿ &ÿ&ÿÿ"",ÿ%ÿ"ÿ%ÿH'ÿ
+' })"ÿ`'ÿ&ÿÿ!ÿÿ{ÿ#
0ÿ 2345ÿ78ÿ9 3 785
ÿÿÿÿÿ!"ÿ#$ÿ ÿ'Z$"ÿQÿÿ#ÿNÿÿNÿÿ
!%ÿÿ&ÿÿ"'ÿ()*+,-./01ÿ3/,ÿ ÿjOÿ&ÿÿR$Oÿ&&ÿ
45+,1/*+ÿ6789:;<ÿ=+>/..+>?)/*@ÿ-A/B?ÿ-ÿC?/*+ÿ Oÿ!"ÿÿ$ÿ&ÿ!ÿeÿÿ
678DE;<ÿ(1ÿF,-5+.@GÿC?/,)+@ÿ-A/B?ÿH,+>)/B@ÿC?/*+@Gÿ ÿÿ$ÿÿÿNÿSÿÿ"$ÿ
ÿI+/>J+K)@?,1ÿ3/,ÿ45+,1/*+ÿ678L:;ÿMÿÿ ÿÿeNÿÿÿ$!ÿÿÿOÿ
#ÿ#ÿNO!ÿNOO"ÿPÿ &ÿ#ÿOÿ!ÿÿÿ &ÿMÿ
Qÿÿ$"ÿOÿQÿÿ Nÿ&ÿÿ!NÿÿÿNO!ÿ&ÿ
O"ÿÿ&ÿÿÿ#'ÿRSÿÿ!ÿ ÿQÿ"ÿ!ÿOÿÿÿOÿ
"ÿÿÿ&ÿOÿQÿO"Tÿ#ÿOÿ Oÿ&ÿÿeN
Q"ÿNÿNÿÿÿÿÿ#ÿ&ÿ VÿWÿV%"ÿÿQÿÿÿkUU_ÿÿ
6U!%Q<ÿ78L:; ÿ&ÿÿ$ÿ&ÿÿÿÿ9 E ÿZ
Mÿ&ÿ$"ÿ&ÿPÿ&ÿ O"ÿcÿ$ÿÿQÿÿ$Z
<ÿV ÿWQQÿV%"ÿ67:XYZÿ ÿ#%$ÿÿÿV%"ÿWOÿl&ÿ
78DL;<ÿÿ"ÿNQ<ÿ!Oÿÿÿÿ!ÿ `"ÿÿ^"ÿa"ÿÿ
NNÿÿÿ#ÿ#ÿV%"ÿ m#<ÿ#ÿÿ$ÿÿ&ÿ$Z
N[ÿÿNÿ&ÿÿQÿ&ÿ ÿÿOÿÿÿ#
Q$ÿ$ÿÿ$$ÿÿ$ÿ
NÿWÿ&<ÿÿ$ÿQ$ÿÿÿÿ nopÿ roÿsoÿtuvwxyz{|w}
RÿN#&Oÿ$$ÿ&ÿÿ#ÿÿ
ÿ\PÿOÿ$ÿ&ÿÿ!Nÿ MÿWOÿ&ÿ`"ÿÿÿkQ"ÿ
MÿQÿ!OÿÿNÿ&ÿ&ÿÿ ~&ÿ`$ÿÿ`"ÿ#ÿÿ&Oÿ!"ÿ
\ÿ#ÿÿ#"ÿNÿ!"ÿ$$ÿÿ ÿ#%ÿ&ÿVÿmÿ`ÿ67:::Z78Dh;ÿ
]ÿ^<ÿN"ÿ!OÿV%"ÿ#ÿ `ÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿ"ÿ$O$ÿ6_O<ÿ`<ÿ<ÿ kQ"ÿ&ÿÿÿ7877ÿ#ÿÿO"ÿ&ÿÿ
a[<ÿU!Za<ÿÿbN;ÿcÿÿ Nÿ!ÿÿÿ"ÿ
Nÿ!%ÿ6V%"<ÿ789D<ÿ7898;ÿ#ÿ NlÿOÿWÿÿ& #$ÿ"ÿmeÿQÿfOÿ
#ÿÿÿÿNO!ÿÿdÿc#Q<ÿ Qÿ&&ÿ&ÿeZ"ÿ!"ÿ"ÿÿ
V%"ÿ#ÿÿ&ÿÿ&ÿÿNZ !"ÿNQÿÿÿ&ÿ$ÿÿ
ÿ!"ÿO$ÿÿÿ!Nÿ"ÿQÿ "ÿOOÿ&ÿÿÿÿÿÿ&ÿÿ
ÿÿQÿÿÿO&ÿ&ÿÿ ÿ&ÿ#ÿÿÿNÿÿ7899ÿÿ789Xÿ
\ÿ&ÿÿQ"ÿ!$$<ÿ$ÿ!&ÿÿ `ÿÿÿÿÿÿkQ"ÿ
eÿ&ÿ&ÿÿ\"ÿd!ÿÿ#ÿ &ÿÿOÿeZ"ÿ&&ÿÿÿÿ
%#ÿ6fN<ÿ78:X;ÿV%"PÿQ#ÿÿÿ "ÿOOÿ&ÿ"ÿÿ6`<ÿ
O!gÿÿ#ÿ&ÿÿÿR`ÿc"Nÿ 78YE;ÿWÿ78YEÿ`ÿQÿÿÿ
&ÿfQ%ÿ678h8;<ÿÿNNOÿÿ^ÿ kQ"ÿ&ÿ`$<ÿ#ÿÿOÿÿ
QÿÿÿRdÿ\ÿÿ!"ÿÿ !Oÿ&ÿÿÿÿO$ÿÿ
dO!ÿi$ÿU"ÿV%"ÿÿZ NÿN$Nÿÿÿ!"ÿ&ÿÿÿ
&ÿÿ!NÿÿÿNNÿ&ÿ&ÿ OÿÿÿÿNÿ&ÿZ
ÿ$"ÿÿÿ$"ÿMÿÿÿ#ÿ ÿÿÿ!"ÿÿjOÿ&ÿRÿ
#"ÿNÿÿeN<ÿa Oÿ678:Y;ÿ N%$ÿ&ÿÿmQ<ÿÿO!Oÿ&ÿÿ
!ÿÿ!NÿÿRÿO$ÿ!ÿ ÿ&ÿÿgÿÿ!"ÿÿÿ&ÿÿÿZ
Qÿ&ÿÿNO<ÿ$ÿÿ&ÿ&ÿ ÿNÿÿÿ"ÿ&ÿÿÿÿ
$"ÿÿ&Oÿ6<ÿÿ<ÿNO<ÿÿ $ÿMÿ$[ÿNQÿÿÿ
Oÿ$;ÿÿ#ÿ$ÿÿNÿ&ÿÿ eNÿ&ÿÿ!Qÿ!Oÿ&ÿÿ
$"ÿ ÿ!"ÿÿ!N ÿÿÿÿ&ÿÿOÿ&ÿÿ\
V%"PÿQ#ÿÿÿNÿ&ÿÿ `ÿOÿÿÿÿ78YLÿ!Oÿ
!Nÿ6V%"<ÿ78DL;ÿÿ!$ #ÿO!ÿÿOÿÿ#%ÿ&ÿ
012ÿ 456789ÿ 75 74 8ÿ
ÿÿÿ ÿÿ!"#$%ÿ&ÿ'(ÿ)ÿ %ÿU%ÿpÿ(ÿ-ÿ3''/,0ÿ(ÿ; ÿ)-ÿ,36
*(ÿÿ!"#+ÿ(ÿ,'))'ÿ(ÿ-ÿ ÿ)ÿ 30ÿ)ÿ)-)ÿ';)ÿ-ÿ;3ÿ)-ÿ,6
./'(0ÿ-ÿ-ÿ1(ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ23,' ÿ ()ÿÿ(ÿ/,ÿ8)'/ %ÿpSÿ
4)),)ÿÿ*'ÿ53-%ÿ&ÿ-')-ÿ-(ÿ6 ;10ÿsB?ÿuv@NwFD@xÿ@yÿFB?ÿz{x?@wEÿ|@A}EIÿ8,;6
,'ÿ())(ÿÿÿ37,3ÿÿ86 '-(ÿÿ!"+Q0ÿ),(ÿ/,ÿ8)'/ ÿÿÿ
)ÿÿ33))ÿ38ÿÿ %ÿ 833,8)ÿ)-ÿ)-ÿ(38)ÿ(ÿ3'36
'(3-()ÿ),(ÿ)ÿ9'ÿÿ!"#:ÿ;,)ÿ((ÿ )ÿÿ/,ÿ31ÿ)(ÿÿ33ÿÿ)-ÿ
)-ÿ8),'ÿÿ!"#<ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ/ÿÿ="%ÿ&ÿ')ÿ /ÿ(ÿ)-ÿ/3-3'ÿ())ÿÿ)-ÿ
;-(ÿ)-ÿ,38)ÿÿÿ8)''ÿ38')(ÿ .)-ÿ; ÿ/)3ÿ3))%
;1ÿ))'(ÿ>?@AB?CDEFGHIÿ-3-ÿÿ38')6 4ÿ!"=+ÿpÿ2ÿ8,;'-(ÿ)-ÿ)ÿ(6
(ÿ; ÿJ'Kÿ2,ÿ(ÿ8,;'-(ÿ8)-,,'ÿÿ )ÿÿ~GDxADMN?Eÿ@yÿ>?@AB?CDEFGHIÿ-3-ÿÿ
!"=#%ÿJÿ83'ÿ3)ÿ,ÿÿLMMND?Oÿ ('ÿ,(ÿÿÿ)K);1ÿ)ÿ,)ÿ(ÿ
>?@AB?CDEFGHÿ P!"QQRÿ ÿ ()(ÿ )ÿ -'8(ÿ)ÿ);'-ÿ/3-)ÿÿÿ'/))ÿ
'(3-()ÿÿ)-ÿ!$$)-ÿÿÿ-ÿ 38)ÿÿ.)-ÿ*33%ÿ4ÿ)-ÿK)ÿ(3(ÿ
;)-( % 5;)ÿ2%ÿ'ÿ(ÿW(ÿp%ÿW,18ÿ
'(3-()Sÿ838'ÿ3);,)ÿ)ÿ/6 ,(ÿ)-( 3ÿ(ÿ',)ÿ3-)ÿ)ÿ
3-)ÿÿ)-ÿ)'ÿK8')ÿÿ6ÿ ()ÿ)-ÿ);')ÿÿ'ÿ(ÿ)-ÿ;'6
8-,ÿ,;)),)ÿÿ3)'ÿ;(ÿÿ)-ÿ36 )ÿÿ)-ÿÿ)ÿ)-ÿ,3ÿÿ)-ÿ.)-%ÿV- ÿ
8);')ÿÿ)-ÿ(ÿ(ÿ3-/ÿÿ)-ÿ%ÿ&ÿ )(ÿ)-ÿ(ÿ/)ÿÿ/3-)ÿ; ÿ
)-; ÿ3-(ÿÿÿ)-ÿTÿ/'ÿÿ/6 )-ÿÿ3-ÿ(ÿ)-,/-ÿ)-ÿ88,'ÿ
3-)%ÿ)-'0ÿ)-ÿ,/ÿ)ÿ1ÿ(ÿ)ÿ )K);1ÿP'0ÿ!":$ÿ'ÿ(ÿ]-)0ÿ
,()(ÿ)-ÿ();,)ÿÿ)-ÿ3-3'ÿ'6 !":=ÿW,180ÿ!":<R%
)ÿ-ÿ3),(ÿ)ÿ))ÿ)-ÿ1ÿÿ6 3-3'ÿ883)/0ÿÿÿ1ÿ)ÿ
'ÿ,))(/ÿ/3-)0ÿ);'ÿU%ÿ&%ÿ )( 0ÿÿ))(ÿÿ!"#<ÿ; ÿ)-ÿ[%*%ÿ'/3'ÿ
J-ÿÿ*,)-ÿJ30ÿ*%ÿ5%ÿ31'(ÿÿ *, ÿP&1ÿ(ÿU10ÿ!"#"Rÿ(ÿÿ;(ÿ
./'(0ÿ*%ÿ5%ÿV 'ÿÿJ,)'0ÿW%ÿ51ÿÿ ÿ3')%ÿV-ÿ)3-7,ÿ('8(ÿÿ)-ÿ
X'(0ÿW%ÿ&%ÿY(8-'ÿÿ 0ÿJ%ÿ5ÿ [)(ÿ*))ÿÿ,(ÿÿ!"=ÿÿ'ÿ, ÿ
Z/(ÿÿ)-ÿ[%*%*%5%0ÿ\%ÿ2%ÿ*-ÿÿ ÿ)-ÿ[)(ÿW/(ÿ(ÿÿJ3ÿPY;;0ÿ
](0ÿ(ÿW%ÿW%ÿV,1ÿÿ)-ÿ[)(ÿ*))% !"=R%ÿ*,;7,)'0ÿ)-ÿ3-3'ÿ83)/ÿ
53-ÿ])ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ48'ÿ]''/ÿÿ
*33ÿ(ÿV3-'/ ÿÿU(ÿ;3ÿÿ36
^_`ÿ bcdefgÿhecijeklmnfo )ÿÿ3))ÿÿ)-ÿ83)ÿÿ/3-)%ÿ
3-3'ÿ883)/ÿ3),ÿ)ÿ;ÿÿÿ
p//ÿÿ)-ÿ!"=$0ÿ/3-)ÿ),(ÿ )-ÿ)ÿ8))ÿ83)3'ÿ88'3)ÿÿ/6
3/'ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ),( ÿÿ3-3'ÿ3)ÿ(ÿ 3-)ÿ(ÿÿ'ÿÿÿ(ÿ/ÿÿ
83%ÿV-ÿ)ÿÿ)-ÿ'ÿÿ3-ÿ3ÿ;ÿ 8-)3)(ÿ')3'ÿ)3-7,%
,(ÿÿ)-ÿ1ÿÿJ%ÿX0ÿ-ÿ,(ÿ)-ÿ .)'ÿ/3-)ÿ-ÿÿ
338)ÿÿ)-( 3ÿ)ÿ),( ÿ)-ÿ);')ÿ 3)'ÿ;3,ÿÿ)-ÿ(ÿ)ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ(6
ÿ'ÿÿ)-ÿ),'ÿ)%ÿ4ÿ((6 8ÿÿ)'ÿ(ÿ,ÿ/3ÿ38,(ÿ
)0ÿq%ÿ&%ÿS)ÿ&ÿP!Q=+6!"!!Rÿ),((ÿ)-ÿ36 )-)ÿÿ)(,3(ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ)ÿÿ
)''r)ÿÿ')ÿ; ÿ8)/ÿ)ÿÿ )-8/3ÿ3))%ÿV-ÿÿ88'36
p'ÿ(0ÿÿ!"$#0ÿ)-ÿ8- 3'ÿU;)ÿ )ÿÿ/3-)ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ'ÿÿ-,1(ÿ
ÿ)-ÿ]/ÿ4)),)ÿÿY-/)ÿÿ ÿ3''ÿ')(ÿ)ÿ8'',))ÿ- (/'/ ÿ(ÿ
,((ÿÿ)-ÿ[)(ÿ*))%ÿV-ÿ838'ÿ;T36 (3'ÿ/3-)%ÿ3-3'ÿ883)/ÿ
)ÿÿ)-ÿ8- 3'ÿU;)ÿ-ÿ;ÿ)ÿ (ÿ)'ÿ/3-)ÿÿÿ8,)ÿ
),( ÿ)-ÿ/ÿÿ/,ÿ31ÿ(ÿÿ(8)ÿ 8)3ÿ;3,ÿ)- ÿ3);,)ÿ)ÿ)-ÿ36
; ÿK8)'ÿ)-(%ÿV-ÿ,')ÿ3-(ÿ; ),(ÿ''6;/ÿÿ)-ÿ-,ÿ83ÿÿ.)-%
0ÿ 2345ÿ78ÿ9 3 785
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ !ÿ"#ÿ Iÿ'ÿ%ÿ,"ÿÿ1"%ÿ-ÿ)%ÿ
$%"#ÿ%ÿÿ$#ÿ&"%ÿÿ ))"%ÿÿ-ÿ$ÿÿ"ÿ)")%ÿ
#ÿ%&%%'ÿ$ÿÿ"$ÿ$( "ÿ%ÿÿ3)ÿÿ$$ÿ)"%%ÿ"ÿÿ
%"#'ÿ"$ÿ$%"#'ÿ%)ÿ$( %&ÿÿ)""ÿ)"+ÿ0ÿ%"$ÿÿ$(
%"#'ÿ$ÿ)"%)$'ÿÿ$( %"#ÿ%ÿÿÿÿÿ%ÿ$$ÿ
%"#'ÿ*%ÿ$%"#'ÿ"(ÿ )"%%%ÿ&&ÿÿ"%ÿÿ%ÿ%$(
$%"#'ÿÿ%%"#+ÿ,ÿÿ%ÿ ÿ-#+ÿ4%"#ÿ"#ÿ%ÿ"ÿ&"#'ÿ
%&%%ÿ%ÿ%ÿ-ÿ")#ÿ$"-$ÿ#ÿÿ %ÿ2"%ÿÿÿ%ÿ))"ÿd+
""+ÿ.-&"'ÿÿ$%%ÿÿÿ-"ÿ eÿÿ%ÿ$%"#fÿ0"ÿ%ÿÿ%#ÿ
&ÿ"$/ÿ%ÿ%%ÿÿ"%ÿ %-"ÿÿ%ÿ*%ÿ%ÿ$%%ÿ(
ÿ"%ÿÿ%)/ÿÿ)ÿÿ#ÿ "ÿ%&%ÿ-ÿÿ-ÿ"$ÿÿ"ÿ)(
ÿ+ÿ0%ÿ%%ÿ%ÿ)%ÿ1"%ÿ ÿÿ%ÿ#ÿ"ÿ*%ÿÿ
ÿ)"ÿÿ"ÿ-ÿÿ"ÿÿ %#ÿ+ÿD"$ÿÿ2"%'ÿg4%"#ÿ
%ÿ$ÿ"ÿ"%+ÿ2"ÿ3)'ÿÿ %%ÿÿ%"#ÿÿÿ%ÿÿÿ
4ÿ#ÿÿÿ5"ÿ#ÿ ,"c%ÿ"%ÿÿ"ÿ&"ÿ"ÿ"ÿ
ÿ%)%"ÿ6789:;<;9=ÿ7?ÿ@8A<89:;<;9=ÿB9?=Cÿ "#ÿÿ)#%ÿ"ÿ
0ÿ,")ÿD%%ÿ"ÿ4%"#ÿ%ÿ %+hÿ4%c%ÿÿÿ$(
)ÿÿ1"ÿ@:7<;9=Eÿ678E8FGHÿÿÿ %"#ÿ-%ÿg4%"#ÿ%ÿ"ÿ-ÿ
I"ÿD%%ÿÿ4%"#ÿÿ ÿ-%ÿ$&"$ÿÿ%"ÿÿÿ(
J%%"#ÿ%)%"%ÿBKKE;7Lÿ6789:7<;A?MGCÿ ÿ%ÿÿ"ÿ%)%ÿ"$ÿÿ
D$ÿ"ÿ1"%ÿÿ)%ÿ))"%ÿ$ÿ ,"hÿ\J""%'ÿijkj]+ÿeÿÿ$ÿÿÿ+ÿ
-ÿ$%"#ÿ" 4%"#ÿ%ÿÿ$#ÿ&"%ÿÿ(
%#ÿ&&$ÿ%1ÿÿÿÿ%"ÿÿ
N=M?:ÿ=OLÿPE=O7?=MGÿQ9;7O97ÿR7??7MA #ÿ"ÿ-#%+
@8O?M;ST?;8OAÿ?8ÿU;O7M=E8FGÿ=OLÿP7?M8E8FG 2"ÿ"ÿ)")%%ÿÿ1"ÿ$%ÿÿ$(
V8TMO=Eÿ8Wÿ6789:7<;9=EÿNXKE8M=?;8O %%ÿ"
N98O8<;9ÿ678E8FG i+ÿ0ÿd-ÿÿ%"ÿÿÿÿ
B<7M;9=OÿV8TMO=Eÿ8WÿQ9;7O97 %ÿÿÿ,"ÿÿÿÿ%"ÿ
Y=?TM7 %#%+
Q9;7O97 +ÿ0ÿ%&"ÿÿ%%ÿ"ÿÿ%"&ÿ
ÿ1"%ÿ"ÿ%#ÿ%%ÿ-ÿ"ÿ ÿ)%ÿÿ""%"ÿÿ
"$%'ÿ"ÿ3)' 3"""%"ÿ"%+
l+ÿ0ÿ%#ÿÿ"%ÿÿÿ%"ÿ
678Z:;<;=ÿ ÿÿ,"'ÿÿ%ÿ""'ÿÿÿÿ%"ÿ
[8ZE=LGÿ\,"ÿ %#%ÿ"ÿ%+
ÿ] mnÿ0ÿ%%ÿ%ÿ"ÿÿ$(
R;?:8E8FGÿ=OLÿ `%% ÿ#%ÿÿÿ"ÿ-ÿ%ÿ
U;O7M=Eÿ^7A8TM97Aÿ #%ÿ&ÿ)"ÿÿÿ$$ÿ)%ÿ
6789:7<;A?MGÿ ÿ-ÿ#ÿ#ÿÿ"ÿÿÿ"+
_O?7MO=?;8O=Eÿ 0%ÿ"ÿÿ#ÿ$%ÿÿÿ%ÿ%(
6789:7<;9=EÿV8TMO=Eÿ a) )+ÿ0"ÿ"%ÿ"ÿ%ÿ))"+ÿ.-&"'ÿ
@:;O7A7ÿV8TMO=Eÿ b)c%ÿ`)ÿ $%%ÿ)"$ÿ"ÿ"ÿ#ÿ%ÿ&ÿ
8Wÿ6789:7<;A?MG ÿJ ÿ$ÿÿdÿÿ%%%ÿÿÿ&(
0121013415ÿ 7
89 ÿ ÿ ÿ8ÿÿ8ÿ8ÿ ' ÿ ÿ(!ÿ)!ÿ* ÿ+,-./ÿ9!ÿ0123ÿ9ÿÿÿ
8 8ÿ ÿÿ8ÿ ÿ 8 ÿ8ÿ 4ÿ56ÿ8ÿ 8 ÿ!!!ÿ8 ÿÿ
8ÿ ÿ8 ÿÿ8ÿÿ ÿ8ÿÿ 9 8 ÿ 8ÿ!!!ÿ ÿ!!!77!8ÿÿ
ÿÿ 8ÿ9ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ8ÿÿ88#!ÿ" ÿ ÿ 8ÿ8 ÿ
ÿÿ8ÿÿÿ ÿ! 8ÿÿ9 8 ÿÿ ÿ'ÿ6 !ÿ" ÿ
"ÿ8ÿ ÿÿ# ÿÿÿ8ÿÿ8ÿ$9ÿ ÿ ÿ !ÿ9 8 ÿ ÿ
ÿÿ 8 ÿÿÿ8!ÿ%!ÿ&! 8ÿÿ8ÿ8ÿ ÿ!
:;<;=;>?;@
A BCDEFGÿIJKÿMNOPJÿQÿSTUVWÿXYZWUV[ÿU\ÿ]T^_YZWV[ÿ̀abcdefghiKÿ Ï wBGÿ¾Jÿ¸JKÿhlgÿmJÿÍJÿÒCBºGÿMNOPJÿSUWYU Zÿ̈ÁY^VZÿ
jhkgflÿmnoiKÿpqKÿrOsÿttJ ²ÿÐYY³VYÿ̀¯hktfkÿÑÿ¾bÈKÿpfÈÿqbk¼ÿehofkÿÄkff¬hlÿ
uEvwxGÿyzÿ{zGÿ|}~zÿT^ÿUWYU ÿU\ÿWT^ÿ ÛZÿUZ` hlgÿmbbtfkKÿhlÿÄkhlnb±KÿPÿttJ
knlfoblÿlnfknoiÿkfKÿknlfoblKÿpKÿsÿttJ Ï E¦BÂÒDC¦ºGÿ́Jÿ̧ JKÿMNsJÿjfb¢f¬n¢fÿ́fkofneclffoÓfÿ
wGÿzÿzGÿ|}zÿT^ÿWÿU\ÿÛT^_YZWV[ÿ̀JJÿjfbeJÿ clgÿ ¼b¬n¢fÿ ¯Ôc£n¼fnoÿ gfkÿ °ef¬flofJÿ
ckJÿceeJÿssJÿ¡¢fÿ£n£o¢ÿfgnonblÿnlÿMNrÿnÿJJjJJÿceeJÿ ÕWVÇYZZ^ ZT\W^ ÿ̈M§©NNNªMMsJ
..¤!3 ¹ vwBGÿ¯Jÿ°JKÿhlgÿ¯Jÿ«Jÿ{CxGÿMNNJÿ́fonnheÿÓnlÿnlÿck£hfÿ
E¥¦GÿJKÿMN§sJÿ¡¢fÿdnbt¢fkfJÿS^ỲÿQ_^V`ÿ̈rN©MsrªMJÿ kfngcc¬ÿhbnhofgÿÈno¢ÿtkn¬hkiÿÓnlÿbkfÿnlÿfhoÿ
EwxBGÿzÿ«JKÿMNONJÿ¡¢fÿgnbfkiÿb£ÿo¢fÿ¢f¬nheÿfefª ¡fllfffJÿU ÿ̀Û`ÿ̈©r§OªrNPJ
¬floJÿ¡¢fÿ¢nobkiÿb£ÿfb¢f¬nokiJÿaf£nlnonblÿb£ÿfbª Ö ¥BE×ØGÿÖzÿJKÿ,-2.!ÿ WVU²WYU ÿWUÿÛT^_YZWV[ÿ̀
¢f¬nokiJÿIlÿ®Jÿ¯Jÿ«fgftb¢eÿ °gJ±KÿX ²³UUÿU\ÿ ¸jkhÈª¯neeKÿpfÈÿqbk¼J
ÛT^_YZWV[ÿ̈beJÿMKMªMMJÿtknlfkª´fkehKÿfkenlKÿrÿttJÿ {×EGÿ½Jÿ́JKÿMN§OJÿ́JÿIJÿ́fklhg¼iÙÿngfhÿblÿo¢fÿefhgnlÿkbefÿb£ÿ
µDw¶Gÿ®Jÿ·JKÿhlgÿJÿ¸Jÿ¹ ¥xºGÿMN»Jÿc¬¬hkiÿb£ÿeh¼ÿfhÿ en£fÿnlÿo¢fÿflfkhonblÿb£ÿo¢fÿ°hko¢ÙÿkcoJÿVWTÿS^ỲÿXYZẀÿ̈
nlfonhonblJÿIlÿ°Jÿ¡JÿafflÿhlgÿaJÿ½Jÿ¾bÿ°gJ±Kÿ¡¢fÿ P©MrªMr»J
eh¼ÿfh¿fbebiKÿ¢f¬nokiKÿhlgÿdnbebiKÿP»PªPNJÿ {EFwEÂGÿJÿ°JKÿMN»NJÿYÿ̀QÿÕ^ÇÿÚUUÿWÿÚY\^ÿU ÿVWTÿ̀
Q_^Vÿ̀QZZUÿ̀À^WVUÿ̀Û`ÿ̈Á^_ÿ̀rKOssÿttJ ·Û£bkgÿlnfknoiÿkfKÿ·Û£bkgKÿ°lehlgKÿMP§ÿttJ
µÂwGÿ{zGÿMNPMJÿV^WYZ^ÿU ÿÃV^Zÿ ²ÿQZZ[Yÿ̀Äkb¬ÿo¢fÿ Ü BExGÿÝÿMNPrJÿÀVYYÌ^ZÿU\ÿÛT^_YZWV[ÿ̀«nefiKÿpfÈÿqbk¼J
jfk¬hlÿ°gnonblÿb£ÿMP§Jÿ½ÿjkÅl¢hngoÿnbÿhlgÿmJÿ ÞÒÂÒwßEFGÿ aJKÿMNP§JÿÄbkfÈbkgJÿIlÿ½JÿÄfk¬hlKÿ
ohlefiÿ¬no¢KÿokhlJÿhlgÿhllJÿlnfknoiÿb£ÿm¢nhbÿkfJÿ ÛT^_YZWV[ÿ\UVÿ^V[U ^ÿ̀¡khlehofgÿdiÿaJÿ½Jÿ¸i¢lfKÿ
¥Gÿ¯JKÿhlgÿmJÿ¥GÿMN§sJÿWÿÆ^ ÿÇYWTÿÿSWU ^ÿ̀«nefiKÿ ÄbkfnlÿÍhlchfÿcden¢nlÿ¯bcfKÿ¸bbÈKÿPsÿttJ
pfÈÿqbk¼Kÿr»ÿttJ àwx¦B¶Gÿ´JÿIJKÿMNrJÿÚÿÛTY_Y^ÿ̀½ehlKÿhknKÿÿttJ
É ÿ½JÿÊwzGÿ|}Ë}zÿjfb¢f¬nheÿhlgÿ¬nlfkhebnheÿ¬fo¢ª àwx¦B¶Gÿ´JÿIJKÿMNrNJÿÚÿÆYUZÌT^V^ÿ̀½ehlKÿhknKÿrsrÿttJ
bgÿb£ÿtkbtfonlJÿm¢htofkÿI´ÿnlÿSÌ^YÿÁ^WTU²ZÿU\ÿ ´fklhg¼iKÿ´JÿIJKÿMNPJÿ¡¢fÿdnbt¢fkfÿhlgÿo¢fÿlbbt¢fkfJÿ
ÀVUZÌ^WYÿ̀½¼hgJÿphc¼ÿJJ¾JKÿ̧ bbÈJÿ¡khlehofgÿdiÿÍJÿ Q_^Vÿ̀SY^WYZẄÿss©MªMrJ
¯hkob¼ÿhlgÿ½JÿJÿnfkfKÿJJÿjfbeJÿckJÿmnkJÿ,Î.,-0Î!ÿ «fddKÿJÿJKÿMNPsJÿ½ÿkfnfÈÿb£ÿ½¬fknhlÿtkbkfÿnlÿfbª
É ÿ½JKÿ,-01!ÿÛT^_YZWV[ÿ\UVÿ^V[U ^ÿ̀Äbkfnlÿ ¢f¬nheÿtkbtfonlJÿZẀÿÁYYÿÁ^WV[ÿVZ`ÿ̈
Íhlchfÿcden¢nlÿ¯bcfKÿ̧ bbÈKÿ/0/ÿttJ Or©srMªs§J
Ï wBGÿ¾Jÿ¸JKÿMNOJÿÁY^VÿÐYY³VYÿ̀¯hktfkÿÑÿ¾bÈKÿ w¦w×EÒGÿÖzÿ¯Jÿ°gJ±KÿMNONJÿX ²³UUÿU\ÿÛT^_YZWV[ÿ̈
pfÈÿqbk¼J beJÿIJÿtknlfkª´fkehKÿfkenlJÿ́beJÿIIÿMN»±J

Geochemistry Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geochemistry Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

0

You might also like