INTRODUCTION TO STAS
• System of knowledge of the tools,
natural world gained through the
scientific method.•Primarily
interested in the acquisition of
knowledge.
• Preoccupied with the
“know-why” resulting in new
knowledge usually disseminated
through science papers.
• Science is a kind of human
cultural activity which is practiced
by people known as scientist and
formerly called natural philosophers
and savants.
• Science is complex system of
people, skills, facilities, knowledge,
material or physical resources and
technologies devoted and directed
to the inquiry into and
understanding of the natural
world.-Science as a modern
science is the dynamic cumulative
inquiry into nature using the
scientific method.
• Deals with the natural world.
• Concerned with WHAT IS
(exist) in the natural world
.• Focuses on Research
• Discovering natural
phenomena (knowledge)
Technology
• Comes from Greek words
tekhnemeaning “art or craft” and
logia meaning a ‘subject or
interest”.
• Practical application of
knowledge
• Science of industrial arts and
manufacture
• Material products or result of
human fabrication and making.
• A kind of human cultural
activity or endeavor which is
practiced by people called
technologist which include
engineers, craftsmen and
machinists.
- A complex system of
knowledge, skills, people, methods,
organization, facilities,
materials, physical resources
devoted and directed to the
research, development, production
as well operation of a new or
improved product, process or
services in a reproducible way.
• Is concerned with the
know-how resulting in a new
product or process distributed for
commercial consumption or
appropriated through patents.
• Deals with how humans modify,
change, alter or control the natural
world.
• Concerned with what can be or
should be designed, made or
developed from natural world and
substances to satisfy human needs
and wants.
• Focuses on Development and
Innovation•Inventing new or better
tools and materials.
Classification of technology
based on a country’s level of
technological sophistication.
• 1.First Wave
Technology-Agricultural
Age-comprising the pre-industrial
technologies which are
labor-intensive, small-scale,
decentralized and based on
empirical rather than scientific
knowledge.
• 2.Second Wave
technology-comprising the
industrial technologies which were
developed since the time of
industrial revolution until the end of
World War II. These are usually
capital-intensive technologies and
are essentially based on the
classical principles of classical
physics, chemistry and biology
.• 3.Third-Wave
technology-comprising the
post-industrial or the high
technologies which are called
science-intensive since they are
based on the modern scientific
knowledge of the structures,
properties and interaction of
molecules, atoms and nuclei. • 2.Shifting and Farming-e.g.
TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY slash and burn farming

•1.Material • 3.Agricultural and Mining

technology-extraction, fabrication, Societies-both depend on the
processing, combination and natural resources of the world to
synthesis of materials sustain the needs of people but
both entail the risk of environmental
•2.Equipment damage.
technology-design and fabrication
of tools, instruments, devices and • 4.Manufacturing and
machines. Processing Societies-the use of
coal marked the start of
•3.Energy technology-deals industrialization.
with the distribution of various
forms of energy such as solar • 5.Synthesizing and Recycling
panels, wind turbines and Societies-production of synthetic
hydrothermal. food and other resources and
recycling of nonrenewable
•4.Information technology-based resources.
on machines that collect, store,
process, retrieve, transmit and Research
utilize data or information. •a process of acquiring new
knowledge
•5.Life technology-these are
devices, medicines, procedures .•Types of Research
and systems designed to preserve,
repair, maintain, reproduce and •Fundamental Basic
improve living systems. Research-gaining new knowledge
•Applied
•6.Management Research-practical application of
technology-Planning, organization, knowledge and intervention
coordination and control of social
activities •Mission-Oriented Research
-accomplishing a particular mission
Society or technological objective

• an organized group of people HISTORICAL ANTECENT

associated as members of a
communityElements of Society SUMERIAN
• Mutual interaction of individuals
•Mutual interrelationship between •Cuneiform-a set of word pictures
individuals depicted in symbols made of
• A pattern of system triangular marks.•Sexagesimal
• Reciprocal awareness•Common -using the number 60 as base,
propensity “WE” system of counting and a form of
• Like mindedness•Implications of place notation.
diversity
• Interdependence •Ziggurats-Mountain of god,
• Cooperation served as the sacred place of their
chief god
Evolution of Societies
•Potter’s wheel.
• 1.Hunter and Gatherer
Societies-the most primitive of all •Wheeled vehicle made of solid
societies. wooden wheels on axles now
regarded as the greatest
mechanical invention of all time. •Zodiac signs, concept of
horoscope
•materiamedica -made up of
assorted botanical, zoological and •Prediction of solar and lunar
mineralogical ingredients. eclipses

•seed plow .•Jewelry making originated from

the Babylonians
•sail boat
•Code of Hammurabi
SUMERIAN
•The Babylonian Map of the
• intricate system of canals, dikes World-first map
and reservoir.
•Astrology, the science of studying
• the City of Uruk-a great wonder the position of celestial bodies.
not only because it is considered to
be the first true city in the world EGYPTIANCIVILIZATIO
N
• Divided the circle into 360
degrees • The Egyptian writing was in the
form of pictorial symbols known as
.• Developed advances hieroglyphics, representing
mathematical functions to permit individual objects or actions.
accurately plot and forecast.
• They wrote with ink and brushes
•Zodiacal map of Sumer was used on paper made of papyrus reeds.
for practical mathematical and
observational purposes. • Ancient Egyptians studies the
heavens to record time, calculate
•Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest distances/directions, forecast the
surviving law in the world. It is the seasons and predict annual
earliest existing legal text flooding of the Nile river.

•Fabrication of copper • The earliest Egyptian calendar

was based on their observations of
the regular appearance and
disappearance of Sirius the
BABYLONIAN brightest star in their horizon which
CIVILIZATION coincide with the annual rise and
fall of the Nile river
•Nebuchadnezzar ordered the
construction of the famous • Another calendar was based on
“Hanging Gardens of Babylon” and the phases of the moon, consisting
the Ishtar Gate. of 29 and ½ days.

•They adopted the Sumerian • The first 365-day calendar was

sexagesimal system of counting in
units, Ziggurat and cuneiform.
•Their measurements made use of
fractions, squares and square roots
.•book-keeping, a simple but
adequate system of double-entry
accounting.
possibly devised by IMHOTEP.
• They calculated the time by
means of waterclock-a conical
earthen vessel with hours equally
marked off on the inside and spout
at the bottom.
• Nobles, men and women wore
wigs, they used a variety of
preparations for the hair such as GREEK CIVILIZATION
henna.
•Known as the birthplace of western
• They used tweezers and razors to philosophy.
remove unwanted body hair.
•Some of the major achievements
• Both sexes wore jewelries, of the Greeks include in-depth
sandals, perfume and works on philosophy and
cosmetics-eye make-up and Kohl mathematics.
around the eyes to prevent or even
cure eye diseases. •Their wise men were the first to
systematically separate scientific
• They built pyramids such as ideas from superstition and
Pyramid of Sakkara as Zoser’stomb stressed the logical development of
and memorial and Pyramid of general principles or theories about
Khufu or Cheofsand Great sphinx-a natural phenomena.
stone statue with a king’s head and
a lion’s boy to guard the pharaoh’s •Transition from the Bronze Age to
tomb.. the Iron Age

• The ancient Egyptians knowledge •They designed various

of human anatomy, physiology and
medical plants enabled them to
master the art and science of
embalming the dead.
• From the Hyksos, they learned
military technology and
system-horse driven light war
chariots manned by warriors armed
with bows, bronze swords and
lances.
• The Egyptians invented and used
many simple machines such as
ramp and lever, to aid construction
processes.
• They used rope trusses to stiffen
the beam of ships
• in Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse
technology was developed, the
most famous example being the
Lighthouse of Alexandria-a port for
the ships that traded the goods
manufactured in Egypt or imported
in Egypt.
• Library of Alexandria•Obelisks
and pillars
mathematical models and
mechanical systems to explain the
planetary motions and mechanical
systems to explain the planetary
positions and movements on
geometrical determinations and
logical deductions.
•Ancient Greeks invented the alarm
clock-used large complicated
mechanisms to time the alarm.
They made use of water ( or
sometimes small stones or sand).
That dropped into drums which
sounded the alarm.
•Watermills were also considered
as one of the most important
contributions of the Greek
civilization to the world. They were
commonly used in agricultural
processes like milling of grains
which was a necessary form of food
processing. Greek Philosophers
GREEKPHILOSOPHER
•Galen made the first steps for the
advancement of the science of
anatomy.

•Hippocrates- “Father of Greek

Medicine "First to regard medicine
as a science apart from religion. He
taught that diseases have natural
causes and that somehow the •One of the major contributions of
human body is capable of healing the Romans is the
or repairing itself. newspaper-Gazettes-contained
announcements of the Roman
•According to Empedocles nature Empire to the people, made metal
was a mixture of four elements: or stone tablets and then publicly
earth, fire, air and water. displayed.

•Thales of Miletus-Father of •The ancient Roman Empire was

Philosophy, taught that nature was able to produce the first books or
composed of or convertible into codex.
water.
•They introduced the Roman
•Anaxagoras- argued that matter numeral.
was composed of countless tiny
particles, each made of dominant •They constructed the Pantheon as
substances such as water mixed one of the world’s greatest domed
with other random substances. buildings and Colosseum, Rome’s
stage for individual gladiatorial
• Aristotle-proved the importance of contest which held 50,000
critical observation and systematic spectators.
means to identify and classify
organisms. •Chariot races and gladiatorial
fights were held at Rome’s principal
• Thales, Pythagoras, stadium, the Circus Maximus,
Euclid-perfected geometry, as a which accommodated some
single logical system. 300,000 people.

•Archimedes-performed •Roman government were able to

experiments which led him to implement major projects such as
discover the laws of lever and the large churches (cathedrals and
pulley. basilicas), aqueducts,
amphitheaters and even residential
–invented the science of houses.
hydrostatics
•Vitruvius first described the
-measurement and use of odometer as being used for
water-power. measuring distance around 27BC,
but evidence points towards
--made planetarium powered by Archimedes of Syracuse as its
water to demonstrate the inventor
movements of the sun and planets
around the stationary earth.- •Anaximander was one of the first
pioneer cartographers to create a
-discovered the concept of gravity map of the world.

•Ptolemy-wrote the Almagest, •Olympics were dedicated to the

wherein he presented his ideas and Olympian Gods
summarized those of the earlier
Greek astronomers about the ARABIC/ISLAMICCIVIL
universe. IZATION

-postulated the geocentric theory of •They introduced the Arabic system

the universe. of numbers

ROMANCIVILIZATION
•The Arabs interest in the
pseudoscience of alchemy
encouraged them to mix and
manipulate chemical elements and
conduct experiments to transform
base metals into gold.
•They were the first to use glass
lens for magnification
•First to manufacture the black
powder
•They produced the first gun-a
bamboo tube reinforced with iron
that used a charge of black powder
to shoot an arrow.
CHINESECIVILIZATION
•People learned the technology of
silk production
•The outstanding contribution of the
Shang included the creation of
magnificent bronze vessels,
discovery of lacquer, the
development of the horse-drawn
war chariots and the first known
Chinese writing which was
discovered incised on flat shoulder
bones of cattle or on tortoises shells
called “oracle bone”
.•Chopsticks came into use.
•They invented the escapement,
the basic device used to regulate
clocks.
•They constructed the Great Wall of
China and the great palace of the
first emperor.
•The Chinese had one of the most
advanced systems of
pharmacology-discovery of healing
drugs and herbs.
•They also practice apothecaries
and acupuncture-was used to treat
illnesses or pain by pricking the
patient’s body with needles at
points believed to be connected
with the visceral organs causing the
pain.
•They invented the “earthquake
weathercock” to detect earthquake
occurrence
•The use of toilet paper was also
traced in China back to the sixth
century.
•Development of calligraphy, water
color, painting and block printing
were invented.
•The first movable type printer
made from pottery was developed
by Pi Sheng.
•Chinese had an outstanding
contributions such as the invention
of gunpowder, a naturally magnetic
iron ore used to magnetize a
floating needle (prototype of the
magnetic needle in compass) to
indicate location, the use of coal as
fuel, water wheel, the wheelbarrow,
and the flexible bamboo pole that
speedily enchanted the transport of
heavy loads, the technology of
copper coinage, the artistry of
wallpaper and porcelain.
•Tea production was developed.
I N D U S-H I N D U C I V I L I Z A T
ION
•Considered the most remarkable
accomplishment of the Indus
civilization was the construction
layout of its cities which featured
water wells (that piped water supply)
bathrooms and wastepipe or drains
in nearly every house.
•They excelled particularly in
medicine and mathematics.
•Traditional Indian medication had
a very extensive pharmacopoeia
and varieties of herbal remedies
and drugs.
•Indian surgeons successfully
performed various operations like
repair of broken limbs, complicated
bone setting, amputation, plastic
surgery and Caesarian section.
•They introduced the negative and
positive quantities, square and
cube roots, quadratic equations,
mathematical implications of zero
and infinity and value of pi up to
nine decimal places.
•They also developed the steps in
sine functions, spherical geometry
and calculus
•Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first
iron pillar.
•Stupa was used as
commemorative monument
associated with storing sacred
relics
•Great technology was needed in
the fields of weaponry, navigation,
mass food and farm production,
and health.
PERSIANCIVILIZATION
Introduction of a uniform system of
gold and silver coinage
.•The first regular postal system in
the world
•Taxation system, an important
component of the Achaemenid
state administration.
•Qanat is a gently sloping
underground channel that carries
water from an aquifer or water well
to houses and fields. It is used for
drinking water and irrigation of
crops
•Sulfuric acid was first discovered
by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn
Jakarta al-Razi.
TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCES DURING
MIDDLE
AGES
•Printing press -After the Chinese,
Johann Gutenberg developed a
more reliable and way of printing
using a cast type. Gutenberg
utilized wooden machines that
extracted juices from fruits,
attached to them a metal
impression of the letters, and
pressed firmly the cast metal into a
piece of paper, which then made an
extract impression on paper.
•Gunpowder and
Canon-appeared around the 9th
century A.D, followed by vigorous
development of explosive weapons
from 1040 A.D about three
centuries before it appeared in
Europe. From fire-lance using a
rocket combination and bamboo
tube as close combat weapon, all
barrier guns and cannon were
constructed at the beginning of the
12th century A.D.
•Water mill –it was an integral part
of the feudal economy. By using
suitable mechanism, its rotary
motion could be converted to
reciprocal motion making it a
source of general power.
•Windmill was used primarily for
blowing bellows, filling cloth, forging
iron, sawing, weaving and
threshing.
•Mechanical clock-tells time using
gears driven by weights that pull the
gears at the right pace.
•Horse Harness and Horse shoe
allowed the horse to increase its”
attractive” effort five times and for
protection. This innovation came
from the 7th century A.D china
reaching Europe early in the
eleventh century, resulting in the
horse taking the place of oxen at
the plough. In addition, the
introduction of the horses’ modes
put the horse on the road for pack
and wagon.
•Distillation and Alcohol-the first
preparation of strong spirits of wine
was made in Europe in the 12th
century. As the distillation of
perfumes and oil was already
known, alcohol was probably
produced by accident in the course
of some medical preparation.

•Universities and Scholastics-By
the twelfth century, these schools
swelled to become universities with
set of courses and teaching the
seven liberal arts, philosophy and
theology. The first and most famous
of these was the University of Paris
in 1160. In the eleventh century A.D,
medical school had been existence
in Salermo.
•Church, medieval towns,
Iron-chain suspension bridges,
segmental arch structures were
built.
•Canon of Medicine- authored by
Avicenna, an Arab physician. It
contained a good summary of the
period’s medical knowledge and
accurate descriptions of meningitis,
tetanus and other diseases.
•War Weapons such as cross bows,
long bows was developed so that
they could attack the enemies at
long ranges, keeping themselves
safe with the protection of wall and
fortresses. Soldiers wear body
armors and chainmail to protect
themselves.
•Lenses with spectacles-The
discovery of lenses resulted in the
invention of spectacles in Italy
around 1350 A.D. This gave
impetus to the study of light or
optics. Grosseteste, Dietrich and
Roger Bacon explained how a lens
could focus light rays and magnify
things. The demand for spectacles
gave rise to lens grinding/trading
and spectacle-makers
.•The sternpost rudder apparently
came also from China. This led to
the development of the sail that
could be adjusted such that ship
voyages could be made in rougher
weather.
Mariner’s Magnetic Compass-the
ability of a natural magnet to show
direction was known o the Chinese
several centuries ago or about sixth
century A.D before it passed to the
West or Europe
.•Flying Buttress-one of the
architectural innovations associated
with Gothic churches. This allowed
buildings to have much higher
ceilings and larger windows
.•Library of Malatesta Novelloin
Cesena-considered to be first ever
public library in the world.
•Coffee House became popular in
Arabic and Ottoman lands.
RENAISSANCE
•The period of rebirth
•Beginning of the cultural
movement
•Rediscovery of ancient texts was
accelerated after the fall of
Constantinople in 1453.
•Technology for printing books was
regarded as the most important
invention that facilitated
dissemination of knowledge and
new ideas.
•Paracelsus-an alchemist and
physician of the Renaissance.
Medieval alchemists worked with
two main elements: Sulphur and
mercury
.•The astronomy was based on
geocentric model (earth-centered)
described by Claudius Ptolemy.
•Nicolas Copernicus published “On
the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres”.
•Andreas Vesalius described the
anatomy of the brain’s function. He
wrote the book “On the Fabric of
the Human Body”.
MODERNTIMES
•Pasteurization-invented by Louis
Pasteur, a French biologist,
microbiologist and chemist, the
process of heating dairy products to
kill the harmful bacteria that allow
them to spoil faster.•Petroleum
Refinery-is widely used in powering
automobiles, factories, and power
plants. Kerosene was referred to as
the “illuminating oil” because it was
used at first to provide lighting
homes. It was invented by Samuel
M. Kier.
•Telephone-invented by Alexander
Graham Bell, a way to easily
maintain connection and
communication with each other in
real time.•Calculator-a faster way to
compute more complicated
equations
.•Electricity-the heart of many
modern technologies, is the set of
physical phenomena associated
with presence and motion of
electric charge.
•Electric power-where electric
current is used to energize
equipment.
•Electronics-which deals with
electrical circuits that involve active
electrical components such as
vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes
and integrated circuits, and
associated passive interconnection
technologies
.•Smartwatches-a variation of
regular watches but coming with a
whole bunch of features as your
smartphone.
•Robotics-is an interdisciplinary
branch of engineering and science
that includes mechanical
engineering, electronics
engineering, computer science and
others. It deals with the design,
construction, operation and use of
robots, as well as computer
systems for their control, sensory
feedback and information
processing.
•Incandescent light bulb-is an
electric light with a wire filament
heated to such a high temperature
that it glows with visible light
(incandescence). It is widely used
in household and commercial
lighting, for portable lighting such
as table lamps, car headlamps and
flashlights and for decorative and
advertising lighting.
•Airplane-is a powered fixed-wing
aircraft that is propelled by thrust
from a jet engine, propeller or
rocket engine. The Wright brothers
invented and flew the first airplane
in 1903, recognized as “the first
sustained and controlled
heavier-than-air powered flight. It is
used to transport parcels as well as
people to other side of the world in
less than a day or weeks
.•Computer-is a device that can be
instructed to carry out sequences of
arithmetic or logical operations
automatically via computer
programming. It is also used as
control systems for a wide variety of
industrial and consumer devices.
Charles Babbage, an English
mechanical engineer and polymath,
originated the concept of a
programmable computer.
•Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash
drive-also known as thumb drive
pen, pen drive, gig stick, flash stick,
jump drive, disk key, disk on key-is
a data storage device that includes
flash memory with an integrated
USB interface.
•Cellphone or mobile phone-a
device that has at least the same
functions of a standard wired
telephone but is smaller and more
mobile.
•Internet-is the global system of
interconnected computer networks
that use the internet protocol suite
( TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
It carries a vast range of information
resources and services such as the
inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide
Web (WWW). Electronic mail,
telephony and file sharing.
•Television-is a telecommunication
medium used for transmitting
moving images in monochrome
(black and white) or in color, and in
two or three dimensions and sound.
It is a mass medium for advertising,
entertainment and news.
•Veterinary medicine was for the
first time, truly separated from
human medicine in 1761, when
French Veterinarian Claude
Bourgelatfounded the world’s first
veterinary school in Lyon, France
•Penicillin-discovered by Alexander
Fleming in September 1928, marks
the start of modern antibiotics.
•Genomics-is an interdisciplinary
field of science focusing on the
structure, function, evolution,
mapping and editing of genomes-is
an organism’s complete set of DNA,
including all of its genes.
•Biotechnology-is the broad area of
science involving living systems
and organisms to develop or make
products, or any technological
application that uses biological
systems, living organisms or
derivatives thereof, to make or
modify products for specific use.
•Automobile ( car)-is a wheeled
motor vehicle used for
transportation
•Nuclear weapon-is an explosive
device that derives its destructive
force from nuclear reactions, either
fission or from a combination of
fission and fusion reactions.
•Nuclear power-is the use of
nuclear reactions that release
nuclear energy to generate heat,
which most frequently is then used
in steam turbines to produce
electricity in a nuclear power plant.
•Satellites-is an artificial object
which has been intentionally placed
into orbit. They are used for many
purposes such as military and
civilian Earth observation,
telecommunication, navigation,
weather forecast and space
telescopes.
•Vaccine-is a biological preparation
that provides active acquired
immunity to a particular disease.
•telegraphy-is the long distance
transmission of textual or symbolic
messages without the physical
exchange of an object bearing the
message
.•Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) scanner-is a medical imaging
technique used in radiology to form
pictures of the anatomy and the
physiological processes of the body
in both health and disease.
•Computed tomography (CT)
scan-makes use of
computer-processes combinations
of many X-ray measurements taken
from different angles to produce
cross-sectional images of specific
areas of scanned object, allowing
the user to see the object without
cutting.
•Liquid-crystal display (LCD
projector)-is a type of video
projector for displaying video,
images or computer data on a
screen or other flat surface.
•Bluetooth-is a wireless technology
standard for exchanging data over
short distances from fixed and
mobile devices and building
personal area networks.
•Wi-Fi-is a technology for radio
wireless local area networking of
devices.
•Printer-is a peripheral device
which makes a persistent
human-readable representation of
graphics or text on paper
.•Camera-is an optical instrument
for recording or capturing images,
which may be stored locally,
transmitted to another location or
both.
•Closed-circuit television
(CCTV)-also known as video
surveillance, is the use of video
cameras to transmit a signal to a
specific place, on a limited set of
monitors.
•Submarine-is a watercraft capable
of independent operation
underwater. It is used in military,
marine science, search-and-rescue
and tourism.
•Stethoscope-is an acoustic
medical device for auscultation, or
listening to the internal sounds of
an animal or human body.
•Laptop or notebook computer-is a
small, portable personal computer
with a “clamshell "form factor
having typically a thin LCD or LED
computer screen mounted on the
inside of the upper lid of the
“clamshell "and an alphanumeric
keyboard on the inside of the lower
lid.
•Credit card-is a payment card
issued to users to enable the
cardholder to pay a merchant for
goods and services.
•Steam engine-is a heat engine that
performs mechanical work using
steam as its working fluid
.•Light Amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation (Laser)-is a
device that emits light through a
process of optical amplification
based on the stimulated emission
of electromagnetic radiation.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
•It has been established that most,
if not all, of the discoveries and
inventions in science and
technology during each time period
were due to human needs and
wants.
•Brilliant minds responded to the
call of the times and created things
that could make life easier for the
people.
•There have also been instances
when advancements in science and
technology changed people’s
perceptions and beliefs
•Much of these events happened in
a period now known as the
Intellectual Revolution.
•Scientific Revolution is used to
refer to the great intellectual
achievements of science from
sixteenth to seventeenth century
marking a radical change in the
assumptions attitudes and methods
in scientific inquiry
.•Scientific revolution was the
golden age for people committed to
scholarly life in science but it was
also a deeply trying moments to
some scientific individuals that led
to their painful death or
condemnation from the religious
institutions who tried to preserve
their faith, religion and theological
views.
•The Scientific Revolution develops
as an offshoot of the Renaissance.
The same questioning spirit that
fueled the Renaissance led
scientists to question traditional
beliefs and the Church about the
workings of the universe. It was a
new way of thinking about the
natural world.
•Before 1500, the Bible and
Aristotle were the only authorities
accepted as truth.
•A geocentric model of the universe,
in which the Earth is at the center
was supported during the Middle
Ages.
•Until the mid 1500’s, European
scholars accepted and believed the
teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient
Greek astronomer.
•Ptolemy taught that the Earth was
the center of the universe.
 •People felt this was common
sense, and the geocentric theory
was supported by the Church.
•It was not until some startling
discoveries caused Europeans to
change the way they viewed the
physical world.
•Industrial revolution-refers to
complex technological innovations
from 1750 to 1895 characterized by
the substitutions of machines for
human skill and machine power for
that of human and animal bringing a
shift from handicraft to manufacture
and marking the birth of modern
economy.
GENESIS OF SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
•The remarkable achievements of
specific individuals such as Nicolas
Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Rene
Descartes, Andreas Vesalius,
Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei,
Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton.
•The philosophy of new science, a
new way of doing science using
what is known as the scientific
method advocated by Francis
Bacon and Rene Descartes among
others.
•The desire to break away from the
ideas of the feudal middle ages and
the Aristotelian view.
•The establishments of the
universities from the 12th century
which were later engaged in the
critical analysis of the Aristotelean
views.
•The Renaissance hopeful period of
concerned with the present life as
well as the empirical and mundane
interest in the natural world and
humanity.
•Important inventions such as
mechanical clock, lenses,
telescope, microscope etc.
•The combinations and
cooperation’s of the skills of the
craftsmen and the intellectual,
computational and logical method
of the scholars.
•Printing press spread new ideas
•Age of Exploration fueled a great
deal of scientific research because
of technology needed for navigation
•Translation of the works of Muslim
scholars opened the minds of
European thinkers to new scientific
knowledge
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
•Copernicus was a Polish
mathematician and astronomer
who studied in Italy.
•In 1543 Copernicus published De
revolutionibusorbiumcoelestium(On
the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres)
•In his book, Copernicus made two
conclusions:
•The universe is heliocentric, or
sun-centered
.•The Earth is merely one of several
planets revolving around the sun.
•Copernicus came to these
conclusions using mathematical
formulas.
•The Copernican conception of the
universe marked the start of
modern science and astronomy.
•Up to the time of Copernicus,
people thought that there was a sort
of crystal sphere that kept the
planets, moon, and stars in orbit
around the Earth. It was
Copernicus that proposed the idea
that the Earth revolved around the
sun, and not vice versa... The sun
was the center of the Universe, not
the Earth.
•Most scholars rejected
Copernicus’s theory.
•Most scholars rejected his theory
because it went against Ptolemy,
the Church, and because it called
for the Earth to rotate on its axis
.•Many scientists of the time also
felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning
about the planets was wrong, then
the whole system of human
knowledge could be wrong.
TYCHO BRAHE
•n the late 1500s, the Danish
astronomer Tycho Brahe provided
evidence that supported
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
•Brahe set up an astronomical
observatory.
•Every night for years he carefully
observed the sky, accumulating
data about the movement of the
stars and planets.
JOHANNESKEPLER
•After Brahe’s death, his assistant,
the German astronomer and
mathematician Johannes Kepler,
used Brahe’s data to calculate the
orbits of the planets revolving
around the sun.
•Kepler’s calculations supported
Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
.•His calculations also showed that
the planets moved in oval shaped
orbits, and not perfect circles, as
Ptolemy and Copernicus believed.
•Kepler’s finding help explain the
paths followed by man-made
satellites today.
GALILEOGALILEI
•Galileo Galilei was an Italian
astronomer who built upon the
scientific foundations laid by
Copernicus and Kepler.
•Galileo assembled the first
telescope which allowed him to see
mountains on the moon and fiery
spots on the sun.
•He also observed four moons
rotating around Jupiter –exactly the
way Copernicus said the Earth
rotated around the sun.
•Galileo also discovered that
objects fall at the same speed
regardless of weight.
•The Church punished him for his
belief in this idea. He was
questioned by the Inquisition and
forced to confess that his ideas
were wrong.
•The Church came against Galileo
because it claimed that the Earth
was fixed and unmoving.
•When threatened with death
before the Inquisition in 1633,
Galileo recanted his beliefs, even
though he knew the Earth moved.
•Galileo was put under house
arrest, and was not allowed to
publish his ideas.
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
•Sir Isaac Newton was an English
scholar who built upon the work of
Copernicus and Galileo.
•Newton was the most influential
scientist of the Scientific
Revolution.
•He used math to prove the
existence of gravity
-a force that kept planets in their
orbits around the sun, and also
caused objects to fall towards the
earth.
•Newton published his scientific
ideas in his book Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy.
•He discovered laws of light and
color, and formulated the laws of
motion:
•A body at rest stays at rest
•Acceleration is caused by force
•For every action there is an equal
opposite reaction•
•He invented calculus: a method of
mathematical analysis.
ORGANICEVOLUTION
•the slow and gradual process by
which living organisms have
changed from the simplest
unicellular form to the most
complex multi-cellular forms that
are existing today.
CHARLESDARWIN
•Studied medicine at Edinburgh,
theology at Cambridge
•Interest in natural history
•Taught by a freed black slave who
told him exciting tales of the South
American Rainforest
•Darwin developed the biological
theory of evolution that explains
how modern organisms evolved
over long periods of time through
descent from common ancestors
•In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage
on the HMS Beagle that would
change his life.
•Darwin observed that the
characteristics of many animals and
plants varied noticeably among the
different Galapagos Islands.
Among the tortoises, the shape of
the shell corresponds to different
habitats.
•Darwin thought about the patterns
he’d seen on his voyage
•He realized that there were many
similarities between the animals
he’d seen.
•There was evidence that
suggested that species were not
fixed and that they could change by
some natural process.
CHARLESDARWIN:ART
IFICIALSELECTION
•He realized that that natural
variation provided the raw material
for evolution
•Darwin wanted to gather as much
evidence as he could to support his
ideas before he made them public
•n 1858, Darwin read an essay by
Alfred Wallace whose thoughts
about evolution were almost
identical to his!
•In order to not get “scooped”,
Darwin decided to present his work
at a scientific meeting in 1858 along
with some of Wallace’s essay
•The next year, Darwin published
his complete work on evolution: On
the Origin of Species
CHARLESDARWIN:STR
UGGLEOFEXISTENCE
•From Malthus’ theory of supply
and demand, Darwin reasoned that
if more individuals are produced
than can survive, they will have to
compete for food, living space and
other necessities of life
•Darwin described this as the
struggle for existence
CHARLESDARWIN:
VARIATION
AND
ADAPTATION
•Individuals have natural variations
among their inheritable traits
•Some variations are better suited
to life in their environment than
others
•Fast predators capture prey more
efficiently
•Prey that are faster, better
camouflaged or better protected
avoid being caught
•Any heritable characteristic that
increases an organisms ability to
survive and reproduce in its
environment is called an adaptation
•Examples of Adaptations:
•Tiger’s claws
•Camouflage colors
•Plant structures
•Avoidance behaviors
CHARLESDARWIN:SUR
VIVALOFTHEFITTEST
•Darwin felt that there must be a
connection between an animal’s
environment and how it survives
•Ability to survive and reproduce in
a specific environment is called
FITNESS
•Fitness depends upon how well an
organism is suited for its
environment
•Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION
•Good adaptations allow organisms
to survive and are passed on to
their offspring.
•Good fitness: Reproduce
•Low Fitness: Few
offspring/extinction
•Darwin thought that this seemed
very similar to artificial selection
•He referred to “survival of the
fittest” as Natural Selection
•Survival means more than just
staying alive. It means reproducing
and passing adaptations on to the
next generation
•Natural Selection: Nature chooses
•Artificial selection: Man chooses
•Favorable characteristics are
inherited over several generations.
•Natural Selection is the process by
which organisms with variations
most suited to their local
environment survive and leave
more offspring
•Natural Selection occurs in any
situation in which more individuals
are born than can survive
•Over time, natural selection results
in changes in the inherited
characteristics of a population.
•These changes increase a
species’ fitness in its environment.
•A single “tree of life” links all living
things•This is known as the
principle of common descent.
•Darwin argued that living things
have been evolving on Earth for
millions of years.
•Today, fields like genetics and
molecular biology support Darwin’s
basic ideas about evolution
DARWIN’S FOUR POSTULATES
•Individuals within species vary
•Some of these variations are
passed on to offspring
•Individuals vary in their ability to
survive and reproduce
•Individuals with the most favorable
adaptations are more likely to
survive and reproduce.
•Natural selection produces
organisms with different structures
than their ancestor, different niches,
and new habitats.

•Each living species has
descended, with changes, over
time.
LAMARCK’S EVOLUTIONARY
HYPOTHESES
•Proposed that the use or disuse of
organs caused organisms to gain or
lose traits over time.
•These new characteristics could
be passed on to the next generation
.•Suggest that species are not fixed
•Explain that evolution uses natural
processes
•Recognize that there is a link
between an organism’s
environment and its body structures
•Lamarck’s work paved the way for
later biologists, including Darwin.
THOMASMALTHUS
•In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed
that people were being born faster
than people were dying
•He reasoned that if the human
population grew unchecked, there
would not be enough living space
and food for everyone
•The forces that work against
human population growth are war,
famine and disease
•He reasoned that what Malthus
proposed for human populations
also applied to all living things.
•He observed that most organisms
produce many more offspring than
survive.
•He wondered which individuals
would survive.
•If all the offspring that were
produced did survive, they would
overrun the world.
SIGMUND
FREUD
•An Austrian Neurologist who
became fascinated with studying
hysteria.
•Father of psychoanalysis.
•Psychology was considered more
of an art rather than a science.
•Psychoanalysis-is the study that
explains human behavior.
LEVELS OF CONSCIO
USNESS:ICEBERG THE
ORY
•Conscious mind –like the top of
the iceberg, only a small portion of
our mind is accessible to us
.•Preconscious mind –material
that is unconscious, but can be
easily brought into awareness.
Moves back & forth easily between
conscious & unconscious.
•Unconscious mind –is
completely outside of our
awareness (could produce anxiety
if made conscious).
STRUCTURE
OF PERSONALITY
•Id –“pleasure principle”
unconscious impulses that want to
be gratified, without regard to
potential punishment.
•Original Core of an Individual
personality•
•Biological Driven
•Primarily Unconscious
•Ego “reality principle” –tries to
satisfy id impulses while minimizing
punishment & guilt.-
•Self-Identity which arises out of ID
•It controls voluntary motion and
self-reservation behavior
•Superego–the “moral principle” of
our personality which tells us right
from wrong our conscience.
•Developing out of the Ego
•Serves as conscience
SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND
NATION BUILDING
Pre-Colonial Period
•Before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, the natives of the
archipelago already had practices
linked to science and technology.
Filipinos were engaged in different
kinds of activities like farming,
weaving, shipbuilding and mining.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are
among the cultured products of
engineering that were built with
minimal equipment, largely by
hand.
- These are fed by an ancient
irrigation system from the
rainforests above terraces. They
already had an alphabet called
alibataand the emergence of writing
system called baybayin, primarily
used by certain inhabitants of
Luzon and Visayas. The Laguna
Copperplate Inscription which is a
legal document inscribed on a
copper plate, is said to be the
earliest known calendar-dated
document found in the Philippines
•Just like other civilizations,
astronomy is shown by fixing
precise day within the month in
relation to the phases of the moon.
They had also a standard system of
weights and measures for
shipbuilding. The Philippine
shamans or babaylans were the
first healers within the tribal
communities and the use of
medicinal or herbal plants was the
common way of treating ailments.
Colonial Period
-- When the Spaniards colonized
the Philippines, they introduced
formal education and founded
scientific institution. The Spaniards
provided the Philippines with parish
schools in which religion, arithmetic,
writing, reading and music were
taught. In fact, University of Santo
Tomas was started by the Spanish
Archbishop of Manila as a seminary.
The Spanish also contributed to the
field of engineering by constructing
roads, churches, bridges, walls,
forts and other infrastructures. In
Medicine, both the Spanish
government and Religious
Franciscan and Dominican
missionaries established a number
of hospitals in the Philippines and
also acted as hospital founders and
the surveyors of herbal medicines.
•The American period provided the
Philippines with an extensive public
education system. The Philippine
Commission established the
Bureau of Government
Laboratories allocated for the study
of tropical diseases and laboratory
projects. Then, it was replaced by
the Bureau of Science, the primary
research center of the Philippines.
POST - COLONIAL PERIOD
Marcos Era and Martial Law
•President Ferdinand Marcos
strengthened the development of
science and technology in the
Philippines. Many agencies,
institutions and projects were
established including National
Grains Authority for the
development of rice and corn
industry, Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research for the
development of agriculture,
fisheries and forestry. Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) to ensure
the safety of the people.
•Philippine National Oil Company to
promote industrial and economic
development, National Academy of
Science and Technology which is
composed of scientists with
innovative achievement in the basic
and applied sciences, Philippine
Council for Agricultural Research
and resources, Plant breeding
Institute, International Rice
Research Institute, Bureau of Plant
Industry and Bureau of Forest
Products. Furthermore, President
Marcos established the Philippine
Science High School in Mindanao
and Visayas to encourage careers
in science and technology.
Corazon Aquino Presidency
•Department of Science and
Technology formerly known as
National Science and technology
Authority was given a Presidency
representation in the cabinet.
President Aquino encouraged
scientists to bring the Philippines to
its former position as second to only
Japan in the field of science and
technology. The Science and
Technology Master Plan was
formulated which aimed at the
modernization of the production
sector, upgrading research
activities and development of
infrastructure for science and
technological purposes.
Fidel Ramos Presidency
•During his term, there was a
significant increase in personnel
specializing in the science and
technology field. Health care
services were promoted through
local programs such as “Doctors to
the Barrio Program”. Magna Carta
for Science and Technology
Personnel was established. He
believes that science and
technology was one of the means
wherein the Philippines could attain
the status of new industrialized
country.Fidel Ramos
Presidency•During his term, there
was a significant increase in
personnel specializing in the
science and technology field.
Health care services were
promoted through local programs
such as “Doctors to the Barrio
Program”. Magna Carta for Science
and Technology Personnel was
established. He believes that
science and technology was one of
the means wherein the Philippines
could attain the status of new
industrialized country.
Joseph Estrada Presidency
•President Estrada signed the
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999,
designed to protect and preserve
the environment and Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000 which
outlaws computer hacking.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
•Several laws and projects that
concerns both the environment and
science to push technology as a
tool to increase the country’s
economic level. The term
“Filipinnovation” was the term used
in helping the Philippines to be an
innovation hub in Asia. Philippine
Science High School focuses in
science, technology and
mathematics in their curriculum.
President Arroyo passed the
Biofuels act” that promotes the
development and usage of biofuels
throughout the country Arroyo’s
administration improves the
Agriculture and Fisheries sector
through Mechanization.
National Scientist
•Ramon C. Barba -a Filipino
inventor and horticulturist, best
known for inventing a way to induce
more flowers in mango trees using
ethepnoland potassium nitrate
.•Edgardo Gomez-a Filipino
biologist who led the world’s first
naational-scale assessment of
damgeto coral reefs. He also
pioneered giant clam breeding and
other protective areas for coastal
communities of the Philippines
.•Gavino C. Trono-“ The father of
Kappaphycusfarming”, a Filipino
biologist who focus on marine
phycology particularly seaweed
biodiversity .
•Angel Alcala- a Filipino biologist
who promote biodiversity in the
aquatic ecosystems of the
Philippines.

•Fe Del Mundo-Filipina pediatrician,

the founder of the first pediatric
hospital in the Philippines

.•Eduardo Quisumbing- a Filipino

biologist, a leading authority of
plants in the Philippines. He is the
author of taxonomic and
morphological papers, many of
which deal with orchids including
Medicinal Plants in the Philippines.

•Emil Q Javier- Filipino plant

geneticist and agronomist who
contributed in Agriculture.

•GeminianoT. de Ocampo-
Filipino ophthalmologist known to
some as the Father of Modern
Philippine ophthalmology. He was
the founder of the Philippine Eye
Bank.