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    Michaella Corine Gonzales
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    Soil-Mechanics

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    6 views36 pages

    Soil Mechanics

    Uploaded by

    Michaella Corine Gonzales

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 36
    The soil referred to in this study, is the material used to build with, or on that acts in combination with other forces of nature to make structures and land forms. The material classified under the field of Geotechnics. Soil may be defined as the accumulation of unconsolidated sediments and deposits of solid particles as a result of the integration of rocks. On the other hand rocks may be defined as natural aggregate of minerals connected by strong bonding of attractive forces classified as consolidated materials. Scientifically, most of the non-organic materials identified as soil has originated from rocks as the parent material. Rock types are classified into three major classes in accordance with their own origin or method of formations: 1. Igneous rock 2. Sedimentary rock 3. Metamorphic rock is the result from the cooling and hardening of molten rock called magma that has originated from deep within the earth. The rapid cooling of molten magma called lava which was blown up by volcano solidifies into small crystal and possesses fine interlocking texture. The molten lavas that rapidly cooled on the earth surface are volcanic rock types called basalts, rhyolites and andesites. The molten rocks that were trapped deep below the surface of the earth, cooled slowly, and the mineral components forms into large interlocking crystals and coarse textured rocks classified as plutonic types of which, granite is the most common. are formed from accumulated deposits of soil particles or remains of certain organisms that have harden by pressure or cemented by materials. Sedimentary rocks include limestone and dolostone, shale, conglomerate and breccia. Shales are formed from deposited clay and silt particles. Sandstone is predominantly quartz cemented together with mostly silica, but sometimes with calcium carbonate of iron compounds. Conglomerate and breccia are similar to sandstone. are rocks resulted from metamorphism due to changes in temperature, pressure and plastic flow, changing the original rock structure and mineral composition of the rock. Under this processes, limestone is change to marble, sandstone to quarizite, shale to slate or phylite Soil can be divided into two categories, namely: 1. Residual Soil 2. Transported Soil is formed from the weathering of rocks or accumulation of organic materials remained at the location of their origin. Weathering process may be attributed to mechanical or chemical and e/g a cer tLe refers to physical disintegration due to effects of wind, rain, running water or tectonic forces (earth quake). is decomposition of rock due to chemical reactions that occur as a result of exposure to atmosphere, temperature changes, reaction with water or other materials. Likewise, climate, topography, drainage and vegetative cover have great influences on the chemical or solution weathering process. are those materials transported from their place of origin. Transportation may result due to the effects of gravity, wind, water, glaciers of human ETo VIN The major categories of soils are gravel, sand, silt and clay. Gravel and sand are universally known as because of their individual particles that are large enough to distinguish without magnification. On the other hand, silt and clay are considered because of their tiny particles. Particles larger than gravel are commonly referred to as . Thus, it is apparent that particles size alone is the basis of classifying sand, gravel, cobbles and boulders. On the other hand, fined grain soil is classified as either silt or clay not on the basis of particle size but on the plasticity or nonplasticity of the materials. Over a varying range of moisture content, clay soil is plastic and sticky. When dried, possesses strong resistance to crushing. Silt soil has little or no plasticity and when dried has very little or no strength at all. If small amount of moist silt sample is shaken on the palm of the hand, water will appear on the surface of the sample but disappear when shaking stops. This phenomenon is called . Sand mixed with silt is classified as PAY at=\ecy= toe) | eee] clay mixture with mostly clay is called Soil consists largely of minerals formed by disintegration or decomposition of rocks. Disintegration or decomposition into soil may be caused by the action of water or other natural forces like temperature change, or by plant or animal life. Soil contains humus and organic acids resulted from decay of vegetation. All soils contain water, either free or absorbed in varying contents. Soil in most cases, are blend or mixture of particles of many sizes, shapes, and parent rock materials making its behavior very difficult to predict. It is very common to encounter five to ten or more distinct types of soil along a kilometer of road. Change of soil types at frequent intervals has become a rule rather than exemption. Behavior of soil mass could be determined based on the characteristics of individual soil particles feta t 1. Grain size 2. Grain shape 3. Surface texture and electrical surface charges, resulted from chemical composition and molecular ive Wikio Regardless of the differences in grain sizes as classified, the common objective is to establish a basis for relating the particle size to soil behavior. 1. Gravel eS Cie 110) 2. Coarse Sand Fon Ol EN 3. Fine Sand 6. Colloidal Clay consist of rock fragments more or less rounded by water action or abrasion classified according to the following types: a) Quartz is the hardest of common rock forming mineral. b) Well Rounded Pebbles and Boulders - those that undergone long period of wear that become almost quartz. c) Slightly Worm Gravel is rough and angular including other materials or rocks like granite, schist, basalt or limestone has particles that are more angular than the coarse and fine sand particles. is usually rounded like gravel with which it is found and generally contains the same materials. Vian) lm Conia T-ALL A composition. They are found as rock flour in glacial moraines. It could be produced by chemical decay. Occasionally, silt contains: Paul (er-3 2. Loess 3. Materials foreign to the associated sand. The presence of silt in fine soil could be detected by its grittiness when small amount is bitten between the teeth. is plate like, scale like, or rod like in shape as a result of chemical weathering. Because of their smaller sizes, its performance is influenced by moisture and surface ol UNA is a finer clay particle that remains suspended in water and does not settle under the force of gravity. . For most purposes, coarse grain materials are considered satisfactory construction material. On the other hand, silty soil will create problems in areas where the ground has moisture movement due to capillary action. Soil that contains clay would be troublesome, making the design and construction more difficult. As a rule of thumb, soil with clay should not be used closer to the roadway surfaces. . Rounded particles extracted from the stream that has undergone wear, are considered strong materials. . Flat and flaky particles that were not subjected to wear, are weak and variable that is not suitable for various used. . Angular or roughly cubical shape particles produced from crushing strong and tough rocks, increases the resistance of soil mass to deformation when subjected to load, due to individually interlocking grains. . Generally, the rounded particle has the tendency to roll over each other when subjected to load. Soil deposit consists of solid particles and void spaces between particles, either partially or completely filled with water. Void spaces not completely filled with water, are either filled with air or other gases. Therefore, soil deposits are composed of solid, liquid and gas. Engineers are interested to know the properties of soil deposit, specially, the strength and compressibility because they are necessary in determining the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. Strength and compressibility of the soil is directly related to: 1. Soil density weight per unit volume. 2. Water content of the soil. 3. Void ratio. 4. Degree of saturation. Weight and Volume Relationship Soil is an assemblage of particles, and thus there are separate volumes of solid and void. The voids are occupied with air and water. Porosity and Void Ratio Relationship Porosity Volume of void Total Volume AF aa af Porosity and Void Ratio Relationship ACTS E LC} _ Volume of void Volume of solid — Wie We sGe Void = Air+Water The water content for completely dry soil is 0% and normally up to several tens of percentages for fully saturated soils. However, the value may go up to more than 200% for highly open-structured clay formed under a marine environment and for organic soils as unusual cases. weight of water = mg Oe weight of solid/dry Ws SLY The S value changes from 0% for completely dry soil conditions to 100% for fully saturated soil. The soils with 0

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