Pumps- Classification and

different types.
 HISTORY OF PUMPS
Pumps have been used since ancient times to move liquids and gases from one place to another. The earliest evidence of pumps dates back to around
2500 BC in Mesopotamia, where wooden devices were used to lift water from wells. In ancient Egypt, hand-operated pumps were used to irrigate fields
and transfer water from the Nile River.

During the Roman Empire, more advanced pump systems were developed, including the use of hydraulic machines called "force pumps." These pumps
were used to supply water to public baths, fountains, and urban infrastructure. The Romans also developed reciprocating pumps and rotary pumps
using a piston and a rotating mechanism.

In the Middle Ages, various types of water-powered pumps were developed, such as the watermill and the Archimedes' screw pump. These pumps
were used for irrigation, drainage, and mining purposes.

The Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries saw significant advancements in pump technology. Steam-powered pumps were developed,
enabling the use of pumps in a wide range of applications, including mining, manufacturing, and transportation. Steam engines allowed for the pumping
of larger volumes of water and the creation of higher pressures.

In the 20th century, with the advent of electricity, electric pumps became more common. These pumps were more efficient, reliable, and easier to
operate. Various types of pumps were developed, including centrifugal pumps, reciprocating pumps, and rotary pumps, each with their specific
applications and advantages.

Today, pumps are used in countless industries and applications, including water supply and treatment, wastewater management, oil and gas extraction,
chemical processing, agriculture, and HVAC systems. They have evolved to become highly efficient, automated, and technologically advanced
machines, with features such as variable speed drives, remote monitoring, and control systems.

In conclusion, the history of pumps is a testament to human ingenuity and the continuous need for moving fluids and gases. From simple hand-operated
devices to complex, automated machines, pumps have played a vital role in various civilizations and continue to be indispensable in modern society.
 1782 James Watt—who invented the steam engine's connecting rod crank mechanism, which made it
possible to convert the piston's reciprocating motion into rotary motion—designs an oscillating piston
machine in which a wing-shaped rotary blade made a near complete revolution uncovering inlet ports
in a chamber separated by a curved radial wall. James Watt, (born Jan. 19, 1736, Greenock,
Renfrewshire, Scot.—died Aug. 25, 1819, Heathfield Hall, near Birmingham, Warwick, Eng.), Scottish
engineer and inventor. Though largely self-taught, he began work early as an instrument maker and
later as an engineer on the Forth and Clyde Canal. Watt’s major improvement to Thomas Newcomen’s
steam engine was the use of a separate condenser (1769), which reduced the loss of latent heat and
greatly increased its efficiency. With Matthew Boulton he began manufacture of his new engine in
1775. In 1781 he added rotary motion (a so-called sun-and-planet gear) to replace the up-and-down
action of the original engine. In 1782 he patented the double-acting engine, in which the piston pushed
as well as pulled. This engine required a new method of rigidly connecting the piston to the beam, a
problem he solved in 1784 with an arrangement of connected rods that guided the piston rod in a
perpendicular motion. His application of the centrifugal governor for automatic control of the speed of
the engine (1788) and his invention of a pressure gauge (1790) virtually completed the Watt engine,
which had immense consequences for the Industrial Revolution. He introduced the concept of
horsepower; the watt, a unit of power, is named for him.
 1851 British inventor John Appold introduces the curved vane centrifugal pump.

1851 John Gwynne files his first centrifugal pump patent. His early pumps were used primarily for land drainage, and many
can still be seen today in pump house museums. They were usually powered by Gwynnes' steam engines. By the end of the
19th century, Gwynne was producing pumps of all sizes to cover all industrial applications, from small electric pumps to
those rated at 1,000 tons per minute. His company had also begun to produce scientific pumps, e.g., porcelain pumps for
chemical works. In the 1930s they were producing almost 1,000 different models.
1857 Worthington produces the first horizontal, duplex, direct-acting steam pumps for boiler feed.
1859 Jacob Edson invents the diaphragm pump and founds the Edson Corporation in Boston, Mass., to manufacture and sell
his pump.
1860 Adam Cameron founds the Cameron Steam Pump Works, and becomes another pioneer in reciprocating steam pump
engines. Like Worthington, Cameron's first products were used to power merchant marine and U.S. naval vessels. Cameron pumps
were later applied in water resources, oil pipeline and refining and boiler feed.
Pumps have been used for thousands of years, with early forms being simple devices such as the shadoof, a manual water-lifting
device, used in ancient Egypt. Over time, pumps have evolved and become more sophisticated, finding use in various industries
including marine engineering.
CARGO VESSEL PUMPS
On most tankers, the main cargo pumps are centrifugal pumps,
located at the bottom of a pump room at the after end of the cargo
tanks. These may have rated capacities of 1000m3/hour on medium size
tankers. These are powered by a drive shaft from a turbine or electric
motor located in the engine room.M

STATE THE PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHILE USING A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

· The pumps must be carefully checked before starting to ensure that their chambers are
full of cargo.
· Keep discharge valve fully shut before starting the pump.
· Increase the rpm gradually and open the discharge valve.
· Confirm no unusual rise in the temperature of pump or its casing. Also Confirm no
vibrations. As discharge proceeds, it is important to maintain a good trim by the stern so
that the pump inlet remains below the cargo suction inlet.

· Cargo officer must know the height of the ship's bottom framing and slow down the
pump while there is still a meter of cargo above that level.
· The pump speed control and the pump discharge valve can then be manipulated to
maintain pump suction and cargo flow until the tank is nearly empty.
· Main cargo pumps should not be used to drain the tank. The stripping pumps are provided
for that purpose.
· Vapour/air extraction device, if fitted, should be operational when the cargo level is
low and continued till Cargo pump is finally stopped or changed over to next tank.
 DEEPWELL PUMPS

· Deep well pumps are centrifugal pumps designed to be mounted in the cargo tank.

· They have a special application in product/chemical carriers, where each tank is fitted with a dedicated pump. This
improves the flexibility of the chemical/product carrier and minimizes the possibility of contamination.

· Because the number of pumps is larger, the individual pumps themselves are smaller and individually require less power.
· With a deep well pump installation, the need for a pump room is eliminated, along with the hazards and complications of
that space.

· The more common method of evacuating the deep well is with an air or nitrogen purge system. The gas is piped through
a small-bore line at the base of the pump and pushes the contents up the main discharge riser.

· When a cargo tank is being stripped (or drained) with a deep well pump, the pump cycles as its self-priming function is
activated, dropping speed and pitch as it fills with liquid and then increasing in speed and pitch as is loses suction and
drops the contents of its discharge column back into the well to re-prime itself.
· Pump speed should be reduced when stripping (if speed control is available). If the pump is powered hydraulically, it can
be regulated to any speed desired to permit maximum cargo recovery.
 RECIPROCATING PUMP
DEFINITION :
· Reciprocating pumps are those which cause the fluid to move using oscillating pistons, plungers or diaphragms.

· These pumps are also called positive displacement pumps because they are fitted with a system of suction and discharge valves to ensure that the fluid is displaced in a positive
direction.

APPLICATIONS :
· These are small capacity (say 100 to 250 m3/hour capacity) pumps which are used for stripping of lines, pumps and tanks.· Though rated capacity is less, they can handle very high
pressures

WORKING PRINCIPLE :
The working principle can be explained by considering below reciprocating pump : Assume that the intake side of the pump is connected to a supply of liquid.

· When we move the piston to the right, lower pressure is created in the chamber formed by the piston. Higher pressure on the fluid outside the chamber forces fluid in through
the inlet port and fills the chamber.

· Moving the handle forward in the opposite direction forces the fluid out. A check valve at the inlet port prevents flow there and, since the fluid must find an outlet somewhere,
it is forced out through the discharge port.

· The check valve at the discharge port prevents the entrance of fluid into the pump on the subsequent suction stroke.

· The back-and-forth movement of the piston in the pump is referred to as reciprocating motion and this type of pump is generally known as a reciprocating-type piston pump

PRECAUTIONS WHILE USING A RECIPROCATING PUMP

• The pump should be started against partially open delivery valve.

• The pump should never be started or operated against closed delivery valve.

· Close monitoring of strokes must be done to prevent damage to the pump.

· Pump must not be operated above its rated discharge pressure

· Pump shafts must be regularly lubricated if auto lubrication system is not functional.

· OOW must be standby to stop the pump when stripping operation is nearing completion.
 Classification of Pumps
Pumps can be classified based on different criteria, such as the principle of operation, the type
of power used, and the specific application. The primary classification of pumps is as follows:

1. Dynamic or Kinetic Pumps: These pumps work on the principle of dynamic energy transfer
by converting velocity energy into pressure energy. Examples include centrifugal pumps and
axial flow pumps.

2. Positive Displacement Pumps: These pumps operate by displacing a specific

volume of fluid from the inlet to the outlet. They create pressure by reducing
the volume of the fluid being pumped. Examples include reciprocating pumps,
gear pumps, and rotary pumps.
 Types of Pumps
1. Centrifugal Pumps: These are the most commonly used pumps in marine engineering. They work by
converting rotational energy from a motor or engine into kinetic energy in the fluid, which is then
converted into pressure. They are primarily used for low viscosity fluids and can handle large flow rates.

2. Reciprocating Pumps: Also known as piston pumps, these pumps use the
back-and-forth motion of pistons to create pressure in the fluid. They are
capable of handling high pressures and are often used for high-viscosity fluids
in marine applications.

3. Gear Pumps: These pumps use rotating gears to move fluid from the
inlet to the outlet. They are known for their smooth and constant flow
and are commonly used for transferring fuel and lubricating fluids in
marine systems.
4. Diaphragm Pumps: These pumps use a flexible diaphragm to
create a pulsating action, which draws in and expels fluid. They
are often used for handling corrosive or abrasive fluids in
marine applications.

5. Screw Pumps: These pumps have two or more intermeshing screws

that rotate to pump fluid. They are known for their ability to handle high-
viscosity fluids and are commonly used in marine propulsion systems.

6. Jet Pumps: Also known as ejector pumps, these operate based on the
principle of jet propulsion. They use a high-velocity jet of fluid to create a
suction force that draws in fluid from a lower pressure area. Jet pumps
are used for applications such as bilge pumping in marine vessels.

In marine engineering, pumps play a crucial role in various systems,

including bilge and ballast water management, fuel transfer, lubrication,
and cooling systems. The specific type of pump used depends on factors
such as the desired flow rate, pressure requirements, fluid viscosity, and
system efficiency.
 Advantages of Pumps
1. Efficient transfer of liquids: Pumps are designed to transfer liquids from one place to another with minimal
loss or waste. They are capable of moving large volumes of liquid quickly and efficiently.

2. Versatility: Pumps can be used to transfer a wide range of liquids, including water, chemicals, oil, and sewage.
They are applicable in various industries such as agriculture, manufacturing, and marine.

3. Increased productivity: By efficiently transferring liquids, pumps help to increase productivity in industrial
processes. They enable faster filling and emptying of tanks, faster irrigation of fields, and faster circulation of
water in cooling systems.

4. Control and regulation: Pumps can be controlled and regulated to deliver the required flow rate and pressure.
This allows for precise control in industrial processes, ensuring that the liquids are transferred at the desired
rate.

5. Long lifespan: Pumps are typically built to withstand the harsh conditions of industrial environments. With
proper maintenance, they can have a long lifespan, minimizing the need for frequent replacements.
 Disadvantages of Pumps
1. Energy consumption: Pumps require energy to operate, typically in the form of electricity or fuel. This can
lead to high operating costs, especially for pumps that are used continuously or in large-scale applications.

2. Maintenance requirements: Pumps require regular maintenance to ensure their proper functioning and
prevent breakdowns. This includes cleaning, lubrication, and the replacement of worn-out parts. Neglecting
maintenance can lead to decreased efficiency and eventual failure of the pump.

3. Noise and vibration: Pumps can generate noise and vibrations during operation, especially if they are not
properly installed or balanced. This can be a nuisance in residential areas or may require additional measures
to reduce noise and vibration.

4. Risk of leaks and spills: Pumps, especially those handling hazardous or volatile liquids, pose a risk of leaks
and spills. This can cause environmental contamination, health hazards, and damage to equipment and
infrastructure.

5. Size and space requirements: Some pumps, particularly those used in larger industrial applications, can be
bulky and require ample space for installation and operation. This may present challenges in crowded or
limited space environments.

.
 Classification of Pumps:

Pumps can be classified based on various criteria, such as the principle of operation, the type of
liquid being handled, and the specific application. Here are some common classifications:

1. Based on the principle of operation:

- Centrifugal pumps
- Positive displacement pumps (including reciprocating pumps, rotary pumps, and diaphragm pumps)

2. Based on the type of liquid being handled:

- Water pumps
- Chemical pumps
- Oil pumps
- Sewage pumps
- Slurry pumps

3. Based on the specific application:

- Boiler feed pumps
- Fire pumps
- Irrigation pumps
- Submersible pumps
- Vacuum pumps

Each type of pump has its unique advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of the appropriate
pump depends on factors such as the characteristics of the liquid, the required flow rate and
pressure, and the specific application
 Centrifugal Pump Limitations
The efficient operation of a centrifugal pump
relies on the constant, high speed rotation of
its impeller. With high viscosity feeds,
centrifugal pumps become increasingly
inefficient: there is greater resistance and a
higher pressure is needed to maintain a
specific flow rate.
Slurries such as mud, or high viscosity oils can cause
excessive wear and overheating leading to damage and
premature failures.
A further limitation is that, unlike a positive displacement
pump, a centrifugal pump cannot provide suction when
dry: it must initially be primed with the pumped fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are therefore not suited to any
application where the supply is intermittent. Additionally,
if the feed pressure is variable, a centrifugal pump
produces a variable flow.
To prevent damages and failures it is advice to schedule
maintenance to the Centrifugal Pump, and have qualified
personnel checking its functionability. In Bertrem
Products, we can assist you in the Service of your
Centifrugal Pumps, and are also available to conduct
training sessions to your team, and therefore ensure the
best operation of your equipment.
RECIPROCATING PUMP LIMITATION
ciprocating pumps are positive displacement pumps that use a
reciprocating motion to move fluids. They consist of various
parts such as a piston, cylinder, suction and delivery valves, and
power source. The working principle of reciprocating pumps
involves the movement of a piston or plunger, which creates a
pressure difference that forces the fluid to flow. There are seven
types of reciprocating pumps, including piston pumps, plunger
pumps, diaphragm pumps, metering pumps, hydraulic pumps, steam
pumps, and air-operated pumps. Each type has its advantages and
limitations, making them suitable for different applications.
Overall, reciprocating pumps are widely used in various industries
due to their high efficiency, versatility, and ability to handle
viscous fluids. However, they require regular maintenance and
may suffer from issues such as leakage, cavitation, and
mechanical wear. Therefore, proper selection, installation, and
maintenance of reciprocating pumps are crucial to ensuring their
reliable operation and longevity.