When did the Industrial Revolution occur?

a) 18th century

b) 19th century

c) 20th century

d) 21st century

Answer: a) 18th century

Who published "The Wealth of Nations" in 1776, introducing the concept of division of labour?

a) Adam Smith

b) Frederick W. Taylor

c) Frank Gilbreth

d) Lillian Gilbreth

Answer: a) Adam Smith

What were some of the problems faced during the early stages of industrialization?

a) Carelessness, safety, inefficiencies

b) Overproduction, lack of demand, high costs

c) Environmental pollution, worker strikes, resource shortages

d) Technological stagnation, lack of innovation, low profits

Answer: a) Carelessness, safety, inefficiencies

Who is considered the father of scientific management?

a) Frederick W. Taylor

b) Frank Gilbreth

c) Lillian Gilbreth

d) Adam Smith

Answer: a) Frederick W. Taylor

What did time and motion studies aim to achieve?

a) Establish standard time for each task

b) Increase employee salaries

c) Reduce the number of workers needed

d) Eliminate redundant movements in the workplace

Answer: a) Establish standard time for each task

According to scientific management, what should be used for managerial decisions instead of
opinions or intuition?

a) Science

b) Experience

c) Tradition

d) Intuition

Answer: a) Science

What was one of the benefits of applying scientific management principles?

a) Greater power for workers

b) Lower wages for workers

c) Higher wages for workers

d) Decreased productivity

Answer: c) Higher wages for workers

How much did Taylor manage to increase productivity during one of his appointments as a
management consultant?

a) 280%

b) 380%

c) 480%

d) 580%
Answer: b) 380%

Which country experienced a significant economic impact due to the adoption of scientific
management principles?

a) United Kingdom

b) France

c) Japan

d) China

Answer: a) United Kingdom

Where is scientific management still pervasive today?

a) Mass production industries

b) Information technology companies

c) Art and design studios

d) Educational institutions

Answer: a) Mass production industries

Who contributed to Administrative Theory with the concept of "Principles of Management"?

a) Henri Fayol

b) Max Weber

c) Adam Smith

d) Frederick W. Taylor

Answer: a) Henri Fayol

According to Henri Fayol, what does the principle of "Unity of Command" suggest?

a) Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.

b) Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organization.

c) People and materials should be in the right place at the right time.
d) Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.

Answer: a) Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.

What is a characteristic feature of Weber's concept of an "ideal type" organization?

a) It is a hypothetical construction emphasizing some characteristic features.

b) It is a form of organization based on tradition.

c) It is a form of organization based on extraordinary personalities.

d) It disregards all characteristic features.

Answer: a) It is a hypothetical construction emphasizing some characteristic features.

What is one of the main characteristics of bureaucracy according to Max Weber?

a) Impersonality

b) Emotional involvement

c) Flexible rules

d) Arbitrary promotions

Answer: a) Impersonality

According to Weber, what is "legitimate authority" in an organization?

a) Authority based on tradition

b) Authority based on extraordinary personalities

c) Authority entitled to have its decisions accepted and followed by others

d) Authority based on emotional connections

Answer: c) Authority entitled to have its decisions accepted and followed by others

What is a potential negative consequence of bureaucracy?

a) Inflexible and rigid rules

b) Quick decision-making process

c) Minimal paperwork

d) Limited emphasis on rules and regulations

Answer: a) Inflexible and rigid rules

What is a benefit of bureaucracies, as mentioned in the text?

a) Goal-oriented organizations designed for efficient goal attainment

b) Emphasis on individual worker productivity

c) Minimal control and coordination

d) Limited paperwork

Answer: a) Goal-oriented organizations designed for efficient goal attainment

How did Max Weber define "legitimate authority" in an organization?

a) Based on formally defined, accepted systems of rules and procedures

b) Based on the appeal of leaders with extraordinary personalities

c) Based on the belief in the sanctity of tradition

d) Based on personal connections and emotions

Answer: a) Based on formally defined, accepted systems of rules and procedures

What does the principle of "Unity of Direction" suggest according to Henri Fayol?

a) The organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.

b) Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.

c) Positions are filled by specialists.

d) Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.

Answer: a) The organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers.

According to Max Weber, what were the historical conditions that led to the emergence of
bureaucracy?
a) Large-scale tasks and capitalism

b) Small-scale tasks and communism

c) Traditional beliefs and socialism

d) Technological advancements and globalization

Answer: a) Large-scale tasks and capitalism

What was the main focus of the early management theorists?

a) Increasing management control and efficiency

b) Enhancing individual job satisfaction

c) Improving work-life balance

d) Maximizing employee turnover

Answer: a) Increasing management control and efficiency

Which company implemented scientific management in its production units and focused on
employee welfare?

a) Western Electric

b) Bell Telephone System

c) University of Pennsylvania

d) Wharton School

Answer: a) Western Electric

What did Elton Mayo emphasize in his studies at the Hawthorne Plant?

a) Human relations and social factors in productivity

b) Economic incentives for workers

c) Strict adherence to work rules and structures

d) Efficiency through bureaucracy

Answer: a) Human relations and social factors in productivity

What were the findings of the Illumination Studies conducted at the Hawthorne Plant?

a) No significant correlation between productivity and light levels

b) Higher illumination led to increased productivity

c) Lower illumination improved worker efficiency

d) Increased light caused a decrease in productivity

Answer: a) No significant correlation between productivity and light levels

In the Relay Assembly Test Room, what was the impact of introducing rest pauses and shorter
work hours on productivity?

a) Productivity increased

b) Productivity remained the same

c) Productivity decreased

d) No significant impact on productivity

Answer: a) Productivity increased

What did the Hawthorne experiments reveal about work in organizations?

a) Work is a group activity influenced by informal relationships

b) Work is an individual activity with minimal social interaction

c) Work is primarily influenced by financial incentives

d) Work is best managed through strict adherence to rules and regulations

Answer: a) Work is a group activity influenced by informal relationships

What did the Bank Wiring Observation Room experiment conclude about productivity?

a) Group pressures were stronger than financial incentives in influencing productivity

b) Financial incentives were the primary driver of productivity

c) Individual motivation was the key factor in productivity

d) Group dynamics had no significant impact on productivity

Answer: a) Group pressures were stronger than financial incentives in influencing productivity

What was the shift in emphasis brought about by the Hawthorne experiments in management
thinking?

a) From economic factors to social and human factors in organizations

b) From group dynamics to individual motivation

c) From formal organization to informal organization

d) From productivity to job satisfaction

Answer: a) From economic factors to social and human factors in organizations

According to the Human Relations School, what is a key factor in improving organizational
performance?

a) Trust between managers and workers

b) Strict adherence to rules and structures

c) Financial incentives for employees

d) Centralization of decision-making

Answer: a) Trust between managers and workers

What were the two main problems early management theorists focused on addressing in
organizations?

a) Management control and convergence between organizational goals and human motivations

b) Employee turnover and work-life balance

c) Individual job satisfaction and economic factors

d) Bureaucracy and scientific management

Answer: a) Management control and convergence between organizational goals and human
motivations

In the 1800s, how were automobiles built in terms of craftsmanship and production?

a) Hand-crafted and hand-fitted by skilled craftsmen

b) Mass-produced on assembly lines

c) Crafted by machines in large factories

d) Built using automated production techniques

Answer: a) Hand-crafted and hand-fitted by skilled craftsmen

What characterized the craft production of automobiles in the 1800s?

a) Highly skilled workforce with knowledge acquired through apprenticeship

b) Use of advanced machine tools for precision

c) Economies of scale leading to reduced production costs

d) High production volume with standardized components

Answer: a) Highly skilled workforce with knowledge acquired through apprenticeship

Why did the early automotive industry face fitting problems in the 1890s?

a) Contractors did not use standard gauging systems

b) Machines could not cut hardened steel

c) Contractors used different gauges and heated parts in an oven

d) Parts were not filed properly during assembly

Answer: c) Contractors used different gauges and heated parts in an oven

Who introduced the concept of mass production in the automotive industry with the development
of conveyors and time-motion studies?

a) Henry Ford

b) Toyota

c) The Dodge brothers

d) Elton Mayo

Answer: a) Henry Ford

What was a key feature of Fordism's assembly line production?

a) Embryonic products moved on a conveyor belt through workstations

b) Each worker assembled an entire automobile

c) Workers had flexible work assignments

d) Craftsmen personally fitted each component

Answer: a) Embryonic products moved on a conveyor belt through workstations

What was a criticism of Henry Ford's approach to labor in the assembly line system?

a) Considered workers as valuable assets to the company

b) Offered high wages to ensure employee loyalty

c) Treated workers as interchangeable components

d) Encouraged a sense of pride and craftsmanship in workers

Answer: c) Treated workers as interchangeable components

What led to the demise of Fordism in the automotive industry?

a) Intensive competition from European manufacturers

b) Lack of demand for automobiles in the 1950s

c) Inability to implement mass production techniques

d) Decreased availability of skilled craftsmen

Answer: a) Intensive competition from European manufacturers

What distinguished Toyota's production system from Ford's?

a) Teams of workers responsible for a range of tasks

b) Foremen overseeing assembly line workers

c) Emphasis on vertical division of labor

d) Reliance on general-purpose machine tools

Answer: a) Teams of workers responsible for a range of tasks

What was a characteristic of Toyota's approach to employment relations after a major strike in
1946?

a) Lifetime employment and pay based on seniority

b) Frequent turnover of the workforce

c) Reliance on utility workers to fill in for absent employees

d) Lack of incentives for skill development

Answer: a) Lifetime employment and pay based on seniority

What is a key principle of lean production in the automotive industry?

a) Minimizing waste and continual process improvement

b) Maximizing inventory stocks for efficiency

c) Rigid division of labor with specialized tasks

d) Emphasis on high production volume

Answer: a) Minimizing waste and continual process improvement

What ancient projects provide evidence of organized endeavors involving large numbers of
people?

a) The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China

b) The Roman Colosseum and the Parthenon in Greece

c) The Mayan temples and Machu Picchu in Peru

d) The Taj Mahal in India and the Palace of Versailles in France

Answer: a) The Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China

What concept did Adam Smith introduce in his book "The Wealth of Nations" published in 1776?

a) Division of labor
b) Supply and demand

c) Market equilibrium

d) Capital accumulation

Answer: a) Division of labor

What was the key development during the Industrial Revolution that made factory production
more economical than home-based production?

a) Introduction of steam power

b) Invention of the cotton gin

c) Adoption of the assembly line

d) Replacement of human workers with machines

Answer: a) Introduction of steam power

Who is considered the father of scientific management?

a) Frederick W. Taylor

b) Adam Smith

c) Frank Gilbreth

d) Henry Ford
Answer: a) Frederick W. Taylor

What did Frederick W. Taylor focus on during his time at the Manufacturing Investment Company
of Philadelphia?

a) Conducting time studies

b) Developing new machinery

c) Streamlining administrative processes

d) Marketing and sales strategies

Answer: a) Conducting time studies

What did Frank and Lillian Gilbreth contribute to the field of scientific management?

a) Motion studies

b) Time studies

c) Assembly line techniques

d) Inventory management principles

Answer: a) Motion studies

What is the purpose of time and motion studies in scientific management?

a) To establish standard times for each performance

b) To improve worker safety

c) To analyze market demand for products

d) To develop new machinery

Answer: a) To establish standard times for each performance

According to scientific management, what should be the basis for managerial decisions?

a) Scientific investigation

b) Intuition and experience

c) Rule of thumb

d) Employee feedback

Answer: a) Scientific investigation

What is a key principle of scientific management related to employee-employer relations?

a) Harmony (agreement), not discord (conflict)

b) Individualism, not cooperation

c) Maximum output, not restricted output

d) Rule of thumb, not scientific investigation

Answer: a) Harmony (agreement), not discord (conflict)

How did scientific management revolutionize industry in terms of productivity?

a) By emphasizing working harder and longer hours

b) By promoting teamwork and collaboration

c) By working smarter and increasing efficiency

d) By increasing the number of employees

Answer: c) By working smarter and increasing efficiency

What is the primary focus of Administrative Theory?

a) Ensuring organizational effectiveness

b) Maximizing individual productivity

c) Streamlining production processes

d) Enhancing customer satisfaction

Answer: a) Ensuring organizational effectiveness

Who is credited with developing the "Principles of Management"?

a) Henri Fayol

b) Max Weber
c) Adam Smith

d) Frederick W. Taylor

Answer: a) Henri Fayol

How many principles of management did Henri Fayol identify?

a) 10

b) 12

c) 14

d) 16

Answer: c) 14

Which principle of management emphasizes the need for employees to obey and respect
organizational rules?

a) Authority & Responsibility

b) Discipline

c) Unity of command

d) Equity

Answer: b) Discipline
According to Henri Fayol, what should be the basis for remuneration of workers?

a) Fair wage for their services

b) Performance-based bonuses

c) Profit-sharing arrangements

d) Monthly salary increases

Answer: a) Fair wage for their services

What is the concept of "legitimate authority" according to Max Weber?

a) Authority based on tradition

b) Authority based on personal charisma

c) Authority based on formal rules and procedures

d) Authority based on popularity

Answer: c) Authority based on formal rules and procedures

What does Weber's concept of a bureaucracy emphasize?

a) Rational principles for efficient goal attainment

b) Informal organizational structures

c) Flexibility and adaptability

d) Hierarchical decision-making

Answer: a) Rational principles for efficient goal attainment

What is one of the main characteristics of a bureaucracy according to Max Weber?

a) Specialized division of labor

b) Informal rules of conduct

c) Personalized decision-making

d) Promotion based on popularity

Answer: a) Specialized division of labor

What characteristic of a bureaucracy involves employees carrying out their tasks with a spirit of
detachment?

a) Impersonality

b) Hierarchy

c) Unity of command

d) Equity

Answer: a) Impersonality

What is one of the benefits of bureaucracies in organizations?

a) Goal-oriented operations for efficient goal attainment

b) Flexibility and adaptability to change

c) Reduction of paperwork and formalities

d) Emphasis on individual achievement for promotions

Answer: a) Goal-oriented operations for efficient goal attainment

Where were the Hawthorne studies conducted?

a) Wharton School

b) Western Electric

c) University of Pennsylvania

d) Bell Telephone System

Answer: b) Western Electric

What was the primary focus of the Hawthorne studies?

a) Effects of lighting on worker efficiency

b) Effects of rest pauses on productivity

c) Effects of wage incentives on motivation

d) Effects of technology on manufacturing processes

Answer: a) Effects of lighting on worker efficiency

Who was the founder of the Human Relations movement?

a) Elton Mayo

b) Henri Fayol

c) Max Weber

d) Frederick W. Taylor

Answer: a) Elton Mayo

What did the Illumination Studies of the Hawthorne experiments aim to determine?

a) Effects of rest pauses on productivity

b) Effects of lighting on worker efficiency

c) Effects of wage incentives on motivation

d) Effects of supervision on employee morale

Answer: b) Effects of lighting on worker efficiency

What was the conclusion drawn from the Relay Assembly Test Room experiments regarding
productivity?

a) Introduction of rest pauses led to a decrease in productivity

b) Shorter working hours resulted in increased productivity

c) Intimate atmosphere and group dynamics improved productivity

d) Wage incentives were the primary motivators for productivity

Answer: c) Intimate atmosphere and group dynamics improved productivity

What was one of the key findings from the Interview programme in the Hawthorne studies?

a) Home life had no impact on employee attitudes towards work

b) Informal relationships played a significant role in employee behavior

c) Supervisors' influence was the primary factor in productivity

d) Financial incentives were the main motivators for employees

Answer: b) Informal relationships played a significant role in employee behavior

In the Bank Wiring Observation Room experiment, what factor was found to have a stronger
influence on productivity than financial incentives?

a) Group dynamics and social pressures

b) Individual work pace and efficiency

c) Supervisor feedback and recognition

d) Job rotation and skill development

Answer: a) Group dynamics and social pressures

What shift in focus did the Hawthorne studies bring about in management thinking?

a) From economic factors to social and human factors

b) From formal organization to informal organization

c) From individual motivation to group motivation

d) From job specialization to job enrichment

Answer: a) From economic factors to social and human factors

What did the Human Relations School of thought emphasize?

a) Productivity based on motivation and job satisfaction

b) Strict adherence to formal organizational rules

c) Efficiency through job specialization and division of labor

d) Centralized decision-making and control

Answer: a) Productivity based on motivation and job satisfaction

What did the early management theorists primarily focus on in organizational design?

a) Increasing management control, efficiency, and predictability

b) Fostering creativity and innovation in the workplace

c) Reducing formal rules and structures within the organization

d) Emphasizing individual goals over organizational goals

Answer: a) Increasing management control, efficiency, and predictability

During the 1800s, how were cars typically built in the automotive industry?

a) Mass production on assembly lines

b) Handcrafted by skilled artisans

c) Through automated robotic processes

d) Using interchangeable parts

Answer: b) Handcrafted by skilled artisans

What characterized the craft production method in the automotive industry?

a) Low production volume with unique, hand-fitted components

b) High reliance on machinery and automation

c) Standardized gauging systems and mass production

d) Emphasis on economies of scale and rapid production

Answer: a) Low production volume with unique, hand-fitted components

What was a significant challenge in the craft production era regarding replacement parts for
automobiles?

a) Replacement parts were readily available and affordable

b) New replacement parts needed to be created for each vehicle

c) Interchangeable parts were easily obtained from suppliers

d) Mass production methods ensured availability of replacement parts

Answer: b) New replacement parts needed to be created for each vehicle

What were the two important developments that enabled the introduction of mass production in
the automotive industry?

a) Standardized gauging systems and skilled workforce

b) The use of conveyors and time-motion studies

c) Interchangeable parts and rigid division of labor

d) Craft production and specialized machinery

Answer: b) The use of conveyors and time-motion studies

What were some features of the Fordism Model in automobile production?

a) Individual items were manually transferred between workstations

b) Non-productive work was minimized, focusing on efficiency

c) Flexible production techniques were emphasized

d) Workers were not separated into specialized tasks

Answer: b) Non-productive work was minimized, focusing on efficiency

How did Toyota's production process differ from Ford's?

a) Toyota emphasized assembly line workers' specialized tasks

b) Toyota's workers were organized into teams with shared responsibilities

c) Ford's system relied heavily on automated assembly lines

d) Ford's foremen performed assembly tasks directly

Answer: b) Toyota's workers were organized into teams with shared responsibilities

What was a characteristic of Toyota's approach to production?

a) Consistent emphasis on mass production with large inventory stocks

b) Teams were responsible for a narrow range of tasks

c) Constantly improving quality and process efficiency

d) Rigid division of labor both vertically and horizontally

Answer: c) Constantly improving quality and process efficiency

What was a key feature of Toyota's supply chain management?

a) Short-term relationships with suppliers based on bids

b) Limited information exchange and collaboration with suppliers

c) Involvement of suppliers in new product development

d) Toyota's acquisition of equity in supply firms

Answer: c) Involvement of suppliers in new product development

What is a characteristic of Lean Production in the automotive industry?

a) Heavy reliance on large inventory stocks

b) Emphasis on specialized work teams with job rotation

c) Minimal focus on continuous improvement and problem-solving

d) Limited communication among team members

Answer: b) Emphasis on specialized work teams with job rotation

Why did the mass production system become uncompetitive and unprofitable?

a) Lack of skilled workforce in the automotive industry

b) Inability to maintain a steady stream of new workers

c) Emergence of more efficient lean production methods

d) Decline in demand for automobiles worldwide

Answer: c) Emergence of more efficient lean production methods