GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institute with Permanent Affiliation to JNTUK, Kakinada)

Seshadri Rao Knowledge Village, Gudlavalleru – 521 356.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

HANDOUT
on
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
Vision of the department

 To become a competent centre in moulding students as professional mechanical engineers having

ethical standards and social consciousness.

Mission of the department

 To impart value based education and to enhance competencies of students through effective design
and delivery of the curriculum that fulfils the needs of the industry.
 To instill desire and confidence in the students to cater the needs of the society through their
activities of excellence.
 To impart technical skills and nurture values, and mould the students as professionals to offer
solutions to the technological challenges.
 To guide and support the students for enhancing nation’s wealth through entrepreneurship.

Program Educational Objectives

PEO-1: Graduates of the program will have bright careers in Mechanical Engineering domain and allied
areas.
PEO-2: Graduates of the program will have life skills, sense of ethical conduct and social responsibility.
PEO-3: Graduates of the program will continue to learn and update their competencies to face
dynamically changing technological environment.
 HANDOUT ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING _

Class & Sem. : II B.Tech – I Semester Year : 2019-20

Branch : ME Credits: 3
============================================================================
1. Brief History and Scope of the Subject
Although a far greater percentage of the electrical machines in service are a.c. machines, the
D.C machines are of considerable industrial importance. The principal advantage of the d.c.
machine, particularly the d.c. motor, is that it provides a fine control of speed. Such an
advantage is not claimed by any a.c. motor. However in this course both a.c. as well as d.c.
machines are introduced and their applications are discussed. Construction, operation and
the need of special machines has been introduced so that students can use these basic
principles in further applications.
2. Pre-Requisites
 Physics
 Basic Mathematics
3. Course Objectives:
 To introduce the basic concepts of electrical circuits.
 To familiarize the students with the constructional details, working principles of dc and ac
machines.
 To familiarize the students with the operation of diode and transistors.
4. Course Outcomes:
CO1: Apply the basic laws to solve any electrical circuit.
CO2: Describe and determine the operational characteristics of dc or ac machines.
CO3: Select an appropriate machine to meet specified performance requirements for a
particular application.
CO4: Understand the working principle of special motors.
CO5: Describe the characteristics of diode and transistors.
5. Program Outcomes:
a) Apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and Engineering to solve complex Mechanical
Engineering problems.
b) Identify, formulate and analyze problems related to Mechanical Engineering
c) Design Mechanical engineering systems, to meet the desired needs with the economic,
environmental, social, ethical, health and safety constraints.
d) Investigate the technological challenges through the use of research based knowledge to design
experiments, critical analysis and interpretation of data, synthesis of the data to arrive at valid
conclusions.
e) Model and simulate Mechanical engineering systems, to conduct experiments and analyze the
performance using modern software tools.
f) Assesses issues pertaining to societal, health, safety .legal, cultural and accordingly engage in
professional engineering practices.
g) Demonstrate knowledge for sustainable development with an understanding on the impact of
professional engineering on society and environment
h) Follow professional ethics, norms and standards of engineering practices.
 i) Work as an effective member of the team and also as an individual in diverse and multi
disciplinary streams.
j) Prepare reports and present effectively and also orally communicate fluently with the society and
engineering community.
k) Apply knowledge of Management and Finance for effective project management.
l) Engage in life-long learning independently to stay with the changes in technology.

6. Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:

Course Program Outcomes
Outcomes A b c d e f G h i j k l
CO1 H M
CO2 H M
CO3 H L M
CO4 M H
CO5 H H M
H: High level mapping M: Medium level mapping L: Low level mapping

7. Prescribed Text Books

1. Essentials of Electrical Engineering by “David. V. Kerns. Jr, J. David Irwin/Pearson publications”

2. Principles of Electrical and Electronics Engineering by “V. K. Mehta, S. Chand & Co”.

Reference Text Books

a) Basic Electrical Engineering by “D.P.Kothari & I.J. Nagrath” TMH publications, 2nd edition.
b) Introduction to Electrical Engineering- “M. S. Naidu and S. Kamakshiah,” TMH publications.
c) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering by “Rajendra Prasad”, PHI publications, 2nd edition.
8. URLs and Other E-Learning Resources
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117106101/

http://nptel.ac.in/downloads/108105053/

http://nptel.ac.in/course.php?disciplineId=108

9. Digital Learning Materials:

Basic Electrical
IISC Banglore Dr. L. Umanand 40 video lectures
Technology

10. Lecture Schedule / Lesson Plan

No. of Periods
Topic
Theory Tutorial
UNIT –1:
Electrical Circuits: Basic Definitions 2
Types of elements 1
1
Ohm’s law and resistive circuits 1
Kirchhoff’s laws 1
Inductive networks 1
Capacitive networks 1
 Nodal analysis 1
Mesh analysis 1
2
Superposition theorem 1
UNIT – 2:
DC Machines - Principle of operation of dc generator 2
Construction of dc generator 1
Emf equation 2
2
Types of dc generators 1
DC motor types 2
Torque equation 1
Applications of 3-point starter 1
UNIT – 3:
Transformers Principle of operation of single phase transformer 2
Emf equation 1 1
Losses in transformer 1
Equivalent circuit 1
Efficiency 2
2
Voltage regulation 1
Emf equation 1
UNIT – 4:
AC Machines: Principle of operation of alternators 2
Principle of operation of 3-phase induction motor 1
Equivalent circuit 1 2
Slip-torque characteristics, applications 1
Constructional features of single phase induction motor 1
Principle of operation 1
UNIT – 5:
Special purpose motors: Elementary operation of stepper motor 2
Permanent magnet rotor stepper motor 2
Variable reluctance type stepper motor 1
DC servomotor& its applications 2 1
Universal motor- elementary structure and principle of torque production 1
Equivalent circuit and phasor diagram 1
Performance characteristics & applications 1
UNIT – 6:
Diode and transistor : Review of semiconductor physics 1
Open circuit p-n junction 1
2
v-i characteristics in forward and reverse bias 1
Rectifiers and filters 1
BJT introduction and operating regions of BJT 2
Current expressions for CB, CE, CC modes of operation of BJT 1
I/P, O/P and transfer characteristics in each mode 1
Biasing 1
2
CE amplifier 1
SCR introduction-symbol, basic operation 1
Forward bias and reverse bias characteristics 1
Phase controlled rectifiers 1
Total No. of Periods: 60 15
11. Seminar Topics
 Network reduction techniques
 Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
 Basic working principle of AC/DC machines and its applications.
 Real time applications of special motors.
 Learning Material
Unit –I

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Objectives
 To introduce the basic concepts of electrical circuits.
 To familiarize the students with the operation of Basic elements.
Syllabus

Basic definitions, Types of elements, Ohm’s Law, Resistive networks, Kirchhoff’s Laws,
Inductive networks, capacitive networks, Series, Parallel circuits and Star-delta and delta-star
transformations.

At the end of the chapter student is able to

 Demonstrate the knowledge and understanding of the fundamental principles of electrical
engineering.

 Identify the basic elements in given circuit

 Apply the basic principles to solve a given network.

 UNIT-1

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
 The valance electrons which are loosely attached to the nucleus of an atom are called free
electrons.
 The flow of free electrons is called as electric current.
 Time rate of change of charge is called as electric current.

dQ Coulomb
i= ( ¿ ) Ampere
dt sec

If one coulomb charge flows through

one section in one second is called as one Ampere current.
 Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element.

dW Joule
V= ( ¿ ) Volts
dQ Coulomb

 The difference in the potential of two charged bodies is called as potential difference.
Units: Volt

 Total work done in electric circuit is called as energy (E).

Units: Joules
 Rate of transfer of energy is called as power (P).

dW
P=
dt

dW
∗dQ
dQ
P=
dt

P=V ∗I
“The rate at which work is done in electric circuit is called as power”.
Resistance: (R)
It is a property of a material, which opposes the flow of electric current.

Units: ohm’s Ω

Let ‘l ’ be the length of the material

A be the cross sectional area of material.

 l

Resistance is directly proportional to length of the material,

R ∝l (1.1)

As the area of cross section increases, electron can move freely.

∴Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross section.

1
R∝ (1.2)
A

From (1) & (2)

l
R∝
A

ρl
R=
A

ρ=Resistivity ( ¿ ) Specific Resistance

2
RA Ω∗m
ρ= = =Ω−m
l m

Reciprocal of resistance is called as conductance. It is denoted by ‘G’

1
G=
R

Units: Mho’s (℧ )

Open circuit:

 Open circuit is an element where resistance tends to infinity.

 Current doesn’t flow through open circuit.

Short circuit:

 Short circuit is an element when resistance approaches to zero.

 Potential difference in short circuit is zero.

Ohm’s Law:

“Under constant temperature and pressure, current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the voltage applied across it”.
R
i∝ V
 V
i= Where, R=Resistance of conductor
R

Power dissipated by Resistor (P)=V∗i

2
V ( ) 2
¿ ¿i R
R

( +V )2 V 2
If V is positive , then P= =
R R
2 2
¿(+ i) R=i R (1.3)
2 2
If V is Negative , then P=(−i ) R=i R

(−V )2 V 2
¿ = (1.4)
R R

Conclusion:

From (1.3) & (1.4) power dissipated by resistor remains same.

It is independent of direction of applied voltage (or) current.

Type of supplies:
Depends on the nature of the wave form power supplies are classified as

1. Alternating current (AC)

2. Direct current (DC)

DC

ωt

DC is a current that remains constant with time.

AC is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.
The minimum time after which the cycle of signal repeats is called as time period (T).

D.C A.C
V = ASinωt
Representation V =K
Where ω=2 πf
Time period ∞ T
 1
Frequency 0
T

Faraday’s Laws:
First law:

Whenever conductor experiences the rate of change of flux, emf will be induced in that
conductor and if there is a closed path, current will flow in that circuit.

Second Law:

The induced emf (e) is proportional to rate of change of flux.

d∅
e∝ → for one turn
dt

If N turns are there, then

d∅
e∝ N
dt

d∅
e=−N
dt

−d (N ∅ )
e=
dt

−d (ψ )
e=
dt

Here ψ is flux linkage, where ψ=N ∅

Here –ve sign indicates that induced emf opposes the current in that conductor which is given by
Lenz’s Law.

Lenz’s Law:

The effect opposes the cause.

Inductance:

“The property of coil that opposes any change in the amount of current flowing through it is
called as Inductance”.

Flux linkage depends on the amount of current flowing through the coil.

∴ψ∝i

ψ=Li [L=Inductance of coil]

 According to Faraday’s Law

d (ψ ) d
e= = (Li)
dt dt

di
e=L
dt

di
e=L
dt

According to Lenz’s Law, induced emf should oppose the change in current flow through
that coil.

The direction of induced voltage is given by,

+ e - - e +

L L

¿ ∫ P dt

¿ ∫ vi dt

di
¿∫ L i dt
dt

L di
¿
2
∫ (2 i) dt
dt

L
¿
2
∫ (2 i)di
1 2
E= Li
2

1 2
E= Li
2

Properties of inductor:

1. Since it does not allow the sudden change in current through it, it is called as current stiff
element.
2. It stores the energy in the form of magnetic field.
3. If the applied voltage is positive, it will start charging and if the applied voltage is negative,
it will start discharging.

Inductive Reactance ( X L):

L

V
Let us consider voltage V =V m sinωt is applied across the inductor

di
V =L
dt

1
i=
L
∫ V . dt
1
i=
L
∫ V m sinωt dt
Vm
i= (−cosωt )
ωL

Vm π
i= (sin ⁡(ωt− )) (1.5)
ωL 2

Vm
i= ( sin ωt ) (− j)
ωL

V m sin ωt
i=
jωL

V
i=
jωL

V
i=
jωL

Here the Inductive Reactance, X L = jωL

 π
From equation (1.5), current in pure inductor lags voltage by 90 (or) radians
2

Capacitor:

Any two conducting surfaces separated by an insulating material (dielectric) is called as

capacitor.

Capacitance:

The ability of a capacitor to start charge is known as its capacitance.

Charge stored in capacitor is proportional to applied voltage.

∴ Q∝ V

Q=CV

dQ d
We know that , i= = (CV )
dt dt

dV
i=C
dt

Energy stored in capacitor:

Let us consider ‘V’ voltage is applied across capacitor. At this instant, ‘W’ joules of work
will be done in transferring 1C of charge from one plate to other.

If small charge dq is transferred, then work done is

dW =Vdq
V
W =∫ CVdq
0

1 2
W= CV
2

[ ]
2
1 q
W= C
2 C
2
1q
W=
2C

Reactance offered by capacitor ( X C ):

Let us consider (V =V m sin ωt) V volts applied across capacitor.

dV
i=C
dt
 i=C d ¿ ¿ ¿

i=C V m d ¿ ¿

i=C V m ω cosωt

i=V m ωC j sinωt

V m sinωt
i=
1
jωC

1
XC=
jωC
Where, ω=2 πf

Properties of capacitor:

1. It doesn’t allow the sudden change in voltage. It is called as voltage stiff element.
2. It stores energy in the form of electrostatic field.

For D.C, frequency (f )=0.i . e ω=0

X L = jωL= j ( 2 πf ) L= j ( 2 π∗0 ) L=0

For D.C supply opposition offered by inductor is Zero.

i.e. it (Inductor) acts as short circuit.

1 1
XC= = =∞
jωC j(0)C

For D.C, opposition offered by capacitor is Infinity.

i.e. it (capacitor) acts as open circuit.

Kirchhoff’s voltage Law: (KVL)

This law is related to emf’s and voltage drops in a circuit. It stated as “in an electrical circuit,
algebraic sum of all the voltages in a closed path is Zero”.

V1 V2 V3

−V +V 1 +V 2 +V 3=0
i
V =V 1+V 2+V 3 V

V =V 1+V 2+V 3
  KVL is independent of nature of element.

Kirchhoff’s current Law:

This law is related to current at the junction points a circuit. It is stated as “In a circuit, at
node at any instant the algebraic sum of current flowing towards a i1
junction in circuit is Zero”.
i3
i 1+ i2 −i3 −i 4=0

d Q1 d Q2 d Q3 d Q4 i2
+ − − =0 i4
dt dt dt dt

Q1 +Q2−Q3−Q 4=0

 According to law of conservation of energy, the net charge at node is Zero.

 KCL is independent of nature of element.

Series R-circuit:

Let us consider ‘n’ Resistors are connected in series.

V1 V2 V3 Vn

R1 R2 R3 Rn

Apply KVL

−V +V 1 +V 2 +V 3 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +V n=0

−i R eq +iR 1+ iR2 +iR 3 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ +iR n=0

Req =R1 + R2 + R3 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + R n

Note: If ‘n’ Resistors are in series, then equivalent Resistance will be greater than R1, R2, R3… Rn .

Parallel circuit: i

Apply KCL i1 i2 in

−i+i 1+i 2 +i 3+ ⋯ ⋯ +i n=0 V R1 R2 Rn

−V V V V
+ + + ⋯ ⋯ + =0
R eq R1 R2 Rn

 When ‘n’ Resistances are in parallel, equivalent Resistance is smaller than all Resistances.
NOTE:

 When ‘n’ Resistances are in series, the current through all the Resistors are same.
 When ‘n’ Resistors are in parallel, then voltage across all resistors is same.

Inductive circuits:
L1 L2 L3 Ln
Leq =L1+ L2 + ⋯ ⋯ + Ln

Leq

1 1 1 1 Leq L1 L2 L3 Ln
= + +⋯ ⋯ +
Leq L1 L2 Ln

Capacitive circuits:

Series circuit:
C1 C2 C3 Cn
Apply KVL

V =V 1+V 2+V 3 + ⋯ ⋯ +V n Ceq

Q Q Q Q
= + +⋯ ⋯ +
Ceq C 1 C2 Cn

1 1 1 1
= + +⋯ ⋯ +
Ceq C 1 C2 Cn

1 1 1 1
= + +⋯ ⋯ +
Ceq C 1 C2 Cn

Parallel circuit:

Apply KCL i

i1 i2 in
−i+i 1+i 2 +i 3+ ⋯ ⋯ +i n=0
V C1 C2 Cn
−Q+Q1 +Q2 + ⋯ ⋯ +Qn=0

−C eq V +C1 V +C 2 V + ⋯ ⋯ +C n V =0

−C eq +C 1+C 2 + ⋯ ⋯ +C n=0

C eq=C 1 +C 2+ ⋯ ⋯ +C n
 R3
Mesh analysis (KVL + ohm’s Law)
1. Identify the Number of Loops/ Meshes. R1
2. Assign the currents in each loop.
3. Apply KVL for each mesh and write ohm’s law R2 V2
form. i1
V1 i2
4. Solve the equations and obtain mesh currents.

Apply KVL for loop (1)

−V 1 +i 1 R1 + ( i 1−i 2 ) R 2=0

For loop (2)

V 2 +i 2 R3 + ( i 2−i 1 ) R2=0

Nodal Analysis (KCL + ohm’s Law)

1. Identify the Number of nodes when current is dividing and assign voltage to nodes.
2. Write KCL equation at each node and accept as reference node.
3. Write ohm’s law form for current in nodal equation & solve the equation.

Voltage division Rule:

V1 V2
It is applicable for series circuit.

V
R1 R2
i=
R1 + R2
i

V 1=i R1= ( V
)
R
R1 + R2 1

V 2=i R2=
( V
)R
R 1+ R 2 2
V

i.e When ‘n’ Resistors R1, R2, R3… Rn are in series and V 1 ,V 2 , V 3 , ⋯ ⋯ V n are voltage drops across
resistors, then

V 1= ( R + R +V⋯ ⋯+ R ) R
1 2 n
1

V n=
( R + R V+⋯ ⋯ + R ) R
1 2 n
n

V n=
( V
)R
R1 + R2 + ⋯ ⋯ + Rn n
i

i1 i2
V R1 R2
Current division Rule:

i=i 1 +i 2+i 3 + ⋯ ⋯ +i n

V R1 R 2
Req = =
i R1 + R 2

V V ( R1 + R2 )
i= =
Req R1 R 2

V V ( R1 + R2 ) R1
i 2= =
R 2 R1 R2 ( R 1+ R 2 )

V ( R1 + R2 )
∗R 1
R1 R 2
i 2=
R 1+ R 2

i∗R1
i 2=
R 1+ R 2

i∗R2
i 1=
R 1+ R 2

i∗R1 i∗R2
i 2= ∧i1=
R 1+ R 2 R1 + R2

Case (i):
i
i∗R2
i 1= =0
R 1+ R 2 i1 i2
V R1 R2=0
i∗R1
i 2= =i
R 1+ R 2

Observation: Current always choose lower Resistance path.

Case (ii)
i
i∗R2
i 1= =i i1 i2
R 1+ R 2
V R1 R2=infinity
i∗R1
i 2= =0
R 1+ R 2

Note: Current will not flow through open circuit.

Classification of elements:
1. Active & passive:
An element is said to be active, if it is able to deliver the energy to outside world for
infinite time, otherwise passive. Example for active elements are sources and passive are R,
L, C.

Note:

1. Ohm’s Law is not applicable for active elements.

2. If V/I ratio is positive, then it is called as passive element
3. passive elements cannot supply more energy than what it had drawn previously.
2. Linear & Non-linear elements:
If the characteristic of an element is a straight line passing through the origin, it is
called as linear element and these characteristics are constant.

V ψ Q

R L C

i i V

Examples:

 Linear elements are R, L, and C.

 Non-Linear elements are Diode, Transistor.
3. Unilateral &Bilateral elements:
If an elements offers same impedance (opposition) for both the directions of flow of
current through it is called as bilateral element otherwise it is unilateral element.

Examples:

 Bilateral elements are R, L, C.

 Unilateral element is Diode, transistor.

For forward voltage Diode acts as short circuit. i.e. R=0. In reverse Bias it acts as open
circuit i.e. R is infinity. So here Diode offers different resistance for different excitation.
Therefore, it is called as unilateral element.

If V/I characteristics are same in all direction, it is called as Bilateral element.

4. Time variant / invariant:

If the element characteristics are independent of time, it is called as time variant,
otherwise time variant.
 I I

V V

(i) (ii)

Case (i)

V
is Positive. ∴ It is passive element, bilateral element, linear element.
I

Case (ii)

V V V
is Positive in one Quadrant and is Negative in other direction. ∴ ratio is not
I I I
same in both directions. ∴ It is active element, unilateral element, non-linear element.

Classification of Sources

Independent Dependent
Sources Sources

Voltage Current Linear Linear

Controlled Non Controlled
VCVS

CCCS

VCCS

CCVS
Ideal Voltage Source

When the terminal voltage of a source is independent of load element, it is called as

independent ideal voltage source.

IL V T= VS

VS + VT
-

IL
Practical voltage source

It has internal resistance( R s). Whenever load current increases, the drop across R s will increase.
Therefore, terminal voltage will reduce as load current rises.

V T =V S −I S R S
Rs
IL V VS
Ideal I L RS
Current VS +
- VT VT
Source

It is a IL
two terminal device which delivers constant current to the network connected across its terminals.
i.e. current supplied by the source is independent of its terminal voltage.
IL
+
I L= I
I VT

- VT
Practical Current Source

IL IL
+ I
V
RS
Rs IL
I VT

- VT

Dependent (or) Controlled Source

A controlled voltage/ current source is one whose terminal voltage or current is a function of
some other voltage or current. These devices have two pairs of terminals. One pair corresponds to
the controlling quantity & other pair represents controlled quantity.

Controlled quantity is directly proportional to controlling quantity.

 KV + KI + KV KI
- -

Voltage controlled Current controlled Voltage controlled Current controlled

Voltage source Voltage source Current source Current source

Here , K =Constant

Star – Delta / Delta – Star Transformation ( ⋏−∆/∆− ⋏ )

Let us consider three resistors are connected in star between the points A, B, C. So these
resistors considered as R A , R B , RC . R AB , RBC , R CA be the resistances in Delta.

RA A

Rab Rca
RB RC
B C
Rbc
B C

From the star connection, A

R AB=R A + R B (1)
RA
In the same way
RC
R BC =RB + R C (2)

RCA =R C + R A (3) RB
B C

A
From Delta connection
Rca
R AB=R ab ∥ ( R ac + R bc )

Rab C

Rbc
B
 R ab∗( Rac + Rbc )
R AB= (4)
R ab+ R bc + Rca

In the same way

R BC =Rbc ∥ ( R ab+ R ac )

R bc∗( Rab + Rac )

R BC = (5)
R ab+ R bc + R ca

RCA =R ca ∥ ( R ab + Rbc )

Rca∗( Rab + R bc )
RCA = (6)
Rab + Rbc + Rca

From (1) & (4)

R ab∗( Rac + Rbc )

RA+ RB= (7)
R ab+ R bc + R ca

From (2) & (5)

Rbc∗( R ab+ R ac )
R B + RC = (8)
Rab + Rbc + Rca

From (3) & (6)

Rca∗( Rab + Rbc )

RC + R A = (9)
R ab + Rbc + R ca

(7) - (8) + (9), then

R ab Rac + Rab R bc −Rbc Rab −R bc Rac + Rca Rab + Rca Rbc

2 RA=
Rab + Rbc + Rca

2 R ab R ac
2 RA=
R ab+ R bc + Rca

Rab Rac
RA= (10)
R ab + Rbc + R ca

Rab Rac
RA=
Substitute (10) in (7) & (9) R ab + Rbc + R ca

R ab∗( Rac + Rbc )

RA+ RB=
R ab+ R bc + R ca
 Rab Rac R ab∗( Rac + Rbc )
+ RB=
R ab + Rbc + R ca R ab+ R bc + R ca

Rab∗( R ac + R bc ) R ab Rac
R B= −
Rab + Rbc + R ca Rab + Rbc + R ca

R ab Rbc
R B= (11)
Rab + Rbc + R ca

R ab Rbc
R B=
Rab + Rbc + R ca

Rca∗( Rab + Rbc )

RC + R A =
R ab + Rbc + R ca

R ab Rac Rca∗( Rab + Rbc )

RC + =
Rab + Rbc + R ca R ab + Rbc + R ca

Rca∗( R ab+ R bc ) R ab R ac
RC = −
Rab + R bc + Rca Rab + Rbc + Rca

Rca Rbc
RC = (12)
R ab+ R bc + Rca

Rca Rbc
RC =
R ab+ R bc + Rca

R ab R ac
∗R R
Rab + Rbc + Rca ab bc
( 10 )∗(11) R A RB Rab + Rbc + Rca
⟹ =
(12) RC Rca Rbc
Rab + Rbc + Rca
2
R A RB ( R ab )
=
RC ( R ab+ R bc + Rca )
2
R A RB ( R ab ) R bc
=
RC ( R ab+ R bc + Rca ) R bc
R A RB Rab
= ∗R B
RC R bc
 R A Rab
=
RC Rbc

In the same way

RB R ab
=
R C R ac

RB
Rab = R (13)
RC ac

R A Rac
=
R B Rbc

RA
Rac = R (14)
R B bc

Substitute (13) & (14) in (10)

R B R ac∗R A
R bc
RC R B
RA=
RB RA
R ac + R bc + R bc
RC RB

RA
R
RC bc
RA=
RB RA
+1+
RC RB

After solving above equation

R B RC
Rbc =R B + RC +
RA

R B RC
Rbc =R B + RC +
RA

In the same way,

R A RB
Rab =R A + R B +
RC

R A RC
Rac =R A + RC +
RB
Basic Symbols

Symbol/Notations Units

Resistor

Resistance Ω Ohm’s

Inductor

Inductance H Henry

Capacitor

Capacitance F Farad

Voltage Source +
-

Voltage V Volts

Current Source

Current A Amperes

Assignment-Cum-Tutorial Questions

A. Questions testing the remembering / understanding level of students

I) Objective Questions
1) Nodal analysis is a combination of
a) Ohm’s law and KCL
b) Ohm’s law and KVL
c) KVL and KCL
d) None of the above
2) Which of the following element does not allow the sudden change in current
a) Resistor b) Inductor c) Capacitor d) none of these.
3) Ohm’s law is applicable when the temperature is
a) Positive b) negative c) Variable d) Constant.
4) Two or more number of voltage sources can be represent as single voltage source when they are
in
a) parallel b) series c) either series or parallel d) not possible
5) Open circuit is an element when the resistance approaches
a) zero b) infinity c) 1 Ω d) negative value

II) Descriptive Questions

1) Derive the expression for star connected Resistances for a delta connected network?
2) With suitable examples explain the classification of elements?
3) Write the procedure to solve any network using Nodal analysis?
4) Distinguish between ideal and practical sources ?

B. Question testing the ability of students in applying the concepts.

I) Multiple Choice Questions:
1) which of the following is not a bilateral element
a) Diode b) Resistor c) Capacitor d) Inductor
2) For a pure DC supply capacitor acts as
a) Short circuit b) open circuit c) resistor d) none of these
3) For a pure DC supply Inductor acts as
a) short circuit b) open circuit c) resistor d) none of these
4) Resistivity of a material depends on
a) Type of the material b) current c) applied voltage d) none of these
5) Which of the following element is passive element?
a) Ideal voltage source b) Ideal current source
c) Resistor d) All the above

II) Problems
1) Find the power absorbed by element X if it is a
a) 100Ω resistor
b) 40 V independent voltage source with + reference on top
c) 2 A independent current source with arrow directed upward

2) Use current division to obtain current in 134 Ω resistor.

5) Convert the following star and delta connected resistors into equivalent delta and star
Connections.

6) obtain the following as a single voltage source in series with a resistor

7) Using nodal analysis find the current through each element

6) Using nodal analysis find the current through all the elements

C. Questions testing the analyzing / evaluating ability of students

1) Find the equivalent resistance of a given network under following conditions.
a. when both switches (S1,S2)are open.
b. when both switches are closed.
c. when S1 is open and S2 is closed.
d. when the switch S1 is closed and S2 is open.
2) In the following circuit Ra and Rb are 25 ohm and Rc and Rd are 20ohms. Then find the Vb
a) for input voltage of 50V
b) Find the input current if terminals of Vb are short circuited.