BUSINESS RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY LAB
PRACTICAL FILE
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for
the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION
Under the supervision of
Dr Sheetal Chadda

Submitted by: Rishabh Bamal

Enrollment no: 01519101721
BBA M3A
 INDEX

SR No. Topic Pg. No.

1 Descriptives 1-2
2 Graph 3
3 Reliability 4-5
4 T- Test 6
5 Correlation 7-8
6 Regression 9-11
7 Scatter Plot 12
8 One-way 13-14
Anova
These output are drawn using default sample file of SPSS.

1. In the first table descriptive is taken as outputs were in the command followed
is as analyze → descriptive. In descriptive, 3 variables were chosen and in
descriptive options, the button related to measure of central tendency like mean
and measures of dispersion like variance, range, standard deviation, Min, Max
for enabled. In addition, the distribution statistics related to kurtosis and
skewness were also enabled. The output provided below shows all such things.

GET DATA /TYPE=XLSX

/FILE='C:\Users\student\Desktop\exercise-data.xlsx'
/SHEET=name 'Sheet1'
/CELLRANGE=full
/READNAMES=on
/ASSUMEDSTRWIDTH=32767.
EXECUTE.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=coor1 coor2 coor3
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV VARIANCE RANGE MIN MAX KURTOSIS SKEWNESS.

Descriptives

Notes
Output Created 09-DEC-2022 11:25:55
Comments
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Input
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
200
File
User defined missing values are treated
Definition of Missing
Missing Value Handling as missing.
Cases Used All non-missing data are used.
DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=coor1
coor2 coor3
Syntax /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV
VARIANCE RANGE MIN MAX
KURTOSIS SKEWNESS.
Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Resources
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02

1
[DataSet1]

Descriptive Statistics

N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Variance Skewness Kurtosis

Deviation

Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Stati Std. Statisti Std.
stic Error c Error

coor1 200 8 1 9 3.91 .742 .551 .659 .172 12.406 .342

coor2 200 7 2 9 3.83 .798 .638 .625 .172 8.846 .342

coor3 200 7 2 9 3.71 .873 .762 .521 .172 6.172 .342

Valid N
200
(listwise)

2
2. In this output we have drawn charts or bar diagrams using the same data with
the command, followed by legacy dialogue, followed by bar charts and
selection of simple bar charts.

GRAPH
/BAR(SIMPLE)=COUNT BY eqty
/PANEL COLVAR=coor2 COLOP=CROSS ROWVAR=coor1 ROWOP=CROSS.

Graph

Notes
Output Created 09-DEC-2022 11:30:55
Comments
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Input Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data File 200
GRAPH
/BAR(SIMPLE)=COUNT BY eqty
Syntax
/PANEL COLVAR=coor2 COLOP=CROSS ROWVAR=coor1
ROWOP=CROSS.
Processor Time 00:00:01.14
Resources
Elapsed Time 00:00:03.95

3
3. This output shows the reliability coefficient or the Cronbach alpha to measure
the reliability of the scale. The command followed is Analyze → Scale →
Reliability analysis. The Cronbach Alpha comes out to be 0.837 which shows
that the scale is reliable as under normal circumstances any value higher than
0.7 suggests the reliability of the scale. The scale statistics also carried on for
the item if deleted. The examination of the output suggest that Cronbach alpha
does not improve when we delete any scale item.

RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=coor1 coor2 coor3
/SCALE('Coordination') ALL
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.

Reliability

Notes

Output Created 09-DEC-2022 11:33:18

Comments
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Input Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working
200
Data File
Matrix Input
Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated as missing.
Missing Value Handling Statistics are based on all cases with valid data for all variables
Cases Used
in the procedure.
RELIABILITY
/VARIABLES=coor1 coor2 coor3
/SCALE('Coordination') ALL
Syntax
/MODEL=ALPHA
/STATISTICS=DESCRIPTIVE SCALE
/SUMMARY=TOTAL.
Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Resources
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.06

4
[DataSet1]

Scale: Coordination
Case Processing Summary
N %
Valid 200 100.0
Cases Excludeda 0 .0
Total 200 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the
Item Statistics
procedure.
Mean Std. Deviation N

coor1 3.92 .742 200

coor2 3.83 .798 200

coor3 3.71 .873 200

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.837 3

Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if Item Scale Variance if Corrected Item-Total Cronbach's Alpha if

Deleted Item Deleted Correlation Item Deleted

coor1 7.53 2.240 .729 .751

coor2 7.62 2.106 .719 .754

coor3 7.74 2.012 .660 .819

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

11.45 4.409 2.100 3

5
4. This output is drawn to assess One sample T test. T test is a mechanism to
compare statistical difference of means between 2 sets of variables. The test
was carried on at 95% confidence level. The result shows no statistically
significant difference between the 2 variables chosen.
T-TEST
/TESTVAL=0
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=coor1 coor3
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
T-Test
Notes
Output Created 09-DEC-2022 11:39:51
Comments
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Input
Split File <none>
N of Rows in
200
Working Data File
Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated as missing.
Missing Value
Statistics for each analysis are based on the cases with no missing or out-
Handling Cases Used
of-range data for any variable in the analysis.
T-TEST
/TESTVAL=0
Syntax /MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=coor1 coor3
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
Processor Time 00:00:00.03
Resources
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.10

[DataSet1]

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

coor1 200 3.92 .742 .052

coor3 200 3.71 .873 .062

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Difference
Lower Upper
coor1 74.620 199 .000 3.915 3.81 4.02
coor3 60.033 199 .000 3.705 3.58 3.83

6
5. The same data file has been used for the purpose of taking out the correlation . ..
…coefficient i.e., Pearson correlation coefficient. As this is continuous data, so the
.. mechanism of taking out correlation coefficient is the Pearson correlation ..
…coefficient. The table shows on inter-item correlation coefficient for the items
…entered and asterisks value depict us the statistical significance of the correlation
…coefficient.

GET DATA /TYPE=XLSX

/FILE='C:\Users\student\Desktop\exercise-data.xlsx'
/SHEET=name 'Sheet1'
/CELLRANGE=full
/READNAMES=on
/ASSUMEDSTRWIDTH=32767.
EXECUTE.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=coor1 coor3 coor2 na1
/PRINT=TWOTAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.

Correlations

Notes
Output Created 10-DEC-2022 10:20:13
Comments
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Input
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working
200
Data File
Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated as missing.
Missing Value
Statistics for each pair of variables are based on all the
Handling Cases Used
cases with valid data for that pair.
CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=coor1 coor3 coor2 na1
Syntax
/PRINT=TWOTAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Resources
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.04

7
[DataSet1]
Correlations

coor1 coor3 coor2 na1

Pearson Correlation 1 .613** .696** .432**

coor1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 200 200 200 200

Pearson Correlation .613** 1 .603** .417**

coor3 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 200 200 200 200

Pearson Correlation .696** .603** 1 .332**

coor2 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 200 200 200 200

Pearson Correlation .432** .417** .332** 1

na1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 200 200 200 200

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

8
6. Regression analysis conducted using one variable as a dependent and 3 variables as. .. .. ..
….independent, so it is multiple linear regression.
.. Regression output give for tables:

REGRESSION
/DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI(95) R ANOVA CHANGE
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT aval
/METHOD=ENTER coor1 coor2
/SCATTERPLOT=(aval ,*ZPRED)
/RESIDUALS HISTOGRAM(ZRESID) NORMPROB(ZRESID).

Regression

Notes
Output Created 10-DEC-2022 10:25:20
Comments
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Input
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
200
File
Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated as missing.
Missing Value Handling Statistics are based on cases with no missing values for any
Cases Used
variable used.
REGRESSION
/DESCRIPTIVES MEAN STDDEV CORR SIG N
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS CI(95) R ANOVA CHANGE
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
Syntax
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT aval
/METHOD=ENTER coor1 coor2
/SCATTERPLOT=(aval ,*ZPRED)
/RESIDUALS HISTOGRAM(ZRESID) NORMPROB(ZRESID).
Processor Time 00:00:01.64
Elapsed Time 00:00:03.52
Resources Memory Required 1980 bytes
Additional Memory
904 bytes
Required for Residual Plots

9
[DataSet1]
Descriptive Statistics Variables Entered/Removeda
Mean Std. Deviation N Model Variables Variables Method
aval 3.92 .918 200 Entered Removed
coor1 3.92 .742 200 1 coor2, coor1b . Enter
coor2 3.83 .798 200 a. Dependent Variable: aval
b. All requested variables entered.

Correlations
aval coor1 coor2
aval 1.000 .159 .158
Pearson
coor1 .159 1.000 .696
Correlation
coor2 .158 .696 1.000
aval . .012 .013
Sig. (1-tailed) coor1 .012 . .000
coor2 .013 .000 .
aval 200 200 200

N coor1 200 200 200

coor2 200 200 200

Model summary:
Giving us statistics related to r & r2. Explains the variance caused by independent
variable on dependent variable.

Model Summaryb
Model R R Adjusted R Std. Error of Change Statistics
Square Square the Estimate R Square F df1 df2 Sig. F
Change Change Change
1 .172a .030 .020 .908 .030 3.008 2 197 .052
a. Predictors: (Constant), coor2, coor1
b. Dependent Variable: aval

Anova:
Explain systematic and random effects through the F-statistics.

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 4.965 2 2.483 3.008 .052b
1 Residual 162.590 197 .825
Total 167.555 199
a. Dependent Variable: aval
b. Predictors: (Constant), coor2, coor1

10
Coefficients:
The coefficient table gives us the β coefficient which are to be used for the purpose
of regression equation

Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Standardized t Sig. 95.0% Confidence Interval for
Coefficients Coefficients B
B Std. Error Beta Lower Bound Upper Bound
(Constant) 3.051 .360 8.472 .000 2.341 3.761
1 coor1 .118 .121 .095 .976 .330 -.120 .356
coor2 .105 .112 .092 .937 .350 -.116 .327
a. Dependent Variable: aval

Charts

11
Scatter Plot

12
One-way Anova:
Anova is an analysis to understand the impact of systematic effects over random
effects. The F-statistics is used for the purpose of the same significance level
depicts the probability value of the result.

ONEWAY rlp1 rlp2 BY na2

/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES EFFECTS
/PLOT MEANS
/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC=TUKEY ALPHA(0.05).

Oneway

Notes
Output Created 10-DEC-2022 10:31:06
Comments
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Input Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data File 200
User-defined missing values are treated
Definition of Missing
as missing.
Missing Value Handling Statistics for each analysis are based
Cases Used on cases with no missing data for any
variable in the analysis.
ONEWAY rlp1 rlp2 BY na2
/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES
EFFECTS
Syntax
/PLOT MEANS
/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC=TUKEY ALPHA(0.05).
Processor Time 00:00:00.56
Resources
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.61

13
[DataSet1]
Warnings
Post hoc tests are not performed for rlp1 because at least one group has
fewer than two cases.
Post hoc tests are not performed for rlp2 because at least one group has
fewer than two cases.

Descriptives
N Mean Std. Std. 95% Confidence Minimu Maxim Between-
Deviation Error Interval for Mean m um Compone
Lower Upper nt
Bound Bound Variance

2 17 3.71 .985 .239 3.20 4.21 2 5

3 17 3.88 .857 .208 3.44 4.32 2 5
4 103 4.11 1.009 .099 3.91 4.30 1 9
5 62 4.06 1.099 .140 3.79 4.34 1 5
rlp1 9 1 9.00 . . . . 9 9
Total 200 4.07 1.080 .076 3.91 4.22 1 9
Fixed Effects 1.025 .072 3.92 4.21
Mod
Random
el .273 3.31 4.82 .185
Effects
2 17 3.41 .939 .228 2.93 3.89 2 5
3 17 3.47 .800 .194 3.06 3.88 2 4
4 103 3.95 .984 .097 3.76 4.14 2 9
5 62 3.90 .762 .097 3.71 4.10 1 5
rlp2 9 1 9.00 . . . . 9 9
Total 200 3.88 .982 .069 3.74 4.01 1 9
Fixed Effects .902 .064 3.75 4.00
Mod
Random
el .308 3.02 4.73 .241
Effects

ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 27.294 4 6.823 6.495 .000

rlp1 Within Groups 204.861 195 1.051

Total 232.155 199

Between Groups 33.345 4 8.336 10.254 .000

rlp2 Within Groups 158.530 195 .813

Total 191.875 199

14