A - Comment on the effectiveness of these development strategies of the

country (nhận xét về hiệu quả chiến lược phát triển về mặt công nghệ lên
những quốc gia trên)
1. USA
- In 2021, the United States tech sector contributed around 1.8trillion U.S.
dollars to the country's overall gross domestic product (GDP), making up
approximately 9.3 percent of total GDP. Since 2018, the tech sector's yearly
percentage of total GDP has remained relatively consistent.

2. China
- By 2017, tech accounted for as large a share of output in China as in Germany.
A Tufts University survey ranked China the world’s most rapidly evolving
digital economy. Visa’s CEO quoted a Beijing regulator saying 18 months
earlier, the tech giants “were way too small to worry about, and now they’re
way too big to do anything about”.
- The available studies rely on data at least two years old and probably
understate China’s emergence as a tech power. It now spends $440 billion a
year on research and development, more than Europe does. Nine of the world’s
20 largest internet companies are Chinese.
3. Russia
- With technology and innovation increasingly becoming a new engine of
economic growth, the Russian Ministry of Economic Development expects the
country’s high-tech exports to grow to about 3.5 times their current level by
2020, reaching 240-330 billion rubles (US$4-6 billion), and then to rise further
to 400-670 billion rubles (or US$7-11 billion) by 2025. Only time will tell if
these goals could be realised. However, the recent growth of Russia’s
technology exports (especially software, which reached a record high in 2017,
and telecommunication, computer and IT services, which surpassed their
pre-crisis levels last year) is widely regarded as the first fruit of the boost the
country has given to its technology sector.
4. Japan
- In the last several years, Japan has undoubtedly become a leader in innovation
and technology. Japan's progress in automation, use of robots, and integration of
artificial intelligence with daily living is likely to continue to thrive better than
in many other advanced economies. It is a fascinating country which has
become a technological superpower being focused on the scope for
revolutionary development.

5. South Korea
- The Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2015 finds that over the
past 20 years, Korean R&D spending as a share of GDP has doubled to reach
one of the highest levels in the OECD area, at 4.15% in 2013, compared to an
OECD average of 2.4% (see graph).
As a percentage of GDP

Figure 1: Total expenditure on R&D, OECD and selected economies, 1995-2013

6. UAE
- The UAE has invested widely in developing a first-class IT infrastructure, thus
contributing to science and technology-based innovations. The country
currently ranks high in international indices measuring Networked Readiness
and internet penetration, with highly connected schools and universities in all
areas.

References
1. USA : https://www.statista.com/statistics/1239480/united-states-leading-
states-by-tech-contribution-to-gross-product/
2. China : https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/how-
technology-saved-chinas-economy-outsiders-focus-on-how-china-is-using-tech-
to-create-a-surveillance-state-but-it-has-also-created-a-new-engine-of-growth/
3. Russia : https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MzgyODQ0Mzgz
4. Japan : https://newsonjapan.com/html/newsdesk/article/124622.php
5. Korea : https://www.oecd.org/industry/korea-leading-in-technologies-
that-have-potential-for-future-growth.htm
6. UAE : https://u.ae/-/media/Science-Technology-and-Innovation-
Policy.ashx