Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Krishnam Final
Krishnam Final
Note
1. Low titre of IgM antibodies to S.typhi may persist for about 4 months post infection in endemic areas
2. All results to be clinically correlated
Comment
Accurate diagnosis of Typhoid fever at an early stage is not only important for etiological diagnosis, but also to
identify and treat potential carriers and prevent acute typhoid fever outbreaks. The conventional Widal test
detects antibodies to S.typhi in patient serum from the second week of onset of symptoms whereas early rising
antibodies predominantly IgM in nature detected by this assay serve as a marker for recent infection.
Interpretation
Note: Recommended test is NS1 Antigen by ELISA in the first 5 days of fever. After 7-10 days of fever, the
PatientReportSCSuperPanel.SP_GENERAL_TEMPLATE01_SC (Version: 7)
Page 1 of 7
Plot #51 opp. Jyothi Nivas College,
5th Block, Koramangala
Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560095
Comments
Dengue viruses belong to the family Flaviviridae and have 4 subtypes (1-4). Dengue virus is transmitted by
the mosquito Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, widely distributed in Tropical and Subtropical areas of the
world. Dengue is considered to be the most important arthropod borne viral disease due to the human
morbidity and mortality it causes. The disease may be subclinical, self limiting, febrile or may progress to a
severe form of Dengue hemorrhagic fever or Dengue shock syndrome
Comments
CRP is an acute phase reactant which is used in inflammatory disorders for monitoring course and effect of
therapy. It is most useful as an indicator of activity in Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatic fever, tissue injury or
necrosis and infections. As compared to ESR, CRP shows an earlier rise in inflammatory disorders which
begins in 4-6 hrs, the intensity of the rise being higher than ESR and the recovery being earlier than ESR.
Unlike ESR, CRP levels are not influenced by hematologic conditions like Anemia, Polycythemia etc.
CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS ANTIBODY, IgM Negative
(ICT)
Note: 1. Negative result does not exclude the possibility of exposure to Chikungunya virus
2. False negative results are seen if IgM antibody is below the detectable limit or is absent during
the stage of the disease in which specimen has been collected.
3. All results to be clinically correlated
4. Test conducted on serum
Comments
Chikungunya is a viral infection transmitted by the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito. Symptoms are very similar to
those of Dengue fever, but unlike Dengue there is no hemorrhagic or shock syndrome. The disease is characterized by rash,
fever and severe joint pain (arthralgia). Laboratory diagnosis is critical to establish the cause and initiate specific public
health response.
PatientReportSCSuperPanel.SP_GENERAL_TEMPLATE01_SC (Version: 7)
Page 2 of 7
Plot #51 opp. Jyothi Nivas College,
5th Block, Koramangala
Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560095
Note: 1. Titres 1:80 and above of “O” antigen & 1:160 and above of “H” antigen are significant
2. Rising titres are significant
3. The recommended Widal test is by Tube Agglutination Method
Comments
This test measures somatic O and flagellar H antibodies against Typhoid and Paratyphoid bacilli. The
agglutinins usually appear at the end of the first week of infection and increase steadily till third / fourth
week after which the decline starts. A positive Widal test may occur because of typhoid vaccination or
previous typhoid infection and in certain autoimmune diseases. Non specific febrile disease may cause
this titre to increase (anamnestic reaction). The test may be falsely negative in cases of Enteric fever
treated with antibiotics in the early stages. The recommended test specially in the first week after infection
is Blood Culture.
PatientReportSCSuperPanel.SP_GENERAL_TEMPLATE01_SC (Version: 7)
Page 3 of 7
Plot #51 opp. Jyothi Nivas
College, 5th Block, Koramangala
Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560095
PatientReportSCSuperPanel.GENERAL_METHOD_SC (Version: 6)
Page 4 of 7
Plot #51 opp. Jyothi Nivas
College, 5th Block, Koramangala
Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560095
Page 5 of 7
Plot #51 opp. Jyothi Nivas
College, 5th Block, Koramangala
Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560095
ESR 8 mm/hr 0 - 15
(Capillary photometry)
Note
1. As per the recommendation of International council for Standardization in Hematology, the differential leucocyte
counts are additionally being reported as absolute numbers of each cell in per unit volume of blood
Page 6 of 7
Plot #51 opp. Jyothi Nivas
College, 5th Block, Koramangala
Bengaluru,
Karnataka 560095
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS
*Test results released pertain to the specimen submitted.*All test results are dependent on the quality of the sample received by the Laboratory.
*Laboratory investigations are only a tool to facilitate in arriving at a diagnosis and should be clinically correlated by the Referring Physician.*Sample
repeats are accepted on request of Referring Physician within 7 days post reporting.*Report delivery may be delayed due to unforeseen
circumstances. Inconvenience is regretted.*Certain tests may require further testing at additional cost for derivation of exact value. Kindly submit
request within 72 hours post reporting.*Test results may show interlaboratory variations.*The Courts/Forum at Delhi shall have exclusive jurisdiction
in all disputes/claims concerning the test(s) & or results of test(s).*Test results are not valid for medico legal purposes. *Contact
customer care Tel No. +91-11-39885050 for all queries related to test results.
(#) Sample drawn from outside source.
PatientReportCategory.MICRO_AEROBIC (Version: 6)
Page 7 of 7