Nexus : Journal of Innovative Studies of Engineering Science ( JISES )

Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | 2023 ISSN: 2751-7578

http://innosci.org/

Analysis of Various Roofs and Roofs

Makhmudova Firuza Ibraimovna

Teacher of the "Engineering graphics and computer design" department, Samarkand State
University of Architecture and Construction

Annotation: The coating transfers the load from snow, wind (live load) and its own weight
to the walls and individual supports (permanent load). It consists of rafters (reinforced concrete or
wood) and roof trusses (reinforced concrete, wood, steel) or frames, vaults, arches, etc. The
coating is calculated on strength and stability.
Key words: Attic, attic, rafters, Mauerlat.

The roof consists of two constructive parts: the bearing - covering and the upper, carried - the
roof. The roof consists of the roof itself (the uppermost waterproof shell), the base under the roof
in the form of a crate of wooden bars and a boardwalk or a cement (asphalt) layer on a reinforced
concrete base.
The correct constructive solution of the roof, including the determination of its shape, is an
important condition for its durability, industriality, and economy.
Roofs are divided into attic and non-attic. Attic roofs, in turn, share:
 according to the thermal regime on the roofs – with a cold and warm attic or with an open attic
 according to the method of removing air from the exhaust ventilation of the building - on roofs
with the release of air from the ventilation to the outside (cold attic) and the release of air from
the ventilation into the attic space (warm attic) (Fig. 1.);

(Fig. 1.); Attic roof

 according to the design of the coating - from reinforced concrete slabs of the coating (without
thermal insulation or with insulation) or from monolithic concrete (also with or without
insulation).

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Nexus : Journal of Innovative Studies of Engineering Science ( JISES )
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | 2023 ISSN: 2751-7578
http://innosci.org/

The attic floor provides thermal protection of the premises of the upper floor in cold weather. The
engineering equipment of the building (central heating pipes, ventilation boxes) is placed in the
attic room, and dormer windows are arranged for lighting and air exchange.
To ensure the flow of water, the roofs are made in the form of inclined planes - slopes. Depending
on the slope of the slope, the roofs are divided into pitched (with a slope of more than 5%), low-
slope (2.5-5%) and flat (up to 2.5%). Each type of roofing material has its own optimal and
maximum slopes. So, the minimum slopes of roofs from rolled two-layer roofing materials are
15%, from sheet roofing steel - 29%, from tiles - 50%.
The protrusions of the roof at the outer walls are called the overhang. On the slopes, water is
diverted to the roof overhang and discharged to the ground directly or with the help of gutters and
downpipes.
In low-rise construction, attic pitched roofs with external water drainage are usually used, in
multi-storey construction - combined coatings and internal gutters.
The outlines of the building in plan are determined by the forms of attic pitched roofs, which
depend on the material and mainly on the requirements of architectural expressiveness.
Roofs can be one-, two-, four-pitched (hipped, hip, half-hip), including pyramidal and vaulted, as
well as multi-pitched (Fig. 2.).

Fig. 2. Roof types:

A gable roof is a form that has been used at all times, proving the right to exist, both from a
constructive and architectural point of view. The most common form of pitched roof.
Palm roof - emphasizes the protective function of the roof and gives the house a representative
look. Dormer windows are used as an accent, which improve the quality of housing. If an inclined
slope covers only the upper or lower part of the butt, it is called a half-hip.
Shed roof - the slope of the roof faces in an unfavorable direction from the point of view of
orientation.

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Nexus : Journal of Innovative Studies of Engineering Science ( JISES )
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | 2023 ISSN: 2751-7578
http://innosci.org/

The shape of the roof, which corresponds to the functional solution of the house - on the sunny
side there is a place for large windows that give light and solar heat.
Hip roof - a clear shape and lines ending at the top of the roof. The symmetrical view of the roof
from all four sides is its distinctive feature.
Mansard roof - provides maximum use of attic space.
The intersections of the slopes that form protruding corners are called ribs; the resulting incoming
corners - valleys, or grooves, the upper horizontal rib - a ridge (Fig. 3.).

Fig. 3. Roof parts

If the slopes overlap the end wall and act as an overhang, then a pediment is obtained. If the end
wall rises above the roof and protrudes above it in the form of a parapet, then a gable is obtained.
The tong may have ledges, straight inclined lines, profile lines such as volutes, etc. Within the
attic, living quarters are sometimes provided - attics, in which case the gable roof may have
additional ribs parallel to the ridge, and the slopes - a different slope.
The supporting structures of pitched roofs consist of the following elements (Fig. 4).
Rafters - the main supporting structure of the roof, which determines the number of slopes and
their angle of inclination. Rafters are layered and hanging.
Rafters are called verbal, the main elements of which are rafter legs, working as obliquely laid
beams. Their length should be no more than 6.5 m (the maximum length of standard lumber), and
the distance between the supports should not exceed 5 m. Laminated rafters consist of rafter legs,
a ridge run resting on racks, which, in turn, rely on the lower run of transverse and longitudinal
struts.
The simplest type of layered rafters is used for pitched roofs. The rafter legs rest on horizontal
bars - Mauerlats, laid along the upper edge of the walls and serving to evenly distribute the load
from the rafter legs onto the wall.
Gable rafters are used if there are supports inside the building. Beds are laid along the internal
supports, if the internal wall serves as a support, or girders, if the supports are separate. They are
installed along hooks or beds after 3-4 racks, which serve as supports for the upper ridge run.
Rafter legs rest on the run and Mauerlats.

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Nexus : Journal of Innovative Studies of Engineering Science ( JISES )
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | 2023 ISSN: 2751-7578
http://innosci.org/

To give rigidity in the longitudinal direction, struts are brought to the upper run, which makes it
possible to reduce its cross section and lighten it.

Fig. 4. The main elements of the roof

If the upper run does not coincide with the roof ridge, a horizontal scrum is introduced to stiffen
the structure in the transverse direction. When the rafter leg spans more than 4.8 m, a brace is
brought under it. Rafter legs are attached with wire twists to crutches (or ruffs) hammered into the
wall.
In four-slope roofs, there are usually two hip slopes. The hip slope is formed at the intersection of
the slopes. At the intersections, diagonal (sloping) rafter legs are installed. Shortened rafter legs
are cut into them - pastry makers leaning on a Mauerlat.
Roof trusses (triangular, polygonal, segmental) as a supporting structure of the roof are arranged
in buildings of considerable width, where there are no internal supports. The roof truss is a load-
bearing element of the roof in the form of a flat lattice through system of rods connected to each
other at the ends. Rafter forms are divided according to material (wooden, reinforced concrete and
steel) and shape (triangular, polygonal, segmental, etc.).
Hanging rafters are the simplest type of truss truss, where sloping truss legs (upper chord of the
truss) transfer thrust to tightening (lower chord of the truss). Hanging rafters cover spans up to 12
m. In roofs with hanging rafters, attic floors are suspended from the lower belt of the truss on strip
steel clamps. Such an overlap is called a false ceiling.
Suspended ceilings are a characteristic element of the interior of a public building. They hide
unattractive-looking engineering communications, bearing elements of the floor (beams, trusses),
give the room new proportions, rhythm.
A suspended ceiling made of porous materials is used to create an acoustic climate. Rigid dense
material enhances the sound in the room. For universal halls, a suspended ceiling is used in the
form of movable shields, which, like reflective screens, can be used to adjust the acoustics of the
hall.
In the false ceiling, fixtures are often placed, hidden in the structure, semi-hidden or open,
depending on the architect's intent. A false ceiling made of transparent or translucent materials can
have the effect of a luminous ceiling if the fixtures are placed above it. Sometimes false ceilings
are made insulated to reduce the heated space.

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Nexus : Journal of Innovative Studies of Engineering Science ( JISES )
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | 2023 ISSN: 2751-7578
http://innosci.org/

The design of suspended ceilings consists of a supporting frame (usually made of metal pipes,
angles, tees, channels, etc.) and its filling (tiles, slats, sheets). The design of suspended ceilings
consists of a supporting frame (usually made of metal pipes, angles, tees, channels, etc.) and its
filling (tiles, slats, sheets). The frame is suspended from the reinforced concrete floor with the help
of hangers, which are laid in the seams between the prefabricated reinforced concrete floor slabs
during installation and fastened by welding to the embedded parts of the floor or shot with dowels.
Gypsum or particle boards, akmigran and akminit boards, metal sheets, as-bestos cement sheets,
etc. are used as load-bearing elements of a suspended ceiling or its filling.
In the construction of sound-absorbing ceilings, mineral wool boards, perforated gypsum and
metal boards, as well as Akmigran boards and two-layer boards with a front perforated layer of
mineral wool board and fiberboard are used.
Light ceilings are made on lattices of aluminum, plastic or wood, filling - from wavy or smooth
sheets of plexiglass, reinforced glass, various translucent plastics.
Atticless roofs may have separate or combined coating design (Fig. 5.). With the beginning of the
development of panel housing construction, non-attic combined roofs were used, which were
carried out in construction conditions.
This design is characterized by low performance, due to the possible soaking of the insulation
during its production and massive leaks during operation.
The option of a separate design of a combined roof does not significantly improve its
performance.
The durability and beauty of the roof depends on the choice of roofing materials. They can be
conditionally divided according to the type of feedstock (organic, mineral); type of binder
(bituminous, tar, etc.); structure (integumentary, non-integumentary); the presence of a basis
(basic and non-basic).
Finally, in terms of shape and appearance:
 piece (sheet) - asbestos-cement sheets, tiles, sheet steel, clay tiles, wood roofing materials
(boards, tiles, shingles);
 rolled - roofing glassine, roofing felt, roofing roofing felt, hydroisol;
 mastic - bituminous, tar materials used for seamless roofs.

Fig. 5. Atticless roofs may have

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Nexus : Journal of Innovative Studies of Engineering Science ( JISES )
Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | 2023 ISSN: 2751-7578
http://innosci.org/

The greatest distribution in mass construction in the second half of the XX century. received roofs
from corrugated asbestos-cement sheets. Sheets are overlapped on a crate of bars. Such roofs are
easy to install, durable, lightweight, non-flammable, have a small number of seams, and are quite
decorative. The disadvantages of such a roof are fragility, the appearance of cracks under
mechanical stress and temperature deformations, as well as their non-environmental friendliness
recognized today.
Roofs made of flat asbestos-cement sheets of various sizes, laid on a deck of boards 25 mm thick,
up to 120 mm wide, are durable, lightweight, non-flammable, but they have more seams, which
requires a steeper slope of 30–45 °.
Asbestos-cement hollow insulated slabs are used to cover industrial buildings. The main type of
slabs consists of two asbestos-cement sheets, connected at the edges with aluminum rivets with
insulation inside.
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Volume: 02 Issue: 03 | 2023 ISSN: 2751-7578
http://innosci.org/

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