Important Formulas For JEE (Main and Advanced) - Download The PDF

Chemistry JEE Chemistry (Main and Advance)– PDFs
Chemistry JEE (Main and Advance) Formula
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• Estimation of closet distance of approach (derivation) of  - particle:
4KZe2
R=
mV 2
• The radius of a nucleus: R = R0 ( A)1/3 cm
hc
• Planck’s Quantum theory: energy of one photon = hv =

1
• Photoelectric effect: hv = hv0 + me v 2
2
• Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms:
h
1. mvr = n (Quantization of angular momentum)
2
E1 2 −18 z2 −2 2 me 4
2. En = − z = 2.178  10 J/atom= 13.6 eV ; E1 =
n2 n2 n2
n2 h2 0.529  n 2
3. rn =  2 2 = 
Z 4 e m Z
2 ze2 2.18 106  z

4. v = = m/s
nh n
• De-Broglie wavelength:
h h
= = (for proton)
mc p
Wavelength of emitted photon:
JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 1

1  1 1 
= v = RZ 2  2 − 2 
  n1 n2 
• No. of photons emitted by a sample of H atoms:
n ( n + 1)
2
• Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:
h h h
x.p  or m.v  or x.v 
4 4 4 m
• Quantum numbers:
❖ Principal quantum number (n)=1,2,3,4…to  .
nh
❖ Orbital angular momentum of electron in any orbit =
2
❖ Azimuthal quantum number ( ) = 0,1,...to ( n − 1) .
❖ Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1 .
❖ Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2  ( 2 + 1) .
h  h 
❖ Orbital angular momentum L = ( + 1) = h ( + 1)  = 2  .
2
STOICHIOMETRY
Mass of one atom of an element

= =
1
 mass of one carbonatom
➢ Relative atomic mass (R.A.M) 12
Total Number of nucleons.
➢ Y-Map

➢ Density:
density of the substance

Specific gravity =
density of water at 4 C
➢ For gases:
Molar mass of the gas PM

=  =
• Absolute density (mass/volume) Molar volume of the gas RT .
d gas PM gas / RT M gas M gas

= = = =
d H2 PM H 2 / RT M H2 2
• Vapour density V.D.
• M gas = 2 V.D .
➢ Mole-mole analysis:
➢ Concentration terms:
Morality (M):
w 1000
(M ) =
Morality= ( Mol.wt of solute )  Vinml
Molality(m):
number of moles of solute

= 1000 = 1000w1 / M1w 2
Molality = mass of solvent in gram
➢ Mole fraction (x):

n
( x1 ) = 
 Mole fraction of solution n+ N Mole fraction of solvent
N
( x2 ) =
n + N x1 + x2 = 1 .
➢ % calculation:
mass of solute in gm
(i) %w / w = 100
mass of solution in gm
mass of solute in gm
%w / v = 100
(ii) mass of solution in ml
Volume of solution in ml
%v / v = 100.
(iii) Volume of solution
➢ Derive the following conversion:
x2  1000
M=
1. Mole fraction of solute into molarity of solution x1M1 + M 2 x2
MM1 1000
x2 =
2. Molarity into mole fraction  1000 − MM 2 .
x2 1000
m=
3. Mole fraction into molality x1M1 .
mM1
x2 =
4. Molality into mole fraction 1000 + m1
m 1000
M=
5. Molality into molarity 1000 + mM 2
M 1000
m=
6. Molarity into Molality 1000  − M 2

M1
and M 2 are molar masses of solvent and solute.  is density of solution
(gm / mL)
M= Molarity (mole/lit.), m = Molality (mole /kg), x1 = Mole fraction of
solvent, x2 = Mole fraction of solute.
➢ Average/Mean atomic mass:
a1 x1 + a2 x2 +. + an xn
Ax =
100
➢ Mean molar mass or molecular mass:

j =n
n M + n M +.nn M n
n M
j =1
j j
M avg. = 1 1 2 2 or M avg. = j =n
n1 + n2 +.nn
n
j =1
j
➢ Calculation of individual oxidation number:
Formula: Oxidation Number = number of electrons in the valence shell -
number of electrons left after bonding.
➢ Concept of equivalent weight/mass:
Atomic weight
(E) =
For element, equivalent weight (E)= Valency -factor
M
E=
For acid/base, Basicity / Acidity Where M= Molar mass
M
E=
For O.A/R.A, no. of moles of e − gained /lost

Atomic or moleculear weight

(E) =
➢ Equivalent weight v.f. (v.f. = valency
factor)
❖ Concept of number of equivalents:
Wt W W
= = =
No. of equivalents of solute Eq.wt E M / n
No. of equivalents of solute = No. of moles of solute v. f .
➢ Normality (N) :
Number of equivalents of solute

(N ) =
Normality Volume of solution (in litres)
Normality = Molarity  v.f.
➢ Calculation of valency Factor:

+
n -factor of acid = basicity = no. of H ion(s) furnished per molecule of
the acid.
−
n -factor of base = acidity = no. of OH ion(s) furnised by the base per
molecule.
➢ At equivalence point:
N1V1 = N 2 V2
n1M1V1 = n 2 M 2 V2
➢ Volume strength of H2O2:

20V H2O2 means one liter of this sample of H 2O 2 on decomposition gives
20 It. of O2 gas at S.T.P.
Volume strength of H 2O2

Normality of H 2 O2 ( N ) =
5.6
Volume strength of H 2O2
Morality of H 2 O2 ( M ) =
11.2
➢ Measurement of Hardness :
mass of CaCO3
Hardness in ppm =  106
Total mass of water
➢ Calculation of available chlorine from a sample of bleaching powder:
3.55  x  V(mL)
Cl2 =
% of W(g) where x = molarity of hypo solution and
v = mm . of hypo solution used in titration.
GAEOUS STATE
➢ Temperature scale:
C −O K − 273 F − 32 R − R(O)
= = = where R = Temp. on unknown scale.
100 − 0 373 − 273 212 − 32 R(100) − R(O)
➢ Boyle’s law and measurement of pressure:
1
V
At constant temperature, P
1 1 = PV
PV 2 2
➢ Charles law:

V1 V2
=
At constant pressure, V T or T1 T2
➢ Gay-lussac’s law:
At constant volume, P T
P1 P2
= → temp on absolute scale
T1 T2
➢ Ideal gas equation:
PV = nRT
w d
PV = RT or P = RT or Pm = dRT
m m
➢ Daltons law of partial pressure:
n1 RT n RT n RT
P1 = , P2 = 2 , P3 = 3 and so on.
v v v
Total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 + .....
Partial pressure = mole fraction  Total pressure
➢ Amagat's law of partial volume:
V = V1 + V2 + V3 +
➢ Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture:
Total mass of mixture n M +n M +n M

M mix = = 1 1 2 2 3 3
Total no. of moles in mixture n1 + n2 + n3
➢ Graham's Law:
1
Rate of diffusion r  ; d= density of gas
d

r1 d2 M2 V  D2
= = =
r2 d1 M1 V  D1
➢ Kinetic Theory of Gases :
1
PV = mNU 2 Kinetic equation of gases
3
1  3 3
= N A  mU 2  = KN AT = RT
Average K.E. for one mole 2  2 2
❖ Root mean square speed
3RT
U rms = molar mass must be in kg / mole.
M
❖ Average speed:
U av = U1 + U 2 + U 3 + ..... + U N
8RT 8KT
U avg = =
m m
K is Boltzmann constant.
❖ Most probable speed:
2 RT 2 KT
U MPS = =
M m
➢ Vander wall's equation:
 an 2 
 P + 2 
(v − nb) = nRT
 v 
➢ Critical constants
a 8a
Vc = 3b, Pc = 2
, TC =
27b 27 Rb

➢ Vander wall equation in virial form :
 b b 2 b3  a 1  a  b
2
b3
Z = 1 + + 2 + 3 +.  − = 1+  b −  + 2 + 3 + .....
 Vm Vm Vm  Vm RT Vm  RT  Vm Vm
➢ Reduced Equation of state:
 3 
 Pr + 2  ( 3Vr − 1) = 8Tr
 Vr 
THERMODYNAMICS
➢ Thermodynamic process:
1. Isothermal process: T = constant
dT = 0
T = 0
2. Isochoric process: V = constant
dV = 0
V = 0
3. Isobaric process: P = constant
dP = 0
P = 0
4. Adiabatic process: q = 0
or heat exchange with the surrounding = 0 (zero)

➢ IUPAC Sign convention about Heat and Work :
Work done on the system = Positive
Work done by the system = Negative
➢ 1st law of thermodynamics
U = (U 2 − U1 ) = q + w
➢ Law of equitation of energy:
f
U= nRT
2 (only for ideal gas)
f
E = nR ( T )
2
where f = degrees of freedom for that gas. (Translational + Rotational)
f=3 for monoatomic
=5 for diatomic or linear polyatomic
=6 for non-linear polyatomic
➢ Calculation of heat (q):
Total heat capacity:
q dq
CT = = = J / C
T dT
➢ Molar heat capacity
q dq
C= = = Jmole −1 K −1
nT ndT
R R
CP = CV =
 −1  −1

➢ Specific heat capacity (s):
q dq
S= = = Jgm −1 K −1
mT mdT
➢ Work done (w):
❖ Isothermal Reversible expansion/compression of an ideal gas:
W = −nRT ln ( Vt N) )
❖ Reversible and irreversible isochoric processes:
Since dV = 0
dW = − Pext  dV = 0
So,
❖ Reversible isobaric process:
W = P (V f − V)
❖ Adiabatic reversible expansion:
 T2V2 −1 = TV
1 1
 −1
❖ Reversible Work:
P2V2 − PV nR (T2 − T1 )
W= 1 1
=
 −1  −1
❖ Irreversible Work:
2 2 − PV
PV nR (T2 − T1 ) PV PV
W= 1 1
= nCv (T2 − T1 ) = − Pext (V2 − V1 ) and use 1 1 = 2 2
 −1  −1 T1 T2
➢ Free expansion - Always going to be irreversible and since Pext = 0
so dW = −Pext . dV = 0

If no. heat is supplied q = 0
then E = 0 so T = 0 .
➢ Application of 1st Law :
U = Q + W  W = − PV
U = Q − PV
➢ Constant volume process:
Heat given at constant volume = change in internal energy
 du = (dq) v
du = nCv dT
1 du f
Cv =  = R
n dT 2
➢ Constant pressure process:
H= Enthalpy (state function and extensive property)
H = U + PV
 C p − Cv = R
(only for ideal gas)
➢ Second Law Of Thermodynamics:
Suniverse = Ssystem + Ssurrounding  0

for a spontaneous process.

➢ Entropy (S):
B dqq rev
Ssystem = 
A T
➢ Entropy calculation for an ideal gas undergoing a process:

irr
→
sirr
State A State B
P1 ,V1 , T1 P2 ,V2 , T2
T2 V
Ssystem = ncv ln + nR ln 2
T1 V1 (only for an ideal gas)
➢ Third Law Of Thermodynamics:
The entropy of perfect crystals of all pure elements & compounds is zero
at the absolute zero of temperature.
Gibb's free energy (G) : (State function and an extensive property)
Gsystem = Hsystem − TSsystem
➢ Criteria of spontaneity:
(i) If Gsystem is (−ve)  0  process is spontaneous
(ii) (ii) If Gsystem is  0  process is non spontaneous
(iii) If Gsystem = 0  system is at equilibrium

➢ Physical interpretation of G :
→ The maximum amount of non-expansional (compression) work which
can be performed.
G = dwnon-exp = dH − TdS.
➢ Standard Free Energy Change ( G )


1. G = −2.303RT log10 K
0
2. At equilibrium G = 0 .
3. The decrease in free energy (−G ) is given as
V2
−G = Wnet = 2.303nRT log10
V1 .
4. G f for elemental state = 0

0
G 0f = G 0products − G 0Reac tants

5.
➢ Thermochemistry:
Change in standard enthalpy
H = H0m,2 − H0m,1
= heat added at constant pressure. = Cp T .
Hproducts  Hreactants
If

→ Reaction should be endothermic as we have to give extra heat to
Hproducts  Hreactants
reactants to get these converted into products and if
→ Reaction will be exothermic as extra heat content of reactants will
be released during the reaction.
Hreactions = Hproducts − Hreactants

➢ Enthalpy change of a reaction :
Hreaction = Hproducts − Hreactants
= positive –endothermic
= negative - exothermic
➢ Temperature Dependence Of H : (Kirchhoff’s equation):
For a constant volume reaction
H2 = H1 + Cp ( T2 − T1 )
where Cp = Cp (products) −Cp (reactants)
For a constant volume reaction
E02 = E10 +  CV  dT
➢ Enthalpy of Reaction from Enthalpies of Formation:
The enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by

H ro =  vB H of , products −  vB H of , reactants v B
is the stoichiometric
coefficient.
➢ Estimation of Enthalpy of a reaction from bond Enthalpies:
 Enthalpy required to   Enthalpy released to 

   
H =  break reactants into  −  form products from the 
 gasesous atoms   gasesous atoms 
   
➢ Resonance Energy
Hresonance = Hf , experimental − Hf, calclulated
= Hc , calculated − Hc , experimental
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
➢ At equilibrium:
(i) Rate of forward reaction = rate of backward reaction
(ii) Concentration (mole/liter) of reactant and product becomes
constant
(iii) G = 0
Q = Keq
(iv)
➢ Equilibrium constant ( K ) :
rate constant of forward reaction K

K= = f
rate constant of backward reaction Kb

➢ Equilibrium constant in terms of concentration ( c )

K
Kf [C ]c [D]d
= KC =
Kb [A]a [B]b
➢ Equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure (K )

p
P  P 
c d
KP = C a D b
 PA   PB 
➢ Equilibrium constant in terms of mole fraction ( x )

K
xCc xDd
Kx =
x aA xBb
➢ Relation between K p & KC
K p = K c  (RT) n
➢ Relation between K p & K x
K P = K x (P)n
K2 H  1 1 
❖ log =  −  ; H = Enthalpy of reaction
K1 2.303R  T1 T2 
➢ Relation between equilibrium constant & standard free energy change:

G 0 = −2.303RT log K
➢ Reaction Quotient (Q) :
[C ]c [ D]d
Q=
The values of expression [ A]a [ B]b
➢ Degree of Dissociation ( ) :
 = no. of moles dissociated / initial no. of moles taken
= fraction of moles dissociated out of 1 mole
❖ Note: %dissociation =  100
➢ Observed molecular weight and Observed Vapor Density of the mixture:
Observed molecular weight of
molecular weight of equilibriummixture

An ( g ) =
totalno. of moles
D−d M − M0
= = T
(n − 1)  d (n − 1) M 0
➢ External factor affecting equilibrium:
❖ Le Chatelier's Principle:

If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a disturbance or stress that
changes any of the factors that determine the state of equilibrium, the
system will react in such a way as to minimize the effect of the
disturbance.
➢ Effect of concentration:
❖ If the concentration of reactant is increased at equilibrium then reaction
shift in the forward direction.
❖ If the concentration of product is increased then equilibrium shifts in the
backward direction.
➢ Effect of volume:
❖ If volume is increased pressure decreases hence reaction will shift in the
direction in which pressure increases that is in the direction in which
number of moles of gases increases and vice versa.
❖ If volume is increased then, for
n  0 reaction will shift in the forward direction

n  0 reaction will shift in the backward direction
n = 0 reaction will not shift.
➢ Effect of pressure

If pressure is increased at equilibrium then reaction will try to decrease
the pressure, hence it will shift in the direction in which less no. of moles
of gases are formed.
➢ Effect of inert gas addition:
(i) Constant pressure:
If inert gas is added then to maintain the pressure constant, volume is
increased. Hence equilibrium will shift in the direction in which larger
no. of moles of gas is formed.
n  0 reaction will shift in the forward direction

n  0 reaction will shift in the backward direction
n = 0 reaction will not shift.
(ii) Constant volume:
Inert gas addition has no effect at constant volume.
➢ Effect of Temperature
Equilibrium constant is only dependent upon the temperature.
1 H 
=−
If plot of nk vs T is plotted then it is a straight line with slope R ,
S
=
and intercept R
❖ For endothermic (H  0) reaction value of the equilibrium constant
increases with the rise in temperature.

❖ For exothermic (H  0) reaction, value of the equilibrium constant
decreases with increase in temperature
❖ For H  0 , reaction shifts in the forward direction with increase in
temperature
❖ For H  0 , reaction shifts in the backward direction with increases in
temperature
❖ If the concentration of reactant is increased at equilibrium then reaction
shift in the forward direction
❖ If the concentration of product is increased then equilibrium shifts in the
backward direction
➢ Vapor Pressure of Liquid:
Partialpressure of H2O vapours

=
Relative Humidity Vapour pressure of H2O at that temp.
➢ Thermodynamics of Equilibrium:
G = G0 + 2.303RT log10 Q
K  H 0  1 1 
log  1  =  − 
Vant Hoff equation-  K 2  2.303R  T2 T1 
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
➢ OSTWALD DILUTION LAW:

Dissociation constant of weak acid
 H +   A −  [C ][C ] C 2
( Ka ) , Ka = = =
[HA] C(1 −  ) 1 − 
Ka
= = Ka V
If  1 , then 1 −   1 or Ka = c or
2
C
Kb
=
Similarly for a weak base, c . Higher the value of K a / Kb , strong is
the acid / base
➢ Acidity and pH scale
a H+ +
 pH = − log a H+ (where is the activity of H ions = molar concentration
for dilute solution)
[Note : pH can also be negative or  14 ]
pH = − log  H +  ;  H +  = 10− pH
pOH = − log OH −  ; OH −  = 10− pOH

pKa = − log Ka; Ka = 10− pKa
pKb = − log Kb; Kb = 10− pKb
➢ PROPERTIES OF WATER:
 H+  = OH− 
1. In pure water    so it is Neutral.
2. Moler concentration / Molarity of water = 55.56M .
3. Ionic product of water ( w ) :

K

K w =  H+  OH−  = 10−14 
at 25 (experimentally)
pH = 7 = pOH  neutral
pH  7 or pOH  7  acidic
pH  7 or pOH  7  Basic
4. Degree of dissociation of water:
no. of moles dissociated 10−7

= = = 18 10−10 −7
Total No. of molesinitiallytaken 55.55 or 1.8 10 % .
5. Absolute dissociation constant water:
 H +  OH −  10−7 10−7

Ka = Kb = = = 1.8 10−16
 H 2O 55.55
( )
pKa = pK b = − log 1.8 10−16 = 16 − log1.8 = 15.74
K a  K b = H+  OH −  = K w
 Note: for a conjugate acid- base pairs
pK a + pK b = pK w = 14 
at 25 C .
+
p Ka
of H3O ions = −1.74
−
pK b
of OH ions = −1.74 .
➢ - pH Calculations of Different Types of Solutions:
(i) Strong acid solution

−6
(i) If concentration is greater than 10 M

+
In this case H ions coming from water can be neglected
−6
(ii) If concentration is less than 10 M
+
In this case H ions coming from water cannot be neglected
(ii) Strong base solution:
OH − 
Using similar method as in part (a) calculate first  and then use
H+   OH−  = 10−14
(iii) pH of mixture of two strong acids .:
Number of H ions from I-solution = N1 V1

+
Number of H ions from II-solution = N 2 V2

+
N1 V1 + N 2 V2
 H+  = N =
V1 + V2
(iv) pH of mixture of two strong bases:
N1 V1 + N2 V2
OH−  = N =
V1 + V2
(v) pH of mixture of a strong acid and a strong base:
If N1 V1  N 2 V2 , then solution will be acidic in nature and
N1 V1 − N 2 V2
 H +  = N =
V1 + V2
If N 2V2  N1V1 , then solution will be basic in nature and
N 2V2 − N1V1
OH −  = N =
V1 + V2

(vi) pH of a weak acid(monoprotic) solution :
 H +  [OH] C 2
Ka = =
[HA 1−
Ka
  1  (1 −  )  1  K a  C 2   = (
if C is valid if   0.1 or 10%)
 C    H+   pH 
On increasing the dilution and  
(vii) pH of a solution of a polyprotic weak acid :
pH =
1
2
(
pK a1 − log C )
➢ RELATIVE STRENGTH OF TWO ACIDS
 H +  furnished by I acid C11 k a1 c1

= =
 H +  furnished by II acid c2 2 k a 2 c2
(viii) pH of a mixture of two weak acid(both monoprotic) solutions :
* If water is again considered third weak acid in solution of two weak
acid then
 H+  = K a1C1 + K a 2C2 + K w
Cw Kaw = 10−14 = K w
H+  = C1 Ka1 + C2 Ka 2 + 10−14
(ix) pH of a mixture of weak acid(monoprotic) and a strong acid
solution:

H+  H+ 
If [SA] = C1 and [WA] = C2 , then   from SA = C1 and   from WA = C2
Let HA is a weak acid.
C1 + C12 + 4 K a  C2
 H +  =
2
H+ 
* If a strong acid of low conc is added in water then   of solution can
be calculated as
C1 + C12 + 4 K w
 H  =
+
2 .
➢ SALT HYDROLYSIS:
Salt of Types of kh h pH
hydrolysis
(a) weak acid anionic kw kw 1 1

7+ pk a + log c
ka kac 2 2
& strong base
Cationic kw kw 1 1
7− pk b − log c
kb k bc 2 2
(b) strong
acid & weak
base

both kw kw 1 1
7 + pk a − pk b
ka kb kakb 2 2
(c) weak acid
& weak base
(d) Strong pH = 7
acid & strong
base
➢ Hydrolysis of polyvalent anions or cations
For  3 4 
Na PO = C
.
K a1  K h3 = K w
.
K a1  K h 2 = K w
K a3  K h1 = K w
➢ Generally pH is calculated only using the first step Hydrolysis
Ch 2
K h1 =  Ch 2
1− h
k KW  K a 3
h = h1  OH −  = ch = kh1  c   H +  =
c C
1
pH =  pKW + pK a 3 + log C 
So, 2

➢ Hydrolysis of Amphiprotic Anion. (Cation is not Hydrolysed e.g.
NaHCO3
, NaHS, etc.)
 pK a1 + pK a 2 
pH ( HCO3− ) =  
 2 
− 2−
➢ Similarly for H2 PO4 and HPO4 amphiprotic anions
 pK a1 + pK a 2   pK a 2 + pK a3 
pH H PO− =   and pH HPO2− =  
( 2 4)  2 
( 4)  2 
ka 1 ka 2 ka3
H 3 PO 4 → H 2 PO 4 − → HPO 42− → PO 34−
ionization
1
H 3 PO 4 = ( pK a1 − log C )  K a1  Ka2 K a3
The pH of 2
1
pH of
NaH 2 PO 4 = ( pK a1 + pK a 2 )
2
1
pH of
Na 2 HPO 4 = ( pK a 2 + pK a3 )
2
1
pH of
Na 3 PO 4 = ( pKw + pKa 3 + log C ) 
2 Sec hydrolysis can neglect
➢ BUFFER SOLUTION:
(a) Acidic Buffer: e.g. CH 3COOH and CH3COONa . (weak acid and salt of its
conjugate base).

[Salt]
pH = pK a + log [Henderson sequation]
[Acid]
(b) Basic Buffer: e.g. NH 4OH + NH 4Cl . (weak base and salt of its conjugate
acid).
[ Salt ]
pOH = pK b + log
[ Base ]
➢ Buffer capacity (index):
Total no. of moles of acid /alkali added per litre

=
Buffer capacity Change in pH
dx (a + x)(b − x)
= = 2.303
Buffer capacity d pH a+b
➢ Indicator:
HIn H+ + In −
 Hln 
 H +  = k Hln  −
ln 
Or
 pH = pK Hln + log
 In − 
 pH=pK+log
ionised form
 Hln   Unionised form
➢ SIGNIFICANCE OF INDICATORS
Extent of reaction of different bases with acid (HCl) using two indicators :
Phenolphthalein Methyl orange

NaOH NaHCO3 100% 100% reaction is indicated

reaction is
indicated NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2O
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H 2O
Na 2 CO3 50% reaction up to NaHCO3 Na 2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H 2O + CO 2
stage is indicated 100% reaction is indicated
NaHCO3 Na 2CO3 + HCl → NaHCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H 2 O + CO2
No reaction is indicated 100% reaction is indicated
NaHCO3 +HCl → NaCl+H 2 O+CO2
➢ ISOELECTRIC POINT
 H +  = K a1 K a 2
pK a1 + pK a 2
pH =
2
➢ SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
KsP = ( xs) x ( ys) y = x x  y y  (s) x+ y
➢ CONDITION FOR PRECIPITATION
If ionic product K I.P  K SP precipitation occurs,
if K IIP = K SP saturated solution (precipitation just begins or is just
prevented).

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
➢ ELECTRODEPOTENTIAL
For any electrode → oxidiation potential = − Reduction potential
E cell =
R.P of cathode - R.P of anode
E cell =
R.P. of cathode + O.P of anode
E cell
is always a + ve quantity & Anode will be electrode of low R.P
ECell = SRP of cathode - SRP of anode.
Greater the SRP value greater will be oxidizing power
➢ GIBBS FREE ENERGY CHANGE
G = −nFEcell
G o = −nFE o cell
➢ NERNST EQUATION : (Effect of concentration and temp of an emf of
cell)
 G = G o + RT nQ (where Q is reaction quotient)
G o = − RT nK eq
RT
Ecell = E cell − nQ
nF
2.303RT
Ecell = E cell − log Q
nF
0.0591
Ecell = E cell − log Q  At 298K 
n

➢ At chemical equilibrium
G = 0; Ecell = 0
nE cell
log K eq =
0.0591
0.0591
E cell = log K eq
n
n+
For an electrode M(s) / M .
2.303RT 1
EM n+ / M = EM n+ / M  − log .
nF  M n + 
➢ CONCENTRATION CELL : A cell in which both the electrodes are
made up of same material.
For all concentration cell E0cell = 0 .
(a) Electrolyte Concentration Cell :
Zn( s ) / Zn 2+ ( c1 ) ‖ Zn 2+ ( c 2 ) / Zn( s )
eg.
0.0591 C
E= log 2
2 C1
(b) Electrode Concentration Cell :
Pt, H2 ( P1 atm ) / H + (1M ) / H 2 ( P2 atm ) / Pt

eg.
0.0591  P1 
E= log  
2  P2 

➢ DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRODES:
1. Metal-Metal ion Electrode
0.0591
M ( s ) / M n + . M n + + ne − → M ( s ) E = E 0 + log  M n + 
n
+
2. Gas-ion Electrode Pt / H2 (Patm) / H (XM)
1
PH2
1
H + (aq) + e− → H 2 ( Patm ) E = E  − 0.0591log +2
2  H 
as a reduction electrode
2+ 3+
3. Oxidation-reduction Electrode Pt / Fe , Fe
3+ − 2+
 Fe2+ 
Fe + e → Fe E = E − 0.0591log
0
 Fe3+ 
as a reduction electrode
−
4. Metal-Metal insoluble salt Electrode eg. Ag/AgCl, Cl
− −
as a reduction electrode AgCl(s) + e → Ag(s) + Cl
➢ ECl /AgCl/Ag = E Cl0 /AgCl/Ag − 0.0591log Cl− 

− −
➢ CALCULATION OF DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMICS FUNCTION
OF CELL REACTION
➢ G = −nFEcell
 dG 
➢ S = − (at constant pressure)
 dT  p
 d (G)  d 
S = −   = nF  ( Ecell ) 
➢  dT  P  dt p

 E 
 T  =
➢ p
Temperature cofficient of e.m.f of the cell
E = a + bT + CT 2 +
  E  
H = nF T   − E 

  T  p 
➢
➢ Cp of cell reaction
dH
Cp =
dT
d
Cp = ( H )
dT
d 2 Ecell
C p = nFT
dT 2
➢ ELECTROLYSIS:
K + ,Ca +2 ,Na + ,Mg +2 ,Al+3 ,Zn +2 ,Fe+2 ,H + ,Cu +2 ,Ag + ,Au +3

(a) →
Increasing order of depression
(b) Similarly the anion which is strogner reducing agent(low value of SRP) is
liberated first at the anode
➢ FARADAY'S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS:
➢ First Law:
w = zq w = Z it Z = Electrochemical equivalent of substance
➢ Second law

W W1 W2
W E = = = 
E constant E1 E 2
W i  t  current efficiency factor

=
E 96500
actual mass deposited/produced

= 100
➢ CURRENT EFFICIENCY Theoritical mass deposited/produced
➢ CONDITION FOR SIMULTANEOUS DEPOSITION OF Cu & Fe AT
CATHODE
0.0591 1 0.0591 1
E Cu 2+ / Cu
− log 2+ = E Fe 2+ / Fe
− log 2+
2 Cu 2 Fe
Condition for the simultaneous deposition of Cu & Fe on cathode
➢ CONDUCTANCE:
1
=
Conductance Resistance
➢ Specific conductance or conductivity:
1
K= K=
(Reciprocal of specific resistance)  specific conductance
➢ Equivalent conductance:
K 1000
E = unit : − ohm −1 cm 2eq −1
Normality
➢ Molar conductance:
K 1000
m = unit : − ohm −1 cm 2 mole −1
Molarity


specific conductance = conductance a
➢ KOHLRAUSCH'S LAW
➢ Variation of eq / M of a solution with concentration:
(a) Strong electrolyte
Mc = M − b c
(b) Weak electrolytes:  = n+ + + n−  where  is the molar conductivity
n+ =
No of cations obtained after dissociation per formula unit
n− =
No of anions obtained after dissociation per formula unit
➢ APPLICATION OF KOHLRAUSCH LAW :
1. Calculation of  M of weak electrolytes :

0
 0 M (CH COOHI ) =  0 M (CH COONa ) +  0 M ( HCI ) −  0 M ( NaCl )

3 3
2. To calculate degree of dissociation of a week electrolyte
mc c 2
= ; K eq =
m0 (1 −  )
3. Solubility (S) of sparingly soluble salt & their Ksp
1000
Mc = M = k 
solubility
K sp = S 2
❖ IONIC MOBILITY : It is the distance travelled by the ion per second

2 −1 −1
under the potential gradient of 1 volts per cm . It's unit is cm s v .

➢ Absolute ionic mobility :
c0  c ; a0  a
c0 = Fc0 ; a0 = F  a0 .
→ speed
v
=
(V / ) →potential garadient
Ionic Mobility speed
❖ Transport Number:
 c   a 
tc =   , ta =  .

 c +  a  
 a +  c
Where tc = Transport Number of cation & ta = Transport Number of
anion
SOLUTION AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
➢ OSMOTIC PRESSURE
(a)  =  gh
Where,  = density of soln., h = equilibrium height
(b) Vont - Hoff Formula (For calculation of O.P.)
 = CST
n
 = CRT = RT
V (just like ideal gas equation)
C = total conc. of all types of particles
= C1 + C2 + C3 +
=
( n1 + n2 + n3 +)
V

Note: If V1 mL of C1 conc. +V2 mL of C2 conc. are mixed.
 C1V1 + C2V2    V +  2V2 

 =  RT ;  = 1 1 
 V1 + V2   RT 
➢ Types of solutions:
❖ Isotonic solution - Two solutions having same O.P.
 1 =  2 (at same temp.)
❖ Hyper tonic- If 1   2 .  It solution is hypertonic solution w.r.t. 2

st
nd
solution
❖ Hypotonic −1I solution is hypotonic w.r.t. Ist solution

nd
➢ Abnormal Colligative Properties : (In case of association or dissociation)
➢ VANT HOFF CORRECTION FACTOR (i)
exp/ observed / actual / abnormal value of colligative property

i=
Theoritical value of colligative property
exp. / observed no. of particles / conc. observed molality

= =
Theoritical no. of particles Theoritical molality
theoretical molar mass (formula mass)

=
exp erimental /observed molar mass (apparent molar mass)
i  1  dissociation
i  1  association

 exp.
➢ i=
 theor
 = iCRT
 = ( i1C1 + i 2C2 + i3C3 .) RT
➢ Relation between i &  (degree of dissociation)
i = 1 + (n − 1) where, n = x+ y
➢ Relation b/w degree of association  & i
1 
i = 1 +  − 1 
n 
➢ RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE (RLVP):
Psoln.  P
Vapour pressure:
Lowering in VP = P − Ps = P
P
RLVP =
Relative lowering in vapour pressure P
➢ Raoult's law : - (For non - volatile solutes)
Experimentally relative lowering in V.P = mole fraction of the non
volatile solute in solutions
P − Ps n
RLVP = = X Solute =
P n+ N
P − Ps n
=
Ps N

P − Ps M
= ( molality )  ( M = molar mass of solvent )
Ps 1000
If solute gets associated or dissociated
P − Ps i.n
=
Ps N
P − Ps M
= i  ( molality ) 
Ps 1000
➢ According to Raoult's law
(a) p1 = p1 X1 where X1 is the mole fraction of the solvent (liquid)

0
p10 − p1
→ = x2
(b) An alternate form p10 .
P
➢ Ostwald-Walker Method : Experimental or lab determination of P or
P
PS
P − Ps loss in wt.of solvent

=
Ps loss in wt. of solution
P − Ps loss in wt. of solvent

=
P gain in wt.of dehydrating agent
➢ ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
Tb = i  K b m

RTb2 RTb2 M
Kb = Kb =
1000  Lvap 1000  H vap
or
 H vap 
Lvap =  
 M 
➢ DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
Tf = i  K f  m
RT f2 RT f2 M
= =
Kf = 1000  Lfusion 1000  H fusion .
molal depression constant
➢ RAOULT'S LAW FOR BINARY (IDEAL) MIXTURE OF VOLATILE
LIQUIDS:
PA = X A PA0  PB = X B PB
if PA  X B  A is more volatile than B
 B.P. of A<B.P. of B
 According to Dalton's Law
 PT = PA + PB = X A PA0 + X B PB0
xA = mole fraction of A in vapour about the liquid / solution
xB = mole fraction of B
PA = X A PA0 = X A' PT
PB = X B' PT = X B PB0
1 X A' X B'
= +
PT PA0 PB0
Graphical Representation:
A more volatile than (

B PA0  PB  )

➢ Ideal solutions ( mixtures ): Mixtures which follow Raoul'ts law at all
temperature.
A A A −B
B − − − −B
H mix = 0 : Vmix = 0 Smx = +

: ve as for process to proceed
: G mx = −ve
eg. (1) Benzene + Toluene.
(2) Hexane + heptane.
(3) C2 H5 Br + C2 H5I .
➢ Non - Ideal solutions : Which do not obey Raoult's law
(a) Positive deviation
(i) (
PT,exp  X A PA0 + X B PB0 )
A−−−−− A > A--------B
B−−−−−B

(ii) weaker force of attraction
H mix = +ve
(iii) energy absorbed
Vmix = + ve (1L + 1L  2 L)
(iv)
(v) Smix = + ve
G mix = − ve
(vi)
eg. H 2O + CH3OH .
H 2O + C2 H 5OH

C2 H5OH +
hexane
C2 H5OH +
cyclohexane
CHCl3 + CCl4 →
dipole dipole interaction becomes weak.
(b) Negative deviation:
(i) PT exp  xA p0 + xB p0 B
A−−−−− A
 A − − − −B
(ii) B−−−−−B .
strong force of altraction.
H mix = −ve
(iii)
Vmix = − ve (1L + 1L  2 L)
(iv)
Smix = +ve
(v)
G mix = −ve
(vi)
eg. H 2O + HCOOH
H 2O + CH3COOH
H 2O + HNO3
➢ Immiscible Liquids:
Ptotal = PA + PB
(i)
PA = PA0 X A = PA0 X A = 1
(ii) [Since, .
PB = PB0 X B = PB 0 X B = 1
(iii) [Since, .

(iv) Ptotal = PA0 + PB0
PA0 n A
=
(v) PB0 nB
PA0 WA M B
=
(vi) PB0 M AWB
nA RT n RT
PA0 = ; PB 0 = B
V V
B.P. of solution is less than the individual B.P.'s of both the liquids
➢ Henry Law:
This law deals with dissolution of gas in liquid i.e. mass of any gas
dissolved in any solvent per unit volume is proportional to pressure of gas
in equilibrium with liquid.

m p
m = kp
weight of gas
m→
volume of liquid
SOLID STATE
➢ Classification of crystal into seven system
Crystal system Unit cell dimensions and Bravais Lattice Example
Cubic a = b = c;  =  =  = 90 SC,BCC,FCC Nacl
Orthorhombic a = b = c;  =  =  = 90 SC,BCC end SR
centered and

FCC
Tetragonal a = b = c;  =  =  = 90 SC,BCC SnZnO2
Monoclinic a = b = c; =  = 90 =  SC, end SM
centered
Rhombohedral a = b = c;  =  =  = 90 SC Quartz
Triclinic a = b = c; =  =  = 90 SC H 3 BO3
Hexagonal a = b = c;  =  = 90 ;  = 120 SC Graphite
➢ Analysis of Cubical system
property SC BCC FCC
Atomic radius (r) a 3a a

2 4 2 2
No. of atoms per unit 1 2 4
cell (Z)
C.no. 6 8 12
Packing efficiency 52% 68% 74%
(a) Octahedral(Z) 4
(b) Tetrahedral (ZZ) 8
a= edge length
➢ Neighbor Hood of particle

(I) Simple cubic (SC) structure
Type of neighbor Distance No. of neighbor
Nearest a 6 (shared by 4 cubes)
(next)1 a 2 12 (shared by 2 cubes)
(next)2 a 3 8 (unshared)
(II) Body Centered Cubic (BCC) Structure
Type of neighbor distance No. of neighbor
Nearest 3 8
2r = a
2
(next)1 a 6
(next)2 a 2 12
(next)3 11 24
a
2
(next)4 a 3 8
(III) Face centered cubic (FCC) structure:
Type of neighbor distance No. of neighbor
Nearest a  3 8 
12 =  
2  2 
(next)1 a  3 8 
6= 
 4 

(next)2 3 24
a
2
(next)3 a 2 12
(next)4 5 24
a
2
Z M 
 3
➢ Density of Lattice matter (d) = N A  a 
where N A = Avogadro’s no. M= atomic mass or molecular mass.
➢ IONIC CRYSRALS
C NO.  r+ 
 
Limiting radius ratio  r− 
3 0.155-0.225 (triangular)
4 0.225-0.414 (tetrahedral)
5 0.414-0.732 (octahedral)
6 0.732-0.999(cubic)
➢ Example of a INOIC CRYSTAL
(a) Rock salt (Nacl) coordination number (6:6)
(b) CsCl C.No. (8:8)
2
asc = ( r+ + r− )
edge length of unit cell :- 3
(c) Zinc Blende (ZnS) C.no. (4:4)

a fcc =
4
(
r 2+ + rs2−
3 Zn
)
(d) Fluorite structure (CaF2) C.No. (8:4)
afcc =
4
(r 2+ + rF −
3 Ca
)
➢ Crystal Defects (Imperfections)
CHEMICAL KINETIC AND RADIOACTIVITY
➢ RATE/VELOCITY OF CHEMICALREACTION:
c mol / lit.
= = = mollit −1 −1
Rate t sec time = moldm −3 time −1
➢ Types of Rates of chemical reaction
For a reaction R → P
Total change in concentration

=
Average rate Total time taken
 c  dc d[R] d[P]
Rinstantaneous = lim   = =− =
t →0 t
  dt dt dt
➢ RATE LAW (DEPENDENCE OF RATE ON CONCENTRATION OF
REACTANTS):
Rate = K (conc. )
order
− differential rate equation or rate expression

Where K = Rate constant = specific reaction rate = rate of reaction when

1− order time −1
concentration is unity unit of K = ( conc )
➢ Order of reaction
m1 A + m2 B →
products.
R  [ A] p [ B]q Where p may or may not be equal to m1 similarly q may or may
not be equal to m2 . p is order of reaction with respect to reactant A and q is
order of reaction with respect to reactant B and ( p + q ) is overall order of the
reaction.
➢ INTEGRATED RATE LAWS:
C0
or ' a ' is initial concentration and Ct or a − x is concentration at time ' t '
➢ zero order reactions:


Rate = k[ conc ] = constant
C0 − Ct
K=
Rate ' t ' or Ct = C0 − kt
C0
−1 −1
=
Unit of K = mollit sec , Time for completion k
C0 C C
t1/2 , C t = kt1/2 = 0  t1/2 = 0  t1/2  C0
at 2 , so 2 2k
➢ First Order Reactions :
(i) Let a 1 order reaction is, A → Products

st
2.303 a 2.303 C
t= log k= log 0
k a−x or t Ct

n2 0.693
 t1/2 = = =
k k Independent of initial concentration.
1
tAvg. = = 1.44t1/2
k .
Graphical Representation:
2.303 2.303
t=− log Ct + log C0
k R
➢ Second order reaction
2nd order reactions
Two types
A + A → products A + B → products
a a a b
(a-x) (a-x) a-x b-x
dx dx
 = k (a − x) = k ( a − x )( b − x )
2
dt dt
1 1 2.303 b (a − x)
 = k = kt k= log
(a − x) a t ( a − b) a (b − x )
➢ Psuedo first order reaction:
For A + B → Products  Rate


= K[ A]1[ B]1 
2.303 b(a − x)
k= log
t(a − b) a(b − x)

Now if ' B ' is taken in large excess b  a .
2.303 a
 k= log
bt a−x
' b ' is very large can be taken as constant
2.303 a 2.303 a
 kb = log  k = log , k
t a−x t a−x is psuedo first order rate
constant
➢ METHODS TO DETERMINE ORDER OF A REACTION:
(a) Initial rate method
r = k[ A]a [ B]b [C ]c if [B] = constant
[C] = constant
then for two different initial concentrations of A we have
  A0 1 
a
r01
r01 = k  A0 1 , r02 = k  A0 2
a a
 = 
r02   A0 2 
(b) Using integrated rate law : It is method of trial and error.
(c) Method of half lives :
1
for n th order reaction t1/2 
 R0 
n −1
(d) Ostwald Isolation Method :
rate = k[ A]a [ B]b [C]c = k 0 [ A]a
➢ METHODS TO MONITOR THE PROGRESS OF THE REACTION

(a) Progress of gaseous reaction can be monitored by measuring total
pressure at a fixed volume & temperature or by measuring total
volume of mixture under constant pressure and temperature.
2.303 P0 (n − 1)
k =
t log nP0 − Pt {Formula is not applicable when n = 1 , the
value of n can be fractional also. }
(b) By titration method:
2.303 V
 a  V0 a − x  Vt  k= log 0
1. t Vt
2. Study of acid hydrolysis of an easter
2.303 V − V0
k= log 
t V − Vt
(c) By measuring optical rotation produced by the reaction mixture
2.303   − 
k= log  0  
t   t −  
➢ EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION
Kt + 10
= 2
T.C. Kt to 3 ( for most of the reactions)
❖ Arhenius theroy of reaction rate

❖ Arhenius equation
k = Ae − Ea RT
r = k  conc.
order
dlnk E
= a2
dt RT
 Ea  1
log k =  −  + log A
 2.303R  T
If k1 and k2 be the rate constant of a reaction at two different temperature
k2 Ea 1 1
log =  − 
T1 k1 2.303R  T1 T2 
and T2 respectively, then we have
Ea
lnk = ln A −
❖ RT
❖ T → , K → A
➢ REVERSIBLE REACTIONS

k f = Af e − Ear / RT
kb = Ab e− Eab / RT
kf A  −( Eaf − Eab ) / RT
keq = = f e
kb  Ab 
H A 
K eq = − + ln  f 
IN RT  Ab 
[ B] K1 Ea1 k1 + Ea2 k 2
=  Ea =
[C ] K2 k1 + k 2
(II) REVERSIBLE 1st ORDER REACATION ( both forward and backward )
x=
Kf
Kfa
+K (1− e
b
( )
) − k f + kb t
1  xeq. 
K f + Kb = ln  
t  xeq. − x 
ST
(III) SEQUENTIAL ORDER REACTION
 A =  A e− k t 1
x = a (1 − e− k1t )
y=
K1a
K 2 − K1

e− k1t − e− k2t  t B (max) =
1 K
ln 1
( K1 − K 2 ) K 2
K1  K 2
CASE-I
K 2  K1
CASE II :

Important Formulas For JEE (Main and Advanced) - Download The PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Important Formulas For JEE (Main and Advanced) - Download The PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry JEE Chemistry (Main and Advance)– PDFs

Chemistry JEE (Main and Advance) Formula

• Estimation of closet distance of approach (derivation) of  - particle:

• The radius of a nucleus: R = R0 ( A)1/3 cm

• Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen like atoms:

2 ze2 2.18 106  z

Wavelength of emitted photon:

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 1

• No. of photons emitted by a sample of H atoms:

• Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:

❖ Principal quantum number (n)=1,2,3,4…to  .

❖ Azimuthal quantum number ( ) = 0,1,...to ( n − 1) .

❖ Number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1 .

❖ Maximum number of electrons in particular subshell = 2  ( 2 + 1) .

Mass of one atom of an element

Total Number of nucleons.

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 2

density of the substance

Molar mass of the gas PM

d gas PM gas / RT M gas M gas

number of moles of solute

➢ Mole fraction (x):

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 3

➢ Derive the following conversion:

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 4

M= Molarity (mole/lit.), m = Molality (mole /kg), x1 = Mole fraction of

solvent, x2 = Mole fraction of solute.

➢ Average/Mean atomic mass:

➢ Mean molar mass or molecular mass:

➢ Calculation of individual oxidation number:

Formula: Oxidation Number = number of electrons in the valence shell -

number of electrons left after bonding.

➢ Concept of equivalent weight/mass:

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 5

Atomic or moleculear weight

❖ Concept of number of equivalents:

No. of equivalents of solute = No. of moles of solute v. f .

Number of equivalents of solute

Normality = Molarity  v.f.

➢ Calculation of valency Factor:

➢ Volume strength of H2O2:

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 6

20V H2O2 means one liter of this sample of H 2O 2 on decomposition gives

20 It. of O2 gas at S.T.P.

Volume strength of H 2O2

➢ Calculation of available chlorine from a sample of bleaching powder:

v = mm . of hypo solution used in titration.

➢ Boyle’s law and measurement of pressure:

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 7

➢ Ideal gas equation:

➢ Daltons law of partial pressure:

Total pressure = P1 + P2 + P3 + .....

Partial pressure = mole fraction  Total pressure

➢ Amagat's law of partial volume:

➢ Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture:

Total mass of mixture n M +n M +n M

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 8

➢ Kinetic Theory of Gases :

❖ Root mean square speed

❖ Most probable speed:

➢ Vander wall's equation:

JEE Formula www.vedantu.com 9

➢ Vander wall equation in virial form :