METALS AND NON METALS

S.NO ELEMENT ATOMIC MASS ELECTRONIC VALENCY

NO (Z) NO (A) CONFIGURATION
1 Hydrogen 1 1 1 1
2 Helium 2 4 2 0
3 Lithium 3 7 ( 2,1) 1
4 Beryllium 4 9 (2,2) 2
5 Boron 5 11 (2,3) 3
6 Carbon 6 12 (2,4) 4
7 Nitrogen 7 14 (2,5) 3
8 Oxygen 8 16 (2,6) 2
9 Flourine 9 19 (2,7) 1
10 Neon 10 20 (2,8) 0
11 Sodium 11 23 (2,8,1) 1
12 Magnesium 12 24 (2,8,2) 2
13 Aluminium 13 27 (2,8,3) 3
14 Silicon 14 28 (2,8,4) 0
15 Phosphorous 15 31 (2,8,5) 1
16 Sulphur 16 32 (2,8,6) 2
17 Chlorine 17 35.5 (2,8,7) 3
18 Argon 18 40 (2,8,8) 0
19 Potassium 19 39 (2,8,8,1) 1
20 Calcium 20 40 (2,8,8,2) 2

Element: Substance having same kind of atoms.

Metals: Elements Which Loose Electrons and form Cations.
Example: Al, Mg, Na, Fe
Non Metals: Electrons which gain Electrons and form Anions.
Example: Cl, S, O, C
Metalloids(Semi metals):Elements that show properties of both Metals and Non Metals.
Example: Si, B, Ge

Physical Properties of Metals and Non Metals

1. All Metals are solid except mercury.
2. All Non Metals are solids and gases except bromine.
3. Metals are lustrous
4. Non Metals are non lustrous except Iodine and Graphite.
5. Metals are ductile except Zn, Na, K.
6. Non Metals are non ductile except carbon fibers
7. Metals are malleable except Zn
8. Non Metals are non malleable
9. Metals are good conductors of heat except mercury and lead
10. Non Metals are insulators of heat
11. Metals are good conductors of electricity except mercury, iron
12. Non Metals are bad conductors of electricity
13. Metals have high melting point and boiling point except mercury, gallium
14. Non Metals have low melting point and boiling point except carbon, diamond
15. All metals are sonorous, except mercury
16. All non metals are non sonorous.

HW
Pg 38 -activity3.5, fig 3.1

 Take an aluminium or copper wire. Clamp this wire to a stand as shown.

 Fix a pin to free end of the wire using wax.
 Heat the wire with a spirit lamp, candle or burner near the place where it is clamped.
 The whole metal rod gets heated after a while and melts the wax making the nail pin fall
down.
HW (Blue box questions)
1) Give an example of metal that
i) Is liquid at room temperature.
A) Mercury
ii) Can be cut easily with a knife
A) Sodium
iii) Is the best conductor of heat
A) Copper
iv) Is a poor conductor of heat
A) Mercury
2) Define ductility, Malleability.
A) Ductility: Ductility is the property of a substance to be turned into wires.
Malleability: Malleability is the property of a substance to be beaten into sheets.

Chemical Properties of Metals and Non Metals

1. Reaction with oxygen
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
( Metal oxides are basic in nature)
Example : 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
2 Mg + O2→ 2MgO
4 Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Non-metal + Oxygen → Non-metal oxides
(Non metal oxides are acidic in nature)
Example : 4P + 5O2 → 2P2O5
Amphoteric oxides : Amphoteric oxides are those which reacts with both acids and bases to
form salt & water
Example 1 : ZnO + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnO + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + H2O
(sodium zincate)
 2 : Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
(sodium aluminate)
2. Reaction with water

Metal + water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Metal oxide + water → Metal hydroxide

 Metals like potassium and sodium react violently with cold water and are exothermic and
the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.
Example : 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 + heat energy
 The reaction of calcium with water is less violent. The heat evolved is not sufficient for
the hydrogen to catch fire
Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
Note : When calcium reacts with water, calcium hydroxide and hydrogen gas is formed.
Calcium sticks to hydrogen gas and floats on the water.

 Mg reacts with hot water to produce magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen. Metals like Al,
Fe and Zn react with steam to form metal oxide and hydrogen
 Non metals don’t react with water

3. Reaction with Acids

Metal + Acid → metal salt + Hydrogen

 Aqua region is a mixture of cone. HCl, HNO3 in 3:1 ratio and it can dissolve noble metals
like silver, gold, platinum.
4. Reaction of metals with other salt solutions
Metal X + Salt solution of Y → Metal Y + Salt solution of X
1Q. A coin of red metal X is dropped in a colourless salt solutions of y and observed shiny grey
layer of noble metal. Name X salt of Y.
A. X→ Copper
Y→ Silver nitrate
Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
It is a displacement reaction.

2Q. A pale green solution is stored in a zinc can and observed that few holes were formed after
few minutes and was leaking .Identify reactants and products.
A. FeSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Fe
Due to this reaction displacement happens forming holes.
5. Reaction between metals and non metals
(or)
Ionic compounds
An ionic bond is formed by transfer of electrons from metal to non metal and compounds having
ionic bond are ionic compounds.
Eg:- AgCl, NaNO3
Formation of Sodium chloride by Ionic bond

Formation of Magnesium chloride by Ionic bond

Properties
→Ionic compounds are formed by transfer of electrons between metals , non metals.
→they don’t conduct electricity due to rigid positions but conduct in aqueous solution and
molten state as free ions carry current.
→they have high melting point, boiling point due to electrostatic bond.
→they are soluble only in polar solvents.
H.W
Steps involved in the extraction of metals from ores

I Metals of low Reactivity

 Metals of low reactivity are generally formed in pure form and also in the form of
sulphides and oxides.(Cu, Hg)
 On heating, the sulphides are first converted into oxides, next to their pure metals.

Example: 1) 2HgS+3O2 → 2HgO + 2SO2

2HgO → 2Hg + O2

2) 2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2

2 Cu2O + Cu2S → 6Cu + SO2

II Metals of moderate reactivity

A) Roasting
Process in which sulphide ores are changed to oxides in excess air, heat followed by reduction
in presence of coke to get pure metal
Example : 2 ZnS + 3O2 → 2 ZnO + 2SO2
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
B) Calcination
Heating carbonate ores in absence of air followed by reduction with coke.

Example : ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Sulphide and carbonate ores are converted into oxides because oxides are easier to reduce than
sulphides and carbonate

C) Thermite reaction
A high reactive metal reduces the oxide of low reactive metal into its pure form and molten state.
The reaction takes place at high temperature ,hence it is called thermite reaction.
Example : 2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + Fe
4Al + 3MnO2 → 3Mn + 2Al2O3
III High reactive metals: Purified by electrolytic reduction

 Cannot be purified by reduction using coke as they have high affinity for oxygen.
 Metals like Na, K, Ca are purified by electrolysis of their salt solution.
 The salt solution is taken in an electrolytic cell, two electrodes of graphite are taken and
converted to a battery and a switch.
 On passing current the salt solution ionizes to form cation and anion.
 Cations move towards cathode and get reduced and anions undergo oxidation at anode.
NaCl → Na+ + Cl- (on passing current)
At Cathode Na+ + e- → Na
At Anode 2Cl- - 2e- → Cl2

H.W
Write all the equations 3 times on the white page
D) Electrolytic refining of copper

 Take an electrolytic cell , fill half of it with aqueous solution of CuSO4 and add few drops
of dil.H2SO4 to increase its conductivity.
 An impure copper rod is taken as anode and pure copper rod at cathode.
 Both the electrodes are dipped in electrolyte and are connected to battery and switch.
 On passing current, CuSO4 ionises to Cu2+ and SO42-.
 Pure Cu2+ ions separate from anode and move into electrolyte and at same time equal
amount of Cu2+ ions from electrolyte deposit on cathode.
 On passing current, separation and deposition of copper continues.
 Impurities like sand, soil, noble metals deposit under anode as anode mud.
Activity to prove conditions of rusting of iron

 Take 3 boiling tubes A, B, C. Drop 2 iron nails in each tube.

 In “A” take few gm. Of CaCl2 which acts as dehydrating agent and absorbs all moisture in
boiling tube.
 In “B” take boiled water in which dissolved oxygen is removed. Add some edible oil.
 In “C” fill normal cold water.
 The 3 tubes. Leave them undisturbed for 2-3 weeks.
 We observe that rusting takes place only in ”C” .Proving that iron rust only in presence of
water and air.

Corrosion (refer chapter 1)

Prevention of corrosion

 Galvanisation: Coating a layer of Zn on Fe to prevent rusting

Example- Buckets, water pipes
 Electroplating: Coating a non rusting metal or alloy using current
Example: Tools, artificial jewellery etc
 Alloying : Mixing two or more elements of which one metal is present.
Examples : Utensils, parts of vehicles, machines, surgical instruments etc.
 Tinning : Coating layer of tin
Examples : Tin cans, bottles, painting furniture, vehicle grills etc.
  Oiling the parts of vehicles and machines.

Alloys
A homogeneous mixture of two or more elements of which atleast one is a metal
Example : Steel - Fe + C
Stainless steel – Fe + C + Cr + Ni
Nichrome - Ni + Cr + Mn + Mg
Bronze – Cu + Sn
Brass – Cu + Zn
Solder – Pb + Sn
Amalgam – Alloys of mercury
Alnico – Al + Ni + Co + Fe
Note : Noble metals are used to make jewellery because they are unreactive and lustrous.
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