Junior inter --- vsaq

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
1. What is chemical oxygen demand ( COD )? { may &march 2014, board paper, may 2015, 2016, 2017 , 2018 }
a. The amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic substance present in polluted water is called COD

2. What is bio chemical oxygen demand ( BOD )? { march 2014 , may 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019}
a. The amount of oxygen used by the suitable living organism present in water during 5 days at 200c is called BOD

3. Which oxides causes acid rain? What is its PH value? { march 2013, 2015 , 2017, 2019 }
a. Oxides of sulphur & oxides of nitrogen are causes acid rain, its PH value is less than 5.6

4. Name two adverse effects caused by acid rain ? { may 2013, board paper , may 2015, 2016 , 2017, 2018}
a. A)Aquatic life will be destroyed B) It damages buildings & bridges C) The glossy nature of Tajmahal was decreased

5. Define the terms sink &receptor? { march 2013, 2015, 2016 , 2017, 2018}
a. Sink: The medium which is interact with the long lived pollutants is called sink.

Ex: Oceans are act as sink for CO2 & microorganisms are act as sink for dead bodies

Receptor: The medium which is affected by the pollutant is called receptor

6. Name the major pollutants present in troposphere? {2019}

a. Dust, smoke, fumes, and smog…….

7. Mention the harmful effects caused due to depletion of ozone layer? {2015, 2016}
a. Skin cancer, cataract , damage of fish productivity………

8. What is green house effect? Which gases are the causes for it? { may 2013 , march 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018 }
a. The phenomenon of increasing the temperature of earth surface is called greenhouse effect or global warming. CO2 ,
CH4 ,CFC, ozone & water vapour are cause for greenhouse effect.

9. What are greenhouse gases ? give example { may 2014,set 1 - 2014 }

a. The gases which are responsible for greenhouse effect are called greenhouse gases. Ex : CO2 , CH4 ,CFC, ozone & water
vapour.

10. Define Threshold limit value ? { set 1 – 2013 , 2015}

a. The permissible level of a toxic pollutant in the atmosphere to which a healthy industrial worker is exposed during an 8
hours a day without any harmful effect is called TLV.

11. What is PAN ? what effect caused by it . { set 1 - 2014, 2016, 2017 , 2019 }
a. Peroxy acetyl nitrate is called PAN , it can causes eye irritation and photo chemical smog.

12. Mention the harmful effects caused due to depletion of ozone layer? { march 2015, 2016 }
a. Skin cancer, cataract , sun burns, damage the fish productivity……………….

13. Name the common components of photochemical smog? { 2016, 2019 }

a. PAN , Unsaturated hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides are the common pollutants of photo chemical smog. It occurs in
dry and sunny climate. it is also called as oxidizing smog

14. Write any two adverse effects of global warming?{2017}

a. Melting of polar ice caps which leads to floods
b. diseases like dengue, malaria, yellow fever and sleeping sickness …….

15. Define pollutant?

a. The substance which is already present in atmosphere and causes pollution is called pollutant.
16. Define contaminant?
a. The substance which is not present in atmosphere but released by human activities and causes pollution is called
contaminant.
17. What is classical smog ? and what is its chemical character
a. Classical smog is a mixture of smoke , fog and SO2 . it occurs in cool humid climate. its chemical character is reducing
nature.
18. What is the value of dissolved oxygen in pure cooled water?
a. Ten ppm
19. What are the effects of water pollution?
a. Polluted water is not used for drinking, Diseases like cholera, jaundice, typhoid are occurred & aquatic life will be
destroyed

20. What are the international standards for drinking water?

a. Fluoride – 1 ppm, Lead – 50 ppb , Sulphate - 500 ppm, Nitrate - 50 ppm , Zn – 5 ppm, Cu – 3 ppm, Fe – 0.2 ppm and
Al – 0.2ppm

21. What is eutrophication?

a. The process of over nutritious of water when organic substances from agriculture & industry are thrown into water
bodies is called eutrophication. Which leads to growth of algae then ponds become marshy .

22. Give the possible BOD values for clean water and polluted water? {2017}
a. BOD value for clean water is 1 ppm or less than 5 ppm
BOD value for highly polluted water is 17 ppm or more

23. what is green fuel?

a. The fuel obtained from plastic waste has high octane rating. It contains no lead and is known as green fuel.

24. Define speciation?

a. The detection of different chemical forms of inorganic , organic or organometallic compounds present in the
environment causing pollution is called speciation.

25. What is green chemistry?{2017}

a. Green chemistry is a way of thinking about principles of chemistry to reduce adverse impact on environment

26. Write any one strategic adopted in green chemistry to avoid environmental pollution? {2017}
a. Bleaching of paper: chlorine gas was used earlier for bleaching of paper. But now a days hydrogen peroxide with
suitable catalyst is used for bleaching action.

GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
27. What is allotropy? Give the crystalline allotropes of carbon? { march 2013 , 2016}
a. Atoms of elements are having same chemical properties but different physical properties are called as allotropy.
Diamond, Graphite are the crystalline allotropes of carbon

28. Write the two crystalline allotropes of carbon? And mention the hybridization present in them? { may 2013 }
crystalline allotropes of carbon hybridization
Diamond Sp3
Graphite Sp2
29. Why diamond is hard ? { may 2013 }
a. Diamond undergoes SP3 hybridization and it has three dimensional polymeric structures. It has covalent bonds so high
energy is required to break the bonds . Hence diamond is very hard.

30. Diamond has high melting point - explain? { 2019 }

a. Diamond undergoes SP3 hybridization and each carbon is linked with 4 other carbons by strong covalent bonds. So it
has high melting point

31. Why is carbon monoxide poisonous ? { march 2013 , 2015, 2016, 2018}
 a. when CO combine with hemoglobinand forms carboxy hemoglobin, which is 300 times stable than oxy hemoglobin.

As result man dies. CO + Hb → CO – Hb

32. Give the use of CO2 in photosynthesis ? { march 2014 }

a. In photosynthesis process , CO2 is converted into carbohydrates by chlorophyll present in green plants

6CO2 +12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O

33. Name any two man made silicates ? { march 2014 , may 2015}
a. Glass &Cement

34. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity. Why? { board paper , 2013, ,may 2015, 2017}
a. In graphite, each carbon undergoes SP2 hybridization. Due to the presence of free electrons, graphite act as a good
conductor of electricity.

35. Write the hybridization of carbon in the following: a) CO2 b) diamond c) graphite d) fullerene { may 2014 , 2016}
a) CO2 ---- SP b) diamond ---- SP3 c) graphite ----SP2 d) fullerene ---- SP2 hybridization

36. CCl4 is not dissolved in water, but SiCl4 dissolves. Why ? give reason { may 2014 }
a. In CCl4 , carbon does not have valence electrons in its d – orbitals, but in SiCl4 , Si have valence electrons in its d –
orbitals and it can accept lone pair of electrons from water molecules and forms Si(OH)4 . ( silicic acid )

37. Give the uses of silicones? { set 1 - 2014 }

a. It is used in sealants, grease , insulators and paints
It is used in the preparation of silicone rubber

38. Write the use of ZSM – 5 ? { set 1 - 2014, 2016, 2019 }

a. It is a zeolite , it is used to convert the alcohol into gasoline

39. What is syn gas or synthesis gas or water gas? How it is prepared? {2015 T , 2018}
a. It is a mixture of CO & H2 . it is used to synthesis of methanol and some other hydrocarbons , so it is called as synthesis
gas. It is prepared by passing super heated steam over white hot coke
C + H2O → CO + H2

40. What are silicones? Give one example. Give two uses. { march 2015 }
a. Silicones are synthetic organo silicon polymer compounds containing Si - O - Si linkages with R2SiO as repeating units.
So their general formula is (R 2SiO) n, (where R is alkyl or aryl group.) Ex: MeSiCl3 , Me2SiCl2..
Uses: 1. In the preparation of water proof clothes and papers 2.used in paints and enamels 3. Used in surgical and
cosmetic plants as they are bio-compatible.

41. What is the use of dry ice ? { march 2015}

a. Solid CO2 is called as dry ice, it is used as refrigerant for frozen food and ice cream

42. SiF6-2 is known, while SiCl6-2 is not? Explain { 2016, may19 }

a. Six large chloride ions cannot be accommodated around Si 4+ due to limitation of its size. And Interaction between lone
pair of chloride ion and Si 4+ is not very strong.

43. Write any four uses of CO2 gas { 2017 }

a. CO2 used as refrigerant for frozen food
b. CO2 used in manufacture of urea
c. CO2 used as Fire extinguisher
d. CO2 used to carbonate soft drinks

44. Explain the structure of Fullerenes?

a. It is the allotropic form of carbon, discovered by H.W. Kroto, E. Smalley and R.F.Crul
In this each carbon atom undergoes sp2hybridization, It has 20 six membered rings and 12 five membered rings
 Each six membered ring is fused with either six or five membered ring but five membered rings are fused with six
membered rings only. The shape of molecule is like soccer ball.

45. Define catenation?

a. Carbon atoms have the tendency to link with one another through covalent bonds to form chains and rings. This
property is called as catenation.

46. Uses of Quartz?

a. It is used in accurate clocks, used in mobile radio communications and used in TV broadcastings.

47. Uses of Silica gel?

a. It is used as drying agent and catalyst
It supports as chromatographic material
An amorphous form of silica gel is used in filtration plants

48. Write any two Uses of Zeolites ? { 2016 }

a. ZSM – 5 type of zeolite is used to convert the alcohol into gasoline
Hydrated zeolites are used as ion exchangers in softening hard water

49. Give the properties of carbon monoxide?

a. It is a colour less, odourless gas, insoluble in water, powerful reducing agent. It is used in the extraction of many metals
and it can form metal carbonyls

50. What is producer gas ?

a. It is a mixture of CO and N2 , its calorific value is 5439.2 kj /m3

51. What is the effect of water on tin?

a. When water react with tin to form tin dioxide and hydrogen gas. Sn + 2 H2O → SnO2 + 2H2

52. Producer gas is less efficient fuel than water gas? Explain.
a. Producer gas is less efficient than water gas as it contains noncombustible N 2 gas in larger proportion. so, the calorific
value of producer gas ( 5439.2 kj/m3 ) is less than the water gas ( 13000 kj/m 3 )

53. SiO2 is a solid while CO2 is a gas ? Explain.

a. In CO2 , carbon undergoes sp hybridization, and exists as simple molecules and the intermolecular attractions are
weak. So it can exist as a gas at room temperature.
In SiO2 , silicon undergoes sp3hybridization, it has a giant 3 - D network structure with strong covalent bonds between
Si and O atoms. So it can exist as a solid at room temperature

54. How does graphite function as a lubricant? {2017,2018, 2019}

a. Graphite is used as a solid lubricant, because it is soft. Due to weak vander Waals forces between the layers of
graphite, The layers have sliding nature.

55. Classify the following into neutral, acidic, basic or amphoteric? a. CO b. B 2O3 c. SiO 2 d. CO 2 e. Al 2O3 f. PbO 2 g. Tl 2O3
a. i. CO is a neutral oxide ii. B2O3, SiO 2 and CO 2 are acidic oxides iii. Al 2O3 and PbO 2 are amphoteric iv. Tl 2O3 is a
basic oxide.

56. Select the members of group 14 that (i) forms most acidic dioxide (ii) is commonly found in +2 oxidation state (iii) used as
semiconductor?
a. i.Carbon forms most acidic dioxides (ii) lead commonly found in +2 state (iii) silicon and germanium are used as
semiconductors
IA & IIA GROUP ELEMENTS

57. Why are IA group elements called as ‘ alkali metals ’ ? { may 2014, 2018 }
a. because IA group elements react with water to form their hydroxides , which are strongly alkaline in nature
58. Why are alkali metals not found in free state in nature ? { march 2013, 2017 }
a. because they have only one electron in its valence shell, hence they are highly reactive. So they are not found in free
state.

59. What is plaster of Paris? give its uses { may 2014, 2017 , 2018, 2019}
a. Hemi hydrate of CaSO4 is called plaster of Paris.
It is used in the building industry, used for the making of statues, used for the setting of bone fractures, used in
dentistry.

60. Lithum salts are mostly hydrated why? Give one example. { 2015 }
a. Lithium ion is very small in size, it has maximum degree of hydration so lithium salts are mostly hydrated.
Ex: LiCl. 2 H2O

61. Why is KO2 paramagnetic? { 2016, may19 }

a. KO2 is paramagnetic, due to the presence of unpaired electrons

62. Write the important uses of quick lime? { march 2014, may19 }
a. Quick lime ( CaO ) is used in the manufacture of cement & sodium carbonate, and for the purification of sugar.

63. Write any two uses of caustic soda ? { may 2013, 2014 ,2015, 2016 2017, 2018, 2019}
a. Caustic soda ( NaOH )is used in petrol refining process, for the purification of bauxite , and in the manufacture of soap
and paper.

64. Write the biological importance of Magnesium &Calcium? {may & march 2013,board paper, set 1 - 2014 }
a. Magnesium ions are present in animal cells and chlorophyll present in plants
Calcium ions are present in bones &teeth. It is necessary for blood coagulation and in neuromuscular function.

65. Write the average composition of Portland cement? { set 1 - 2013 , 2014 }
a. CaO --- 50 to 60 %, SiO2 --- 20 to 25 % , Al2O3 --- 5 to 10 % , MgO --- 2 to 3 % , Fe2O3 --- 1 to 2 % and SO3 --- 1 to 2 %

66. Which is called as ‘ MILK OF MAGNESIA ’ ? give its use.{ march 2015 }a. A suspension of magnesium hydroxide in water is
called as milk of magnesia. It Is used as antacid in medicines.

67. Write the properties of washing soda ? { march 2014 }

a. Na2CO3 . 10 H2O is the formula of washing soda. Deca hydrate of Na2CO3 on heating to form mono hydrate, which is on
further heating loses water molecule and gives soda ash

 373k
Na2CO3 . 10 H2O ⎯⎯⎯
373k
→ Na2CO3 . H2O ⎯⎯⎯ → Na2CO3

Sodium carbonate react with water to form alkaline solution.

Na2CO3 + 2 H2O → 2NaOH + H2CO3

68. Give the reactions that takes place at cathode and anode in Castner – Kellner process? { board paper }
a. In castner - kellner process NaOH is manufactured by the electrolysis of brine using a mercury cathode and carbon
anode.

The reactions at electrodes are

At cathode:Na + +e- +Hg → Na-amalgam

2 Na – amalgam+2H 2O →2NaOH+ 2Hg+H 2

At anode: 2Cl – → Cl2 + 2e –

69. What is Diagonal relationship?
a. The first element in the first group shows similarity in their properties with the second element to the next
group.Lithium can exhibit diagonal relationship with magnesium
70. Give the reason for diagonal relationship observed in the periodic table?
a. Due to Similar size and similar electronegativity

71. Lithium reacts with water less vigorously than sodium? Give reason.
a. Due to small size and high hydration energy of lithium

72. What are the character stick colors imported by the II A group elements ?
a. Calcium ------Brick red color , Barium --------- Apple green color , strontium and radium---------- Crimson red color

73. Why is gypsum added to cement? { 2015T, 2019 }

a. The purpose of adding Gypsum to cement to slow down the setting process of the cement, so that it gets sufficient
hardness.

74. Why are IIA group elements called as ‘ alkaline earth metals ’ ?
a. Because oxides & hydroxides of II A group elements are alkaline in nature. They are easily available in earth crust

75. What happened when Mg metal is burnt in air? {2015T , 2018}

a. In the presence of air Mg metal burnt with dazzling white and forms its oxides & nitrides.
2Mg + O2 →2 MgO ; 3 Mg + N2 → Mg3N2

76. What happened when hydrated Mg(NO3) 2 is heated? Give the balanced equation
a. Mg(NO3) 2Is decomposes on heating and gives MgO

2 Mg(NO3) 2 → 2 MgO + 4 NO2 + O2

77. What are the uses of Na2CO3?

a. It is used for the softening the hard water, for the preparation of caustic soda & borax and it is used in laundries.

78. Potassium carbonate cannot be prepared by Solvay process. Why? {2019}

a. Because KHCO3 is too soluble to be precipitated by addition of NH4HCO3 to a saturated solution of KCl.

79. Write any two uses of slaked lime? {2017}

a. Slaked lime ( Ca(OH)2) is used to prepare bleaching powder
It is used in purification of sugar and in white wash

80. Write any two uses of lithium? {2017}

a. Li metal is used to making of alloys. It is used in electrochemical cells.

81. Lithium reacts with water less vigorously than sodium. Give reason? { 2018}
a. Because lithium is most electro negative element than sodium

82. Write any two uses of Mg metal? {2019}

a. Magnesium forms alloys. Magnesium is used in flash powder and in bulbs

83. Which of the alkali metals shows abnormal density? What is the order of the variation of density among the IA group
elements? {2018}
a. Potassium shows abnormal density
Density order Li < k < Na < Rb < Cs ( size increases then density also increases )

84. Draw the structures of i) BeCI2 (vapour) and ii) BeCl2 (solid) { 2015 }
a. Structure of BeCl2, (solid) :
i. BeCl 2 exists as a polymer in condensed (solid) phase.

b. (b) Structure of BeCl2, (vapour) : In the vapour state, BeCl2 exists as a monomer with a linear structure.

Cl – Be – Cl
 States of matter
85. State Graham’s law of diffusion? { may 2014, 2016, 17, 18 }
a. At constant temperature & pressure the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its
density

86. State Dalton’s law of partial pressure? { march 2014, 2016 }

a. At constant temperature & volume the total pressure exerted by the non - reactive gases mixture is equal to the sum of
the partial pressures of all individual gases

87. Write the effect of temperature on surface tension and viscosity. Give reason to that. { 2017 }
a. If temperature increased , surface tension and viscosity of liquids decreased. because at high temperature molecules
have high kinetic energy but intermolecular attractions decreases

88. Give example for extremely viscous liquid?

a. glass

89. Which gases diffuses faster among N2, O2 and CH4 why ? { 2015 }
a. CH4 , because its molecular weight is low ( 16 )

90. What is surface tension? Give its SI units { 2015, 18 }

a. The force acting along the surface of the liquid at right angles to any line of one unit length is called surface tension.
Units: dynes / cm.

91. How many times methane diffuses faster than sulphur dioxide?
a. Methane diffuses 2 times faster than sulphur dioxide
rCH4 mSO2 64
= = = 4 = 2
rSO2 mCH4 16
92. Calculate the RMS speed of CO2 at 270c? { may 2014 , 2015 }
3RT 3x8.314 x107 x300 300
a. RMS velocity = = = 1.58 x104 = 4.12 x104 cm / sec
M 44 44

93. Calculate the RMS speed of nitrogen at 270c? { board paper 2013 }
3RT 3x8.314 x107 x300 300
RMS velocity = = = 1.58 x104 = 5.17 x104 cm / sec
M 28 28

94. Give an equation to calculate the kinetic energy of gas molecules?

3
Kinetic energy = nRT
2
95. Calculate the kinetic energy of 5 moles of N2 gas at 27o c ? { march , set1 2013, 2015, 17,18 }
3 3
Kinetic energy = nRT = X 5 X 2 X 300 = 4500 cal
2 2

96. Calculate the kinetic energy of 3 moles ofCO2 gas at 27o c ? { may 2013, 2015 }
3 3
Kinetic energy = nRT = X 3 X 2 X 300 = 2700 cal
2 2

97. Calculate the kinetic energy of 2 moles of methane gas at -73o c ? { set 1 - 2014 }
3 3
Kinetic energy = nRT = X 2 X 2 X 200 = 1200 cal
2 2

98. Calculate the kinetic energy of 4 moles of methane gas at -73o c ? { 2019 }
 3 3
Kinetic energy = nRT = X 4 X 2 X 200 = 2400 cal
2 2

99. Calculate the kinetic energy { in SI units } of 4 gms of methane gas at -73o c ? { 2019 }
3 3
Kinetic energy = nRT = X 0.25 X 8.314 X 200 = 623.6 j
2 2
100.Write vanderwaal’s equation? { may 2015}
a. (P+an2/v2)(v-nb) = nRT. [a and b are the vanderwaals constants]

101.Calcute the ratio of kinetic energies of 3g of hydrogen and 4g of oxygen at given temperature? { 2016 }
a. If temperature is same , the ratio of kinetic energies of two gases is equal to the ratio of no of moles of two gases

 No of moles of hydrogen : no of moles of oxygen

3 4 3 1
: = : = 12 : 1
2 32 2 8

102.Give the relation between the partial pressure of a gas and its mole fraction ?
a. Partial pressure = mole fraction X total pressure

103.Give the ratio of RMS, average and most probable speeds of gas molecules?
a. Ratio of RMS, average and most probable speeds of gas molecules is 1 : 1.128 : 1.224

104.What is an ideal gas?

a. A gas which follows all gas laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure is called an ideal gas

105.Why the gas constant “ R” is called universal gas constant?

a. The value of R is constant for all gases. It is independent of nature of the gases, so it is called as universal gas constant.

106.What is compressibility factor ?

a. The ratio of actual molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of perfect gas under the same condition

107.What is critical temperature ? give its value for CO2 ?

a. The temperature above which a gas can’t be liquefied by the application of pressure is called critical temperature (Tc).
For CO 2 gas critical temperature is 31.1 0C.

108.What are normal and standard boiling points? Give their values for H 2O?
a. At 1 atmospheric pressure boiling temperature is called normal boiling point, its value for water is 1000c
At 1 bar pressure boiling temperature is called standrad boiling point, its value for water is 99.6 0c

109.Why pressure cooker is used for cooking food on hills ?

a. On hills atmospheric pressure is low , so pressure cooker is used for cooking food on hills

110.What is Boltzmann constant? Write its value?

a. Boltzmann constant is the gas constant per one molecule. k = R/N ( k = 1.38 x 10 –23 J K –1 molecule –1 )

111.360cm3 of methane diffused through a porous membrane in 15min. Under similar conditions 120cm3of gas another gas
diffused in 10 min. find the molar mass of the gas? {2018}
Rate of diffusion of methane r1 = volume of methane/ time of diffusion = 360 / 15 = 24

Rate of diffusion of unknown gas r2 = volume of unknown gas / time of diffusion = 120 / 10 = 12
Mass of methane m1 = 16 ; mass of unknown gas m2 = ?

Ratio of rates of diffusion is given as

 r1 m2 24 m2
=  =  m2 = 4 X 16 = 64
r2 m1 12 16
Molecular mass of unknown gas = 64 grams/mole
STOICHIOMETRY
112.How many moles of glucose are present in 540 gm of glucose?{ march 2014,17 }

Gram molecular weight of glucose(C6H12O6) = 180

weight 540
= = 3
Number of moles=
gram molecular weight 180

113.How many CaCO3 moles are present in 200gm ofCaCO3?{ may 2014 }

Gram molecular weight ofCaCO3 = 100 ( 40 + 12 + 48 = 100 )

weight 200
= = 2
Number of moles =
gram molecular weight 100

114.What is disproportionation reaction? Give example { board paper 2013, 2015 , 2016 }
a. Redox reaction in which the same element undergoes both oxidation & reduction simultaneously are called as
disproportionation reaction.
Ex : 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2

115. 4 gms of NaOH is dissolved in 250 ml of the solutioin. What is the molarity of NaOH solution? { set 1 – 2014 ,2018}
weight 1000
a. molarity = x
gram molecular weight v ( in ml )
4 1000
molarity = x = 0.4
40 250
116. A solution is prepared by adding 2 grms of a substance A , to 18 grms of water. Calculate the mass percent of the solute.{may
2015 , 20109}
a. Mass percent = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100
= (2/ (2+18) ) x 100 = 10%

117.Empirical formula of a compound is CH2O molecular weight is 90, find molecular formula of that compound? {march,may set1
–2013 , 2015, 2016}
Empirical formula of the compound = CH 2O , Empirical formula weight = (12) + (2 x 1) + (1 x 16) = 30 ;
Molecular weight given = 90

Molecular formula = ( Empirical formula)n

molecular weight 90
n= = =3
empirical formula weight 30
Molecular formula = ( Empirical formula)n = (CH 2O) 3 = C 3 H6 O3

118.Calculate the weight of 0.1 mole of Na 2CO 3? { 2016 }

a. Weight of 0.1 mole of Na 2CO 3= no of moles X GMW = 0.1 x 106 = 10.6 gm

119.What is a red-ox reaction? Give an example?

 a. The reaction in which both oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously is called a Red-Ox reaction.
Zn + CuSO 4 → Cu + ZnSO 4

120.Calculate the oxidation number of chromium in (i) Cr 2O7-2 (ii) CrO 4-2 ( iii ) K2Cr2O7 { 2017 }
a. Oxidation number of chromium in (i) Cr 2O7-2 = 2x + 7(-2)= -2 ⟹x = +6
(ii) CrO 4-2 = x+ 4(-2) = -2 ⟹x = +6
(ii) K2Cr2O7= 2(1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0⟹x = +6

121.What are the oxidation numbers of underlined elements in each of the following. A) KMnO4 B) MnO4-2 { march 2015}
a. KMnO4 = 1 + Mn + 4(-2) = 0⟹ Mn = +7
b. MnO4-2 = Mn + 4(-2) = -2 ⟹ Mn = +6

122.Calculate the oxidation numbers of oxygen in H2O2 & O2F2 { 2015T}

a. H2O2 = 2(1) + 2(o) = 0⟹o = -1
b. O2F2 = 2(-1) + 2(o) = 0⟹ o = +1

123.Define “ basicity ” of an acid and “acidity” of base? {2018}

a. Basicity: The number of replaceable H + ions in an acid is called as basicity of acid
b. Acidity : The number of replaceable OH- ions in a base is called as acidity of base

124.Define normality? {2019}

a. The no of gram equivalent weights of the solute present in the 1 litre of the solution is called normality

125. Calculate the equivalent weight of Na2CO3? { 2018}

a. Equivalent weight = molecular weight / charge on cation or anion = 106/2 = 53

126.Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when one mole of carbon is burnt in 16 grams of
dioxygen?{2019}
a. C + O2 → CO2
1 mole means 32 grams of dioxygen gives 44 grams of CO2
So 16 grams of dioxygen gives 22 grams of CO2

127.What volume of CO2 is obtained at STP by heating 4 grams of CaCO3? {2016}

a. CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
At STP 100grams (1mole) of CaCO3 gives 22.4 litres of CO2
But 4 grams of CaCO3 gives 4x22.4 / 100 = 0.896 litres

128. What do you mean by significant figures?

a. Significant figures are the meaningful digits which are known with certainty. The uncertainty in the experimental or
calculated values is indicated by mentioning the numbers of significant figures.

129.How many significant figures are present in the following : a) 0.0025 b) 208 c) 5005 d) 126,000

a) no of significant figures in 0.0025 is 2 b) no of significant figures in 208 is 3

c) no of significant figures in 5005 is 4 d) no of significant figures in 126,000 is 3

CHEMICAL EQUILLIBRIUM AND ACIDS – BASES

130.Derive the relation between Kp and Kc for the equilibrium reaction PCl5→ PCl3 + Cl2. { may 2014 }
Kp = Kc ( RT )∆n

∆n = nP - nR = ( 1+1 ) – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1  Kp > Kc

131.What is homogeneous equilibrium? Give one example. { march 2014, 2017 }

a. In homogeneous equilibrium the physical states of the reactants and products are same
N2(g) + 3H2(g)→ 2NH3(g) ; H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g)
132.What is heterogeneous equilibrium? Give one example { 2017, 2018 }
 a. In homogeneous equilibrium the physical states of the reactants and products are different
CaCO3(g) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) ; H2O (l)→H2O (g)

133.Define Le chatlier’s principle? { 2016,2019 }

a. If the chemical reaction at equilibrium is subjected to change in temperature, pressure or concentration , the
equilibrium position shifts in the direction in which this change is reduced.

134.What is Buffer solution? { 2015 }

a. A solution which can resists the change in PH on the addition of small amount of strong acid or base or dilution is called
as buffer solution.

135.State the law of mass action? { 2016, 2017 }

a. At a given temperature the rate of chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the active masses of the
reactants.

136. Derive the relation between Kp and Kc for the equilibrium reaction N2(g)+3H2(g)→2NH3(g).{ march 2013 }
a. N2(g)+3H2(g)→2NH3(g)

Kp = Kc ( RT )∆n
∆n = nP - nR = ( 2 ) – (1+3) = 2 – 4 = -2  Kp < Kc

137.What is lewis acid? Give one example.{ march 2015,2018 }

a. Electron deficient species or electron pair acceptors are called as lewis acids., EX : BF3 , AlCl3

138. Write the relation between Kp and Kc with example? { set – 1 – 2013 }
a. Kp = Kc ( RT )∆n
Ex: N2(g)+3H2(g)→2NH3(g)
 ∆n = nP - nR = ( 2 ) – (1+3) = 2 – 4 = -2  Kp < Kc

139.Define ionic product of water? Write its value & units { set 1 – 2014 , 2016, 2017}
a. It is the product of molar concentrations of proton (H +) and hydroxyl ion (OH –) present in pure water
Kw = [H +] [OH –] ; The value of Kw at room temperature is 1 × 10 –14 mol 2 L–2.

140.Define equilibrium constant?

a. The ratio of product of molar concentration of products to the product of molar concentration of reactants is called
equilibrium Constant. Ex: A + B → C + D
[C][D]
Kc =
[A][B]
141.Write the reaction quotient (Q ) for the following reaction 3O 2 2O3?
a. Q = [O3]2 / [O2]3

142.Ice melts slowly at high altitude. Explain why?

a. At high altitudes the boiling point is decreased, so ice melts slowly.

143.Why the concentration of pure solids and liquids are ignore from equilibrium constant expressions?
a. Because the molar concentration of pure solids and liquids are constant

144.What is PH?
a. The negative logarithm of concentration of H+ ion is called PH. ; PH = -log[H+]

145. What is conjugate acid – base pair? Give example.

a. An acid –base pair which differ by a single proton is called a conjugate acid-base pair.
HCl + H 2O ⇌ H3O+ + Cl–, In the reaction HCl and Cl -are one conjugate acid-base pair &H3O+ and H2O is another conjugate
acid-base pair.

146. Write the conjugate acid and conjugate base of each of the following? A) HSO4- B) H2O { 2018 }
 Species Conjugate acid Conjugate base
HSO4- H2SO4 SO4-2
H2O H3O+ OH-
a.
147.All Lewis acids are not bronsted acids. Why?
a. Bronsted acid means proton donor , but Lewis acid do not have proton, it is a electron pair acceptor. So all Lewis acids
are not Bronsted acids.

148.Calculate the PH of 0.1M HCl solution? { may 2014 }

a. PH = - log[H+] = - log[0.1] = - log[10-1] = log[10] = 1.

149.Calculate the PH of 0.05M NaOH solution? { march 2013 }

PH = - log[H+]

PoH = - log[OH-] = -log[0.05] = - log[5 X 10-2] = - log5 + 2 log 10 = - 0.6990 + 2 = 1.3010

PH = 14 – POH = 14 – 1.3010 = 12.6990

150.Calculate the PH of 0.05M Ba(OH)2 solution? {board paper 2013}

a. PH = - log[H+]

PoH = - log[OH-] = - log[0.05 X 2] = - log[0.1] = - log[10-1] = log[10] = 1.

PH = 14 – POH = 14 – 1 = 13.

151. Concentration of Hydrogen ion is 3.8 X 10-3M. what is its PH?{ may 2013 }
a. PH = - log[H+] = - log[3.8X10-3] = - log3.8 + 3 log 10 = - 0.5798 + 3 = 2.4202

152.Calculate the PH of 0.05M H2SO4 solution? {may 2015}

a. PH = - log[H+] = - log[0.05 X 2] = - log[0.1] = - log[10-1] = log[10] = 1.

153.Calculate the PH of 1.0 x 10-8 M HCl? {2015T}

a. The acid solution is very dilute, so water concentration must be taken into consideration.

[H+] of acid = 10-8 ; [H+] of water = 10-7

So, total [H+] = 10-8 + 10-7 = 10-7 [10-1 + 1] = 10-7 [1/10 + 1] = 10-7 [11/10] = 1.1 X 10-7

PH = - log[H+] = - log[1.1 X 10-7] = - log1.1 + 7 log 10 = - 0.0414 + 7 = 6.9586

154.Calculate the PH of 10-8M NaOH?

a. The base solution is very dilute, so water must be taken into consideration.

[OH-] of base = 10-8 ; [OH-] of water = 10-7

i. So, total [OH-] = 10-8 + 10-7 = 10-7 [10-1 + 1] = 10-7 [1/10 + 1] = 10-7 [11/10] = 1.1 X 10-7

PoH =- log[OH-] = - log[1.1 X 10-7] = - log1.1 + 7 log 10 = - 0.0414 + 7 = 6.995

PH = 14 – POH = 14 – 6.995 = 7.005

155. Calculate the PH for 0.001 M NaOH solution? { 2015 }

 PoH = - log[OH-] = - log[0.001] = - log[1 X 10-3 ] = 3 log 10 = 3

PH = 14 – POH = 14 – 3 = 11
156. What is PH? Calculate the PH of 0.001 M HCl solution? {2017}
a. The negative logarithum of concentration of H+ ion is called as PH.
PH = - log[H+] = - log[0.001] = - log[10-3] = 3 log[10] = 3.

157. What is bronsted base? Give an example?{2019}

a. Proton acceptor is a bronsted base. Ex : NH3, H2O, Cl- …….

158. What is the effect of pressure on a gaseous chemical equilibrium? {2019}

a. Increases the pressure of the reaction at equilibrium favours the reaction in the direction in which the
volume decreases ( or ) the number of moles decreases
Decreases the pressure of the reaction at equilibrium favours the reaction in the direction in which the
volume increases ( or ) the number of moles increases

Chemical bonding
159. Define Octet rule?{ 2015 }
a. An atom must possess 8 electrons in its valency shell is called Octet rule.

160. Define dipole moment. Why dipole moment of BF3 is zero? { 2015, 2017 }
a. The product of magnitude of charge on the pole and the distance between the two poles is called dipole moment.
BF3 has trigonal planar structure, bond angle is 1200 . its dipole moment is zero, because the three bond moments give
a net sum of zero as a resultant of any two is equal and opposite to the third .

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
161. Write the IUPAC names ( or ) structures of the following { 2013 , 2014, 2015 , 2016 }
Tri chloro ethanoic acid 3 – nitro benzene carbaldehyde

Neo pentane 4 – nitro benzene carbaldehyde

2,2,3 – Tri methyl pentane 2,3 – dimethyl butane

3,3 – dimethyl butanoic acid 2 – methyl but – 1 - ene

3,4,4,5 – tetra methyl heptane propanal

 2,2,3,3, -tetra methyl butane 2,3 – di methyl butanal

1,3 – butadiene 2 – pentanone

3 - pentanone Pent – 1 – ene

2 – bromo butane 2,2,4,4- tetra methyl pentane

2 - pentanol

162.Write the Cis – Trans isomers of the following

a. Cl H C =C H Cl b. C2H5CH3C = C CH3C2H5

163.How is Nitro Benzene prepared from Benzene? { may 2015 }

a. When benzene is reacted with Conc HNO3 and Conc H2SO4 at below 600c temperature to give Nitro Benzene

164.An alkyne “A” undergo cyclic polymerization by passing through red hot iron tube to give “B” . what are A and B {march 2015}
A = acetylene B = benzene

Thermodynamics
165.State Hess law of constant heat summation.{ 2015 may , 2016, 2019}
a. The total heat change in a reaction is same ,if the chemical reaction takes place in single step or several steps

166.What are intensive and extensive properties? { 2015 may, 2017, 2019 }
a. Intensive property: The properties of a system which are independent upon the amount of material present in the
system.
ex: density, boiling point
extensive property: The properties of a system which are depend upon the amount of material present in the system.
ex: mass , volume
167. What is entropy? { 2016 }
a. Entropy is the measure of randomness of a molecule. It is denoted by S .

168.State the first law of thermodynamics? { 2016, 2018 }

a. Energy neither be created nor be destroyed but it can transfer from one form to another form.
169.State the third law of thermodynamics? { 2017, 2019 }
a. The entropy of pure and perfectly crystalline substance is zero at absolute zero temperature
170. What are ‘ open ’ and ‘Isolated ’systems? {2018}
a. Open system: a system which can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings is an open system
Ex: a liquid in an open vessel
 Isolated system : a system which doesnot exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings is an isolated
system . ex : a liquid in sealed thermally insulated non porous vessel.

171.What is closed system? Give example. {2019}

a. a system which can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings is a closed system
ex: a liquid in closed vessel.

172.Define standard molar enthalpy of formation? { 2017 }

a. The enthalpy change accompanying the formation of 1 mole of the substance in the standard state from its elements
III A group elements
173.what happen when boric acid is heated?
a. Boric acid on heating at 370k to give meta boric acid, which is on further heating gives boric oxide.

174.What is the hybridization of Boron in Diborane and Borazine?

a. Hybridization of Boron in Diborane is SP3
Hybridization of Boron in Borazine is SP2

175.Write the structure of AlCl3 ?

a. AlCl3 exist as Dimer

176.Metal borides ( having 10 B ) are used as protective shield why?

a. Boron – 10 isotope has high ability to absorb neutrons, so metal borides are used in nuclear industry as protective
shields and control rods

177. Give the uses of Boron fibers?

a. They are used in making bullets proof vest and light composite material for aircraft.

178.White fumes appear around the bottle of anhydrous alluminium chloride. Give reason?
a. Anhydrous aluminum chloride is partially hydrolyzed with atmospheric moisture and liberates HCl gas. And HCl appears
white in colour.

179.Boron unable to form BF6-3 ion . explain?

a. Due to non-availability of d- orbitals in boron

180.Define inert pair effect? {2017}

a. The non-participation of ns2 electrons in the bond formation is called inert pair effect