ElementaryTextBookofEntomology 10287855

E LE M E NT A RY T E XT B O O K O F E NT O M O LO G Y
E LE M E NT A R Y T EXT BO O K -
E N T O M O LO G Y '
W . F . K IRBY
ASS I S TAN T I N ZO O LO G EPAR TM E N T IT S H M U SE UM (NA T U A L m sr o nv )
I CA L D ,
BR I R
'
,
S O UT H K E N S N G TO N I
A ND CO - SE CR E T A R Y T O T H EN TO O LOG I C A L SO CI E T Y O F LO N O N
E M D
With 87 P l a tes cont a i ni ng o ver 6 50 Fig ure s
LO N D O N
W . S W A N S O N N E N S C H E I N A ND 0 0 .
P A T E R NO ST E R SQU A R E
1 8 85
T A B LE O F C O N T E N T S .
PAG E
P RE FACE ,
TAB LE O F C O NT E NT S ,
I NT R O D U CT I O N,
O RD ER C O LE O P T E R A .
Ad eph aga ,
—
Lam e l l i c o r ni a Sc arab aei dae co n td .
G e o d e ph ag a ,
G e o t ru pin ae , 38
Ci ci n d e l i d ae , T r o g i n ae , 38
C arab id ae ,
G l aphy ri n ae , 38
Hydrade ph aga ,
e
M lolonthinae , 38
D ytiscidae ,
E u chi ri nae, 39
G y ri ni d ae, R u t e lin ae ,
40
P al p i c o rni a, D yn stinae a ,
40
p
Hy d ro hil id ae, Ce t o n i i nae, 41
Sph aeri dii d ae, St e rn o xi , 42
B rachelytra ,
B u p r esti dae ,
43
S taphylini dae ,
. T ri xagi d ae , 44
Psel aphi dae , E u cn midae, e 44
N e cro ph ag a ,
E l ate ri d ae , 45
P au s sidae , M al ac o d erm at a, 46
Sc y d m ae ni d ae, Ce b ri o ni d ae , 46
p
Si l hi d ae, Rh i pi d o ce ri d ae 46
T richopteryg i dae , D as c ill i d ae , 46
Hi s t e ri dae, T e l e ph o ri dae , 47
N itid u lid ae , Ly c i n ae , 47
T r o g o si t id ae, Lam pyri n ae , 47
Co l y di i d ae, T e l e ph o ri n ae, 48
C u c ujidae , D ri l i nae , 48
Cry ptoph agidae , M al ac hi in ae , 48
Lat hri d i i d ae, Cleridae ,
49
M ycetoph agidae, T e r e d il i a, 49
T h o ri ct i d ae , Ly m e xyl o ni d a , 50
De rm e stidae ,
P t in i d ae, 50
Byrrhi d ae , B ostrychi d ae ,
50
Parn i d ae , C i o i d ae, 51
H e t e ro c e ri daer He terome r a, 51
Lam ellicorni a ,
T ri c t e n o t o m i d ae , 52
L u c ani d ae ,
T e n e brionidae ,
52
S c arab aeidae ,
Nil i o n i d ae, 54
S c arab aeinae ,
P yt hi d ae , 54
Aph o di in ae , M e l an dryid ae , 54
O rphn in ae , Lagriidae , 55
vi T AB LE OF C O N TE NT S .
PAG E PA G E
H e t e ro m e ra— co n t i n ued . E u po d a—C ri o c e ri d ae co nt i nue d — .
Anthicidae ,
D o n acii n ae,
Py r o c hr o i d ae , C ri o ce ri n ae ,
M o r d llidae ,e M e g S IO po d i nae ,
Rhi pi d o ph o rid S
e
, Crypt o c e ph al id ae,
S tylopidae ,
Cl y t h ri n ae ,
C anth aridae , C hl am y d i nae ,
(Ed e m e ridae, C ry pt o c e ph al i nae ,
Xyloph aga ,
E um o l pid ae ,
S colyti dae ,
Chrysom eli dae,
R hynchophor a , H al t i c i dae,
C u r c u lioni d ae , G al e ru c i dae,
B re n t h i d ae , Hi spi d ae,
B ru chi dae , C assididae ,
L o ng ic o rni a , Lan gu riid ae,

P ri o nid ae , E ro tyli d ae ,
C eram byci d ae , P se u dot ri m era ,
L am ii d ae , E n d o m y c h i d ae,
E u po d a, C o c c i n e ui dae ,
Cri o c e ri dae, C o ryl o phi dae,
Sagri nae,
O R D E R O R T HO P T E R A .
81 Achetid ae ,
82 G ryllidae ,
83 L o cu sti dae ,
83
O R D E R NEURO PT E RA .
O d o n at a, 88 M all oph ag a ,
L i b ellu li d ae , 88 T hys an u ra ,
Agrioni dae , 90 C ollem b ol a ,
E phem e ri d ae , 91 P l ani p e nni a ,
P e rlidae , 92 Si al i d ae,
T ermi t idae , 92 H e m e ro b u dae,
P s ocidae , 94 P anorpidae ,
E m b iid ae , 94 T rich o pte ra ,
T hripi d ae , 95
O R D E R HY M E NO P T E R A .
T e r e b ranti a ,
1 03 A c ule ata ,
Ph y t O ph ag a, 1 03 H eterogy n a ,
T e nth r edini dae , 1 03 F o rm i c i dae ,

Si ri c i d ae, 1 05 Fo ssores ,
E nt o ni o ph ag a, l 05 M u t i l l idae,
C ynipidae , 1 O5 T hy n n i i d ae,
C h alcididae , 107 Sc o l i i d ae,
Proct ot rypi d ae , 1 08 Sapy gi d ae ,
B raconidae , 1 08 B e m b i c i d ae ,
I chn e u moni d ae , 1 09 p
P o m il i d ae ,
E v aniidae , 110 S ph egid e a ,
Ch ry s i di d w, 111 Larri d ze ,
T AB LE OF C O N TEN T S . v ii
P AG E PAG E
A cu le at a—F ossores —co ntinued Acu l et
a a — D iplopter a -
o
c n t i nu e d .
N y sso n i d ae Eumenid ae ,
1 27
C rab ro n i d ae , V espid ae ,
1 27
Phil anthidae ,
A u th O phi l a ,
1 29
D iploptera ,
Andr e nid ae ,
1 29
M as arid a
e, ApidSS ,
130
O R DE R LE P I D O P TE RA .
R h o p al o cera, 1 34 He ter o c e r — Sphing es

a -
con ti nu ed .
N y m ph al i dae ,
1 34 U ran i i d ae , 1 68
D an ainae ,
1 34 C ast n ii d ae, 1 69
S at yrinae ,
1 35 Bo m b y c e S, 1 69
M o rphi n ae , 1 38 Agari s tidae , 169
B rass o l in ae , 1 39 Ch al c O Sii d ae , 1 70
A craeinae , 1 40 Zygaenidae , 1 71
H el i é o ni n ae , 140 Ar c t iid ae ,
1 72
N ymph alinae , 141 L ithosiidae , 1 73
E ry c i ni d ae, 1 49 Hy psi d ae, 1 73
L ib ytheinae , 1 49 Ny c t e m e ri dae, 1 74
Ne m e o biinae , 1 50 Lip aridae ,
1 74
E u s e l asii n ae , 1 51 P s ychidae , 1 76
L emoniinae , 1 51 N o t o d o n t i d ae , 1 76
L ycaenidae ,
1 53 D re pan u l i d ae , 1 77
P ap il i o ni dae ,
1 55 S t rniid
a u ae , 1 77
Pie rin ae , 1 55 B o m b ycidae ,
1 79
P ap il i o ni n ae ,
1 58 L asioc ampidae ,
1 80
H esperiidae , 1 62 Ze u z eri dae , 1 80
H eter o ce ra , 1 63 H e p i al i d ae , 1 81
Sphing e s , 1 64 N o c t u ae ,
1 82
S phi ngi d ae , 1 64 G e o m e t rae , 1 89
M acr o gl o ssinae , 1 64 Pyral e s ,
1 94
Cheero c am pi nae, 1 65 C ram b i ,
1 95 r
Sm e ri nt hi n ae, 166 T o rtrices ,

196
A c h e ro nt i in ae , 1 66 T i n e ae , 197
Sphi ngin ae, 1 67 P t e ro ph o ri , 199
E g e rii dae , 167 Al u c i t w, 199
T hy rididae , 1 68
O R D E R HE M I P T E R A .
He t ero pt e ra, 2 00 H e t e ro pt e ra—c on ti n u ed .
S c t elle rid ae
u , 2 00 N otonectidae ,
Coreidae , 20 2 H om opte ra ,
L ygaei dae ,
2 02 C ic adidae ,
P y rr hocori d ae , 203 F u lgo ridae ,
C apsi d ae , 2 03 M e mb r aci d ae ,
T i n gi d i d ae , 203 C e rcopidae ,
Cimicid ae , 2 04 T e tt i g o n id ae ,
R e d u v ii d ae , 2 05 Le d ri d ae,
E mesi d ae ,
2 05 I assid ae ,
Sal di dae , 206 Psyllidae ,
H ydr om e tri d ae ,
20 6 Aphid ae ,
G e r rid ea , 206 Aleyr odi dae ,
G algu l idae , 20 7 Co cci d ae ,
N e pi d ae , 20 7 An o pl u ra ,
T AB LE OF C O NTE N T S .
O R D E R D I P TER A .
PAG E PA G E
Aph anipter a , 218 B r ac h y c e ra~cont i nuect
P ulicidae , 218 E m pi d SS ,
N e m oc e ra , 218 D o l i ch o po d i d S , S
C e c i d o m y u dae, 219 L onchopteridae ,
p
M y c e t o h i l i d ae , 2 20 Syrphidae ,
Sim ul iidae, 2 20 C o n o pi d SS ,
B ib ionid ae ,
2 20 Pi pu n c u l id SS,
Bl eph arocerid ae , 22 0 Pl at y pe z id SS,
C u licidae , 22 1 (Es t ri d SS,
Chi ronomid ae , 22 1 M u scidae,
O rph n e pbi l i d ae, 22 1 C al ypt e rSS,
P s ychodidae , 222 T achin in SS ,
T ipu lidae , 2 22 D e xi n SS,

Di xi dae, 2 23 Sarc O pt m SS ,
Rhyphi dae, 22 3 M u s c i n SS,

Br achyce r a , 2 24 An t h o m y nn SS ,
Xyloph agidae ,
2 24 Ac al y pt e rSS ,
Coe n o m yii d ae , 22 4 Sc at o ph ag i nSS,
S tr tiomyiidae
a ,
2 24 O rt al i nSS,
A c nthom e ri d ae
a , 225 T rype t i n SS ,
T abanidae , 22 5 Pi o ph il in SS,
L e ptidae , 22 6 D i o pSi nSS,
Asilidae , 226 Chl o ro pi n SS ,
M i d ai d ae , 22 7 D ro so ph i l i n SS,
N e m e st ri n i d ae , 227 Agr o m yz i n SS,
B om byliidae ,
228 Phoridae ,
T h e r ev idae , 228 H om alopt e ra ,
S cenopinidae , 2 28 Hi ppo b o sci d SS,

Acr o ce ridae , 2 28 N ycte ri b ii d ae ,
I N T R O D U C T IO N .
IN classifying the various Objects around us we divide them ,
primarily into t hre e gre at divisions which are kno wn as the ,
Animal Vegetable and M i ne ral K ingdoms

, ,
These are again .
divided into smaller groups ; and one of the principal sectio ns o f

the Animal Kingdom is the sub kingdom Annu l osa o r Articul ata , ,
s o called from the animals included in it having bodies composed
O f a number o f joints o r segments F our classes are included in .
the sub kingdom A nnul osa Aracim ida including Spiders Sco r
-
, ,
pions and M ites ; Crustacea including Crabs Lobsters Shrimps

, , , , ,
Woodlice etc M yriopoda o r Centipedes ; and Ins ects or Insects

,
.
, ,
.
It i s unnecessary to characteris e the three first clas ses in detail ,
but a few words will suffice to point o ut the chief characters by

which they differ from each other and from insects T he Am chnida .
are destitute o f the long j ointed organs called antenn ae so con ,
spi cuou s in the other classes They increase i n Size without under
.
going any great changes O f form They are provided with eight .
legs and their body is composed o f two princip al parts only— the
,
cephalothorax and the ab domen T he Crustacea are provided with .
two pairs o f an t ennSS and a variable but moderate number of legs

,
.
Their b o dies are covered with hard Shelly armour and are not ,
divided into two or three well de fin e d sections as in the Insects -

,
and A m chnida and they frequently pass through a ve ry compli

,
oat e d metamorphosis The M yriopoda have long worm lik e bodies

.
-
,
o n e pair of ant e nn Se and do not undergo a regular metamorphosis

, ,
but as they grow the number o f segments o f their bodies continues

to increase and each segment being provided with a pair o f legs
, ,
the n um mr o f their legs also continues to increase until they have

reached their full growth .
Insects di ffer from all the other groups in many important

characters They are provided with o ne pair of antenn ae s ix legs
.
,
only in the perfect state their body is divided into head thorax
, , ,
and abdomen and they pass through four stages o f existence

, ,
called respectively egg larva pupa and imag o ,

These changes
, , .
A
2 I N T R O D U C TI O N .
are Often very sharply separated from each other involving an ,
entire change o f form although in the case o f insects with i ncom

, ,
p l e t e metamorphoses the earlier stages pass,

gradually into the
later without involving so total a change as t o resemble the pro
duction of anew animal I n the larva state insects are someti m es .
provided with from ten to twenty two legs but inste ad o f this -
,
number increasing as in the M yri apoda the number in the perfect

, ,
state as already mentione d is invariably si x

,
In the perfect, .
state too insects with rare exceptions in o n e o r both sexes always

, , , ,
acquire o ne or two pairs of wings a character which does not ,
appear in any representative of the other three classes .
Insects are frequently very highly gifted by Nature much more ,
s o in fact than the so called higher animals

, ,
T he y are provided
-
.
with two large eyes one o n each side of the head composed o f
, ,
facets varying in number from sixteen to many th o usands accord ,
ing to the species In addition to these many insects are provided

.
,
with o n e two or three visual organs called simple eyes ocelli o r

, , , , ,
stemmata placed in the crown o f the hea d No r is this all for the
,
.
,
compound eyes of certain water beetles are actually divided hori -
z o nt al l y s o that when swimmin g o n the surface o f the water they

, , ,
have literally two eyes to look upwards and two to lo o k down ,
wards M any Observations have been placed on record which

.
,
Sho w plainly that insects can discriminate between colours and ,
some recent experiments of Si r J Lubbock o n ants appear to .
indicate that they are able to perceive the ultra violet rays O f the -
solar spectrum which are perfectly invisible t o o ur eyes

, .
O f the other senses o f insects it is di fficult to speak positively .
Their nervous system is composed of a double chain o f ganglia ,
and it is therefore probable that their perceptions are less exclu

si v e l y located in the brain than our own Their hard integuments .
protect them from liability to casual injuries from trifling causes ,
and therefore we might be led to infer a priori that the sense o f , ,
pain wo ul d be of but little use to them An d this actually appears .
to be the case for they frequently appear to be just as lively and

,
comfortable after the severest injuries as before I t is scarcely .
doubtful that they do not feel pain in anything like the sam e
degree as a vertebrate animal .
But with this exception there is every reason to believe that

, ,
insects possess the same senses as vertebrate animals in the highest

p erfection A mong the
. most important organs possessed by insec ts
are the antenn ae two organs which project in front of the head and
, ,
INT R O D U C TI O N . 3
which have been variously conjectured to be organs o f hearing ,
touch and smell Their structure differs s o much in different

, .
insects t hat it is highly pro bable that they may serve o ne purpose
in o ne insect and ano ther in another They are composed of .
a very variable number o f j oints— fr o m two o r three to thirt y o r

forty — and they may be so short as scarcely t o project in fr o nt Of
,
t he head o r they may be several times as l o ng as the whole body

,
.
They differ very much in shape and structure als o and are called ,
fi l i fo rm serrated pectinated clavate ramose lamellated bifurcate

, , , , , , ,
etc accordingly No t unf requently some of the terminal j oints

.
, .
are much thi ckened sometimes into a very distinct knob Some
,
.
times t he joints are very distinctly separated and at other times ,
the antenn ae are covered with d own o r bristles s o that the separa ,
tion between the joints is hardly visible The b asal joint is called .
the scape and it is often much longer than the other joints
, ,
occasionally measuring half the length o f the ant ennSe o r even ,
more .
I n addition to the antenn ae insects are provided with o ne o r ,
two pairs o f small j ointed organs called labial and maxillar y palpi .
These form part Of the mouth organs and are probably organs ,
o f taste and perhaps also o f to u ch

, M any insects are provided .
with large mandibles while others which live entirely o n liquid

, ,
food are furnished with a long proboscis instead In som e insects

, .
both mandibles and a proboscis are developed .
The he ad is regarded by Professor Huxley as morphologically

consisting o f Six segments (or somites) o f which however the , , ,
existence o f o nl y four can be demonstrated The three follo wing .
segments form the thorax whi ch is sharply separated in t he perfect ,
insect fr o m both the head and the abdomen The three segments .
o f the thorax are called prothorax metathorax and mesothorax ,

,
ab o ve and prosternum mesosternum and metasternum beneath

, , ,
.
The upper por t ion of the th o rax is frequently called the pron o tum .
The three pairs of legs are attached t o the three segments Of

t h e thorax respectively The legs are composed o f five parts the
.
coxae or hips the trochanters (a sm all joint between the cox ae

, ,
and the femora) t he femora o r thighs the tibi ae or Sh anks

, , , , ,
and the tarsi or feet The tarsi are composed o f five joints but
, .
,
are liable to numerous modificatio ns and o ne or two j oints are ,
frequently undeveloped The last j oint o f the tarsi usually ter .
m i n at e s in a double claw In leaping insects the coxae and .

,
fem o ra are sometimes very largely developed The legs may be .

4 I N T R O D UCTI O N .
simple o r hai ry bristly o r spiny The common est appendage O f

, , , .
all is perhaps o ne or two spines at the e n d o f the tibiae In leaping .
insects the coxae and femora are sometimes greatly thickened .
The wings are attached to the sides of the meso and meta
thorax They are usuall y formed o f a transparent membrane
.
,
traversed by branching tubes called ner vures and may be either ,
naked o r clothed with hair o r scales The b ase o f the fore wings
, .
is usually protected above by small plates called tegul ae not ,
unlike epaulets in appearance At the back o f the mesothorax is .
another plate called the scutellum I n many insects it is small and .
inconspicuou s but in others it is large and conspicuous

,
It .
attains its maximum o f development in the Pentatom i dce belong ,
ing to the O rder Hem iptem in some o f which it is s o large as t o,
cover the whole abdomen and the wings are folded beneath it ,
when at rest .
The l i mbs o f insects are work ed by powerful muscles not ,
attached to a comparatively weak and jointed internal skeleton ,
like o ur o wn but to the tough and Often rigid o r horny outer

,
covering o f t heir bodies which is often te rmed an external ,
skeleton The strength and activity o f many insects are so great

.
as to be truly gigantic in comparison with that Of t he V ertebrata ,
allowing for di ff erence in size I t has been said that if an .
elephant were as strong as a stag beetle it could tear up rocks and -

,
level mountains ; a race horse with the speed o f a fly could fl y

-
round the world li ke lightning ; and a man with the activity O f a

frog hopper coul d leap through the air for half a mi le or with
-
,
the voice of a cicada could make himself heard all over the
world .
The last portion Of the body of an insect is the abdomen ,
which usually consists of from nine to eleven segments and con ,
tains part o f the organs o f digestion and respiration and th o se o f ,
reproduction O f the internal anatomy O f insects our space will

.
not permit us to say much The nervous system to which we have

.
,
already alluded lies along the ventral surface Of the body instead
, ,
o f the dorsal surface as in V erte b rata Along the back extends an

, .
organ called the great dorsal vessel which fulfils the functions o f ,
a heart Insects b reathe by means o f openings along the side O f

.
the body These Openings are called Spiracles and are placed o ne
.
,
on each side O f several segments Of the body ; but their number

varies in diff erent insects They open into branching air vessels
.
-
called trache ae .
IN T R O D U CTI O N . 5
The ab domen is frequently terminated by various appendages

connecte d with the reproduction o f the species The most con .
spi cu ou s o f these is generally the ovipositor of the female which

,
is very various in form and is sometimes of great length and , ,
not unfrequently bi fid o r t ri fid In the order Hymenoptem it is .
frequently modified into a sting .
As a rule there are two sexes in insects

,
In some cases the .
mal es and females resemble each other closely b ut they frequently ,
differ s o much that they are liable to be placed in different genera

'
u ntil their relationship is clearly ascertained Among t he social .
insects (ants wasps b ees and term ites ) the bul k Of the com
, , ,
munity consists o f sterile females called work ers o r neuters O f , ,

!
which there are frequently m ore than o n e class which perform all ,
the work Of the nest Among other insects two forms o f males
.
, ,
o r two forms o f females are often met wi th a henomenon known

p , ,
as sexual dimorphism At other times both sexes will exhibit a

.
,
similar phenomen o n the species occurri ng normally in two well

,
marked forms When these appear at different times o f the year

.
it is called seasonal dimorphism Apart from this local o r acci .

,
dental variations from the type o f a species are o f very common

occurrence .
When insects are found paired the presumption is that they ,
belong to the same species ; but thi s is not invariably the case .
Instances have even been recorded in which a b utterfly has been

found paired with a moth ; and although such a uni o n would be
almost certainly sterile yet hybri ds are not unfrequently produced
,
by the crossing Of allied species Hermaphr o ditism is a phenomenon .
o f occasional occurrence am o ng insects and when as sometimes , ,
happens the sexes o f an insect di ffer considerably the e ffect is

, ,
very striking Thus in hybrids o f the C ommon Blue Butterfly

.
,
( y
P ol om ma tus I carus
) o n e pair Of,
wings may be blue and the other ,
quite brown with a border o f orange spots I have m entioned

,
.
thi s here because there appears to be good reason for believing

,
that hybridity has a direct tendency to produce hermaphrodi tism ,
t hough of course it is not the sole cause .
In the majority of cases union Of the sexes is necessary for the

,
continuance o f the species but parthenogenesis o r the laying o f ,
fertil e eggs by an unf ertilised female is common in several groups , ,
and is the rule in others The males Of such insects are frequently
.
unkn o wn and in some cases appear to be actually non existent

,
-
.
Among the Cympid oe and Aphidce sexual and seasonal dimorphism

’
,
6 I N T R O D UC TI O N .
appears to have reached its furthest stage winged and apterous ,
forms and sexual and sexless (o r possibly perfect hermaphr odite ! )

,
forms succeeding each other alternately

,
.
Among the curious phenomena presented to us by insect life ,
those connected with protective resemblance and ab o ve all , ,
mimicry are not the least remarkable M any insects present a

, .
striking resemblance to o ther natural Obj ects as leaves sticks , , ,
seeds lichen bird droppings etc and thus escape the notice o f
, ,
-
, .
,
their enemies O thers resemble various insects which either

.
enjoy an immunity from the attacks O f certain enemies or are fur ,
n i she d with means o f defence Thus a beetle may resemble .
an ant o r a moth may resemble a wasp o r a butterfl y (o r

, ,
perhaps only its female ) may resemble a butterfly of a different

family which is protected from bir ds by an unpleasant smell and
taste ; and in extreme cases thi s resemblance is so close that the
two insects can hardly be distinguished from one another except ,
by structural characters although there may be no real affi nity

,
between them .
I nsects are usually abu ndant in proporti o n to the exuberance

o f the vegetation but the richer the native fauna o f any country
, ,
the poorer will it become when that is destroyed Hence it .
happens that cul tivated districts m the tropics Often disappoint the
collector very much ; while a dense tropical forest with its dim ,
shade cast by the crowns Of the trees a hundred feet above is ,
anything but rich in insects though they will Swarm in a new ,
clearing o r in other favourable localities In temperate climate s

, .
the in sects which have maintained their ground as inhabitants Of

the country are tolerably equally distributed over it in suitable
lo calities ; but even here the draining o f marshes and felling of
forests speedily exterminates species which inhabit such localities .
Although insects reach their maximum of size and brilliancy

in tropical countries yet it does not follow that size and brilliancy
,
distinguish al l tropical productions Whole families consist .
chiefly o f small and di ngy species and the number o f large and ,
conspicuous species in the tropics is below rather than above the

average o f those o f temperate cli mates ; and although o n the ,
other hand some families consisting almost exclusively of large

,
and bril liant insects are confined to the tropics yet the tropical ,
representatives of insects found in temperate climates are frequently

inferior t o the latter both in size and colour V ariety of vegeta
,
.
tion is more necessary to insect life than great heat ; and m any
8 I NT R O D UCTI O N .
prob ably the larva of a l arge wood feeding b eetle (possibly the -
Stag B eetle or perhaps the larva o f Org/rites Nasi corni s or o f some

-
, ,
Longicorn) as a great delicacy and that of the P alm Weevil is ,
still highly pri z ed in the West Indies The Australians make .
”
!
bugong cak es o f a species o f moth (Agrotis Spini) and the ,
”
inhabitants o f Southern Africa make konga cake of gnats and !
other small insects Locusts are likewise eaten all over Africa
.
,
and when properly prepared are as I am informed by M r Cowan , .

,
the well known missionary to M adagascar very good eating— much

-
,
better than some travellers have reported or than M r Riley the , .

,
State Entomologist Of M issouri found the destructive Rocky ,
M ountain Locust M r Cowan was inclined to think that when

. .
locusts proved distasteful it was due either to defective cooking

,
or preparation or to the locusts themselves not being sufficiently

,
fresh ; but while allowing for this I am also inclined to believe ,
that there may really be a great difference in flavour between

d ifferent species of locusts o r even b etween the same species at ,
different times according to its food The inhabitants o f M exico

,
.
and Central America make great use Of the eggs o f some o f the
large water b o at fl i e s (Hydrom etri dae) which abound in their rivers ;
-
”
and many savages share with our p oor relations the monkeys !
, ,
their taste for a still m o re Objectionable insect delicacy .
Insects are exposed to the attacks Of numerous enemies many ,

-
o f the smaller vertebrate animals more especially birds feeding , ,
entirely o r in a large measure upon them They are likewise .
exposed to the attacks of other insects many large families o f ,
insects feeding almost entirely o n others Almost every family of .
the great O rder Hymenozatem (if we except the Apidcc or b ees ) I s ,
either carnivorous o r parasitic o r provisions its nest with other ,
insects The Diptem too many o f which are most annoying to

.
, ,
the higher animals and often destroy them when they attack
,
them as parasites are likewise destructive to other insects fo r

, ,
some groups prey upon insects and others infest them as parasites ,
.
M any families o f the Col wptem Orthoptem Neuroptem and ’

, , ,
Hem iptem are likewise more or less carnivorous ; the Lepidoptem

being the only O rder which confi nes i t s attacks almost exclusively
to the vegetable ki ngdom Insects are likewise destroyed by .
spiders parasitic worm s and various species o f mould o r fungi

, ,
.
Insects act as general scavengers attacking decaying vegetable ,
or animal matter at once and speedily clearing it away by their

,
numb ers They lik ewise check the inordinate growth of vegeta
.
INT R O D UCTI O N . 9
tion and form a very considerable factor indeed in the great

,
system Of checks and counterchecks by which existing Nature is

upheld and room for constant change and progress is secured
,
without disturbing a general equilibrium of forces That o ur crops .
should sometimes sufi e r largely from their attacks is not sur

'
prising ; and although insects are less numerous and destru ctive
in England than in many other countries yet t he perusal Of a ,
’
work like M iss O rm ero d s M anual of I njuri oas I nsects is quite
su fficient to make it plain to even the most unentomological reader
that British crops are exposed to the attacks of a great numb er of
enemies which the farmer would do well not to under estimate
,
-
from their mi nuteness but which he cannot comb at successfully

,
without some technical knowledge o f insects and their habits .
A farmer o r gardener who is ignorant o f entomology is exposed

to great disadvantages If his crops sufi er he is not unlikely to
'
.
,
mistake a harmless insect for the real depredator o r even to ,
destroy the beneficial insects which k eep the others in check ,
under the idea that t hey are the real authors o f the mi schief ;
o r again by his own n eglect to seize t h e fitting moment for
,
destroying the enemy he may expose himself to very severe

,
losses which might have been averted or at least greatly lessene d

, , ,
by a little timely precaution A striking illustration O f this

.
occurred a few years ago in South Russia where a small species ,
Of cockchafer (Anisopl ia Austriaca Herbst ) has lately been very , .
destructive A vast swarm were blown into the se a and washed

.
,
up on the beach in heaps in a half torpid state so that they might-

,
easily have been collected and destroyed in large quantities But .
they were allowed to remain till they had recovered from their
bath and dried their wings when they flew inland to breed and
, ,
to carry ruin and desolation throughout the district .
I nsects have many ways o f defending themselves against their

numerous enemies Th ose which are distasteful to b irds are fre
.
quently very conspicuous in their colours and are Often sluggish , ,
and weak fl yers Their uneatable character however being

. , ,
apparent they are easily recognised and passed over ; and as

, ,
already mentioned edible species which sufficiently resemble them

,
share in their immunity O ther insects have diff erent means

.
of concealing themselves or o f escaping observation ; whi l e

,
many are able to defend themselves with their jaws o r stings ,
are formidable even to the largest animals M any insects .
discharge an offensive fluid when alarmed or seized and some even ,

10 I N TR O D U C TI O N .
emit a v o l at il e
and very corrosive fluid which explodes and vola ,
t il i s e s as soon as it comes in contact with the air Almost all .
insects possess the power o f producing sounds and some are ,
phosphorescent ; but t he se powers appear to be exerted rather to

attract their mates than for defensive purposes .
At first sight the enormous number of insects in existence

,
would appe ar to render it a hopeless task to attempt to learn any

thing about them The larger animals are comparatively few in
.
number and when we speak of an elephant a horse a lion a dog

, , , , ,
etc it is sufficiently intell igible for most practic al purposes ; but

.
,
ho w can we make ourselves understood when we wish to speak o f

some particular insect among the th o usands that inhabit any given
country ! This can only be effected by an arbi trary system of
classification ; and the want of this placed almost insuperable
di fli cul t i e s in the way O f those who would have studied natural
history ; fo r it made any satisfactory and permanent register of
acquired knowledge almost impossible At length howe ver in .
, ,
the cour se o f th e last century and partly guided by the tenta ,
tive e ffo rts Of earlier naturalists Li nné after vari ous experiments , , ,
devised the binomi al nomenclature and applied it so far as his , ,
knowledge extended to the whole system of natu re

, Every .
animal and plant has now two names a generic and a speci fic ,
name by which it is always spoken O f and whi ch di stingui shes it

, ,
from any other species The specific name is frequently a Latin

.
adjective and the generic name is general ly of G reek derivation

, .
Every assemblage o f individuals which appears sufficiently distinct

from i t s nearest relatives is called a species ; and those species
whi ch have a di stinct general resemblance are said to belong to
the same genus G enera again are assorted into su b famil ies
.
-
,
famili es tribes and orders ; and thus it becomes possible t o dis

, ,
criminate between the immense numbers o f the insect race Those .
specimens of a species whi ch agree best with its characters are

called typical while those which present casual o r local variations
,
are called aberrations varieties o r local form s ; and o f course many

, ,
entomologist s differ in their estimate Of species and varieties ; but

this does not affect the general principle To avoid confusion no .
,
two Speci es o f one genus are all owed to bear the same name ; and
no generic name is allowed to be used twice in zoolo gy The .
name used by the first describer o f a species is always retained ,
and if the same species has accidentally received two names the ,
name o f later date is called a synonym and drops out o f use , .

I N T R O D U C TI O N . 11
Fo r convenience o f reference and still further to lessen the chance ,
of confusion the name Of the describer o f a species is generally

,
appended to the speci fi c name whenever the latter is quoted Some , .
have argued that if a later writer moves a species into a di fi erent '
genus from that in which the original describer placed it the name ,
of the more recent author should be appended to it instead o f ,
that Of the original describer ; but this practice is most mischievous

and mi sleadi ng and has not even a shade o f practical utility to
,
recommend it .
Having thus explained the general principles of Zoological

Nomenclature we wil l now proceed to discuss the Classification o f
,
I nsects Linné in the two last editio n s of hi s Systema Natures

.
1
,
published in 1 7 5 8 and 1 7 6 7 divided all the insects known to him ,
into seven great O rders which he called Col eoptera Hemiptera , , ,
Lepid optera Neuroptera Hymenoptera D iptera and Aptera

,
These, , , .
O rders were established o n the number and consistency o f the

wings and are all recognised nearly in the Linnean sense at the
,
present day with the exception o f Hem iptera and Aptera The
, .
Aptera included the Classes A racl m id a Crustacea and M yriopoda , , ,
the Lice F leas and Springtails and T ermes the winged forms o f
, , ,
which were unknown to Linné The Linnean O rder Hem iptera .
was composed of at least two distinct O rders ; and O livier sub

sequently divided it into Hem iptera and Orthoptera Soon after .
the time o f Linné his eminent pupil F abricius prepared a new

,
classification Of insects founded o n the structure o f t he mouth and ,
he re named al l the Li nnean O rders even when they coincided with

-
,
his o wn Hi s nomenclature spee dily fell into disuse and the

.
,
only O rders which he proposed whi ch it is necessary to remember , ,
are the Odonata (Dragon fl i e s) and Ryngota (Hemiptera) -

.
Several modifications were proposed by Leach Latreille and , ,
other authors ; and the arrangement of O rders adopt ed by West

wood in his I ntroduction to the M odern Cl assification of Insects
, ,
published in 1 8 3 9 but still a classical work is as follows

, ,
O rders . Re p resent at i v es .
C oleoptera . Be etles .
Euplexoptera . Earwi gs .
O rthoptera . Crickets etc , .
”
Thysanoptera . Black Fly .
1 T h es e ar e c al l e d t h e l ot h an d 1 2t h e d it i o n s
; b u t t he s o -c al l e d 1 l th
e d i t i o n, p u bl i s h e d i n 1 76 0 , i s a m e re re p ri nt o f t h e l oth .
12 INT R O DUCTI O N .
O rd ers . R epresent at i ve s .
Dragon fl i e s etc -
,
.
Trichoptera . C addis fli es .
Hymenoptera . Bees wasps ants etc

, , , .
Strepsiptera . Be e parasites .
Lepidoptera . Butterflies and moths .
Homoptera . Froghoppers .
Heteroptera . Bugs .
Aphaniptera . Fleas .
Diptera . F lies .
Westwood rejects t he Lice and Spri ngt ails from hi s work not ,
regarding them as true insects The principal names or synonyms .
not mentioned above whi ch have b een proposed for O rders o f

,
insects are as follows Westwood s (or English ) equivalents being

, ,
’
added
Derm aptera . O rthoptera .
D ermaptera . E uplexoptera .
D ictyoptera . C ockroaches .
Thysanura . Springtails .
C ollembola .
P arasita . Lice .
Anoplura . Lice .
M allophaga . Bird lice .
Homaloptera . F orest fli es .
Siphonaptera . Aph ani ptera .
Rhipiptera . Strepsiptera .
Achre i o pt era . B eaver parasites .
P seudo Neuroptera
-
. Neuroptera etc ,
.
O f late years the tendency has b een to again reduce the

O rders to seven — vi z Col,
eopterai
(including. Stre s
p pi t era) O rth p
o tera!
,
(including E upl exoptera and D i ctyqptera) N eu ro pt c m ) (inc l uding ,

‘
T ri choptera fl ysan wra Col l embol a M al l ozahaga and T hysanoptera)

, , , , ,
Hymenopteral Lepidoptera Hem iptera o r Rhynchota (including the , ,
su b orders Hem iptera Hetcroptcm

-
and Hemiptera Hom optera and
- -
,
the Anopl w a) and D iptera (including Aphaniptera and possibly

, ,
A ch/rei optera) and this arrangement will be followed in the present

,
work The fir st four O rders which possess jaws in the perfect

.
,
state are sometimes called I nsecta M andi bu l ata and the remainder
, , ,
which are provided with a sucking prob oscis are called Insecta ,
INT R O D UC TI O N . 13
Haustcl l ata . But

d ifferent authors are not agreed as to t he
sequence in which they place the O rders o f Insects .
O f all the principal O rders the O rder Neuroptera is in the most

,
unsatisfactory state including a great num ber o f very discordant

,
groups which differ extremely in the structure o f their mouths and

,
in the character o f their me t amorphoses It has even been pro .
p o sed to unite the bulk Of the Neuroptera with the Orthoptera under ,
the improper title o f Pseudo Neuroptera leaving only a very few

-
,
(scarcely typical ) groups to represent the Neuroptera But t he .
Neuroptera which most resemble the Orflwptera differ from them ,
s o widely in the structure o f their wings that even Li n né did not
place them in the same O rder ; and it would b e a mi stak e to do so .
at t he present day .
No system can however be regarded as perf ect

, ,
O rganic .
Nature i s now believed to have grown up into the form in which we

s ee it from in finitesimal beginnings by the e ff ect o f gradual changes ,
acting and reacting o n each other in the course o f cou ntless ages .
We have consequently nothing b efore us to classify but the extreme

ends o f the branches o f a vast tree o f the rest o f which we are ,
scarcely able to catch even the slightest glimpse Consequently .

,
while every group and every species is more or less related to

others a book arrangement can o nl y b e linear and while i t
,
-
,
expresses a certain am ount o f affi nity between the groups and

species placed in j uxtaposition it likewis e tends to conceal the fact
,
that equally important affinities frequently exist between other

species o r groups which may chance to b e widely separated in o ur
,
necessarily artificial arrangements .
O f fossil insects but little need here be said Comparatively .
few species have yet been described for the correct identifi cation ,
o f the fragmentary remains o f insects whi ch are sometimes met
with (occasionally in considerable abundance) presents difficulties

which are almost insuperable to the best entomologists who are ,
not al ways agreed respecting even the O rder to which an insect

belongs ; while in other cases fragments originally supposed to ,
belong to insects have ultimately proved to be of vegetable origin .
Sometimes however fossil insects are met with in such goo d

, ,
preservation that but l ittle difficulty exists in determining their

approxi mate affini ties T he oldest k nown fossil insects appear t o
.
belong to the O rders Orthoptera and Neuroptera and some o f the ,
latter were Of gigantic Size compared to their nearest living allies .
Even such frag ile insects as b utterflies are occasionally m et with in

14 I N T R O D UCTI O N.
go od preservation the b est known example o f which was found at

,
Aix in Provence many years ago

, ,
It i s considered t o belong to
.
the sub fami ly Satyrinae and is called Neari nol ois Sepu l ta Boi sd
-
, ,
.
O urIntroduction may b e brought to a fitting conclusion by a

table exhibiting the approximate round numbers o f insects known
to inhabit the British Isl es and the world .
O rd ers . B ri t ain .
C oleoptera,
O rthoptera ,
60
Neuroptera , 6 40
Hym enopte ra ,
Lepidopte ra,
9 00
16 C O LE O P T E R A .
be etle which are often enclosed i n separate coverings and very

,
'
clearly defi ned In the case o f b eetles which assume the pupa state
.
in a cell of agglutinated earth the beetle i s Often fully developed ,
and remain s inactive for a co nsiderable time b efore quitting its cell .
The G erman and American coleopterists Often recognise no

divisions hi gher than genera in this extensive O rder except ,
famil ies of whi ch seventy four are enumerated in G e m m i ng er and

,
-
Vo n Harold s great Catal ogas Col eoptaroru m

’
b ut English and
French writers employ a more complicated system of classification .
In the present work the families will be b rought together under

,
the main groups and all those o f special interest wi ll b e noticed ;

,
but the more mi nute su b divis ions between families and genera
will not always be alluded to The arrangement of the ab ove .
mentioned catal ogue is generally followed .
S E C T IO N I —AD E P H A GA . .
Tarsi generally fi ve jointed ; six palpi (four maxillary ac two

-
, .
to each maxilla) and two labial ; antenn ae fi l iform habits carni

,
v o ro us .
This section includes two groups the Geadephaga and Hydra ,
daphaga comprising the bul k O f the carnivorous b eetles

,
But it .
must be remembered that there is no rule without an exception ,
especially in natural history ; and thus we find species among

the A dephaga which have fewer than five joints to the tarsi and
others which are wholly o r partial ly herb ivorous .
SUB SE C TI O N I —Geodaphaga
-
. .
Antenn aeand legs long and slender ; mandibles not concealed

by the upper lip ; eyes large and prominent body oblong convex , .
The Geadephaga o r C arnivorous G round B eetles are a very

, ,
exten sive group and with few exceptions may be regarded as

, , ,
beneficial insects as they generally feed on other insects which

, ,
would otherwise multiply to a far more injurious extent than at

present They are very similar in shape to some o f the Heteromera
.
from which their fil i fo rm ant e nnae and fi v e jointed tarsi will a1 -
once di sting uish them .
F AM ILY I —Ci cindel idae .

’
.
M axi ll ae terminating in a moveable hook ; head large broader ,
than the thorax ; eyes very large and prominent ; mandibles

large sharply pointed and arm ed with several large teeth
, ,
.
B EETLE S . 17
The typical genus Of this family is Ci cindel a Linn which i n ’

, .
,
cl ades the Tiger Beetles F our species O ccur in England the .

,
comm o nest of which is the G reen Tiger Beetle (Ci ci ndel a Carn
p estr i s L,
inn ) which is common
,
in sandy places I t is o f a bright .
green c o lour (c o ppery beneath) with white markings I t runs , .
very fast and if disturbed takes to its wings and darts away
, , , ,
with great rapidity but soon settles again I ts larva makes a ,

.
burr o w in the sand where it lies in wait fo r insects in the manner

,
o f an ant lion -
The beetle is about half an inch in length
. .
Ci cindeta is a very extensive genus but none of the species are ,
much more than t wice the size o f o u r own and all strongly ,
resemble each other They are generally green o r brown wi t h .

,
white o r yellow spots and markings and one o r two o f the North ,
American species are white .
The largest species Of this family belong to the South African

genus M an ti chora Fabr They are about two inches in length and
, .
,
their large size and great scissors like j aws give them a most fo rm i d -
able appearance They are of a black colour and run with great
.
,
speed over the sand o r hide themsel v es under stones , .
T etracha Hope i s a genus closely allied to Ci cindel a but more

, , ,
uniform i n colour M ost o f the species are Am erican but a few

.
,
are Australian T Carol i na Linn is a common North American

. .
,
.
,
species and is green with the apex of the elytra broadly bordered
, ,
o n the sides with white .
At C arip e o n the Amazons M r H W Bates met with two

, ,
. . .
species of T etracha which are nocturnal in their habits hiding ,
by day in burrows several inches in depth and issuing forth at ,
night when they run over the sand with extraordinary rapidity
, ,
d o ubling if an attempt is made to sei z e them O ne species is .
simi lar to the sand in colour while the other is Of a brilliant ,
copper col o ur but defends itself when alarmed by emitting a

,
powerful and O ffensive Odour But the great majority Of t he .
Ci ci nctel i dce collected by M r B ates o n the Amazons bel o nged t o .
the genus Odontochei l a which includes slende r long legged species , ,

-
,
generally o f a bron z ed colour with white spots on the elytra , .
They much resemble the true Ci indel oe but are entirely arboreal c
,
1
in their habits .
The genus Col l yris Fabr and its allies are nearly confined t o ,
.
,
the East Indies They are o f a b eautiful blue or green colour and
.
,
1
Bat e s , N atura l i s t on the Am az o ns, v ol . i . pp . 2 0 7, 2 0 8, 3 2 3, an d 3 24 .
B
18 C O LE O PTE R A .
differ fr o m the more typical forms o f the Ci cindel idw by their

more elongated form and especially by their long narrow nec k, .
FAM ILY I I — Carabid ae .

’
.
M axill ae terminating in an unarticulated p o int ; head generally

narrower than the thorax ; eyes not remarkably prominent ; man
di bl e s strong and hooked at the tip but with no prominent
, ,
teeth .
This family is much more extensive and varied than the last ,
and instead o f being represented by one genus and four species in

,
Britain includes a very large proportion o f o ur native species

, ,
many, being o f considerable interest and importance Al though .
n o ne o f the species are st ri ct l y aquatic yet many Of them frequent ,
very marshy localities close to the water and several are even ,
found habitually o n the s e a beach at l o w water and must be able - -

,
to sustain a long continued immersion without injury

-
.
The species of E l aphrus Fahr are Of a gre e n i sh coppery colour

'
, .
, ,
with rows o f large deeply impressed bluish punctures They ,

-
, .
frequent marshy localities Nebri a several black o r

.
,
tawny species some o f which frequent mountainous districts while

, ,
others are met with i n woods under bark and Nebri a Compl anata , , ,
Linn whi ch is common in South France abounds o n the s e a shore

.
, ,
-
,
and is sometimes found congregated in vast numbers under planks

washed up by the s e a .
Carabus Linn the typical genus o f this family is o f great

, .
, ,
extent and includes the largest and most conspicuous o f o ur

,
British Geodephaga several o f which exceed an inch in length

, .
They are long oval insects and are o f a black or bronzy colour or , ,
more o r less metallic Some Of the species are smo o th and others
.
,
are s trongly punctured or ridged Several O f our commonest black , .
species such as Carabus Catenul atus Scop and Vi ol aceus Linn

, ,
.
, , .
,
are smooth and are narrowly bordered with purple o r violet O ne

, .
o f o ur most beautiful species is Carabu s Ni tens Fahr which is , .

,
green splendidl y glossed with coppery red ; it is about half an inch

,
in length and is somewhat local Carabus Auratus Linn which is

, .
,
.
,
about an inch long is scarcely met with in England except as a

,
casual import ation but is abundant in many parts o f the C ontinent

, .
I t is o f a bright green colour much less strongly glossed wi th ,
copper than C Ni tens and is called the G old B eetle in G ermany

’
.
, ,
where it is common in gardens and along roads and fo ot paths ,

-
.
The Carabi are very predaceous insects and generally come out at
’
,
BEETLE S . 19
night though they m ay frequently be seen in t h e day time o r at

,
-
,
dusk especially in spring They are apterous but the elytra are
,
.
,
not soldered together .
The largest Of t h e European Carabidae belong to the genus

Procerus Dej which much resemble Carabi in shape but are double
,
.
, ,
the si z e sometimes measuring two inches in length They are

, .
black and stro ngly punctured and are peculiar to South Eastern ,
-
Europe and Western As ia .
D am aster K oll is a genus remarkable fo r its peculiar shape

, , ,
whi ch will be seen in o ur figure It only includes a very few .
black species closely resembling each other and all peculiar to

, ,
different islands in J apan .
Cal osom a Web is a widely distri b uted genus including several

,
.
,
-
,
very beautiful species The thorax is transverse much narrower .

,
than the abd o men and m o re o r less convex ; the wings are well
,
developed The commonest species C I nqui si tor Fabr is about

.
'
, .
,
.
,
half an inch long o f a dull coppery green with three row s Of

, ,
golden green punctures on each elytron

-
C Symphanta Fa hr . .
, .
,
which is much larger is a great rarity in England though com , ,
mon o n the C ontinent ; it is o f a splendid golden green and is ,
generally met with o n oaks where it feeds o n the destru ctive ,
Processionary Caterpillars (Cnethocampa Processi onea Li n ) and , .
other insects .
Casnonia Latr is a tropical genus found in marshy places

,
.
, ,
which is remarkable for its very long slender thorax The species .
are black and rugose sometimes with pale yellowish spots , .
The genus Brachinus Web includes several reddish beetles ,

.
, ,
with bluish o r greenish elytra They are about a quarter o f an .
inch in length and are found under stones M any Species o f

,
.
Geodephaga and other beetles will attempt to defend themselves

by discharging a disagreeable acrid fluid when handled but the ,
B rachi ni possess a much more curi o us method Of defence If .
they are alarmed they discharge a slightly acid fluid which

, ,
instantly volatilises int o smoke with a slight explosion and this ,
man oeuvre they can repeat several times .
The genus Agra Fabr includes a great number o f slender ,

.
,
species pecul iar to tropical America which are entirely arb o real
, ,
in their habits l ike many other Col eoptera which inhabit the same
,
countries A Vari ol osa K lug is b ron z y brown

. .
, ,
-
.
O ne Of the most remarkable genera o f the Geodephaga is M orm o

l yce Hag e nb which h as extraordinary dilated elytra and scarcely
,
.
, ,
20 C O LE O P TE R A .
resembles a beetle at all The few known species are all dark .
brown insects and are very much al ike they are confined ,
t o the M alayan P eninsula and the adjacent islands the type , ,
M P hyl todes Hag e nb being fr o m J ava

.
, The transformations are .
, .
n o t specially remarkable but the fully d eveloped beetle whi ch is , ,
about two inches long much resembles a fiddle both in shape and , ,
colour and is actually called the Fiddler by the E u ropean i n

,
!
habitants o f the countries where it occurs .
Anthi a Web is a genus Of large and handsome b eetles inh abit

,
.
,
ing the tropics o f the O ld World A Ori ental i s Hope which i s . .

, ,
common in India is a black species about an inch and a quarter , ,
in length with two large white spots on the thorax and four on
, ,
the elytra .
Scari tes Fabr includes a number of species rem arkable for the
, .
,
great size o f their head and thorax which are closely united but , ,
sharply separated from the abdomen their great mandibles and

their strongly dentated front t ibi ae They are common in the
-
.
warmer parts o f the earth where they burrow in loose soil but , ,
are not met with in Northern Eu rO pe So me Of the species are .
diurn al but the greater number only seek for prey at night The
, .
nearest al ly to this genus which we possess in E ngland is a small

dark brown o r reddish brown species with red legs and antenn ae
- -
,
C ai na Fossor Linn ) which is met with in san dy places n ear

( l i , ,
water under stones o r at the roots o f trees etc

, , , .
P anagceus Latr is a pretty genus containing black species

,
.
,
marked with red o r yellow ; P anagceus Crux major Linn which -

, .
,
is about an eighth Of an inch in length is not uncommon in ,
England .
A great number Of small and moderate sized Carabi dw gener -

,
ally O f a more o r less oval form and black bronzy or green in , , ,
colour Often with red legs are met with in E ngland The most
, , .
important genera are perhaps Chl oenius Bo n A nisodactyl as Dej ,

.
, .
B rady / ca l l us Erichs O phonu s S teph

,
H ar al us Latr
p S tenol oph us
.
,
.
, .
,
Dej F a ei tas Bo n ; Argutor Dej ; P terosti chus Cal athus P l atynus

.
, .
, .
, , ,
A baa and Am ara B o n etc M any species may be found running

, , .
, .
o n paths by day especially in spring Although the smaller Cara

, .
bid ae like the larger are carnivorous as a rule yet many species
, , ,
o f Har al us etc wi l l sometimes indulge in a vegetable diet

p , .
, ; '
and Zabrus Gi bbus Linn is a highly destructive insect It is Of a , .

, .
shining black o r pitchy black colour and the antennae and legs are ,
itchy brown It is o f a cylindrical form winged and with shorter

p .
, ,
B EETLE S . 21
antenn ae than mo st Of its allies and measures about half an inch in ,
length B oth the larva and the beetle feed o n corn and sometimes
.
,
commit great ravages but the beetle will devour its compani o ns
, ,
if pressed by hunger and is therefo re not exclusively herbivorous

,
.
Several o f the small species o f Carabidae placed towards the ’
end o f the fa m ily are interestin g in their habits Bem bidium .

,
Latr is a very extensive genus Of minute Carabi dae very few o f

.
, ,
which reach the length o f a quarter o f an inch while many are ,
only half that si z e They are generally o f a black o r bron zy

.
colour with yellowish spots and markings They are very active
, .
in their movements and alt hough not exactly aquatic are al ways
, ,
found in marshy places under stones or running among sand mud , , , ,
and refuse in the immediate neighbourhood o f water

,
A few .
species however are found in mountainous districts o r under

, , ,
bark They generally appear in spring ; and in fact most Of the

.
, ,
Carat iate are more numerous in spring and early summer than
later in the year .
The genus A epus Leach only includes three very smal l apterous
, ,
yell o wish beetles t wo o f which are found on the shores o f Eng

,
land France and Denmark and the third in M adeira They are
, , , .
met with only at low water mark and as they are covered by -
,
t he tide for several hours every day they may fairly be regarded ,
as t ru e marine insects They are sometimes accompanied by .
A epophi l us B onnai rei Sign a small insect much resembling them

, .
,
in appearance and habits but which belongs t o the order Hem iptera ,
.
The last genera Of the Carati ate whi c h we shall notice are
A nophthal m us Schmidt and Aphcenops B o nv
, They are smal l
, , .
reddish o r brownish eyeless beetles which are found under stones ,
in the great caves o f South Eastern Europe and North America -

,
which as is well known possess a very pecul iar fauna o f their

, ,
o wn .
S UB SE C TI O N I I —Hydradephaga
-
. .
Ant e nnae slender ; long or short ; mandibles concealed by the

upper lip eyes n o t remarkably prominent body broad and often
fl attened legs fo rmed for swimming .
The Hydradephaga are entirely carnivorous and are almos t ,
wholly aquatic insects but as their wrng s are well developed , , ,
many o f the species leave the water at night and fly to great ,
distances They are divided into two families—the Dytiscidce and

.
22 C O LE O P TE RA .
FAM ILY I .
-
Dytisci dce .
Antenn ae fil i form ,rather long palpi short eyes not divided

front pair of legs not longer than the hinder pairs which are ,
fringed with hairs .
Hal ipl us Fa tuus Fabr is a reddish beetle about an eighth of

, .
,
an inch long with dusky streaks o n the elytra The species o f

, .
Hal ipl us Latr and Cnem iol otus 1 11 are found in stagnant water
’
, .
, , , ,
and differ from the other Dytiscid ae in the ant e nn ae being only ten
j o inted instead o f eleven j ointed
,
-
.
The most extensive genus o f the Dyti sci dce is Hydroporus ,
Clairv which includes a great variety Of sm all species found in all

.
, ,
parts of the world but especially numerous in Europe They are , .
generally black reddish or yellowish and m o re o r less convex

, , , .
I n this and so m e allied genera the front tarsi o f t h e males are

only four j ointed -
.
Col ym betes Clairv includes larger species measuring half an

,
.
, ,
inch or more in length O ne o f the commonest Species is C Fuscus . .

,
Linn a brown oval beetle with the sides o f the coll ar and of the
.
, ,
elytra tawny I n this and several allied genera the front tarsi
.
are dilated in the males .
The genus Agabus Leach includes a considerable number Of , ,
species about a quarter Of an inch long some o f which are remark ,
able for the antenn ae being dil ated and serrated at the extremi ty
in the males The type Of the genus is A Serricornis Payk
. .
,
.
Hyphydrus Ouatus Linn a species rather less than a quarter Of ,

.
,
an inch long is remarkable for its shape being much shorter and
, ,
broa der than most o f its allies and very convex ; it is o f a reddish ,
brown colour and is found in stagnant water

, .
The largest species of the Dytiscidce belong to the genus Dytiscus ,
Linn and measure from an inch to an inch and a half in length

.
, .
T he tarsi o f the males are dilated and the elytra o f the females are ,
strongly furrowed They are of an Olive brown or dull greenish .
colour with yel lowish borders to the thorax and elytra They are
,
.
broad insects hardly convex ; and D Latissi mus Linn one of t he

, .
,
.
,
largest but by no means o n e of the commonest species is nearly

, ,
as broad as it is l o ng The larvae o f these insects are sometimes .
”
called Fresh water Shrimps B oth the beetles and their l arv ae
-
.
are very voracious and the fo rmer will even attack and devour ,
small fish They are more often found in standing water than in
.
streams .
The long palpi and Short clubbed antenn ae will at once dis
t i ng ui sh the beetles of this family ffo m the Dytiscidoe Their .
larvae feed o n other insects but the beetles are much less voracious
,
than the Dytiscidoe and feed to a greater o r less extent o n vegetable

,
matter .
O ne Of our largest water beetles is Hydrophi l us P i ceus Linn

-
,
.
,
which is more than an inch and a half in length th o ugh narro wer ,
and more convex than the species o f Dytiscus I t is sometimes .
called t he G reat Water Beetle and so m etimes the Harmless Water ,
Beetle Hydrous Caraboides Linn is a much smaller insect not

’
.
, .
, ,
measuring quite three quarters o f an inch in length ; but it is

-
sh o rter and broader in proportion than Hydrophi tus Both these .
species are black and shining and are found in stagnant water ,
.
The remaining species of this family are O f small size (mea

suring a quarter Of an inch in length and under) and are o f little ,
special interest They are fo und in stagnant wat er among the

.
,
ro ots o f plants or else in damp marshy places close to water

, ,
.
Hydrwna Riparia K ug measures less than o n e twelfth o f an inch in

, ,
-
length It is brown with reddish legs and antenn ae and strongly

.
, ,
punctured It is found among water plants o r under stones by

.
-
,
t he side o f small streams I ts palpi are of extraordinary length

.
,
more than twice as long as the antenn ae .
FAM ILY r —
II Sphoa i dit da
.
‘
Shape oval or nearly round first j oint of the tarsi longer than
the other joints ; thorax narrowed in front .
A fe w o f the s p ecies Of this family li ve in running water but ,
t h e greater part are met with in damp places in dung or i n , ,
fungi The family is not very extensive ; and the species are o f
.
small si z e They are generally of a black colour more o r less m arked

.
,
with red .
O ne of our largest and prettiest European representatives of

the gr o up is Sphoeridium Scaraboeoi des Fabr It measures a quarter ,
.
Of an inch in length and is black with a blood red spot at the base
, ,
-
o f the elytra and a large yellow sp o t towards the extremity o f

,
each It is met with in fresh cow dung

.
-
.
S E C T I O N III — B RA C HELYT RA . .
Tarsi variable ; palpi four ; ant e nnae sh o rt ; elytra generally very

short with a straight suture wings ample folded beneath elytra
, , .
B EETLE S . 25
FAM ILY I .
—Staplt yl i ni dce .
Antenn ae Slender, the apical j oints rarely thickened ; tarsi

generally fi v e j ointed ; elytra usually much shorter than half the
-
abd o men which is freely moveable

,
.
The Staphyl ini dce o r Rove B eetles are an extensive family o f , , ,
small o r moderate sized species which are very numerous in Europe

-
, ,
and d o ubtless in most other parts Of the world though they ,
have been much less assiduously collected abroad than the larger
and more attractive groups o f beetles They feed o n decaying .
vegetable and animal matter and the smaller species are found ,
among moss dung o r fungi under bark etc and sever al inhabit
, , , , .
,
’
ants nests .
A l eochara F uscipes Fab r measures about a quarter Of an inch , .

,
in length and is black with brown or blackish elytra and reddish

, , ,
br o wn legs It is a carrion feeder and most of the species Of

.
,
A l eochara G rav a large genus which is well represented in most

,
.
,
par t s O f the world feed either o n dung o r carrion , .
Several genera allied to A l eochara such as Di narda M ann erh , ,

.
and M yrm edoni a Er are found chiefly if not exclusively in ants

, .
, , ,
nests The species are brown o r black measuring a quarter o f

.
,
an inch in length o r under ; and are not unlike the ants among
,
whom t hey live apparently o n friendly te rms enough though

, ,
some writers have conj ectured that they feed upon the ants .
Oxypoda Opaca G rav a black insect ab o ut an eighth o f an

, .
, ,
inch in length may serve to represent the smaller species al lied t o

,
A l eockara which are extremely numerous ; a poda and Hom al ota

, ,
M ann erh being t wo of the largest genera

.
,
They are very small .
beetles ge n erally of a black brown o r yell o wish colour and are

, , , ,
chiefly found in damp places among decaying vegetable matt er ; ,
and so m e species o f Oxypoda are met with in ants n ests O ne ’

.
small black beetle allied to these (Digl ossa M arsa Hal ) is found , .
between tide marks like the species o f Aepus

'
-
.
,
Leaving the A l eochari noe we pass o n to a less extensive group ,
the T achypori nce in which the abdomen is longer and more point ed
,
.
The species are generally met with in dung o r among dead leaves ,
o r o ther vege t able refuse T achinas Su bterraneus Linn is a shin .

, .
,
ing black insect with a reddish spot o n each shoul der and brown
, ,
legs it is about a quarter o f an inch in length .
The largest species o f this family belong to the typical su b

family Staphyl ini nce O ne o f the largest and commonest is the Devil s
.
’
Coach Horse (Ocypus Ol ens, Linn ) , a black insect about an inch long ,
with the antenn ae tipped with reddish It is often seen runni ng .

!
o n paths etc and if alarmed turns up its head and ta il I t is

, .
, , ,
.
armed with powerful j aws and is capable o f inflicting a severe ,
bite The species o f Staphyl i nus Linn are rather smaller and are
.
,
.
, ,
black with red elytra

,
O ne o r two genera are more o r less .
covered with downy hair which is most remarkable in E m us ,
Hi rtus Linn a black insect with downy yellow hair whi ch s o me

,
.
, , ,
authors have compared to a B om bus and others to a B om byl i us ,

.
It measures about three quarters o f an inch in length and though -

,
common in some parts o f the Continent is considered a great rarity ,
in England though I have lately seen a specimen which was taken

,
in Cornwall .
Vel l ei us Di l atatus Fabr is a black insect about three quarters , .

, ,
-
O f an inch in length with reddish brown antenn ae It is rarely ,

-
.
’
c o mmon although gregarious and is generally found in hornets
, ,
nests but is sometimes met with in hollow trees where no

, ,
hornets are present Its larva s o mewhat resemb les that o f the .
hornet .
P a derus Cal igatus Er may be taken as typical of the P oederinoe , .

,
.
I t is rather a pretty insect and measures about a quarter of an ,
inch in length It is black with blue elytra and the collar and.
, ,
first fo ur segments o f the abdomen are red ; the base o f the

antenn ae and the legs are also reddish .
Stenus Fabr (typic al o f the sub family Steninoe) includes a

, .
-
,
number o f sm all species which are found in marshy places ,

.
Stenus Ocu l atus G rav a species widely distributed in Europe ,

.
,
and North Africa is black with a leaden lustre and the legs and , , ,
antenn ae are bro wnish yellow .
Org/paras Ruf us Linn figured as a representative Of the , .

,
Oxytel i noe is a black species about one third o f an inch long

, ,
-
.
The collar the elytra the four first segments of the abdomen a
, , ,
spot on each shoulder and the greater part o f the legs are red , , .
The beetles and their larv ae are found in fungi .
Homal ium Riaul are Payk belonging to the Homal u noa is about ,
.
, ,
o n e eighth o f an inch long and is black with brown elytra and

-
, ,
yellowish legs The species o f Hom al ium differ in their habits

.
from any Staphyl inidoe that we have yet mentioned being found ,
o n grass or amo n g flowering plants o r bushes and sometimes ,
under bark .
The Pi esti nce are a sub family of rather large species most o f -
,
B EETLE S .
27
which are exotic ; they are remarkable for their lo ng projecting

jaws and are generally found under the bark o f dead trees
, .
Leptoc/t i rus J auanicus Cas t is black oft en with reddish thorax and , , ,
legs and measures about half an inch in length

, .
FAM ILY I I — Psel aphid ce . .
Antenn ae shor t and thic k ; elytra nearly half the length the of
abdomen ; tarsi generally three jointed -

abdomen not freely
moveable .
This family is not ext ensive and the species are not of large ,
size ; but they differ considerably in structure especi al ly in that ,
o f the antenn a e Chennium B itu bercu l at um Latr i s about one

.
, .
,
eighth Of an inch long and o f a reddish chestnut col o ur ; it is ,
found in various parts o f Southern and Western Europe in the

nests o f M yrm i ca Ccespi twn its ant ennae are clothed with long
bristles ; in P aronas Laf ertei Aubé a chestnut colour ed insect , ,
-
,
less than o n e twelfth o f an inch in length and a great rarity in

-
,
France the ant e n nae are quite naked

,
In the typical genus .
P sel aphus Herbst the last joint o f the ant e n n ae is of considerable

, ,
si z e but this character perhaps reaches its maximum in the genus

,
T ri m i um Aub é , T B reui corne Erichs is a shinin g reddish

. .
,
.
,
bro wn beetle with yell o wi sh legs and measuring less than the
, ,
twelfth o f an inch in length it is found in vegetable refuse The .
genus Cl avi ger includes a few reddish o r yellowish brown

species not more than o ne tenth o r o ne twelf th O f an inch in
,
- -
length Their heads are long and narrow their eyes are absent
.
, ,
and their wings rudimentary They are found in the nests Of .
Form i ca F l aua or under stones in the immediate neighbourhood

,
.
We have still to notice two very singular foreign genera Of

this family M etopi as Curcul ionoid es G ory i s a red velvety looking
.
, , ,
-
species from Cayenne which is the type o f a small South ,
American genus The head is furnished with a broad transverse

.
projection on which the very long and bristly antennae with a

, ,
very long basal j oint are placed and the legs are also covered , ,
with bri stles It is o ne o f the largest of the Psel aphidae

.
,
measuring o n e eighth o f an inch in length -

.
Arti cerus Dalm an Australian genus much resembles Cl aviger

'
,
.
, ,
in shape but has prominent eyes and the antenn ae are composed
, ,
o f a si ngle joint o nl y The typical species A Arm atus Dalm is .

, .
,
.
,
o f a rusty red colour and was found in gum copal ,

.
Although the short elytra lead authors to include the Psel aphidae
in the Brachel ytra yet they mi ght almost as well be included

,
in the Necrophaga being closely allied to the Scydm aeni dae It

,
.
has Often been remarked that o ur systems are only appro xi m a

tions to a natural arrangeme nt at best for we not only find it ,
difficult to lay down characters which shall hold good without

being liable to many exceptions but even if we find such ,
characters they are al ways more or less arbitrary and frequently

, ,
result in o u r systems wi dely separating gr oups that are in reality

m ore or less closely allied .
S E C T I O N IV .
-
N E C R O P H AG A .
Tarsi generally fi v e j o inted ; antenn ae Of moderate length gene

-
,
rally clavate elytra generally covering the abdomen .
The Necrophaga o r Ctaai corni a are an ext ensive and varied

’
group including besides t he families which strictly belong to it

, , ,
several o f somewhat doubtful position A great number feed o n .
decaying animal matter others are found in dung o r among

,
’
vegetable refuse and several species inhab it ants nests
,
.
Some o f the smaller families o f thi s group will b e left u n

noticed here .
FAM ILY I .
— Paussidce .
Body depressed Oblong an t e n n ae either two j ointed the second

, ,
-
,
joint being triangular o r ovoid o r with from six to ten much ,
enlarged j oints ; palpi large conical ; elytra truncated at the tip ;

,
tarsi short four jointed

,
-
.
Thi s is a very remarkable family of b eetles and its position ,
has been much debated by entomologists several o f whom have ,
referred it to the Carat iate while others have considered it t o be

,
nearer alli ed to the Xyl ozvhaga The species are o f small Size and .
,
almost exclusively exotic o nl y o ne or two having been Observed

,
’
in South Europe They inhabit ants nests where they pro
.
,
bably fulfil the functions o f artil lerists for when di sturbed they ,
discharge a volatile detonating fluid like B rachinus and although ,
less in quantity it is s o highly corrosive that its stains take many

,
days to disappear from the hands .
The extraordinary antenn ae render the P aussidce unmistakeable

and in some species such as Hom opterus Brasi l i ensis West w a
, , .
,
reddish fulvous insect a quarter of an inch long the legs are

-
,
remarkably dilated as well Two other species of the family are

.
B EETLE S .
29
he re figured F aussas Armatus We st w from Senegal which is of ,

.
, ,
a reddish brown colour ; and Pl atyrhopal us M attyi We st w a dark

-
, .
,
chestnut coloured species from M alabar

-
These measure rather .
less than o n e third o f an inch in length

-
.
FAM ILY I I .
—Scyol m 0enidae .
Tarsi fi v e jointed antenn ae as long as the head and thorax

-
,
clavate ; maxil lary palpi very long fo ur j ointed ,

-
.
A small family o f very minute species which are met with ,

’
under stones o r bark o r in ants nests Cephennium T horacicum ,
.
,
M ii l l. i s about o n e fi ft e e nt h o f an inch in length and is o f a

,
-
,
shining pitchy black colour with reddish legs and antenn ae ; it is

-
,
not a common species .
Tarsi fi v e jointed ; ant e nn ae ten or eleven jointed the last four

-
,
o r five fo rming a club ; he ad and body more o r less depressed ,
t he former frequently narrowed behind into a neck .
This family includes both large and small species the fo rmer ,
being the largest Of the Necrophaga The genus Necrophorus Fabr .

, .
,
includes the burying beetles These are rather long black beetles .
,
from half an inch to an inch long generall y more or less banded ,
with red o r o range and Often adorned with yellow hai rs o n the
,
sides o r under surface of the body The tip o f the abdomen

-
.
generally extends beyond t he elytra They generally hunt in .
pairs sometimes more than o ne pair together ; and if they find

,
a dead bird or m o u se they hollow the earth below and drag and , ,
stamp it till it is sunk below the level o f the soil when they cover ,
it over burying the females with it when they lay their eggs in
, ,
the carcass and then make their way up to the s urface

, .
Silpha Linn includes smaller and rounder species not exceed

, .
, ,
ing half an inch in length They are generally o f a black colour .

,
often with raised ridges o n the elytra but in S T horaci ca Linn .

,
.
,
the thorax is reddish and in S Quadripi m ctata Linn the elytra , .

, .
,
are yellowish with two black spots o n each side

,
S P el tata . .
,
C atesby is a conspicuous North Am erican species with the head

, ,
and thorax o f a reddish yellow (the latter with a large black spot -
in the middle ) and black elytra The species o f Si lpha are often
,
.
to be seen running on paths etc in the day time and are al most ,
.
,
-
,
o mnivorous feeding o n d ung carrion insects and vegeta b le matter

, , , ,
al most indiscriminately .
The smaller genera of the family such as Chol era Latr an d , , .

,
Col on Herbst include very active inse ct s not averaging m o re than

, , ,
o n e sixth o f an inch in length and generally o f dull colours ; they

-
,
feed o n dec aying animal and vegetable matter .
FAM ILY IV — T ri chopterygidce

. .
Tarsi three jointed antennae eleven j ointed clothed with long

- -
,
hairs the three last joints thickened

, .
These small dark coloured beetles are the smallest Of all the
-
Col eoptera and many do not exceed one twentieth or o n e thirtieth

,
- -
o f an inch in length They are found in decaying vegetable .
’
matter under b ark in ants nests etc
, , , .
FAM ILY V .
—Histeridce .
Tarsi fiv e j ointed ; mandibles prominent ; antenn ae short ending

-
,
in a large thr ee j ointed club ; b ody square o r Oblong quadrate

- -
,
flattened o r convex very hard and polished ; elytra truncated ;

,
legs contractile ; front legs dentated or spined o n the outside .
The Histeri cl ae are small black beetles whi ch play the part o f ,
general scavengers feeding o n dung carrion and decaying animal

, , ,
and v egetable matter generally Several species are adorned with .
bright red spots or markings and a few are metallic They may ,
.
Often be seen running o n paths in the day time like other beetles -
,
o f s i milar habits but some of the smaller species are met with
,
’
under bark and in ants nests
, .
In general the Hi steridae are short and broad and a few figures ,
will give a sufficiently good idea Of the appearance o f the whole .
M ost o f the species are black and shining I n Hol ol epta Fossul aris .
,
Say the mandibles are unusual ly prominent ; it is found under bark

,
in the U nited States P l atysoma Coarctatum Le c is another North

.
, .
,
Am erican species o f a m ore elongated form than is usual in this

family The typical genus Hister Linn is o f considerable extent
.
, .
, ,
and is fairly well represented in all parts of t he world Hi ster .
B imacul at us Linn a common European species about o n e fi ft h Of

,
.
,
-
an inch in length is black and shining with reddish legs and

, ,
antenn ae and si x raised stri pes o n each elyt ron At the outer
, .
a ngle at the tip of each is a rather large reddish yellow spot -
FAMILY VI —Ni ti du l idee

. .
Tarsi fi v e jointed the first three generally enl arged the fo urth
-
, ,
minute ; body compact oval ; elytra sometimes covering the whole ,

European Species is shining pitchy brown with rather prominent

, ,
mandibles and measures about half aninch in length The genus

,
.
Nem oaom a Latr di ffers considerab ly from the rest o f the famil y
, .
,
in shape Nem oz om a E l ongatum Linn the typical Eur o pean , .

,
species is very long and narrow

,
It is black with reddish .
,
yell ow legs and antenn ae and measures about one fift h o f an inch ,
-
in length This beetle and its larva live in the galleries of wood
.
boring beetles and devour their larvae ,

.
—
FAM ILY VI II Col ydiidae .
Tarsi four j ointed ; front and middle cox ae glob ular ; hind coxae
-
transverse .
Includes a number o f small spe cies most of which are found ,
under bark or among rotten wood and other decaying vegetable

,
substances The European species of the typical genus Col yaium

.
’
,
F ahr are rather long and narrow b eetles about a quarter o f an

.
, ,
inch in length and are black with reddish legs and antenn ae
, , .
FAM ILY I X —Cu cuj ul ae . .
Tarsi four j ointed antenn ae long hardly clu bbed ; body long
-
, ,
parallel and flattened

,
.
A family of small extent but more interesting than the last , .
M ost O f the species are exo tic and the majority o f th o se whose ,
hab its are known live under bark though some are found in ants ,
’
nests.
P assandra B rasi l i ensi s Che v r is Of a pitchy b l ack colour and , .

,
-
,
nearly an inch long It somewhat resembles a Scari tes in.
appearance but is flatter and its four j ointed tarsi would i m

, ,
-
mediately distinguish it The species o f the typical genus Cucujus .

,
Fabr are bright scarlet insects abo ut half an inch long ; about six
o r eight species are known which are met with in Europe North , ,
America and the East Indies

,
M ost O f the Cucuji dce however .
, ,
are o f a shining black colour .
FAM ILY X — Cryptophagi d0e . .
Tarsi fi ve j ointed (hind tarsi four jointed in the females o f same

- -
species) ; ant ennae with a well marked club ; first segment o f the -
abdomen very large .
The beetles o f this family are all Of small size and are gener ,
ally fo und among decaying vegetable matter i n fungi under bark , , ,
among dead leaves etc Cryptophagus I/ ycoperdi Herbst a reddish

,
.
, ,
B EETLE S . 33
brown beetle ab o ut o ne eighth o f an i nch in length is common

,
-
.
in fungi and may be regarded as a typical representative o f the

,
family ; it is o f an oval form with the hi nder part o f t he prothorax ,
as broad as the ab d omen In the genus P aram ecosoma Curt .

, ,
the thorax is convex Epistemus Erichs includes a number o f

.
,
.
,
very small beetles whi ch do not exceed o ne twentieth o r one -
thirt ieth o f an inch in length They are Of a black col o ur more .

,
o r less varied with red o r yellow O ne o f the most extensive .
genera o f this family (Atom aria Steph ) has received its name from ,
.
the extreme minuteness o f most of t he species included in it .
FAMILY X I — Lathrid i ial ce . .
Tarsi three jointed (front tarsi occas ionally four joint ed) front
- -
cox ae globular ; antenn ae clubb ed head and thorax generall y

narrower than the abdomen .
Includes small species found among decaying vegetable m atter ,

’
under bark or in an t s nests The species differ considerably in
, .
shape Lathridius E mil ia M anne rh is a yellowish insec t with brown

.
, .
, ,
elytra ; it measures about o n e twenty fi ft h o f an inch in length - -

.
D asycerus Su l catus Bro ngn is a brown insect much broader and

, .
, , ,
nearly twice the si z e o f the l ast .
Tarsi four jointed (front tarsi in the males generally three

-
jointed ) ; front cox ae globular hind coxae cylindrical ; antennae ,
gradually thickened or with t wo o r t hree larger apical joints

, .
The beetles o f this fa m ily are all small and live in fungi , .
D ipl ocael us Fagi Che v r is a somewhat aberrant species included by

,
.
, ,
Re dt e nbache r with the Cryptophagidce ; it is a red di sh bro wn insect -

,
about o ne eighth of an inch long and is met with under bark

-
,
.
M ycetOphagus Quadriguttatus M 1111 is a more typical representa , ,
tive o f this family It is o f a pitchy brown o r reddish bro wn

.
- -
colour and of the size of the last species but is a much broader
, ,
insect and has a yellow spot o n each shoulder and another o n

, ,
each elytron beyond the middle

,
.
FAMILY XII I — T hori ctidce .
Tarsi fi v e jointed coxae transverse ; ant ennae short thickene d

-
,
into a cylindrical club ; scutellum very bro ad ; elytra entirely

c o vering the abdomen .
The few species o f this family appear to be almost confin e d

C
to the M editerranean
district O ne o f the commonest species is .
T hori ctus Grandi col l i s G erm a ch e s t nut brown beetle about one
, .
,
-
twenty fift h o f an inch in length which is met with in South

-
,
Europe and Al geri a O f its h abit s no t hi ng is known

.
‘
FAM ILY XIV — D erm estidaa . .
Tarsi fi v e jointed ; front coxae conical hin d cox ae cylindrical

-
,
antenn ae clubbed o ne ocellus only present ; larvae bristly .
Though not a very extensive famil y the Derm estidae are well ,
known by their destructive propensities The majority o f the .
species feed o n dead animal matter at least in the larva state but , ,
m any o f the beetles frequent flowers M any are very destructive .
to hides furs col lections of birds and insects etc The Bacon
, , , .
B eetle (D erm estes Lardari us Linn ) is about a quarter o f an inch ,

.
long and is black with a broad brownish grey band on the elytra
, ,
-
,
marked with three black spots on each Side A brood o f its .
l arv ae will soon hollow o u t a ham leaving nothing but the skin ,
.
A ttagenus P el l i o Linn is a blackish insect rather smaller tha n

, .
, ,
the last with reddish brown legs and antennae which is destructive
,
-
,
to furs Its larva has a curious bushy tail An threnus M usceorum

. .
,
Linn is equally des t ructive but much smaller n ot exceeding one

.
, , ,
twelfth o f an inch in length ; it is brown with the base Of the ,
ant e n nae and the tibi ae and tarsi reddish ; the elytra are marked
with three waved yellowish grey bands -
.
FAM ILY XV .
-
Byrrhi dce .
Tarsi fi v e jointed all the cox ae transverse antenn ae gradually

-
thickened o r with several of the terminal j oints large ; body round

,
o r oval ; antenn a e and legs generally contractile .
M o st o f the species o f this family are found in grassy places ,
under stones Byrrhus Pi l ul a Linn is not an uncommon brown

.
,
.
,
species ; it measures about one third o f an inch in length -

.
FAM ILY XVI — P arr! idce .
Tarsi fi v e jointed ; claws and terminal joint very large ; antenn ae

-
fi l i fo rm o r gradually thickened sometimes very short ; body more

, ,
o r less completely clothed with water proof hair ; habits semi -
aquatic .
These are beetles O f sluggish habits generally found in or cl o se ,
t o water under s t ones ,

and among t he s t ems Of water plan t s
,
-
.
P otan w hi l u s A cumi natus G er m a dark brown insect rather more

p
-
, , ,
B EETLE S . 35
than a quarter o f an inch long and clothed with silvery hairs o n ,
the under surface may be taken as an example o f t he family

, .
E l m i s fi neus M ull is a bron z y black species about o ne twelfth o f

, ,
-
,
-
an inch in length wi t h reddish an t ennae

, .
FAM ILY X VII — Heterocerid0e . .
Tarsi four jointed ; front tibiae enlarged spiny and serrated ;

-
, ,
ant e nn ae Short the two first j oints large and tri angular ; body
,
oval clothed with fine Silky pubescence

, .
The species Of this fam ily are semi aquatic and l iv e gregariously -
,
in the mud by the side o f ponds Heterocerus M arginatus Fahr is .

, .
,
a br o wn species abou t o ne twelfth Of an inch in lengt h

,
-
.
—
S E C T IO N V LAM ELLI C O R N I A . .
Antenn ae short, nine or ten j ointed , and terminated by a l arg e

abrupt three jointed lamellated o r pectinated club ; tarsi fiv e
-
jointed outside o f front tarsi always serrated ; habits herbivorou s

, .
M any large and handsome beetles b o th British and foreign , ,
belong to this section which includes the Stag Beetles Chafers etc
, , ,
.
—
FAM ILY I I/ ucani dce . .
Antenn ae angulated , ten jointed , with a large pectinate club ;

-
mandibles (except in the genus P assal us and its allies) very large ,
especially in the males .
This family includes the Stag B eetles the type o f which is ,
Lucanus Cereus Linn ,

It is a blackish insect with brown wing
.
,
cases and the males vary very much both in size and in the
,
development Of their mandibles The beetles m e asure fro m o ne t o .
more than two inches in length and the large specimens exceed ,
any other British beetle in si z e I n the female the mandibles are .
always small The Stag B eetle may often be fOund in wood s

.
,
resti ng o n o r near the roots o f trees The larva is a large fleshy .
grub which feeds o n the wood of trees ; and some writers t hink
,
that this was the Cossus which the Romans regarded as a delicacy
, ,
and used to fatten with flour The Ro m an C ossus may however .

, ,
have been the larva o f Oryctes Nasi cornis I t is al m ost certain that . .
it was a large wood feeding beetle and no t the larva of the G oat M o th
-
,
X
( y l eu tes Cossus
) although
,
Linné applied t h e name t o the latter The .
beetle feeds on the sap o f trees etc and is said to saw o ff the ends ,
.
,
36 C O LE O PTE RA .
of twigs with its jaws by whirling itself round and round upon the
M any of t he foreign I/ ucanidw allied to a us Ceruus are
black o r brown ; but in others as in Odontol abis Cu vera Hope the , , ,
sides o f the elytra are broadly bordered with yellowish tawny .
O ther exo tic species are o f bright colours and sometimes o f extra ,
ordinary shapes O ne o f the most beautiful is Chi asognathus

.
Granti i Steph a golden green beetle found in Chili

, .
,
Lampri m a -
.
,
Latr is a genus o f moderate sized Austral ian species generally o f

.
,
-
,
a metallic green o r bronzy colour with short projecting parallel ,
man di bles Phol icl otus M acl includes two South American species
.
,
.
,
with large diverging mandibles D orcas M acl is remarkable for .

,
.
,
the enormous size o f the head and th o rax most o f the species are
black and have a general resemblance to Lucanus D T i tanus
, . .
,
Bo i sd is a native o f J ava and the Philippines

.
, .
P assal us Fabr and its allies form a very distinct section Of

, .
,
the Ducanid ce with long and rather flattened bodies and with
, ,
o u t large and prominent mandibles They are generally o f a black .
o r b rown colour and are all very similar in general appearance ;

,
they meas ure from half an inch to two inches in length Al l the .
species are extra European and by far the greater number are
-
,
natives Of the East Indies or South and C entral America ; P axil l us

Pentaph/yll us Beau v is a North American species
, .
,
.
FAM ILY II —Scarabteidca . .
Ant ennaeeight t o ten jointed not angulated and terminate d , ,
by a large lamellated club generally composed o f three plates ; ,
mandibles seldom much developed This extensive group is .
divided into several sub families the most important o f which it -

,
will be desirable to treat separately .
S UB FAM ILY-—Scarabcei nce I . .
Ant ennae ight o r nine jointed ; club three jointed ; clypeus

S -
covering the mouth and projecting more or less above the eyes ; ,
middle coxae widely separated .
The t ru e Scarabaei nae are large or middle si z ed beetles easily -

,
recognised by the broad flat rim o f the head which is Often ,
serrated o r horny The typical genus Scarabeeus Linn which.

, .
,
includes the Egyptian Sacred B eetle (Scarabceus Sacer Linn ) , ,
contains many black species found in South Europe Africa an d , , ,
the East Indies The beetles o f this family feed on dung and are
.
,
BEETLE S . 37
ofte n se en rolling b alls o f it along the g round which they aft er ,
wards bury as a nidus for their progeny S Sacer is found all . .
round the M editerranean ; and several alli ed species are found in

the deserts where they are said to contribute in no small degree to
,
the gradual improvement o f the soil by the zeal with which they
’
bury every particle of camel s dung as soo n as it is dropped .
S Sacer is black oval with a broad flat dentated head and is

.
, , , , ,
nearly an inch long Its nearest ally among o ur British species is .
Capris Lumaris Linn a black species about three quarters of an

,
.
, ,
-
inch in length with a broad flat head armed with a long horn
, ,
i n the m i ddle in the male Some o f the exotic species are o f .
great size and singular shapes Hel iocopris Gigas Linnt i s a very .
, ,
large black heavy l o oking beetle found in all parts o f Africa and
, ,
-
,
the East Indies with two horns o n the top o f the head in the
,
male projections at the front angles of the thorax and a very

, ,
thick projection directed forwards from the middle o f its upper

portion which is slightly bidentate at the tip Some exotic genera of
, .
this sub family are o f brighter colours than its European and North
-
African representatives In the South American genus P hanceus .

,
M acl the beetles are varied with green or purple and furnished
.
, ,
with a horn on the head about half an inch long These beetles .
are very thick and heav y looking and are nearly an inch long -
, ,
with strongly striated elytra .
S UB FAM ILY I I — Aphocl nnce

-
. .
Antenn ae nine jointed ; club composed o f three lamell ae ; clypeus

-
covering the mouth ; scutellum distinct ; middle coxae near together .
The Aphodiince are small dung beetles resembling cockchafers -

,
in miniature which may often be seen flying about over dusty

,
roads They are black reddish or yellowish highly polished and

.
, , , ,
oval and rarely exceed a quart er o f an inch in length Ai gi al i a

,
.
’
Arenari a Fahr is a blackish insect with undeveloped wings often

,
.
, ,
met with on sandhills near the s e a .
S UB FAM ILY -
I II — Orphnince .
Antenn ae ten jointed club large three jointed clypeus not

-
,
-
c o vering the mouth middle c o xae approximate obl ique ,

.
A smal l gro u p confined in Europe to the south The largest, , ,

.
species is Hybal us D orcas Fabr a black beetle o ne third o f an inch ,

.
, ,
-
in length .
SUB -
FAM ILY IV .
-
Ge0 trupin0e
’
.
Antenn ae twelve jointed ; club t hre Sj ointed legs strong formed

- -
,
for digging ; scutellum o f moderate size elytra coverin g the tip Of

the abdomen .
The species of the typical genus Geotrupes Latr are black , , .

,
beetles often measuring more than half an inch in length which

, ,
are commonly seen crawling on paths by day and which fly in a ,
heavy blundering manner o n summer evenings They are gener

, .
ally o f a purple colour beneath and are Often much infested with ,
mites The head and thorax are unarmed ; but in t he closely

.
alli ed T yphwus Vu l garis Leach the male has a short horn o n the
, ,
top Of the head and three horns in front o f the thorax projecting
, ,
forwards .
SUB -
FAM ILY V .
— T rogince .
An t ennaenine o r ten j ointed ; club three j ointed abdomen -
c o mposed Of only five segments ; eyes not divided by the rim Of

the head .
The species Of T rooc Fabr are dull black beetles about o ne , .

,
third Of an inch in length with striated elytra When disturbed ,

.
,
they simul ate death They feed o n dried animal remains such as
.
,
bones and hoofs and prefer a sandy soil,

.
S UB FAM ILY VI —Gl aphyrince

-
. .
Antenn ae nine o r ten j ointed ; club three jointed abdomen -
comp o sed o f six segments ; scutellum moderately large ; all the

feet armed with two claws o f equal size elytra slightly divergent
at the extremity .
A family o f limited extent most numerous in the M e dit er ,
ran e an district and unrepresented in Northern Europe

,
They are .
moderate s ized insects with rather soft integuments more o r less

-
, ,
pubescent and generally o f a unifo r m colour

,
They live o n .
flowers in spring and are sometimes very abundant Gl aphyrus

, .
Serratu l ae Fab r an Algerian species may be regarded as typical

,
.
, , .
It is ab o ut half an inch long and brilliant go lden green above ; ,

-
the under surface is more golden and the legs are coppery ,
.
SU B -
FAM ILY VI I .
— M el 0 l onthince .
Antenn ae seven to ten j ointed club comp o sed of three or more

joints abdomen with the t ippointed not covered by the elytra , .
S UB FAM ILY I X —
-
7 Rutel inaz . .
Antenn ae nine ten j ointed with a compact three jointed

or ,
-
club ; front tibi ae narrow with two or three teeth ; scutellum ,
variously developed .
T he species o f this family much resem ble the M el ol onthince but

! ,
are o ften more brightly coloured Some are very destructive .

,
such as the J une Bug (Phyl l opertha Horticol a Linn ) which some , ,
times swarms o n various plants It is rather less than half .
an inch lo ng and the elytra are of a yellowish bro wn the head

,
and thorax are o f a brassy green o r blui sh green A closely allied .

-
species (AniSOpl ia Austr iaca Herbst) has committed fearful ,
ravages within the last few years in Southern Russia I t is .
rather l arger than the last species and is black with the elytra , ,
either entirely reddish o r yellowish brown or bordered with ,
black o r wholly black

, The prettiest European species of this
.
s ub family is A nom al a Vi ti s F a hr
-
which is wholly green ; it is , .
,
rather more than half an inch in length .
Phyl l opertha Viri cl is Fabr is o n e Of the commonest beetles, .

,
in China ; it is wholly o f a bright leaf green above and coppery ,
o n the under surface ; it is about three quarters o f an inch long -

.
Cotalpa Lanigera Linn is a handsome North American species

, .
,
ab o ut an inch in length It is of a bright yellow colour above and .

,
pale green clothed with long white hair o n the under surface
, , .
O ne o f the largest beetles of this family is Heterosternus E u

p restoial es Dup It is
, a native o f
. M exico and is of a ri ch brown ,
colour The hi n d legs are unusually large the femora being

.
,
considerably thickened and somewhat resemble those of a locust,
when seen sideways .
SUB -
FAM ILY X .
-
Dynastince .
Antenn aeeight to eleven jointed ; club oval three j ointed ,

-
head and thorax nearly always m ore o r less horned especially in ,
the males elytra covering the tip o f the abdomen .
This sub family includes many o f the largest and most strangely
-
shaped o f the Lam el l i corni a but with few exceptions the species , ,
all inhabit warm climate s and although a few are met with i n ,
So uth Europe we have no representative Of the group in

,
‘
Britain The larvae feed o n the wood o f trees like those o f the
.
,
Among the smaller beetles of this group , we m ay mention the

B EET LE S . 41
genus Heaodon O liv which includes black species m uch rounder

, .
, ,
and broader than the more typical representatives o f thi s sub

family . Another genus comprising species o f comparatively small
Size is C cl oce hal a Latr These beetles are all American and
y p , .
,
are generally o f a reddish brown or black colour -

.
The Rhinoceros B eetle (Org/ates Rhi noceros Linn ) is a black , . .
beetle two inches in length with a long recurved horn o n the

, ,
upper part Of the head and a b identate projection from the front
,
o f the thorax 0 Nasi cornia Linn is a smaller chestnut b rown

. .
,
.
,
-
beetle found in South Europe which exhib its a similar structure

, , .
The great cephalic and thoracic appendages o f the Dynastinae are

more developed in some individuals o f the same species than i n
others and are always more or less rudimentary in the females
, .
The genus Dynastes K i rb includes the largest species such as

, .
, ,
D Hercu l es Linn
.
,
from the West Indies and D Neptunus
.
, , .
,
Quens from Colombia They are black and the elytra in the
.
, .
,
former are Olive grey T here is an enormous proj ection from the
-
.
thorax b ending downwards and almost meeting another long pro

, ,
je c t i o n from the head which curves upwards These,

species .
,
with the appendages o f the m ales are nearly si x inches long , .
Some genera o f this group have a long horn from the head often ,
bidentate at the extremity and others have a long o r short pro ,
je c t i o n from the thorax either slender o r thick and thi s too i s

, ,
generally m ore or less bifurcate while in others there is a large

horn on the head and instead o f a central horn o n the thorax
, ,
there is one proj ecting forward from each o f the front angles .
M ost o f the D ynastince are either black or brown .
S UB FAM ILY X I — Cal onu nce

-
. .
Head rather broad and flattened ; ten jointed with a ant e n nae -
,
compact three j ointed club head rarely with conspicuous append

-
ages elytra not quite c o vering the abdomen .
This sub family which includes the G oliath B eetles and Rose
-
,
Chafers comprises a large number of brilliantly coloured species

,
-
,
most Of which are active o n the win g and are found o n flowers in ,
the day time The larv ae feed o n roots or o n rotten wood Some
-
.
, .
G oliath Beetles (the giants o f the group and among the bul kiest ,
Of the Col eoptera) have black and whi t e o r red elytra and the ,
thorax is longitudinally striped with black and white The head .
is white and furnished with a short vertical horn on each side

, ,
and with two larger projections at the extre mi ty The larger .

s pecies o f Gol iathus Lam measur e upwards Of four inches in , .

,
length and two in breadth

,
They are exclusively fo und in .
tropical Africa M any smaller species allied to Gol iathus inhabit

.
the same country T he genus Ceratorrhina We st w includes .

, .
,
green species frequently spotted with white several Of which

, , ,
have short proj ections o n the head the most remarkable o f ,
which is perhaps C Harrisii We st w a native o f G uine a .

,
.
, .
Heterorrhi na West w is a genus allied to the last which is re pre

, .
, ,
s ented by numerous species b oth in Africa and in the East ,
I ndies Rhom borrhina Hope is another East Indian gen u s

.
, , .
R Royl u Hope which is found in Cashmere is greenish black

.
, , , ,
with luteous spots o n the elytra .
O ur common English Rose Chafer (Cetonia Aurata Linn ) is a , .
beautiful m etallic green beetle with white markings o n the ,
elytra and brassy beneath It is rather more than half an i n ch

,
.
in length and O f a slightly oval shape It is Often fo und nestling

,
.
in roses whence its name but it is just as fo nd o f thistle elder

, , , ,
and other flowers This insect is said to be a specific against .
hydrophobia a yth rea Sti c

.ti ca Linn a rather sma l ler insect ,
.
, ,
which is rare in England is o f a bron z y black spotted with , ,
white Among foreign species Cetoni a M arginata Drury a West

.
, , ,
African beetle rather more than an inch long is remarkable f o r

, ,
its colour being o f a velvety black with a broad o rang e border

, ,
extendi ng around the whole insect Cl interi a Hil aris B urm is a .

,
.
,
handsome black East Indian beetle with yellow spots I nca , .
Cl athratus O liv is a large black white speckled beetle with white

,
.
,
-
,
o r pale yellow lines o n the head and thorax and three stout teeth o n ,
the outside o f the front tibiae It is found in tropical America and .

,
is remarkable for two long thick diverging prominences o n the head .
T ri chi us F ah r the last genus which we propose to mention is

,
.
, ,
very downy and the elytra are much wider than the thorax
, .
T Fasciatus Fabr is black with reddish yellow markings o n the

.
,
.
, ,
-
elytra it is found on thistles etc like the species o f Cetonia , .

, .
S E C T IO N VI — ST E RNO XI . .
Tarsi fi ve jointed ; antenn ae very rarely clubbed but ge n eral ly

-
,
pectinated o r serrated ; prosternum o val dilated in front and , ,
frequently produced into a point behind ; b o dy hard generally ,
long and narrow ; elytra covering the abdomen ; exclusively

vegetable feede rs .
B EETLE S .
FAM ILY I .
— Buprestid ce .
Hinder proj ection Of the prosternum not fit ting into a cavity I n

front o f the mesosternum ; hinder angles Of the thorax o btu s e o r
rectangular never prod uced into spines ; antenn ae short fil i form or
, , ,
serrated ; eyes o val ; body not fitted fo r leaping ; larvae wood

feeders .
The B uprestiace are not remarkable for their peculiar forms o r

’
gigantic si z e but for the brilliancy o f their col o urs They are
, .
poorly represented by a few small and insigni ficant species in

Nort hern Europe but are very numerous in tropical climates
, .
They are quite harmless and Linné has incorrectly applied the ,
classical name o f Buprestis to them as that designated an insect ,
which destroyed cattle if they swallowed it This may possibly .
have been a species o f M yl abri s .
The genus Sternocera Esch includes large species peculiar to ,

.
,
the East I ndies and Africa ; the thorax is deeply punctured .
S Castanea O liv
.
,
frdm West Africa is black with reddish
.
, , ,
depressed spots o n the thorax and chestnut brown elytra ,

-
.
J u l odis Esch is remarkable f o r be i ng covered with short tufts

,
.
,
o f b ri stles ; the species are found in all parts Of Africa and

Western Asia ; there are also a few in the extreme south o f
Europe and in India J Cirrosa SchOnh from the Cape is
,
. .
,
.
, ,
black with yellow tufts

,
.
So me Of the largest species o f the B uprestid ce belong to the

genus Catoxan tha Sol C B i col or Fabr is o f a brassy green
,
. .
, .
, ,
with a reddish spot o n each elytron ; in other species as in ,
C Opu l enta G o ry this mark is white

.
,
Chrysochroa S0 1 is
, .
, ,
an o ther very beautiful East I ndian genus ; all the species are o f
large si z e and o f a brilliant green ; in some as in C Ocel l ata
, , .
,
Fahr there is a l arg e whit e spot surrounded with blackish o n

.
,
each elytron ; in others as in C Vi ttata F ahr the beautiful ,

.
, .
,
green elyt ra are each traversed by a longitudinal st ri pe o f fiery red .
E uchrom a Gi gantea Linn is a common B ra z ilian species about

,
.
,
t wo inches in length ; it is o f a dull green with reddish reflections ,

.
A figure Of its enormous larva is here appended

B u t the B upresti dce are not all o f brilliant colours ; the species
o f Capnodi s Esch ,
a genus almost confined to Sout h Europe and
.
,
Western Asia are o f a dull black and rugose ; they measure about
, ,
an inch in lengt h .
The typical genu s B uprestis Linn is most numerously re pre ,

.
,
sented in the M editerranean district a nd in North America B . .
Octoguttata Linn a South E uropean species is steel blue with

, .
, , ,
yello w spots .
Stig m odera Esch is a very large Australian genus including a

, .
, ,
number o f pretty s pecies Of small o r moderate size generall y black , ,
more o r less varied o r spotted with red .
Agri l us is another very extensive genus which has represen ,
t at iv e s in all parts o f the world The species are about a quarter .
o f an inch in length and of a blue green o r brown colour

,
o n e or , ,
two are found in England The smallest o f the B uprestid ae belong

.
t o the genus T rachys Fabr which is well represented in Europe

, .
, ,
the East Indies etc T he European species are b lack o r brassy

, .
,
and several do not exceed o ne twelfth o f an inch in length -

.
The all ied Bra z ilian genus B rachys S0 1 is o f a more oval form , ,
than most o f the family .
B ody cylindrical not fitted fo r leaping ; eyes round antenn ae

,
inserted at the lower border o f the eyes fil ifo rm o r clubbed and , ,
received into cavities o f the thorax .
The typical genus o f this small family is T rimagu s Ku g , .
(T hroscus ,
represented in Europe by a few brown o r reddish
species o f very small size (the largest not exceeding the e ighth o f
an inch in length ) which are found among dead leaves etc
, , .
M ost o f the species belonging to other genera are American .
FAM ILY III —Eucnem idce .
B ody cylindrical n o t fitted for leaping ; eyes round ; ant e nnae

,
received into cavities o f the thorax and generally pectinated ; i n ,
sert e d o n the upper part o f the head ; larv ae feeding o n rotten
wood .
M ost o f the E ucnemid ce are insects O f small Size and d ul l colours ,
and are generally found o n flowers ; few Of t he European species

exceed o ne third o f an inch in length The typical species is
-
.
E u cnemis Capucinus Linn a black cylindrical species with

,
.
, ,
brown legs and nearly a quarte r o f an inch long Two foreign

,
.
species may be noticed—Form s; M adagascar i ensis Cast a dark , ,
bro wn beetle from M adagascar ; and P terotarsus T u bercu l atus ,
Dalm from Braz il which is red with black markings

.
, , ,
.
B EETLE S . 45
Structure adapted for leaping ; body more o r less oval proje c

tion behind the prosternum fitting into a cavity of t h e mesosternum ;
hi nder angles o f the thorax Often produced into spines ; eyes
o val ; antenn ae generally serrated o r pectinated ; larvae feeding
either o n the roots o f plants o r o n rotten wood .
This important family includes the well kn own Click Beetles -

,
so called from their power o f leaping up with a slight noise .
Their larvae are but too well known to farmers and gardeners as
wire worm s being long slender and exceedingly
-
,
To this
, ,
family also belong the F ire fl ie s o f the Tropics Al though less -

.
brilliant than the Buprestidce many o f the E l aterid ce are of ,
considerable size and variegated colours and they are far more ,
numerous in cold climates than the former family .
The European species may easily be recognised by their

peculiar shape ; they are generally from a quarter t o half an inch
in length and of uniform colours : black bro nzy brown greenish
, , , , ,
or red They frequent flowers and several species are always

.
,
abundant in corn fi el ds their l arvae feeding o n the roots o f the

-
,
corn. A l aus Ocul atus Linn is a common North American , .

,
species about an inch and a half in length ; it is black with two

, ,
white rings o n the thorax and longitudinal whi t e lines o n the ,
elytra Chal col epidius Esch

. a genus confined to America is ,
.
, ,
remarkable for the great breadth o f the hinder part o f the thorax
and the base of the elytra C E schschol tz i i Che vr is o f a . .
, .
,
dull green c o lour lined with black and bordered with dull orange
, ,
.
Sem iotus Esch another Ame ri can genus is long slender and
,
.
, , , ,
pointed behind ; the species are rather more than an inch in

length and o f a reddish brown colour Nearly all the largest and
,
-
.
handsomest species Of this family are American ; the luminous

species belong to the genus Pyrophorus 111 O ne o f the c o mmonest , .
West Indian and South American fi re fl i es is P Noct il ucus -

.
,
Linn which i s dark brown with two d u ll yellow spots at the

.
, ,
back of the thorax The t wo spots o f light whi ch it emits at the

.
juncture o f the thorax and abdomen and whi ch it can withdraw ,
at pleasure resemble a small flame o f fi re Of a slightly greenish

,
shade Live fire fl i e s have been exhibited in London o n several

.
-
o ccasions lately .
S E C TIO N VI I — M ALACO D ERM AT A .
Tarsi generally fi v e jointed b ody more o r less soft prosternum -
not d ilated o r prolonged in front and very rarely prolonged int o ,
a point behind ; antenn ae generally serrated o r pectinated and ,
not received into thoracic cavities ; abdomen with six or seven

segments habits generally m o re o r less carn ivorous .
FAM ILY I — Cebrionidce .

’
.
Antenn ae eleven jointed inserted near the eyes ; pectinated o r

-
,
serrated and longer than the head and thorax ; prosternum pro
,
d u ce d behind nearly as i n the E l ateridae

,
.
A small gr o up whi ch is more numerously represented in

,
the M editerranean region than elsewhere The species figured .
C
( i o Fuscas F ahr ) is a native of the C ape
abr ,
The European
. .
species are found o n plants in the neighbourhood o f water and ,
the males are s aid sometimes to appear in swarms after a thunder

storm Cabrio Gigas Fabr a well known South European insect
.
, .
,
-
,
is reddish b rown and about an inch long

-
, .
FAM ILY I I — Rhipidoceri dce . .
Antenn ae with eleven more joints inserted in front o f and or ,
below the e ye s pectinated o r fl ab el l at e d in the males prosternum

,
n o t pointed behind a large tuft of hairs between the claws o f the

tarsi.
A small family entirely exotic though o ne Species (Cal l i rhipis

, ,
Bl anchei C he v r ) is found in Syria

, . Rhipidocera Cyanea Cas t .
, ,
is a Bra z ilian species .
FAM ILY II I — Dascil l iaoe .

'
.
Antenn ae eleven j ointed fi l i form o r branched ; pr o sternum

-
,
hardly p o inted behind claws o f the tarsi simple ; elytra covering

the abdomen shape oblong or oval .
These beetles are met with o n flowers and their larvae are als o ,
plant feeders some feed o n water plants and others under bark
- -
,
.
The most typical European species o f this family is D asci l l us

Carci nus Linn wh i ch is pitchy black often with yellowish br o wn
, .
, ,
-
elytra legs and antenn ae It is clothed with very fine greyish hair
, ,
.
,
and is about half an inch in length It is found on the flowers o f .
U mbelliferae in mountainous districts Among the foreign species .

48 C O LE O PTERA .
The fo reign Lampyrinw much resem ble the European species ,
though some far surpas s them in size they are usually o f a black
or yellow colour Lucernu l a Sauignyi Ki rb is a large Brazilian
.
,
.
,
species .
B ody flattened ; head not contracted behind nor covered by the ,
thorax ; eyes rather large ; antenn ae separated at the base ; segments

o f the abdomen seldom o r never phosphorescent .
The genus T el ephoru s and its allies include the long and
,
narrow beetles generally o f a black o r yellow colour and with soft

, ,
elytra which are common in leaves and flowers in summer and

, ,
feed voraciously o n other insects As an example we may men .
tion T A bdom inal is Fabr which is black in the male with bluish
.
, .
, ,
elytra and the mouth and abdomen reddish yellow whi le the
, ,
female has the front o f t he head the collar prothorax and front , , ,
femora also o f a reddish yellow colour O ne o f the commones t -

.
species is T Li uida Linn which is reddish yellow with ochre

.
,
.
, ,
yellow elytra and the eyes and pectus black This i s Of the same
, .
size as the last species but others as M al thinu s B iguttatus Linn , ,

.
,
are small er and more slender with longer antenn ae The species , .
referred to is pitchy black with the b ase Of the ant ennae the fro nt , ,
femora and the tips of the elytra yellow ; it is about an eighth o f

,
an inch in length .
SUB - FAM ILY IV —Dri l i nce . .
An t ennae dentated or fl ab el l at e d, inserted in front of the eyes

female apterous ; habits carnivorous .
The commonest species o f this smal l family is Dril us F l avescens ,
Linn which much resembles a glow worm but is o nly half the
.
,
-
,
si z e and not luminous The male is black with yellowish elytra

, .
, .
The larva feeds on snails and forms its pupa in the shells , .
SUB FAM ILY V —M al achn

n ce
-
. .
An t ennae eleven jointed (o ccasI O nal l y t e n jointed) fil ifo rm

- -
, ,
serrated o r pectinated palpi short fi l i fo rm body lo ng and narrow

, , ,
head only overlapped by the prothorax at the base .
The species o f this fami ly are found in flowers in the day time -
.
They are not so rapacious as the T el ephor idw for although they ,
feed o n small insects yet they also feed o n plants Several o f

, .
t he European species are o f a black colour often with a red or ,

B EET LE S . 49
yell o w band at the bas e and tip O f the elytra or the thorax may
be Of o ne o f these colours M al achias I nsignis Buq i s an Algerian .
,
.
,
Species Of a green c o lour tipped with yellow in the m al e Chal cas ,

.
,
Dej is a South American genus remarkable for its very broad

.
,
oval shape which resembles that o f some o f the Dyeince and

, ,
diff ers much from any European species o f M al achiidae The .
species frequent potato and other solanaceous plants C T ra . .
beatus Fairm is black with a large red blotch o n each side at the
, .
, ,
bas e o f the elytra an d another at the tip ,

.
B ody cylindrical narrowed in front ; antenn ae rather Short

, ,
gradual ly thickened the last three j oints forming a club i he ad not

,
contracted behind ; abdomen soft covered by t he elytra ; tarsi ,
variable habits carnivoro us .
A rather extensive family M any Of t he species which it .
includes are o f bright colours but they are often sluggish insects ,
.
Cl erus F ormicarius Linn is an insect which slightly resembles an

, .
,
ant in shape and general appearance whence its name It is ,

.
about o n e thi rd o f an inch long and is red with the head the
-
, , ,
front o f the collar the femora and tibiae and the elytra black
, , ,
.
The elytra are red at t he base beyond which is a slender angul ated ,
whitish band and there is another towards the tip T richoel es

, .
,
Herbst includes several larger spe c ies with four jointed tarsi They
, ,
-
.
are half an inch long and O f a red colour banded with steel blue
, , ,
and extremely pubescent The l arv ae have been met with in the .
nests o f various species o f bees but their economy is not yet ,
clearly understood Among the more interesting fo reign species

.
o f this family we may mention F ranus Fil iformis Cas t from , ,
M adagascar whi ch is reddish brown with yellow elytra marked

, , ,
with a transverse black spot in the middle ; and P el onium T rifas

ci atu m Cas t
, fro m Bra z il which is black also with yellow elytra
, , , ,
but marked with three black stripes .
S E C T IO N VIII —T EREDILIA . .
Tarsi generally fi v e jointed b ody hard prosternum neither -
dilated in front n or produced into a point behind ; antenn ae gener

ally fil ifo rm abdomen nearly al ways c o mposed o f five segments .
This section though not very extensive includes several

, ,
insects which are exceedingly inj urious and whi ch we have now ,
to consider M ost of the l arv ae are wood b orers

.
-
.
D
Tarsi fi v e jointed body long an d Slender head contracted

-
behind ; mandibles dentated .
The m o st important species o f this small family is I/ym eayl on

Naual e Linn
,
The male is black with the basal half Of the elyt ra
.
, ,
al o ng the suture and the abdome n and legs yellow ; the fem al e is
,
yellowish with the head and t h e border and tips O f the elytra
,
black I t measures from a quarter to half an inch in length This

. .
insect feeds o n o ak and though fo rtunately rare in England has

, ,
sometimes committed great ravages among t h e timber intended for

shipbuilding in several parts o f the Continen t .
—
FAM ILY II P tinidce .
Body oval o r cylindrical with the ends rounded o ff head not ,
contracted behind partly covered by the prothorax antenn ae

,
fil ifo rm an d tapering o r pectinated sometimes terminating in

, ,
three large apical segments ; tarsi generally fi v e jointed -

.
These are small beetles some o f which feed o n w o od while , ,
others are met with in h o uses not only attacking wo o d but also , ,
dried animal products such as leather wool preserved obj ects o f

, , ,
natural history etc A few of the more interesting species may

, .
here be mentioned .
P tinus Fur Linn is a small beetle about an eighth O f an inch

,
.
,
in length It varies from red to pitchy bro wn with red legs and
.
,
antenn a e and the elytra are m arked with two more o r less distinct
,
transverse stripes of white hairs A nobiu m D om esticum Fo urcr is .

,
.
,
an insect not exceeding one sixth o f an inch in length It is o f a -

.
pitchy brown colour and feeds o n o l d wood It is Often common

-
, .
in the woodwork and furnitur e o f Old houses and is popul arly ,
known as the Death Watch from i t s habit o f producing a slight

-
,
ticking noise by striking its head against the wood as a call to its
mate The name o f A T cssel l atum Fabr has frequently been
. .
, .
,
applied to this insect but A T essel l atum is a bro wn species

, .
,
measuring ab out a quarter o f an inch in length and although it ,
likewis e feeds o n old wood it is seldom o r never found in houses ,

.
—
FAM ILY II I B ostrychidce .
B ody cylindrical ; head generally covered by the prothorax ;

ant e nn ae nine to eleven jointed inserted at the front edge of the ,
B EETLE S .
51
eyes and the three last joints forming a club tarsi generally fiv e
,
jointed the first small and t he second and third large ; abdom en
, ,
with five segments the first very large , .
A small family o f wood feeding beetles which like many other -

, ,
wood feeding insects vary considerably in Si z e within the same

-
,
species Thus B ostrichus Capucinus Linn varies from less than a

.
, , .
,
quarter o f an inch to more than half an inch in length It is .
black with the very coarsely punctured elytra and the abdomen
,
red. The genus P soa Herbst is remarkable for t he ramose , ,
antenn ae Of the male P B l anchardn Lu c is an Al gerian species

. .
,
.
, ,
abo u t h alf an inch long ; it is of a shining black col o ur with a ,
red dot o n each side o f the thorax ; there are also reddish bands
on t he elytra near the suture and the segments o f the abdomen ,
are bordered with red below The t arsi are apparently only four .
jointed .
B odycylindrical ; head short covered by the prothorax and , ,
retractile antenn ae eight to eleve n jointed inserted at the front ,
edge Of the eyes and terminated by a three (or two jointed club ;
,
legs short tarsi fo ur (rarely fi v e j o inted the first small but dis
, , ,
tinct and the last long ; abdomen with five segments the last
, ,
longest .
These are small beetles Of a brown o r reddish brown colour ,

-
,
which are usually found in fungi sometimes in great abundance ,

.
Oe hi u s M andi bul aris G yl l is o f a chestnut c o lour and varies

, .
, ,
from o n e fi ft ee nt h to one tenth o f an inch in length I t frequents

- -
.
fungi growing o n trees Cis B ol eti Linn is a much comm o ner .

,
.
,
Species about the same size which varies from black t o yellowish ,
bro wn .
S E CT IO N IX —H ETE R O ME RA . .
B ody more o r less oval sometimes nearly round ; four front ,
tarsi fi v e jointed hind tarsi four jointed ; antenn ae moniliform o r

-
,
-
,
bead l ike
-
.
The Heterom era are an extensive group and many o f the ,
species much resemble Carabi dee in shape and general appearance ,
but th ey may always be easily distinguished by the peculiar

structure o f the legs and antenn ae .
FAM ILY I .
—T ri ctenotomidce .
Aspect the P rionidce eyes transverse slightly emarginate ;

of ,
antenn ae o f mo d erate len gth fil i fo rm the three apical j oints , ,
serrated on the inside ; mandibles large broad and dentated , ,

.
This family only includes a few large species from the EaSt
In d ies which resemble P rionidae and I/ ucanidce rather than any
,
o t her Heteromera The type is T rictenotoma Chi l dreni G ray from

.
, ,
No t h ern India It is more than two inches in length and is

.
,
covered with a yellowish grey down the ant e nnae m andibles legs
-
, , ,
and two raised spots o n the mesothorax are black ,

.
FAM ILY II —T enebrionidce . .
Head not narrowed behind ; antenn ae moniliform Of nearly ,
equal thickness throughout o r slightly e nl arged towards the tip , ,
i n ser ted o n the sides of the head third j oint longest ; wings ,
frequently absent an d elytra often soldered together ; middle

,
and hind legs near together claws simple .
The beetles contained in this family are generally heavy

looking with broad elytra and are o f a black o r grey colour
, ,
.
They are o f moderate size and are frequently strongly ridged and
,
pun ctured The abdomen is Often more o r less pointed M any o f

. .
the Species prefer sandy places and although the family is more o r ,
l ess numerously repre sented in all parts o f the world the species ,
are particularly numerous in Africa A few only of the larger and .
more typical genera can here b e mentioned Adesmi a Fisch is .

, .
,
remarkable for its long slender legs A Candidipennis Bré m e is . .

, ,
found o n the C ongo Zepherus Cast is an Am erican genus with

.
, ,
sh rt ,
thick antenn ae and rugo se elyt ra A cis Herbst is a
,
.
, ,
genus which includes a number Of comparatively small species

from South Europe and North Africa A Gory/i SO L is found . .
, ,
in the latter locality B l aps Fabr is o ne o f the most typical

.
, .
,
genera o f this family ; the species are all very similar and are ,
abundant in the O l d World Two species are common in Britain .

,
where they are known as C ellar Beetles They are black W ingless .
insects with the abdomen pointed and are found in dark places
, ,
.
Pi mel i a F ahr is another large genus very numerously represented

, .
, ,
o n the coasts of the M editerranean but not British it is o f a much ,
rounder fo rm than B l aps P Pu nctata S0 1 is a Spanish insect. .

, , .
M ol uris Latr includes a few handsome shining black species o f

, .
,
considerable Size from the Cape o f G ood Hope The genus .

BEET LE S . 53
Sepidium, Fabr , is remarkable for the elytra being studded all

.
over with short blunt spines ; S T om entosum Erichs is a native .

, .
,
o f Algeria Hepatru m Fabr and its allies are small Oblong

.
, .
,
winged beetles H E l ongatum G u e r is an East I ndian species

. .
, .
, .
Several small species Of more varied colours than B l aps and ,
its allies are met with among fu ngi o r under bark One of the
, .
commonest of these is Diaperis B ol eti Linn an oval insect about a , .

,
quart er Of an inch long with short thick antennae I t is shining , .
black with a broad dentated yellow band at the base o f the elytra
, ,
a narrower o ne b eyond the middle and the tips yellow , .
O ne o f the most remarkable genera o f the Heteromera is

Cossyphus O liv The whole insect is very flat and the thorax and
,
.
.
,
elytra are expanded into a broad rim covering even the head , .
Several species are found in South Europe Africa and the East , ,
I ndies C Depressus Fabr an East Indian insect is o f a yellowish

. .
,
.
, ,
brown and about half an inch long Some species are said t o
,
.
hide under stones and clods concealing themselves with a covering ,
o f earth so that they cannot be seen until they move

, .
T enebri o M ol i tor Lin n which may be regarded as the type of the

, .
,
T enebri onid oe is a winged dark b rown beetle about half an inch long
,
-
,
with striated elytra It is common in houses especially in bake .

,
hou ses where its reddish yellow larva feeds o n flour etc This
,
-
, .
larva is called the M eal worm and is much used to feed caged birds -
, .
The species o f Hel eps Fabr are shining black o r brown beetles , .
, ,
about half an inch long which much resemble the Carabi cl ce in ,
Shape This genus has representatives in all parts o f the world

.
,
but the species are most numerous in the M editerranean di strict ;

a few however inhabit Northern Europe
, ,
.
Strongyl ium K irb is an extensive genus rather longer and more

, .
, ,
slender than any o f the foregoing and wi th long and slender legs ,
and antenn ae It has representatives in most parts Of the world

.
,
but by far the greater number o f known species are American .
S Rufipes K i rb is blue with two yellow bands o n the elytra o ne

.
, .
, , ,
at the base and o n e acros s the middle the legs and antenn ae are
,
reddish .
I n the species o f Ci stel a G e o ffr the antenn a are Often more or , .

,
less serrated So me are shining black insects with reddish legs

.
, ,
and measure about a quarter o f an inch in length C Serrata . .

,
Ch e vr an Hungarian insect and Cteni Opus Su lphureus Linn n o t an

.
, , , .
,
uncommon European species are yellow T he species o f Cistel a and ,

.
its allies frequent flowers and their larvae feed o n rotten wood ,
.
FAM ILY I II —Nil ioni dce .
Head cont racted behind eleven j ointed moniliform ;

ant e n nae -
,
apical joint ovoid ; thorax shor t and broad ; elytra broad c o nvex , ,
and covering the body .
These are yellowish beetles o f moderate size which resemble ,
large Coccinel l idw in appearance They feed o n B ol eti growing on

.
the trunks Of trees and simulate death when disturbed They are
, .
almost exclusively c o nfined to tropical America .
This and the following families Of Heterom era are distinguished

from the T enebri onidw by the head being contracted behind a ,
character which it will be unnecessary to notice further .
FAM ILY I V —Pythicl oe

. .
Antenn ae eleven jointed , fil i fo rm , generally thick ened towards

-
the tips ; claws si m ple ; head triangular o r produced into a beak , ,
and overlapped by the thorax as far as the eyes .
Another small family the species o f which are usually met

,
with under t h e bark o f dead trees P ytho D epressus Linn is .

,
.
,
rather scarce everywhere though found in most parts Of Euro pe

, .
It is about half an inch long and is of a Shining black col o ur

, ,
with red antenn ae and legs ; the elytra are blue o r reddish some ,
times with blue tips ; and in specimens with reddish elytra the
thorax also is sometimes o f the same colour .
—
FAM ILY V M el ancl ryi doe
. .
Ant ennae fi l i fo rm ,
ten o r eleven j ointed and generally some ,
what thickened at the tips ; claws simple ; thorax generally roun ded
at t he sides ; maxillary palpi very large and serrated o n the ,
inside .
The M el andryidce general ly live o n rotten wood o r o n tree

fungi . I t will suffice to mention o n e o r two representative species .
Serrapalpus Striatus Fabr is rather long and narrow and is found

,
.
, ,
in most parts Of Europe I t is brown and about half an inch

.
,
long it feeds o n pine and fir E ustrophus D ermestoides F ahr o n

.
, .
,
the other hand another common brown species which is found in

,
the wood o f the o ak and beech is o f a short oval form and about
, ,
a quarter o f an inch long The species o f M el ancl rya Fabr are

.
, .
,
black o r dark blue and about twice as long as broad

, .
56 C O L E O P TE RA .
from Cayenne is black with pale yellow transverse markings

, ,
.
A naspis Frontal is Linn which represents another section Of the

, .
,
family is a common European species about o n e eighth Of an inch

,
-
in length It is black with the front o f the head the base o f the
.
, ,
an t ennae and the front legs yellow o r bro wn

, , .
FAMILY X —Rhipidophoridce .
Antenn ae eleven jointed, pectinated, in the fe m ales serrated ;

-
or
fi li fo rm only in perfectly apterous females thorax as wide as the

elytra at their base elytra sometimes shorter than the body ;
habits parasitic .
O ne o f the b est known species is M etcecus P aradoxus Linn It

-
, .
is about o ne third o f an inch in length and is black with ye ll ow

-
, ,
elyt ra in the male the sid es o f the thorax and the abdomen are
red The larva lives parasitically in the nest o f the common wasp
. .
I n the genus RhipidOphorus Bo n the elytra are as short as in the ,

.
,
Staphyl i nidee but the large wings are not covered by them
, R . .
Su bdipterus B o n a South European species is shining black

, .
, , ,
with grey hair ; the antenn ae are reddish in the male the elytra ,
are ochre yellow ; the hind wings transparent with a brown spot
-
,
in the middle ; and the abdomen and legs are reddish the former ,
being tipped with black in the female R Fasciatus Say fr om the . .

, ,
Southern U nited States is black with yellowish elytra , , .
Elytra very sho rt ; hind wings very broad and folded longi ,
t u di nal l y tarsi with from two to fo ur j oints eyes large ant en nae
bifurcate o r ramose ; metathorax very large ; female apterous ;
habits parasitic .
This peculiar family includes only a few species which were ,
formerly included in a separate O rder (Strepsiptera) but are n o w

regarded as Col eoptera They are small black insects not m o re
.
,
than a quarter Of an inch long They are parasitic o n various .
species of wasps and bees a situation which the female never quits , ,
though the head Of the female o r o f the male pupa may frequently , ,
be seen protruding from between the seg ments o f the abdomen o f

the host The commonest species in England is Styl ops M el itta
.
;
Kirb which infests various species o f A ndrena

.
,
The males are .
rarely Observed o n the wing owing to their small size and the ,
rapidity of their m ovements .

BEET LE S . 57
FAM ILY X II . Cantharidee .
Antenn ae nine to eleven j ointed fil ifo rm sli ghtly thickened at , ,
the tips ; claws bifid elytra soft long and narrow or else much , , ,
shorter than the abdomen ; larv ae oft en parasitic .
The present family though not very extensive is o ne o f the

, ,
most interesting o f the Heterom era The first genus included in .
it is M el oe Linn which includes the well known O il B eetles

'
-
.
, .
,
These are bluish black beetles measuring from half an inch to an

-
,
inch and a quarter in length They have very short soft elytra .
, ,
and no wings and t he abdomen is large soft and bloated

, , ,
.
They are sluggish insects found among grass and l o w plants in ,
spring . Their transformations are very remarkable and re ,
semble those o f Si taris The eggs are laid o n o r in the ground

.
,
and when the young l arvae hatch they Spread over the plants ,
in the neighbourhood and attach themselves to the bodies Of

,
t he insects whi ch visit them Those which are sufficiently .
fort unate to be carried into a hive in this Si ndbadl i ke fashion

begin by devo uring the egg which they find in o n e o f the cells .
Then they change into a second form o f larva and feed o n the ,
pollen intended for the l arva o f the bee and continue their ,
changes But the life hi story o f Si tar is M ural is F orst is bet ter
.
-
,
.
,
known . Thi s is a black insect n o t apterous with long soft , , , ,
yellowish elytra it is about half an inch in length The female .
lays her eggs at the entrance o f the nests of bees o f the genus
A nthophora Fabr which burrow in walls and a month afterwards
, .
, , ,
shining greenish black horny larv ae with long antenn ae and legs
-
, ,
hatch They remain motionless till spri ng when the bees begin
.
,
t o fly about when they attach themselves to the male bees which

, ,
appear before the females ; and when the bees pair they transfer ,
themselves to the latter When the bee lays an egg o ne of the .

,
l arv ae drops down upon it and proceeds to devour the contents , .
’
When it has finished in some days time it changes into t he , ,
sec o nd larva which i s a soft white bloated m aggot destitute o f

, ,
eyes o r antenn ae and with very short legs

, Thi s feeds for a .
month o n honey when it turns into a ki nd of false pupa whi ch i s

, ,
at first so ft but soon becomes hard and yellowis h ; and in this

,
state it passes the winter Next spring a third form o f larva .
emerges very similar to the second which tak es no food but soon
, , ,
changes into the real pupa from which the perfect ins ect em erges ,
in about a m onth .
Hori a M acu l ata Swed is a reddish beetle spotted with black

,
.
, , ,
and about an inch long ; its head is v e ry large and almost square ,
it is found in South America M yl abri s Fahr is a large genus .

,
.
, ,
found throughout the warmer parts O f the O ld World M o st Of the .
species are black with large yell ow o r red spots o r bands and are
, ,
sometimes used for vesicatory purposes The commonest species .
in Europe is M F l oral i s P all which is found as far north as

, ,
Southern G ermany ; it is black with yellow markings and , ,
frequents flowers .
M el oetyphl us Fuscutus Wat erh was kindly pointed o u t to me

,
.
,
by my friend and colleague M r C O Waterhouse as a very . . .
remarkable insect It occurs in P eru and although nothing is

.
,
,
known O f its habits it is in all probability parasitic upon ants ;

,
for it I s o f a dark reddish brown colour and almost exactly -

,
res embles the great ants o f the genus E citon in size and shape .
Canthari s Vesi catori a Linn the B lister B eetle is too well

,
.
, ,
known to need a long description It is o f a most brilliant green .
colour and about half an inch in length It is not very common

,
.
in England but is abundant in many parts o f the C ontinent o n

,
various trees more especially o n the ash ; and I have seen no

,
beetle which presents so brilliant an appearance as this when t he

su n is Shi ning o n a tree upon which several are feeding .
The genus Nem atognatha III is remarkable for haV Ing a long , ,
proboscis almost like that o f a butterfly It is widely d istributed .

,
and the South European species are black below and yellow more , ,
o r less marked with b lack above , .
F AM ILY X III .
—@d m e eri doe .
Ant e nn ae
eleven o r twelve j ointed long and fil ifo rm the middle , ,
joints nearly as broad as long ; claws Simple body long rather ,
soft ; front coxae very long intermediate coxae contiguous , .
The Gi demeridaa are small delicate insects which frequent

’
flowers and have a slight resemblance to Longicorns The l arv ae

, .
feed o n dead wood o r flower stalks As an example we may .

,
mention G demera which is nearly half an inch

in length and is black clothed with silvery hair The base of
, , .
the antenn ae and the elytra are yellow and the thorax and under ,
surface of the abdomen are also yellow in the female the legs are
Of a reddish yello w .
B EET LE S . 59
S E C T IO N X —XYLO PHAG A . .
Tarsi four jointed ; body oblong ; ant e nnae with the basal j oint
-
long and more or less clubbed at t he tip ; head not produced int o
,
a true rostr um and partly covered by the thorax

, .
This family the only o n e in this section includes t he small

, ,
brown o r black beetles whi ch the G ermans appropriatel y name

Bark B eetles They are generally abundant and g regarious and
.
,
the larv ae form long galleries in the bark o r wood of trees .
Their numbers make them far more inj urious than the larger
insects which live o n wo o dj and in s o me seasons whole avenues
o f elms have been destroyed by Scol ytus Destructor O liv which , .
,
may be co nsidere d t he type Of the family I t is a black beetle .
ab o ut o n e sixth o f an inch long with brown elytra and reddish

-
, ,
legs and antenn ae Two other species may be noticed for the
.
peculiarity in their antenn ae The first is Pl atypu s Cyl indrus .

,
Fab r a long brown beetle with reddish legs and antenn ae about
.
, , ,
o n e sixth Of an inch long

-
The anten n ae are very short and ter
.
,
minate in an enormous club It lives in Old dry o ak wood . .
P hl a otri bu s Ol ece Fabr i s a cylind ri cal black species o n e twelfth

,
.
, ,
-
o f an inch long with reddish legs and ramose ant e nnae

,
It is very .
destructive to the olive in the south o f Europe .
—
S E C T IO N XI RHYNC H O P H O RA . .
B ody cyli ndrical rarely round ; tarsi four j ointed head pro
,
-
d u c e d into a rostrum o n the sides o f which the antenn ae are

,
placed ; antenn ae Six t o ten j ointed Oft en angul ated beyond the ,
long scape elytra hard horny and c o vering the abdomen , ,

.
The Weevils are a very extensive and easily recognised group ,
though they vary considerably in structure and appearance The .
elytra are frequently o f almost stony hardness perhaps harder ,
than in any other insects The maj o rity of the species though .
,
considerably varied are no t very remarkable fo r their size o r

,
colour the Diamond B eetle and its allies excepte d

,
.
FAM ILY I Curcu l i onial ee . .
Rostrum straight with the antenn ae o n the sides and the

, ,
small m o nt h at the extremity ; ant e nnae generally angulated and ,
o ften club bed at the tip .

60 C OLE O P TE RA .
In so large a fami ly we cannot do m o re than enumerate a few

representative genera and species as i n the case o f the Carabi dce , , .
Brachyderes I ncanus Linn is a moderately broad and oval insect

,
.
, ,
with a short broad rostr um and the antenn ae inserted near the ,
extremity It is ab out o n e third o f an inch in length and is met

.
-
with o n various trees in summer but passes the winter under moss , .
Naupaetu s Longim anus Fabr is the type o f an allied South ,

.
,
American genus very numerous in species ,

It is an oval black .
beetle clothed with silvery green scales ; the thorax and elytra
,
-
are streaked and spotted with bri ghter green It measures half .
an inch in length .
Sitones I/ in eatus Linn is a black species o n e sixth Of an inch

,
.
, ,
-
in length with a short rostrum and three pal e longitudinal stripes

, ,
o n the thorax The legs and antenn ae are rust colour and the
.
,
whole insect is covered with scales which are brown grey , , ,
g reenish or coppery in diff erent in di viduals It is very common

,
.
o n clover and other plants attack ing them as soon as they beg i n
, ,
to sprout in spring .
Sever al E ur opean species are covered with green scales in a ,
Simi lar manner to the exotic Diamond B eetles though they are n o t ,
so brilliant O ne o f these is Chl orOphanu s Vi ridis Linn a green

.
,
.
,
scaled species in which the sides Of the thorax and the elytra are
,
yellow It is found o n shrubs and is about o n e third o f an inch

.
,
-
in length .
The Brazilian genus Cyphus G erm includes species o f con , ,
si d e rabl e size which are o f a brilliant blue or green colour ;

,
o n e o r two are whitish C Il l ustri s, G u e r is pale blue with . . .

, ,
black mar kings .
Oti orhynchus G erm includes a number o f dull black species

,
.
, ,
measuring about a quarter o r half an inch in length which feed ,
o n trees and b ushes 0 Ligusti ci Linn is injurious to the vine

. .
,
.
,
o n the C ontinent .
Phyl l obi us Scho nh includes a variety of species both British

,
.
, ,
and foreign several o f which are scaled with green They are
,
.
rather long b eetles ab out a quarter o f an inch in length with the

, ,
ant e nn a e inserted near the b ase o f the short rostrum They feed .
o n the leaves o f trees .
E nti mus I mperi al is F orst the splendid gold spangled Diamond

, .
,
-
B eetle so favourite an obj ect f o r the mi croscope is a native o f

, ,
Bra z il
. It is black spangled all over with golden green b ut is
,
-
,
s aid to b e quite whi t e o n first emerging from the pupa .

B EETLE S . 61
Another interesting exotic genus is Brachycerus O liv The , .
rostrum is stout o f moderate length the thorax is provided with

,
a Spine o n each side ; the wings are ab sent and the elytra are ,
soldered together and are very convex and frequently deeply , ,
punctured They frequent sandy places and although several

.
,
small species inhabit the South Of Europe b y far the greater ,
number occur in South Africa M any Of the species are black . ,
with rows Of reddish o r yellowish depressed spots .
Hypera G erm is a large genus of dull coloured b eetles about

, ,
-
,
o n e third o f an inch in length

-
which are common o n various ,
plants and form their slender cocoons beneath the leaves They
,
.
are o f an oval form and the rostrum is as long as the thorax and , ,
slightly curved .
Cl eonus Scho nh is another large and widely distrib uted genus

, .
,
-
,
including species o f dull black o r grey colours .
I/ iaus Fabr includes slender species o f m oderate size in

, .
, ,
most O f which the abdomen and elyt ra are produced into a sharp
point It is represented by numerous species in most parts o f the
.
world L M ucranatus O liv which is Slate coloured and about

. .
, .
,
-
,
half an inch long is common in South Europe and Algeria It ,

.
is found o n thistles and other flowers .
Curcu l i o A bi eti s Linn which is common i n fir woods is a dull

, .
, ,
black deeply punctured beetle with two transverse yellowish bands

,
-
,
o n the elytra ; it measures half an inch o r rather less in length , ,

.
Hil ipus G erm is an extensive South American genus al lied

, ,
t o Curcu l i o most o f the species are black with white grey o r , , ,
yellowish markings .
T he genus Api on Herbst includes a great number o f small , ,
beetles m any of which do not exceed one tenth o r o n e twelfth o f

,
- -
an inch in length They are o f various colours such as black .

, ,
blue gree n red etc and live gregariously on vari ous plants They
, , , .
,
.
have a narrow head and thorax a long rostrum and broad elytra , , ,
but no wings A F l aaipes Fabr is black with reddish legs and

. .
, .
, , ,
lives o n trefoil .
O ne Of the most familiar weevils in the larva state is Ral aninus

Nucum Linn the Nut Weevil
,
Its whitish grub is often fo und
.
, .
in nuts especially fil be rt s but it will also attack acorns The

, ,
.
beetle is black with reddish legs and a long proboscis and is

, , ,
about a quarter o f an inch long .
Rhynchi tes Herbst is a genus o f beautiful little beetles about

, , ,
o ne sixth o f an inch long

-
several of which are o f a brilliant ,
62 C O LE O PTE RA
golden green o r purple colour while others are coppery They

-
, .
live o n various trees and are sometime s very injuri ous in orchards
,
.
Orchestes A l ni Linn is a red beetle with two black spots o n

, .
, ,
each of the elytra it is about one eighth o f an inch l o ng and -

,
i s found o n alder The species of this genus are numerous in

.
Europe and frequent various trees such as the o ak beech and

, , , ,
will ow .
The species o f Cionus Clairv are broad and oval with a small , .
, ,
head and pointed rostrum They are generally found o n mullein . .
C P u l aerosu s G yl l is a South European species about o n e sixth

.
, .
, ,
-
o f an inch long It is o f a brownish grey with two black spots

.
,
o n the suture .
Cryptorhynchus Lapathi Linn is a conspicuous beetle about , .

, ,

-
which is found upon alders and ,
willows It is a convex dull black insect thickly scaled with

.
,
white On the sides o f the thorax and at t he base and for nearly , ,
half the extre mi ty O f the elytra Its larva feeds o n the pith o f the .
willo w an d the b eetle appears in autumn and lives through the

, ,
winter This is the only European representative o f an extensive

.
genus which is found in all the warmer parts o f the world but ,
is specially numerous in America .
There are several exotic genera Of weevils with small bodies

and very long sprawli ng hair y legs whi ch gives them a curious
, , ,
resemblance to Spiders O ne o f these is T achygonus Lecontei G yl l

.
, .
,
from North America a b lack species with white markings

, .
Among the most destructive O f the Rhynchophora are the not o rious
Corn Weevils Cal andra Granari a and Oryz ae Linn
,
They measure ,
.
about o ne eighth o f an inch in length T he zfo rm er is brown wi th

-
.
,
red legs and antenn ae and the latter is black with a spot o n each
, ,
shoulder and o n each of the elytra and the b order of the latter ,
reddish They sometimes commit great ravages in granaries each

.
,
larva entering a single grain and devouring the contents , .
Cossonus I/ inearis Linn is a brown o r blackish insect with

,
.
, ,
red legs and antennae which measures nearly a quarter of an inch

,
in length It is met with under dead bark

. .
Several o f the largest o f the foreign Curcu l i oni dm are closely

a l lied to Cal andra They are generall y o f a black o r reddish
.
brown colour and the insid e o f the legs and sometimes even the
, ,
rostrum is fringed with red dish hairs P rotoceri us Col ossus O liv
,
.
, .
,
is more than two inches in length and is common in the Eas t ,
Indies ; while the dull black Rhynchophorus P al marum Linn which ,

.
,
surface and o n part Of the legs The species of this genus are
, .
found o n bushes or under b ark , .
Several o f the exotic genera of this fam ily have antenn ae o f

”
enormous length ; thus t he brown East Indian species o f M eco

,
ceras ,Sch Onh which are about an inch long have ant ennae full
.
, ,
three inches in length Bu t their structure i s so palpably Rhyn

.
ch ophoro us th at they co uld not eas ily be mistak e n for Longi corni a .
S E C T IO N XII .
—LO NG IC O R N IA .
Tarsi four j ointed antenn ae long o r very long fil ifo rm ; man

-
,
di bl e s strong ; tip o f the abdomen produced into a short ovipositor

in the female ; l arvae wood b orers -
.
The Longicorni a m ay generally b e easily recognised by the

characters just cited They are divided into three very distinct
.
families .
FAM ILY I .
—Pri onidae .
Lab rum small and indistinct ; mandibles very large especially ,
in the males ; antenn ae stout of moderate length ; scape very ,
thick inserted near the mandibles o r near b ut not within the

, , , ,
orbits head not flattened in front ; eyes ki dney shaped -

.
The Pri oni dw are much broader and bulkier in proportion than
any Of the other Longicorns and some o f them are among the ,
largest beetles known Their great mandibles give them a super

.
fi ci al resemblance to the Lu canidae from which the structure o f ,
their an t e n nae will at once distinguish them .
P arauara Latr is very unlik e the typical species

, .
, The species .
are o f moderate size rather depressed with large mandibles and

, ,
short antennae P B ru nnea F ahr which is common in the U nited

. .
, .
,
States is o f a shining reddi sh b rown and is about an m ob in

, ,
length .
The structure Of the mandibles in the Pri onidce di ffers very

much in different species and the thorax is often armed with ,
strong lateral spines o r teeth These latter are very consp i cuous .
in Cyrtognathus Wal keri Wat erh a black Himalayan species ,

.
,
'
which is also remarkable for its simply formed but large and -
divergent mandibles and its stout bristly antenn ae and legs

,
.
O ne species only o f this family (P rionus Cori ari us Linn ) is ,

.
found in England where however it is by no means common

, , , .
I t is a pitchy brown insect an inch or more in length with pro

-
, ,
B EETLE S . 65
minent lateral spines o n the thorax but with rather small ,
mandibles . E rgates Faber Fabr is an allied but much larger , .

,
Species found in many parts Of the C ontinent but not in England , .
M acrodonti a Serv is a South American genus remarkable fo r

, .
, ,
its pale brown c o lour (resembling that Of dead wood ) and for its ,
enormous mandibles which are more o r less strongly toothed

, .
O ne o f the largest beetles known is T i tanus Giganteus Linn a , .

,
native o f Cayenne It is nearly seven inches in length and t wo

.
,
inches across the elytra t he mandibles are short but very thick ,
and strong and th e thorax has a strong spine o n each side near
, ,
the front The head thorax and legs are black and t he elytra
.
, , ,
and abdomen o f a dark reddish brown .
A canthi nodera Cu m i ngii Hope is a Chilian species remarkable

, , ,
fo r its very small head ; the female is dark brown and about t wo ,
inches in length ; the male is yellowish brown and much sm aller ,

.
T h e genus P yrodes Serv includes species o f moderate size but

, .
, ,
o f a green o r vi o le t colour ; it is confined to South America .
Several o ther genera from the same country likewise include green
o r blue species sometimes o f large siz e but generally o f deep
, ,
rather than brilliant colours Some are o f a rich golden green .

,
but the bright metallic green colour met with in the polished
B upresti dce etc is always wanting in this family probably because
, .
, ,
the surface o f t he insect is too strongly rugose or punctured t o

reflect such colours .
—
FAM ILY I I Cerambyci dce
’
. .
M an dibles rather small nearly alike in b o th sexes ; lab rum ,
well marke d occupying t he whole width o f the head ; eyes

,
always concav e and more o r less surr o undi ng the base o f the
,
ant e nn ae head produced in fr o nt but never vertical ,

.
An extensive family inclu di ng a great number o f species Of

,
di fferent si z es Shapes and colours In several genera t he eyes are

, , .
c o mpletely divided in t wo by the base o f the antenn ae so that the ,
insect appears to hav e fo ur eyes as in Gyri nus ,

.
Spondyl i s Ruprestoi des Linn is a black beetle about three

,
.
, ,
quarters Of an inch in length which is common in many parts Of ,
Europe It has a small head and comparatively short ant e nnae

.
, ,
and scarcely looks like o ne o f the Lo ngicorn s Like most o f the .
species o f this family it is found in r o t ten wood

,
.
The typical genus Ceram bya Linn includes several large an d ,

.
,
conspicuous European species which are however believed n o t to , , ,
E
be truly indigenous in England as although they have been met , ,
with occasionally they are thought to have been imported with

,
timber They are black insects with long antenn ae and a spine
.
, ,
o n each side o f t he thorax The two commonest species are .
C Cerao Fabr which is ab out an inch in length and C Heros

.
’
,
.
, , , .
,
Scop which has the elytra tipped with brown and is s o metimes
.
, ,
nearly two inches in length but which like many o ther wood , ,
feeding insects varies c o nsiderably in si z e in di ff erent specimens

, .
T he beetles may be found o n flowers o r o n newly felled timber ,

-
.
The latter is so attractive to beetles that when M r A R Wallace . .
was c o llecting in the Eastern Archipelago he always used to get ,
some trees felled as soon as he established himself in a new

locality and rarely failed to reap a rich harvest
,
.
E buria Serv is a very pretty South American genus ; the

,
.
,
species are of m o derate Size and are generally o f a yellowish ,
colour with spots o f an ivory white

,
.
P achyta Serv includes several moderate sized E u ropean species

, .
,
-
,
seldom reaching the length o f half an inch P Quadri macu l ata . .

,
Linn has yellow elytra with black spots

.
,
These beetles are , .
found o n flowers especially in mountainous regions

, .
Leptu ra Linn is a large genus t he species Of which are gener

,
.
, ,
ally about half an inch in length and are fo und o n flowers ; the ,
female is provided with a sh o rt ovipositor L Cordigera Fu e ssl y . .

, ,
found in South Europe and perhaps in South Western G ermany ,

-
,
is black with more or less o f the sides o f the elytra red

, .
In Necydal i s Linn and some allied genera the elytra are

, .
, ,
e xceedingly short but the wings are not fo lded beneath them as
,
in t he B rashel ytra but uncovered N M ajor Linn is black wi th

, . .
,
.
, ,
yellowish pubescence and yellowish antenn ae legs and elytra It

, , , .
measures an inch in length and is occasionally met with o n sallow ,
blossoms o n the C ontinent but is far from comm o n

, , .
The comm o nest o f the larger Longico rn s in North Europe is

undoubtedl y the M usk Beetle (Arom i a M oschata) It is green .
,
with a lateral spine o n the thorax and is about an inch l o ng I t ,

.
is rather a sluggish insect and may be found resting on the trunks ,
o f willows on the wo o d o f which its larva feeds

,
It may easily .
be seized with the fingers as it is quite harmless though it emits , ,
a peculiar but n o t unpleasant odour

, .
Cal l i chroma Latr is a very similar genus fairly well re pre

,
.
, ,
sented in m o st tropical countries M ost o f the species are green .

,
and closely resemble o ur common M usk B eetle .

B EETLE S . 67
O ne o f the prettiest European Longicorns is Rosal i a A lpi na ,
Linn which is n o t uncommon in Swi t z erland

.
, I t is about the siz e .
o f A romi a M oschata and is c o vered with a delicate pale blue bloom -

, ,
with a black band and some smaller markings o n the elytra I t i s .
met with o n the trunks o f decaying copper beeches thro ughout the -
summer .
So me of the smaller So uth American Lo ngicorns are delicately

fo rmed insects with curious tufts o n their bodies Thus Cosmosoma
,
.
,
Specu l if erum G ory is black with the scutellum and a large squ are
, , , ,
spot in the middle o f the elytra o n the suture yellowish white ; the
under sur face is also silvery The ant e nnae are very peculiar being .
,
c iliated to the middle beyond which is a large tuft o f hair ; the

,
hind tibi ae are als o Slightly ciliated In Coremia Hirtipes O liv .

,
.
,
a Slender black species the ant e nn ae are much shorter than in ,
Cosm osoma and are simply fi l i fo rm ; but the hind legs are very
,
long and slender especially the hind tibi ae the middle o f which is
, ,
decorated with a tuft of hair greatly resembling that upon the

antenn ae o f the other genus Concerning this latter species M r .
,
.
1
B ates remarks : Found throughout the Amaz o ns flying slowly
!
,
”
over dead timber in new clearings It resembles a large Cul ex . .
The genus Cl ytus Laich includes a great number of beetles

, .
,
found in all parts Of t he world The European species are some .
”
times called Wasp Beetles being about half an inch in length
!
, ,
with comparatively short antenn ae and generally black with yellow , ,

'
bands or spots The beetles are fo u nd o n timber or on flowers

.
, ,
and are not uncommon ; they are active o n the wing .
P urpuri cenus Serv is a genus c o ntaining handsome species

, .
, ,
fo und in most parts of the world several o f which inhabit the ,
M editerranean regi o n O ne species o nly P K oehl eri Linn is m e t

.
,
.
,
.
,
with as far north as the s o uthern slopes Of the Alps I t is nearly .
three quarters Of an inch in length and is black Often with a red

-
, ,
spot o n each side o f the thorax ; the elytra are o f a purplish red ,
with a large black spot in the middle Of t he suture o f the elytra .
M o st o f the o t her species are also o f a bright red colour varied ,
with black .
T rachyderes Variegatus Perty is an example of a well known , ,

-
Bra z ilian genus it is black with reddish yell o w markings ,

-
.
M egad eru s Stigm a Linn is a very Similar species from Cayenne

,
.
,
it is black with an oblique yellowish s t reak o n each of the

,
elytra .
1
T ra ns . E nt So c Lo nd 1 870 ,
. . . p . 395 .
C O LE O PTE RA .
Don an Australian species resembles the

T ragocerus Fasciatus, .
, ,
two last mentioned ; the head and tho rax are black and the elytra ,
of a yellowish orange with black markings ,

.
The curious genus Vesperu s Latr inhabits South Europe and ,

.
,
t h e M editerranean district generally The species are o f a .
yellowish b rown colour and measure half an inch o r more in

-
,
length The male is a slender Longicorn beetle with ant e nnae

.
,
about as long as the body and elytra reaching to the extremity of ,
the abdomen ; but the female which is considerably larger than ,
t he male has short ant e n nae very short and di vergent elytra
, , ,
rudimentary wings (if any) and a thick heavy body ; in fact it , ,
has a very considerable resemb lance to M el oe except in its legs

‘ ’
and ant e nnae These beetles are nocturnal in their habits

. .
FAM ILY III — Lam i idae .
Head vertical , flattened in front ; mandibles moderate size of ,
nearly alike in both sexes ; labrum nearly as broad as the lower

part o f the head ; antenn ae setace o us wings occasionally absent .
The Lam ii dee are fully as numerous and varied as the

Ceram bycidce from which they may generally be easily distinguished
,
by the position o f t he head M any species far surpass the largest .
o f the Ceram bycicl ce both in size and in the length of their an t e nn a

, e;
but none o f them equal the largest o f the P ri oni cl ce (T i tanu s for ,
example ) in bul k .
D orcadi on Dalm is an extensive genus o f moderate —

,
.
, sized
species the great maj ority o f which inhabit the countries bordering
,
o n the M editerranean The species are found running about roads .
and walls D P edestre P oda co m mon throughout South Eastern

. .
, .
,
-
Europe including Austria etc is black more or less clothed with

, ,
.
, ,
brownish o r whitish down ; the ant e nnae and legs are reddish .
The type o f this family is Lamia T extor a dull black thickly , ,
punctured insect abo ut an inch long It is found in osier beds

, .
-
,
but is n o t very comm o n in England .
M onoham m us Serv is a rather large genus which has re pre

, .
, ,
se nt at i v e s in most quarters Of the globe T wo species M Sartor .

, .
,
Fabr and Su tor Linn are comm o n o n the C ontinent and are
.
, ,
.
, ,
reputed British though some writers think that all the Briti sh
,
specimens have been accidentally introduced they are black with ,
yello wish d o wn ; the first is three quarters o f an inch in length -

,
and the second an inch and a quarter ; they frequent pine forests .
T oeni otes Serv includes a number o f handsome species found

,
B EETLE S .
69
in tropical America ; the antenn ae are fully twice as long as the

body . T D ecoratus C ast
. from Brazil is black with yellow
, , , ,
markings .
A ri stobi a Horridu l a HO pe is a curious reddish brown East

, ,
-
I ndian species There are two large black tufts o f hair o n the
.
antenn ae near the base and the elytra are thickly studded with,
small tufts Of short bristles .
The genu s B atoeara Cas t includes some o f the largest and

, ,
most beautiful of the East Indian Longicorns They have long .
e and strong spines o n the sides o f the thorax and at the

ant e nn a , ,
front angles o f the elyt ra The species are generally brown o r .
yellowish brown speckled o r spotted with white

, .
Gnoma Gi raf a Schreib is a curious species from Ne w G ui nea

,
.
, ,
in which the thorax is rather narrow about as long as the abdo ,
men and constricted in the middle ; it is o f a unifo rm black

,
colour .
Sternotomis We st w is a beautiful African genus in which the

, .
, ,
species are o f moderate si z e rarely exceeding an inch in length , .
They are generally o f a beautiful green varied with black and , ,
s o metimes with yello w .
T ragocephal a F ormosa O l iv from the Cape is black with large

,
.
, , ,
reddish o r orange spots and white dots ; the ant e nnae are m uch
,
shorter in this genus than in Stenotomi s .
P etrognatha Cigas Fabr is one o f t he largest o f the African

,
.
,
Longicorns equalling o r surpassing the species o f B atocera in si z e ;

,
and instead o f reproducing the beautiful c o lours o f the t wo last

genera it i s black with dull grey elytra marked with a large
, , ,
irregular black blotch o n the o uter edge o f each .
We will now pass on to M acropus Longimanus Linn a com , .

,
mon Braz ilian insect and one o f the largest and most beautiful o f
,
all the Lo ngicorns I t differs considerably in si z e and a very

.
,
good idea o f the dimensi o ns and general appearance o f large

specimens may be fo rmed from o ur figure I t is black wi th .
,
numerous red and grey markings o n the elytra and the legs are ,
also varied with red and black .
A canthoci nus Ai di l i s Linn is a greyish brown insect with two

’
-
.
, , ,
more o r less distinct darker bands ; it is rather more than half an

inch in length This beetle is found more o r less commonly in
.
pine forests throughout Europe and is remarkable am o ng the ,
E uropean Longicorns for the enormous length o f the antennae in

the male which are fo ur o r five times the le ngth o f the body
,
.
C O LE O P TE RA .
Several other European genera may now b e noticed .
A gapanthi a Serv includes black S pecies thickly clothed with

, .
, ,
yellowish or greyish hair o n the antennae legs and body They , , .
measure from half an inch to three quarters O f an inch in length -

,
and are numerous in South Europe -where they may be met with ,
o n thistles and other flowers .
Saperda Carchari as Linn is a very common insect o n the C onti

,
.
,
nent but much less so in England It is black densely clothed

, .
,
with yellowish hair and the elytra are narrowed towards the tip
, ,
and terminate in a short spine I t is more than an inch in length .

,
and frequents willows and poplars .
P hyta ci a M als includes many long narrow p u bescent species

,
.
, , ,
,
with comparatively Short antenn ae M ost of them inhabit the M edi .
terranean Region but several are found in Northern Europe They

,
.
are generally black with yellowish or reddish down ; but some

,
times more o r less o f the insect is reddish They vary in size .
from a quarter o f an inch up wards P D etri ta Fahr is a common . .

,
.
,
North African species about an inch long ; it is black with a ,
broad suff used white line o n each o f the elytra .
T etrozas Praeusta O liv is a black beetle with yellowish brown

,
.
,
-
elytra and legs the former tipped with black ; it measures nearly
,
a quarter o f an inch in length and is found o n the flowers Of the ,
plum etc ,
I t is chiefly remarkable for being the only British
.
Longicorn in which the eyes are div ided into t wo unequal halves
by the ant ennae so that the insect has really four eyes
,
.
X —
S E C T IO N III EU PO DA . .
Tarsi generally four j ointed ; ant e nnae fi l i fo rm generally shorter

-
,
than the body body convex rounded or oval elytra covering the , ,
abdomen hind femora often thickened ; habits herb ivorous in all

stages .
FAM ILY I — Cri oceri d0e

. .
Shapeoval ; antenn ae fil ifo rm gradually thickening towards the ,
tip and inserted near the eyes at least as long as the head and
, ,
thorax together ; thorax cylindrical narrower than the elytra ,
hin d legs generally long with thickened femora , .
I ncludes four sub families Sagri ate Donaci ince Cri ocerince and
-
, , , ,
M egal 0podi n0e .

c i al l y
towards the tip and moniliform thorax narrower than the
,
base o f the elytra ; first segment Of the abdomen rather larger ’
than the others ; b ody long oval ,

.
The Cri oceri nw resemble the D onacu nw in shape but they are ,
not aquatic ; their integuments are harder and they are more ,
varied in their colouring .
T he type Of the sub family is perhaps Crioceri s Asparagi Linn

-
, .
,
a bluish green beetle with a red thorax and red edges t o the
-
, ,
elytra which are als o spotted with yellow It measures nearly

, .
a quarter o f an inch in length and is commo n in gardens o n ,
asparagus .
O ne o f the largest genera o f the Cri oceri nae is Lam a Fahr ,

.
,
which has representatives in all part s o f the world but appears ,
to be most numerous in South America The European species .
are Of a shining blue green blacki s h green or red and measure

, ,
-
, ,
nearly a quarter o f an inch in length .
SU B - —
FAM ILY IV M egal opodi naa .
M andiblespointed ; antenn ae more o r less thickened from the

base to the tip ; dentated o r pectinated ; head depressed ; fro n t
and middle coxae contiguous ; last segment of the abdomen larger
than any of the rest .
Al l the species O f this sub family are exotic and a large pro -
,
portion inhabit tropical America although a few may be met with ,
in Africa and the East I n dies They are moderate sized inse c ts .
-
,
whi ch live o n plants and shrubs ; their flight is rather heavy and ,
they avoid the heat of the day Like many other beetles they .
,
are said to produce a sharp sound and also to emit a yell ow fluid ,
when touched .
FAM ILY II .
—
Cryptocephal i dce .
Head buried in the thorax as far as the eyes ; ant e nna

e wide
apart ; man dibles pointed .
SU B -
FAM ILY I — Ol ythrince . .
B ody
rather long ; antenn ae pectinated ; thorax as wide as the
elytra at the base ; legs short .
Cl ythra Quadri m acu l ata Linn may serve to represent the

,
.
,
typical genus o f this family I t is about one third o f an inch in .

-
length and is black with yellow elytra each o f which is marked

,
’
, ,
with a bl ack spot o n the sho ul der and a larger one often divided , ,
B EETLE S . 73
into two about the middle It is found o n flowers n o t uncommonly

, .
, ,
in m any parts of Eu rope .
The species Of this sub family are found all over the world -
but appear to be specially numerous in the M editerranean region .
M any Of them are very similar to the species just noticed both in
shape and markings .
SUB -
FAM ILY I I .
—Chl ’
amydi nca .
Antenn ae short serrated retractile ; elytra not covering the tip

, ,
o f the abdomen and strongly lobed at the base ; legs o f equal

,
length retractile
,
.
An exotic family Of small extent by far the larger number o f ,
which inhabit tropical America ; their elytra are usually covered

with d eep punctures .
P oropl eura B acca K i rb is a brilliant Coppery red species with

, .
,
-
,
dull green ridges o n the elytra it is a native o f Brazil .
S UB FAM ILY I II — Cryptocephal inte

-
.
Ant e nnae fi l i form ,

and rather long ; elytra generally covering the
abdomen to the tip .
The typical genus this rather extensive sub family is Crypto

of -
ce hal u s G eo ffr o ne o f the largest genera o f the P h to ha a

p ,
.
, y p g .
The species are found o n flowers and are o f small si z e rarely , ,
attaining a length Of a quarter o f an inch They are o f varied .
colours : black violet blue green coppery purple red o r yellow ;

, , , , , , ,
s ometimes unicolourous and sometimes with black o r yell o w sp o ts ,

.
They are found o n various shrubs and flowers ; and I remember

o n ce finding two specimens o f a beautiful golden green species -
(C. Seri ceus Linn

),
in a buttercup. C Ci catri cosus Luc an A lgerian . .
, .
,
species is black with red elytra spotted with blue black

, ,
-
.
FAM ILY II I —E um olpid ce . .
Antenn aelong n o t c o mpressed the termin al j oints larger than

, ,
the o thers head slightly separated from the thorax ; thorax trans
verse ; bod y oval .
This family includes a l arge number o f exotic species many o f ,
which are O f considerable size and brilliant metallic colo urs O nly .
a few species inhabit Europe but several O f t hese are very i n ,
jurio ns to cultivated plants .
E um olpus Ful gi dus F ahr a common South Am erican species is

, .
, ,
o ne o f the most beauti ful of the family I t is of a brilliant blue .
or green with coppery reflections

, .
M any species are however o f less brilliant colours Ador ns

, ,
.
Vi tis Fabr is black with the elytra tibi ae and base o f the an
, .
, , , ,
t e nnae reddish ; it is about a quarter o f an inch in length and is ,
frequen t ly very injurious to the vine in many parts o f Europe in

early spring .
P achnephorus Cyl i/ndri cus Lu c is a handsome Algerian species ,

.
, ,
with bron z ed head and thorax and blue elytra it is found in ,
damp places under stones .
FAM ILY IV . Chrysom el idce .
Head completely separated from the thorax ; with an t e nnae
the terminal j oints hardly longer than the others ; thorax trans
verse elytra convex oval entirely covering the body , ,
.
The Chrysom el idce o r G olden Apple Beetles have received , ,
their name from the brilliant me t allic colouring o f s o me Of the

species which rivals that o f the E um olpicl ce whereas other species
, ,
are o f very dull colo urs .
O ne o f the most beautiful species o f the typical genus Chrysa

mel a Linn
, is C Cereal is Linn .
,It is o f a brilliant golden
.
, .
green with a purplish lustre and there are three bands o n the
, ,
t horax and three o n each o f the elytra besides the suture o f a

, , ,
deep bl ue bordered with green It is about o ne third of an inch

, .
-
in length It is not common in B ritain but is met with some

.
,
times on the mountains near Llanb eris It is much commoner o n .
the C ontinent where it is found under stones in spring and later

, , ,
in the year o n grass and herbs M ost of the other species o f t he

, .
genus are als o found among grass They differ considerably in .
colour ; C Ranksi i Fabr i s o f a bronz y green ; 0 Lim bal a

.
, .
, .
,
Fabr is black with a red b order ; C Ruf a Duft a rare Alpine

.
, , .
, .
,
species is o f a pale brownish red ; C Goettingensis Linn is o f a

, .
,
.
,
dark violet ; C Schach Fabr is blue black etc .

, .
,
-
, .
A gre at number o f genera comprising a variety o f moderate ,
Sized and Often very pretty species are peculiar to tropical

, ,
Am eri ca O ne o f the largest is Doryphora 1 11 as an example o f

.
, ,
which we have figured D P unctati ssi ma O liv which is found in .

,
.
,
C ayenne It is black with pale yellow elytra covered with small

.
, ,
black spots and is nearly an inch long

, .
The famous C olorado P otato Beetle was originally described

B EETLE S . 75
as a Doryphora and is still commonly referred to that genus though

, ,
it more properly bel o ngs to the al lied genus Leptinotarsa St ill , .
L D ecem l i neata Say is about o n e third o f an inch in length

.
, ,
-
and the elytra are marked with alternate stripes o f black and dull
yellow ; the th o rax is also yellow with a blackish V shaped mark in ,
-
the centre and several dark Spots o n each side The wings are not
,
.
colourless as in most other beetles but red The l arv ae which are
, ,
.
,
the chief destructive agents are reddish grubs spotted with black , ,
.
This insect was only known for many years to feed on different
wild species Of Sol anaceoe in the Rocky M ountains but in course o f ,
t ime the spread o f civilisation led to the invasion o f its haunts by
the potato This furnished the beetle with a new and alm o st
.
inexhaustible supply o f fo o d and it took to feeding o n the c ulti ,
v at e d plant rapidly increased in numbers and spread from o n e

, ,
potat o fi e l d t o another till its ravages ext ended over the greater
-
part o f Canada and the U nited States when its progress was ,
arrested by the Atlantic O cean After great damag e had been .
d o n e in America various remedies were proposed by American

,
ent o m o logi sts but the only o ne which has proved generally su c
ce ssful is watering the plants with a preparation o f arsenic known
Hitherto the beetle has not succeeded in

”
as P aris G reen .
establishing itself o n thi s side of the Atlantic Some years ag o .

,
h o wever there was a general fear o f its introduction into Europe

, ,
and more or less e ffectual precautions were taken again st it by all

t h e European States Everything found in a potato fi el d o r even
.
-
,
any unfamiliar annulose animal found anywhere was at once mis ,
taken for a C olorado P o tato B eetle and often ann o un ced as such in ,
the local j o urnals P erhaps the great caterpillar o f the Death s Head
.
’
Hawk M oth (Acherontia A tropos Linn ) whi ch feeds o n t he potato

-
, , ,
was more Often mistaken for it than anything else Bu t there is .
no doubt that single specimens Of the beetle were sometimes

observed at se a p o rts just as tropical in sects etc o f all ki nds
-
, , .
, ,
some harmless and others noxious are constantly met with in the ,
Lo ndon Docks It is quite l ik ely that the insect might become

.
easily naturalised in Europe if once fairly introduced and prove , ,
very inj urious s o that although the first panic has now subsided
, ,
it is t o be hoped that the authorities will not relax their vigilance .
Any one bringing over o r keeping the insect alive in England is , ,
liable to a fine o f £ 1 0 and very properly for if a few live beetles

, ,
were to escape it might be di fli cul t to eradicate the pest afterwards

,
.
A few years ago a colony was actually discovered in a potato

field at M ulheim near Cologne ; how introduced was I believe

, , ,
not ascert ained The whole field was immediately pl o ughed up

.
,
drenched with petroleum; and burned over— a prompt measure ,
which fortunately proved successful .
P rofessor Riley is the best authority o n the P otato Beetle and ,
those who wish for further information o n the subj ect may c o nsult
his little book publi shed in London in 1 8 7 7
, .
O ne o f the largest Euro p ean Chrysom el idaz is T im archa T ene

bri cosa Fabr the Bloody nose B eetle
, .
,
It measures about half an-
.
inch in length and is of a dul l black ; roundish convex apterous

, , , ,
and very sluggish and when touched it emits a red fluid from
, ,
which it derives its popular name T T urbid a Erichs is a black . .

,
.
,
Algerian species .
FAM ILY V .
—Hal ti cidce .
Antenn ae long cylindrical inserted near together between the

, ,
eyes body Sh o rt oval or hemispherical hind legs longer than the

,
others hind femora thickened .
T h e most familiar representatives Of this family are the beetles

known as Turnip Flies o r Turnip Fleas They are o f small si z e,
.
,
Often measuring less than o ne twelfth o f an inch in length and -

,
their thickened femora enable them to leap with great agili ty .
The Turnip B eetles belong to the genera Hal ti ca G e o ff n and , ,
P hyl l otreta F ou dr and are Of a bronzy black colour often with a

, .
,
-
,
yellow stripe o n each elytra M any plans have been prop o sed .
for their destruction ; but as they feed o n other plants besides

turnips it is very desirable to keep the edges o f turnip fi el ds as
,
-
clear of weeds as possible as many o f these would simply answer ,
t he p urpose of nurseries for the beetles .
—
FAM ILY VI Gal eruci cl ae .
’
.
Ant ennae long and generally slender cylindrical inserted close , ,
together between the eyes body rather long somewhat depressed ,
legs rather long and s lender ; hind femora not thickened .
The Gal eru cidce are general ly larger and longer beetles than the
Hal ti cidce and are destitute o f the power of leaping
,
They are .
ad o rned with varied colours and several species have a great ,
resemblance to the Crioceridce from whi ch they may be at o nce ,
distinguished by their l o ng fil ifo rm antenn ae .
Gal eru ca T anaceti Linn which may be taken as a representa

,
.
,
t ive o f the family is black (sometimes with brown elytra ) coarsely

, ,
B EETLE S . 77
punctured and about o ne third of an inch long

,
-
. It is not an
uncommon species and is found o n flowers , .
Antenn ae rather short , cylindrical, inserted close together on
the front o f the head body oval convex and generally spiny , , .
I t is impossible to mistake the typical His pidee for they are the ,
very porcupines or hedgehogs o f the Col eoptera They are nearly .
al l exotic though o n e o r two species are found in Europe the bes t

, ,
kn o wn o f which is Hispa A tra Linn a black insect about o ne , .

, ,
eighth o f an inch in length It is far from common at least in .

,
C entral Europe but is occasionally met with running over gras s

,
gro wing in sandy places in the evening .
The South American genus A l urnu s Fabr is very different , .

,
fro m Hi spa A Grossus Fahr from C ayenne the typical species

. .
, .
, , ,
is an inch in length ; the head legs and antennae are black the , , ,
thorax is red rugose armed with a spine o n each side at t he base

, , ,
and bordered behind with black and the elytra are smooth and ,
yello w ; the b ody is not spiny It is a native o f Cayenne . .
—
FAMILY V I I I Cassidiace .
’
.
Antenn ae cylindrical inserted close together o n the t op o f the

,
head ; body rounded more o r less depressed ; thorax (in the more
,
typical sp e cies) entirely covering the head .
The Cassidiaoe o r Tortoise B eetles are an extensive group and

’
, , ,
may Often be recognised at once by their form al one M any o f .
the species are brightly coloured and some are metallic Their ,
.
l arv ae are provided with a curious fork like appendage attached to -

,
the hinder extremity Of the body but curving forwards O n this ,

.
they pile their excrement under the shade o f which they always ,
live The beetles are sluggish with short legs and ant ennae and
.
, ,
they and their larvae feed o n low plants .
The Ameri can genus Him atidi um Fabr and its allies d iff er , .
,
fro m the more typical genera i n the ant e nn ae being moderately

l o ng and slender and in the head not being c o ncealed by t he
,
th o rax They are Often of small size and dull colours H Latreil l ei
. . .
,
C as t is a Bra z ilian species which measures about o n e third of an

, ,
-
inch in length I t is o f an orange brown colo ur with dull bronzy

.
-
,
green elytra .
The genus Cal aspidea Hope has longer legs and antenn ae than
, ,
typical Cassida The species are all tropical American and are
.
,
of considerable size T he elytra are o f great breadth half as broad

.
,
again as the thorax C Grossus Linn a native o f G uI an a 1 s black

. .
,
.
, , ,
with red elytra marked with depressed black dots and towards
, ,
t he edge with black reticulated markings .
The European species o f the typical genus Cassida Linn are , .

,
rather numerous They are o f moderate size and most o f them

.
,
are green but others are black o r red spotted with black C
, , , . .
Vi ttata Vill is green above with a golden b and on each Of the

, , ,
elytra ; the under surface is black It is about a quarter o f an inch .
in length and is not an uncommon species

, .
FAMILY I X .
-
Languri id ce .
Ant e nnae rather short inserted before the eyes eleven jointed , ,
-
,
the four o r five last joints forming a large oblong compressed

.
club ; body long narrowed behind ,

.
These insects are entirely exotic and most o f the species are ,
found in the East I ndies The great majority o f the species .
belong to the typical genus Languri a Latr ; they measure about ,

.

-
O ne o f the b est kn own species is .
L B i col or Fabr common in the Southern U nited States ; it is

.
,
.
,
black with the face and Sides o f the thorax red

,
.
Some o f the East Indian species are considerably larger ; thus

Cal l i l angu ria Luz oni ca Crotch from the Phili ppines is nearly an
, , ,
in ch in length The head is black the thorax red and the elytra
.
, ,
green .
Body variable in shape O blong oval elliptical or hemispherical , , , ,
head small partly concealed by the thorax antenn ae ten o r eleven

,
j ointed the last two three o r four j oints forming a compressed

, , ,
club ; elytra oval elliptical covering the abdomen ; legs sometimes

, ,
fiv e j ointed
-
.
An interesting and rather extensive family which however is , , ,
poorly represented in Europe by a few small species whi ch are ,
generally found in fungi .
T ripl ace Russi ca Linn is a reddish yellow oval beetle with

, .
,
-
,
the antennae scutellum elytra and pectus black it is a quarter o f

, , ,
an inch in length and is no t an uncommon species,

.
E rotyl us Histri o Fahr is a han d some Brazilian species ; it is

, .
,
black and the elytra are irregularly banded with yellow with a
, ,
red spot on each shoulder, and another near the tip of each elyt ron .
t he Two Spot Lady bird (Adal i a B ipu nctata Linn ) The first has a
- -
,
.
black head and thorax Spotted with w hite and red elytra marked
, , ,
with three black spots on each side and o ne near the base on the ,
suture ; it is about a quart er Of an inch in length The other .
species is rather smaller and is marked with o n e black spot o nly ,
on each elytron It is however exceedingly variable sometimes

.
, ,
the collar is bordered with yellow and the elytra are black with , ,
red markings Both these species are exceedingly common

.
,
especially the first which sometimes appears in restricted localities

,
in vast swarms They are very useful insects as they feed in

.
,
all their stages o n the Plant Lice or Aphides which are among , ,
the wo rst o f all the insect pests O f o u r fields and gardens .
The genus Scym nus K ug includes a considerable number o f , ,
small black species which feed on the Aphides which infest fir and
,
pine trees .
T he species of Rhi z obi us Steph are more oval than Cocci nel l a , .
,
and its imme di ate allies R Di tura Fabr is a yellowish brown . .

,
.
,
-
insec t sometimes speckled with darker and ab out an eighth of

, ,
an inch in length It frequents pine and fir woods and is not a

.
,
v ery comm on insect .
O ne Of the smallest insects o f this famil y is A gari cophi l us

Refleau s M otsch which is less than o n e twelfth o f an inch in
, .
,
-
length It is hemispherical in shape black smooth and shining

.
, , , ,
with yellowish legs and anten n ae and is found in fungi growing o n ,
t he r o ots o f trees It is a Russian insect

. .
Epi l achna Che v r is a very extensive genus but it has only a

, .
, ,
few representatives in Europe o ne o f which is E Chrysom el i na Fahr , .

, .
,
a round yellowish insect with three oblique pairs o f sm al l black

, ,
spots o n each elytron the innermost row near t he suture but t he

, ,
middle o nes much further from the suture than the end ones it is
about one twelfth O f an inch long and lives o n lucerne
-
, .
FAM ILY II I .
-
0 0 ry10phi dee .
Ant e nnae
nine to eleven jointed with several of the terminal ,
joints thi ckened ; tarsi with four joints the t hird small but not , ,
concealed head completely hi dden by the thorax .
The type o f this small family is Coryl ophus Cassidi oi des M arsh , ,
a Shining reddish brown beetle hardly o n e thirtieth Of an inch in

-
,
-
length which is m e t with like the T ri chopterygi dce in decaying

, , ,
vegetable matter .
E ARW I G S .
81
O RDER O RT H OP TE RA .
M A N D I BU LATE insects with four wings the anterior wings

, ,
( called tegm i na) much narrower than the hind wings less hard than ,
o n the C oleoptera and leathery rather than horny in their texture

,
metamorphoses incomplete the larva and pupa being active ; hind ,
legs Often formed for leaping ; eggs generally enclosed in a case .
T he s e insects are exceedin gly numerous and destructive in

warm climates but are only represented in Britain by about sixty
,
species fe w of which are reall y abundant They include the Ear

, .
wigs Cockroaches Crickets Locusts G ras shoppers etc They are

, , , , ,
.
divided into four groups and seven families the fi rst being some ,
times regarded as a separate O rder viz E upl eaozatera (Forficu l idae) ; ,

.
Cursoria Gressori a (M antidce and Phasmidce) ; Sal tatori a

(A h iaaa Cryl l idae and Locustidce)
’
c et , , .
FAMILY I .
—Foryi cul idce .
Tegmina very short beneath which the ample wi ngs are

,
partially fo lded ; abdomen terminating in a forceps This family .
includes the Earwigs which have so great a resemblance to the

,
Staphyl i nidw that Linné and his immediate followers placed them
at the end o f the Coleoptera but all modern authors except those ,
who regard them as forming a distinct O rder have included them ,
with the O rthoptera The maj ority o f the species are nocturnal
.
,
hiding themselves in cracks and crevices o r among flowers or dead ,
leaves during the day ; some species however are diurnal such as
, , , ,
Labi a M i nor Leach which flies by day Forfi cu l a Auri cu l ari a Lin n
, , .
,
.
(the common Earwig ) feeds chiefly o n vegetable

,
matter and is very ,
dest ructive to fruit and flowers and it is di fli cu l t to find a dahlia

which does not conceal several among its closely conglomerated
petals U nlike most other insects t he female does n o t perish as
.
,
so o n as sh e has laid her eggs but lives to behold her o ff spring , ,
brooding over her eggs and young almost like a hen Bu t it is .
distressing to learn that if the mother should die she is i m m e di

F
82 O RTH O PTE RA .
ately devoured by her progeny The earwig derives its name from .
its occasionally creeping into the huinan ear in search of conceal

ment This has been denied by some authors who have argued
. ,
on a priori grounds that it was impossible and have considered ,
the name of earwig to be a corruption of ear wing in allusion to -

,
the shape of the hind wings o f the insect Although it is u n .
common I have heard o f perfectly trustworthy instances in whi ch

,
earwigs have entered the ear ; but any insect can be driven out at
once by pouring the ear full Of Oil Some few species are apterous .
.
The eggs are no t enclosed in a capsule and the young earwigs ,
resemble the perfect insect but do not acquire wings till their last
,
change .
FAM ILY II —Bl atti doe . .
Tegmina overlapping ; legs formed for running ; head Often

concealed beneath the large prothorax ; ab domen with two short
slender filaments at the ext remity .
This family includes the Cockroaches which are among the ,
most destructive insects in warm climates and frequently swarm ,
on board ship when some species become torpid on reaching colder

,
climates but reappear in abundance on the return of the vessel to

,
a warmer country U nfo rtunately however this is not always

.
, ,
the case ; and two o r three large and troublesome species have
fully established themselves in England within the last few cen
t uri es . The commonest of these is P eripl aneta Ori ental i s Linn a ,
.
,
reddish b rown insect improperly called the Black Beetle by house

-
,
keepers Bu t several other species are occasionally met with at

.
l arge in England including even the great cockroach called the

,
Drummer in the West I ndies (B l aberus Gi ganteus Linn ) from the ,

.
noise it makes at night There are however several sm all species

.
, ,
of B l atta which live in the woods and fields and appear t o be ,
really indigenous in England A large proportion of the B l attidce

.
are either grey o r brown reddish brown being the predominant

,
-
colour There are occasional exceptions ; thus the species o f the

.
,
American genus P anchl ora Burm are all o f a light green (a colour
, .
,
frequently met with in other families o f the Orthoptera) and Corycl i a

P etiueri ana Linn which differs from most of the species we
, .
,
have ment ioned in its rounded instead o f long oval form is black , , ,
with large whitish o r yellowish spots This latter is a common .
I ndian insect .
PRAYIN G I N S E CT S . 83
—
FAM ILY III M antid ce .
B ody long and slender ; front legs thickened and serrated ;

habits predatory .
The M antidae or Praying Insects are celebrated for their habit

, ,
of resting o n their four hind legs with their front legs raised in ,
the air in what was long supposed to be an attitude of devotion ,
but really in an observant attitude and o n the alert fo r their ,
prey . These insects are not found in England but are very ,
common in warm countries and several species are met with ,
in South France The best known o f these is M anti s Rel igi osa
.
,
.
,
w
Linn a green species measuring an inch and a half o r t o inches
in length M o st o f the M antidae are of a green colour which
.
,
doubtless helps to conceal them from their prey O ne Of the .
prettiest species is Harpax Ocel l ari a Drury which is found o n the , ,
west coast o f Africa and measures about t wo inches across the

,
wings The tegmina are dark green with a large yellow eye like
.
,
-
spot in the centre and the tips and hind wings are transparent
, .
B ody long and slender ; al l the legs fitted for wal king ; plant
feeders .
The Phasmidce include the Stick Insects or Spectre I nsects

and the Leaf Insects M any o f the species have very long and
.
slender bodies and legs and resemble dried pieces o f stick A large
,
.
number are aptero us and others have very short tegmina and wings
, ,
which must be quite useless fo r flight while in others again the , , ,
tegmi na are very short and the wings are ample In the last ,
.
case the tegmi na are generally Of a greenish colour while the ,
wings are Often o f a most delicate pink Among t he more inter .
esting species we may mentio n Cyphocrania Semiru bra Serv from , .

,
B razil with short greenish elytra and ample pink wi ngs as we

, ,
have just described ; Phi bal ocera Pythonius W est w a green st o ut , .

, , ,
W ingless insect seven or eight inches long which has a striking

, ,
resemblance to a shoot o f bamboo ; and Lopaphus Cowphages ,
Ne wp a brown slender insect with v ery short wings and tegmina

.
, , .
The t wo latter species are common in the South Se a I slands ,
where L Cocophages s o metimes commits dreadful ravages in the

.
plantati o ns o f cocoa nut trees When this insect is alarmed it

-
.
squirts o u t a highly acrid fluid which causes great pain and som e , ,
times blindn ess if it reaches the eyes M any other species of

, .
84 O RTH O PTE RA .
Phasmidae possess the same power to a greater o r less extent ; and

'
o n e O f the South African species is s tated to be able to eject an
o ff ensive fl uid to a distance o f five feet The genus Phyl li um . ,
Latr includes several East In di an species which are known as

.
,
Leaf I nsects the whole insect being remarkably leaf like and even
,
-
,
t h e legs being furnished with broad leaf like appendages The -

.
Phasmicl ae are sluggish insects as may be perceived from their ,
organisation and chiefly inhabit tropical countries ; but a few

,
slender aptero us green or brown species measuring about two or ,
three inches in length and bel o nging to the genus B aci l l us Latr
, ,
.
,
are met with in South Europe M any o f the large tropical Phas .
m idce measure nearly a foot in length .
FAM ILY V .
—Acheti dce .
Ant e nnae long andlsl en der ; hind

legs long ; the femora thickened ,
and formed for leaping ; wings laid flat over the back and often ,
projecting beyond the abdomen which is furnished with two long ,
setae ovipositor prominent ; tarsi generally three j ointed -

.
O f this family which includes t he Cri ckets we have only five

, ,
species in England the best known being the House Cricket

,
(A cheta D om esti ca Linn

) a brown species
,
found in houses
, ; the
Field Cricket (A Campestri s Linn ) a black species found o n
.
, , ,
heaths etc ; and t he M ole Cricket (Gryl l otalpa Vu l garis Linn ) a

, .
, ,
brown species twice as large as the others which burrows in loose

, ,
soil and is sometimes very destructive in fields and gardens ; it is

,
remarkable for the pecul iar shape Of its front legs which are exactly ,
like th o se o f a m o le .
Some of the foreign species o f Acheti dce are o f very remarkable

forms Schiz ocl actyl us M onstrosus Linn which is comm o n in India
.
,
.
, ,
is a brown species measuri ng more than an in ch and a half in

,
length ; the tegmina and wings are much longer than the body ,
and are rolled up in spirals when not expanded the tibiae are
spiny and the tarsi are provided with leaf like expansions M any
,
-
.
cri ckets are apterous among which are the large heavy species
,
belonging to the genera Cal l i menus Fisch and Rrachyporus ,

.
, ,
Charp which resemble gigantic woodlice o r rather perhaps

.
, , , ,
shells Of the genus Chi ton in shape The largest of all the crickets .
are perhaps the brown species belonging to the genus Dei nacricl a ,
Whi t e which are found on trees in Ne w Zealand They are some

, .
times fo ur o r five inches in length and their legs are very large and , ,
s e t with rows o f very formidable spines resembling those nf a brier , , .

CR I CKET S . 85
The natives are afraid to cli mb the trees o n account o f these

insects which are able to inflict a very severe bi t e Another re
,
.
markable cricket also found in New Zealand is M acrOpathu s F i l ipes

, , ,
Walk the body o f which does not much exceed an inch in

.
,
le ngt h ; but the antenn ae are o f enormous length many times ,
lo nger than the body and fully eight inches long Crickets are
, .
generally o f dul l colours ; and the brown and black o f our two
species o f Acheta is typical o f the colours Of most o f the species o f
FAM ILY VI .
—Gryl l idce .
Antenn aeand legs as in A cheti cl w wings and tegmina roof

like ; abdomen furnished with a long ovipositor tarsi generally
four j ointed
-
.
The most conspicuous British insect o f this fam ily is known as

the G reat G reen G rasshopper (Phasgonura Vi ri di ssima Linn ) which , ,
measu res nearly four inches in expanse o f wing and is therefore ,
nearly as large as the M igratory Locusts which sometimes visit u s .
I t is not an uncommon insect in many parts of England M any .
insects o f this family are of a green colour which is liable to fade ,
t o yellowish after death Ephippi tytha T rigi ntigu ttata Serv is a

.
, .
,
very beautiful Australian species measuring about four inches ,
across the tegmi na which are o f a greenish yello w with a double

, ,
ro w o f black spots the first along the fro nt margin ; the wings
,
are slightly transparent Chl oroscel us T anana Bates is a large

.
, ,
green species found o n the river Amazon where the natives keep ,
it in small wicker cages for the sake o f its song In some species .
o f this family as in the genus P hyl l ophora the prothorax is Of a

, ,
very extra o rdinary shape being formed into a sort o f pointed,
cape which extends backwards above the abdomen for half its
,
length .
FAM ILY VII .

—Locu stidce .
Antenn ae
Short hi nd legs formed for leaping wings extend
ing along the sides o f the abdomen as in the Gryl l idae abd o men ,
nearly as long as the wings ; ovipositor rudimentary ; tarsi

generally three jointed -
.
This family includes the true Locusts and G rasshoppers the ,
form e r o f which have been celebrated from the dawn O f hist o ry

for the ravages which they have committed in countries exp o sed
to th eir attacks The small grasshoppers which ar e common in
.
1
T h e f am il i e s G rytl i d ce a nd Lo cus t i d ce are O ft e n c al l e d L o custi d ce and
A c ri d i id ce .
86 O R TH O P TE RA .
o ur fields are quite harmless and are generally O f a green brown , , ,
o r reddish c o lour and about an in ch long ; they belong to the

,
genus Rhammatocerus Fisch and to some allied genera The,

.
,
.
genus T ruaal i s Fabr includes several species which inhabit

,
.
,
Africa and the shores of the M editerranean They are remark .
able for the peculiar shape o f the head and antenn ae which is not ,
very easy to describe but which will be seen at a glance o n a

,
reference to our figure o f T Nasuta Linn the commonest species .

,
.
,
.
I t is a green insect with longitudinal reddish stripes o n the head

,
and body and transparent hind wings

,
The t ru e locusts are .
insects o f large si z e with rather narro w tegmina generally of a

, ,
bro wn colour varied with darker and ample brightly col o ured hind !
, ,
-
wings generally more o r less transparent and frequently marked

, ,
with numerous angular dusky sp o ts Different species o f locusts .

,
about five inches in expanse Of wing Often cause great destruction ,
in various parts o f Af rica Asia and even in Southern and Eastern , ,
Eur o pe ; but in general they only appear in England singly as ,
rare and occasional visit o rs ; though when the greater part o f ,
Europe was overrun by them in the middle Of the last century a ,
sufficient number reached E ngland to cause considerable damage

in vari ous places F amine and plague have often followed their
.
‘
ravages in more southern countries Several species o f Locusta and .
Pachytel es are met wi th in England o ccasi o nally which have brown ,
fore wings and green o r yellow hind wings The Rocky M ountain .
Locust (Cal optenus Spretu s Thomas) which sometimes app e ars , ,
in annihilating swarms in the U nited States is much smaller ,
than the destructive European species expanding rather less than ,
two inches It is a reddish brown insect with b rown spots

.
-
, ,
and the hind wings are transparent Some O f the great South .
American locusts (Acridotheres D ua Drury and some allied species) , ,
are among the largest insects known They are very bulky their .
,
bodies being nearly fo ur inches in length and the wings s o metimes ,
measure nearly a foot in expanse In A D un the greater part . .
Of the body is green the legs being varied with red and the hind
, ,
tibi ae very spiny ; the wings are red speckled with dusky arr o w ,
headed spots F ortunately however these very large species are

.
, ,
n o t nearly SO destructive as the smaller ones espe cially in pr o p o r ,
tion to their size M any species Of this family are o f great

.
beauty very different indee d from the dingy c o ckr o aches an d

,
crickets It would be difficult t o find a m o re beautiful insect tha n

.
T i tanacris A l bipes De G eer a native o f B ritish G uiana

,
It measures
, .
NE URO PT ERA.
O RDE R NE U R O P TER A .
WI NGS four of
similar texture generally with numerous veins
, ,
naked o r hairy ; mouth furnished with mandibles : female rarely

with a conspicuous ovipositor and never armed with a sting ;
,
larva with si x legs ; metam o rphosis co m pl e t e or incomplete .
I t is difficult to lay down characters for this ext ensive O rder ,
which is now made to include a large number o f insects which

many writers have treated as belonging to distinct O rders Stil l .
the unnecessary multiplication o f primary divisions is always an

evil especially as it tends to encourage the study o f isolated groups
,
which ought rather to be considered together ; and to quote an , .
expression o f Bo i sduv al s relative to subdividing the genus P api l i o

’
we must either retain it in its entirety o r break it into many ,
O rders .
Wings nak ed not folded in repose eyes large and prominent ;

,
jaws well developed antenn ae short no t clavate abdo mi nal append,
ages short ; metamorphosis incomplete ; larva and pupa aquatic ,
active the latter generall y resembling the imago and with rudi
, ,
ment ary wings ; habits predatory and carnivorous in all stages .
The Odonata o r Dragon Flies are among the handsomest and

, ,
mo st conspicuous o f o ur native insects The larger species are to .
be seen chasing their insect prey over water o r along the lanes ,
and hedgerows ; and being insects o f powerful flight may Often be

, ,
met with in forest glades or on heaths at a considerable distance

from water whil e the smaller and more delicate species are gene
,
rally to be found fluttering over streams or resting o n water

plants They may be divided into two families and these again
.
,
into sub families-

.
—
F AM ILY I I/ i bel l ul icl ce
. .
Hind wings always broader than the fore wings ; structure

generally robust flight powerful
, .
In the first sub family the Li bel l u l i nce the lower lip is smaller
-
, ,
DRAG O N FLIE S -
.
89
than the palpi and the eyes are not prolonged backwards Several
, .
species o f this sub family are very familiar insects such as Li bel -
l u l a D epressa Linn a broad fl at t i sh insect t h e female yell o w and

, .
, , ,
the male with the abdomen dusted with blue ; the wi ngs expand
about two inches and a half L Quadrimacu l ata Linn is about . .
, .
,
the same size but more slender ; it i s yellow and there are
, ,
two dark sp o ts o n the costa o f each fore wing this latter species
is als o found in North America Several other yellow species .
,
ab o ut hal f the size o f these (Dipl afc Scotica Leach and D F i accol a , , .
,
Linn etc) are very common

.
, ,
Several handsome species o f this .
su b family are
-
natives o f North Ameri ca two o f which may ,
here be mentioned T ramca Carol ina Linn is a l arge blue .

,
.
,
drago n fly measuring nearly four inches across the expanded

-
,
wings which are transparent except that the very broad hind
, ,
wings are br o wn at the base fo r almost a fifth o f their length .
Li bel l u l a P u l chel l a Drury is a rather smaller species ,

The body is ,
.
bro wn dus ted with blue in the m al e and with a yellow stripe on
, ,
each Side and each o f the wings has a long brown spot at the
, ,
base another large spot in the middle o f the wing exten ding
, ,
nearly across and a third at the tip ,

.
I/ i bel l u l a Vari egata Linn is a handsome East Indian species o f , .

,
ab o ut the same size but with rather short fore wings and very , ,
bro ad hi nd wings The body i s blue and rather short and slender
.
, ,
and the wings are dark yellow varied with large reddish brown ,
-
markings the extreme tip of the hind wings and the apical third
Of the fore wings are transparent A number o f small species .
with partially opaque wings are very common i n West Africa ; o ne

o f these i s Li bel l u l a P ortia Drury I t is a blue dragon fl y with ,
.
-
,
a rather broad body and expands about an inch and a half across ,
the wings which are blackish brown on the front hal f and trans
,
-
,
parent bel o w ; the dark portion is considerably excavated o n its

lower edge both towards the tip in the middle and (very slightly)
, , ,
at the b ase This and several other species o f similar shape but
.
, ,
o f di fferent colours are common in most collections o f insects

,
received from tropical Africa .
The Cordul i i nce di ffer from the I nbel l u l i nw in having the eyes
'
Slightly prolonged hindwards The genus Corda l ia includes several .
beautiful bronzy green species with yell ow marki ngs expanding

-
,
from two and a half to three inches the abdomen is rather slender ,
but thickened towards the extremity .
In the Gomphi nce the lower lip i s larger than the palpi and the ,
90 N E U R O P TE RA .
eyes are hardly contiguous ; b ut they are completely SO in t he

Ai schni nae
’
These sub families include the largest o f the British
.
-
dragon fl i e s several o f which are very common Their bodies

-
, .
,
however though longer are not so stout in proportion as in the

, ,
Li bel l u l inae E schna Grandi s Linn is a re dd i sh brown insect m o re

.
, .
,
-
,
than two and a half inches in length and sometimes nearly fo ur ,
inches in expanse ; the wings are o f a smoky yellow At Cyanea . .

,
M 1111 and several allied species are brown o r reddish tessel

, , ,
lated with blue brown o r yellow the wings are hyaline Cordu
, , .
l egaster A nnul atus Latr i s a magnificent species o f equal si z e but

, .
, ,
belonging to the Gomphi nw it is black the thorax striped and , ,
the abdomen banded with yellow Al l these Species are very .
strong on the wing .
FAM ILY II — Agrionidae . .
Eyes widely apart fore and hind wings o f e qu al wi dt h ; bodies

long slender and weak
, , .
This family is divided into t wo sub families the Cal epterygi nce -
, ,
which includes large species with numerous short transverse ner ,
v u re s on the front edge o f the wings ; and the A gri oni nw which ,
are more delicate insects with only two such nervures The , .
Cal epteryginw are also Often distinguished by the beautiful colours

Of their wings a character which does n o t occur t o the same extent
,
in other dragon fl i es We have t wo species o f Cal epterycc in England

-
,
which have a low and rather heavy flapping flight over the water
o f small streams They are very conspicuous insects O f a metallic
.
blue colour ; the males o f C Vi rgo Linn have deep blue wings .
,
.
, ,
those Of the female being greenish or brown ; and C Spl endens ’

.
,
Ham has transparent wings with a deep blue band across the
, ,
middle o f each in t he male O ne of the most beautiful o f the .
fo reign species is C Chi nensis Linn a common East I ndian species

.
, .
, ,
in which the fore wings are transparent and the hind wings are ,
o f a brilliant green in the male The American genus Heteerina

,
.
,
Hag is allied to Cal epterycc b ut the wings are narrower and

, , ,
transparent with a blood red space at the base o f each

,
-
.
The principal genera o f the Agri onince are easily distinguished

by the shape of the stigma (or pteros t igma ) a small o paque spot ,
o n the costa towards the tip o f the wings M ost o f t h e species o f .
Lestes Leach are bright metall ic green and the stigma is large
, , ,
and oblong ; they expand about an inch and a half across the
wings In Agri on Fe br the stigma is small and loze nge shaped
.
, .
,
-
,
92 N EUR O PTE RA .
G ermany they are used to feed the pigs The Rev A E Eaton . . . .
informs me that he believes that two species o f Ephemeridee form ,
”
a portion o f the so called K ungu C ake manufactured by the !
'
-
,
natives of South Africa o f gnats and probably any other insects

,
whi ch can be obtained in sufficient abundance The commonest .
and best known species in England is Ephemera Vu l gata Linn , .

,
t he
!
Brown Drake and G reen Drak e of anglers O ne o f the .
most interesting o f the foreign species is perhaps Ol igoneuria

Rhenana Im h a white species which appears in such vast numbers
, .
, ,
o n the Rhine after sunset as to resemble falling snowflakes But .
they live a very short time and few or none survive till morning , .
As already mentioned fi sh are very fond of M ay fl i e s ; and in

,
-
some parts o f the country the swarms which appear are called
fishes manna ’
The remains of several very large insects al lied
.
to the Ephem ericl ce have lately been met with in the Devonian
formations o f Europe and North America .
PE RLI DZE .
Four wings o f equal size folded in re pose mouth imperfectly ,
developed ; antenn ae long ; abdomen frequently broad at the ex

t re m i t y with a moderately long straight filament (much broader
,
and shorter than in the Ephem eri dae) extending from each corner ;
larvae and pup ae aquatic .
The P erl icl ce o r Stone fl i e s have considerable resemblance at

,
-
,
first Sight to the Caddis fli es from which their folded wings -

, ,
broad abdomen and caudal set ae wi ll at once distinguish them

, .
O ur British species are brown insects o f moderate size ; but some ,
o f the foreign species are more brightly coloured ; thus the

insects belonging to the Australian genus Chl or0perl a Ne wm are , .
,
green .
T E RM IT ID AJ .
Social insects ; males and females with four large wings o f

equal Size (neuters W ingless) mandibles well developed ; body
o blong and depressed .
The T erm ites o r White Ants have a great resemblance to ants

, ,
in their habits and economy and are even more destructive i n ,
sects as some species will hollow o ut any woodwo rk about a ho u se

,
fro m the inside never breaking through it but leaving the surface
, ,
a mere shell so that they may do irretrievable m ischief without

,
their presence being even suspected F ortunately no species has .

WHITE AN T S . 93
yet become acclimatised in England ; but as various destructive

species are either indigenous o r acclimatised in some parts of the
U nited States and even in Europe (at B ordeaux for example)
, , ,
every precaution sh o uld be taken to prevent any risk of their esta

bl i shi ng themselves in o ur o wn country .
Several classes o f individuals are met with in the nests o f the

Termites and their relations t o each other and their transforma
, ,
tions d o not appear to b e clearly m ade out

, .
In T ermes B el l i cosus the habits o f which were Observed at Sierra

,
Leone by Sm e at hm an the males an d females leave the nest for their

,
”
marri age flight as in the case of ants ; but instead o f the male
,
perishing as with Hym enoptera the males and females l ose their
, ,
wings and a surviving pair are led into the nest by the neuters
, ,
after losing their wings when the abdomen of the female becomes ,
en o rmously distended with eggs until her bulk is equal t o that ,
of or workers and She measures about three inches ,
in length The eggs are discharged by a co nstant peristaltic

.
motion at the rate o f about Sixty per minute

, U nli ke .
Hymenoptera the greater part of the w o rk o f t h e nest is per

,
formed by the l arvae from which the pupae diff er in possessing

,
rudiments o f wings There is also another fo rm the soldiers

.
, ,
which differ from the larvae by their en o rmous heads and power
ful mandibles So m e writers have regarded them as pupae and
.
,
others as neuters the latter theory is m o st probable but further

careful Observations o n these insects would be o f great interest
’
Sm e at h m an describes how wh en the nests are attacked the workers , ,
disappear and the soldiers rush o ut with the greatest fury snap
, ,
’
ping blindly at every object and if they sei z e a man s leg instantly , ,
drawing a blood stain through his stocking an inch long But if

-
.
t he alarm subsides the soldiers disappear and the workers issue

, ,
forth in great numbers and immediately se t to work to repair any

,
damage which the nest may have sustained Thi s and several .
allied species build nests in various parts Of Africa to the height

Of ten o r t welve fe e t formed o f a species o f cement SO hard and
,
solid that they will bear the weight o f three or four men at once The .
sentinels Of the herds o f antelopes and other wild animals u se them

for watch towers Frank O ates a recent traveller in South Africa
-
.
, ,
writes : 1
The white ants kept tumbling ov er me all night and ,
kn o cking down leaves from the roof These white ants (T ermi tes) .
are the curse of all African settlers and travellers devouring ,
1
M a ta bel e La nd a nd t he Vic tori a F a l l s pp 1 3 4 an d 1 3 5 , . .
94 NEUR O P TE RA .
everything except iron o r tin whilst in time even houses succumb ,
to their ravages They form however an article o f food in many

.
, ,
places amongst the natives by whom they are much esteemed on ,

1
account o f their slightly acid fl av o ur The enormo us structures .
they erect are frequently carried up the tru nk o f a hi gh tree o r ,
may sometimes be seen standing alone at a height Of eighteen feet .
The Dutch B oers and others make u se o f these ant hills for -
c o oking purposes h o llowing o ut the lower portion of the heap

, ,
and filling the hollow thus formed with wood which is lighted , ,
and when consumed renders the receptacle an admi rable oven

, , ,
”
retaining its heat for a great length o f time He gives two illus .
t rat i o n s o f these ant hills one of which represents just such an

-
,
oven as he has described .
PSO CID ZE .
Head very large ; antenn ae long and slender, setaceous , composed

of about thirteen j oints tarsi with only two or three j oints ; hind
wings smal ler than the fo re wings sometimes wanting ; and a few ,
species are wholly apterous metamorphosis incomplete ; pupa active .
The Psocidce are very small insects which feed on dry vegetable ,
and animal substances ; and Dr Hagen states that he has sometimes .
found neglected heaps of chaff to consist almost ent irely o f Psoci The .
species are met with on the trunks o f trees under bark in caves , , ,
on o l d lichen covered walls and in Similar localities The species

-
, .
figured (P B iunctatus Linn ) is a greyish yellow insect which

.
, .
-
,
measures about a quarter of an inch across the wings it is found

o n the trunks of apple trees i n summer -
according to Westwood , .
Atropos P u l satoria Linn is a Wingless whitish insect measuring

, .
, ,
about the twentieth O f an inch in length which frequents houses , ,
being found among Old books and papers and among collections ,
Of natural history to which it is very i njurious

, .
EM B IDzE .
Head large ; Slender sometimes with only eleven

ant e nnae ,
joints and sometimes with as many as thirty ; tarsi three j o inte d

,
-
fore and hind wings Of equal Size ; metamorphosis i n c o m pl e t e .
The E m bi doe are insects resembling small Termites and the ,
species are not numerous though the family appears to have r epre
,
s e nt at i v e s in most parts o f the worl d including South Europe , .
E m bia Sauignyi We st w a dull reddish insect found in Egypt is the

,
.
, ,
1
An o t h e r p o i nt o f re se m bl an ce t o ant s .
96 NEU R O P TE RA .
THY SANURA .
Wingless mandibulate insects with long many j ointed ant enn ae ;

, ,
-
abdomen composed of ten segments ; not undergoing a m e t am o r

phosis and not parasitic
, .
This group (with which the Col l em bol a were formerly i n

clu ded) is generally classed either as a distinct O rder (perhaps not
truly belonging to the insects) or is treated as a degraded or ,
perhaps a primitive form of the Orthoptera o r Neuroptera Their ,
affinities are studied with great care and attention because they ,
are supposed to represent some o f the oldest forms Of insects and ,
it is thought that their study will throw light o n many interesting

affi nities between fOrm s now widely separated which mi ght o ther
wise be overlooked The standard work o n these groups is Si r
.
”
J ohn Lubbock s M onograph o f the Col l em bol a and T hysanura
’ !
,
published by the Ray Society in 1 87 3 .
T he T hysanu ra are generally kno wn as Springtails from pos ,
sessing two o r three long caudal appendages They are divided .
into several families o f which the Lepismatidce are the best kn o wn

, .
Their bodies are covered with scales while those of the other ,
families are o nly covered with hairs Lepisma Sacchari na Linn .

, .
,
which measures o n e third of an inch in length is a very common

-
,
Species frequenting dark dry places ; it is frequently found among

,
sugar stores between t he cracks Of boards and s o metimes am o ng

-
, ,
”
stored bo o ks It is cal led the Silver fi sh from its silvery white
.
-
,
colour and the manner in which it Shoots or glides along when

,
disturbed I once examined a chest o f books carefully among

.
,
which this creature was common without being able to perceive ,
that the books had sustained the slightest inj ury ; but I have been
informed that the insect has caused great damage to a public
library at M alta It is however quite possible that this library
.
, ,
was infested with several species Of insects and that the blame ,
was laid upon the Lepi sma as being the largest and most con
spi c u o us while the real O ff enders escaped notice
,
The remaining .
species o f Lepi smatidae are found under stones under bark or in , ,

’
ants nests ; those of the genus M achi l is Latr frequent damp ,
.
,
places M M ari tima Leach being common on the sea shore I t is

,
.
, ,
-
.
brown rather larger than Lepi sma and inste ad Of the three longest
, ,
anal appendages b eing o f nearly equal length the middle one is ,
more than twice as long as the lateral ones in M achi l i s The .
Campodei cl ce are furnished with two long caudal appendages s e t ,

SPR I NG T A IL S -
.
97
wi th hairs ; and the I apygidw have Shorter ant e nnae and legs than
the other families and the caudal appendages are mo di fied in to a
,
pair o f forceps They are found in damp places or under stones

.
,
and are destitute o f eyes .
C O LLE MB O LA .
Wingless mandib ulate insects ; antenn ae with few j oints ; abdo

,
men composed o f si x segments ; not undergoing a metamorphosis ,
and not parasitic .
The Col l em bol a are small insects the largest o f which do not ,
exceed a quarter of an inch in length and many measure only ,
o n e twelfth o f an inch
-
o r even much less Sir J o hn Lubbock
, .
divides them into several families the first o f whi ch t he Smynthuridce , , ,
has four jointed antenn ae with a long terminal segment ; the head
‘
-
,
is very l arg e the thorax short and the abd o men broad short and
, , , ,
terminating obtusely somewhat su dde nl y The species are rather .
gaily coloured many being green o r yellow They are found

, .
amo ng grass dead leaves o r rotten wood Lubbock gives the

, , .
fol lo wing account Of the courtship of his Smynthurus Luteus a ,
small yellow species f e d o f an inch in length which is common

, ,
among grass in summer : It is very amusing to see these little !
creatures coquetting together The male which is much Smaller .

,
than the female runs round her and they butt o n e another standing
, , ,
face to face and moving back wards and forwards like two playful
,
lambs Then the female pretends to run away and the male runs
.
,
after her with a queer appearance o f anger ; gets in front and

,
stands facing her again ; then she turns coyly round but he , ,
quicker and more active scuttles round her and seems to whip , ,
her with his antenn ae then fo r a bit they stand face to face play ,
”
with their antenn ae and seem to be all in all to one another
, .
(L ubbock p ,
.
The Papyri idce are very simil ar to the Smynthuridce but the ,
terminal joint of the ant e nnae is Short with whorls o f hair , .
I n the D egeeri adoe and P oduricl oe the body is cylindrical but ,
they are distinguished by having the fourth and fifth segments o f

the abdomen respectively furnished with an apparatus for leaping .
They frequent damp places in woods etc Several Species o f the , .
former family are remarkable for their l o ng antenn ae in the lead

coloured T omocerus Longicorni s M ii l l they are longer than the ,
.
,
body Several species o f the genera T empl etoni a and Sei ra Lubb i
.
, .
G
98 NEU R O P TE RA .
are beautifu lly silvery I sotoma Sal tans Agassiz is a small black
.
, ,
species which abounds o n t h e glaciers o f the Alps

,
.
Two species o f P oduri cl ae are likewise worth mentioning for

their habits O n e I s A chorutes D u bi us T e m pl found by Templeton
.
, ,
and Lubb o ck o n the surface o f standing water and o n sand banks ; ,

-
and the o ther is Lipura Sti l l i ciaii Schi Odt e which frequents caves ’
, , .
The former species is blue black and the latter white and these
-
, ,
colours predominate in the family .
The A nou ri cl ae are a small family resembling woodlice in

form O ne species Aneura Roses G e rv found in the J ardin des
.
, ,
.
,
Plantes is entirely O f a rose colour

,
.
The eyes o f several o f the T hysanura and Col l em bol a are diff erent
from those o f all other adult forms included with the I nsects In .
the Col l em bol a they consist o f from o ne to eight o cell i arranged in ,
a series on each side Of the head thus o ffering an anal o gy with ,
t hose o f Lepidopterous larvae O n the other hand most Of the.

,
T hysanura have two compound eyes ; and o n e o r two genera have

been asserted by Nicolet to have ocelli similar to those o f the
Col l em bol a o n each side o f the head a statement which Lubbo c k ,
has been unable to confirm Several genera o f both groups are .
believed to be entirely destitute o f eyes .
N E U R O P TE RA P L A N I P E NN IA .
Head of moderate size antenn ae many j ointed variable in -

,
length and sometimes very l o ng fil if orm o r clubbed ; wings naked

, , , ,
generally Of equ al length ; hind wings sometimes with long append

ages ; metamorphosis complete ; pupa inactive .
A very large and important group rivalling the Odonata i n si z e

'
and beauty and far surpassing them both in number and in the
,
singularity o f their forms They are however very poorly repre

.
, ,
sented in Britain and although we have representatives o f several

,
o f the principal genera nearly all the larger and more conspicuous
,
species met with o n the C ontinent o f Europe are absent They .
are divided into three families o f which the second is by far the,
most important .
Wings large reticulated d e fl e x e d more o r less projecting at

, , ,
the anal angle antenn ae long ; body Short and thick .

1 00 NEU R O P TE RA .
common in Swit zerland and Southern Europe where they may be ,
seen flying among fi r trees in t he day time The long clubbed - e -

.
ant e nn a e and brightly colo ured wings actually led Scopeli a cele
-
,
brat e d ento mologist of the last century to desc ribe o n e o f t h e ,
species as a butterfly under the name o f Papi l io M acaroni us

, .
The Nemopterinw form another small group chi efly found in the ,
countries borderi ng o n the M editerranean and in Western Asia , .
Their bodies are short their antennae slender and o f moderate , ,
l ength and their fore wings are broad

,
Their hind wings how .
,
ever are very long and narrow and frequently more or less dilated
, ,
towards the tip giving t h e insect when held verti cally very much
, , ,
the appearance o f being supported o n stilts The Spanish Nema .
t era Lusi tanica B amb is yellow with brown markings an d expands

p , .
, , ,
over two inches ; t he hind wi ngs b eing almost as lon g There is .
another section o f the genus with narrower and transparent wings .
The Chrysopi nce have long Slender antenn ae delicate transparent , ,
reticul ated wings and beautiful golden eyes ; their bodies are
,
generally of a green colour Several species of the genus Chrysopa .

,
Leach are very common in England

,
They are common in woods .
and gardens and are easil y caught as they have a weak fli ght but
, ,
they exhale a peculiarly unpleasant odour which has been com ,
pared to that o f human ordure They generally expand ab out .
an inch Their eggs have a peculiar appearance being attached

.
,
to the surface o f a leaf by a long slender stalk The larvae live on .
Aphides and destroy great numbers seizing them with their strong
, ,
mandibles and speedily sucking out the liquid contents of their

,
bodies .
T he genus Hemerobi us Linn the type o f the su b family Hemero , .

,
-
bi ince inclu des a few brown or yellowish species rarely expanding

, ,
more than thr ee quarters o f an inch ; their antenn ae are moniliform

-
,
and their l arv ae feed o n Aphides and clothe themselves with the ,
empty skins of their prey Osmyl us Fu l cicephal us Scop the largest .

, .
,
Of the British Pl anipenni a has broad transparent wings the fore , , ,
wings Slightly pointed and ornam ented with a few brown spots ; ,
it measures nearly two inches in expanse and frequents the neigh ,
b ou rhoo d of streams the larva being partly aquatic in its habits

, .
D repanopterycc Phal a noides Linn a great rarity in Britain resembles ,

.
, ,
a small brown moth and measures nearly an inch and a half across
,
t he wings .
The genus Coniopteryx Hal typical of the sub family Conic ,

.
,
-
t
p yg
e r i nce includes a few
,
small white species seldom much m ore ,
C ADD I S F LIE S -
.
than a quarter o f an inch across the wings which are remarkable ,
for being always covered with a white mealy p o wder The larva .
i s foun d on fi r trees where it feeds o n Aphi des

-
,
.
The sub family M antispi noe is remarkable for having the fore
-
legs long thick and serrated as in M antis The commonest species

, , ,
.
is M antispa P agana Fabr which alth o ugh not found in Britai n is

,
.
, , ,
met with in many parts o f Europe among trees and shrubs The .
t horax is red and the abdo m en yellow with red lines ; the wings
, ,
are transpar ent .
FAM ILY III — P anorpi cl oe .
Wings long narrow and equal horizontal in repose ; mouth

, , ,
produced into a kind o f beak l arv ae livi ng undergro und and ,
probably feeding o n insects etc of subterranean habits ,

.
,
.
Several species Of P an orpa Linn abound along hedges ; they ,

.
,
are brown o r black insects with transparent wings blotched o r ,
spotted with black ; the bo dy is sometim e s marked with yellow .
”
They are frequently called Scorpion Flies from the long abdomen !
,
o f the male being provided with a singul ar forceps The species .
o f the genus B i ttacus Latr which are com mon o n the C ontinent
, .
, ,
though not British have long Slender transparent wings and long
, , , ,
slender legs ; and so much resemble T ipul idce that they might
easily be mistaken for them at first sight even in a collection but , ,
that they have four wings instead o f two Roreus Hi emal i s Linn .
,
.
,
is a small greenish brown insect ab o ut o n e sixt h o f an inch long

- -
,
with rudimentary wings It is found among moss and sometimes .

,
o n the surface o f the snow durin g the winter months and possesses ,
t he power o f leaping .
T R I C H O P TE RA .
Ant e nn ae long and slender ; mouth imperfectly developed ;

tarsi generally fiv e j ointed ; wings long with but few transverse
-
,
v eins hairy deflected ; hind wings folded

, ,
M etamorphosis com .
p l e t e l arv ae aquatic living in cases in which they,

also as sume ,
the pupa state pupa inactive .
The T richoptera or Phryganid ae are known as Caddis Flies

, , ,
and the cases which the larvae construct for themselves o f bit s
o f stick,
small stones o r even Shells are perhaps better known
, ,
than the flies themselves They are sometimes regarded as a .
separate O rder but are at present usually treated as a section o f

,
the Newroptera pending a more thorough and Satisfactory rearrange

,
1 02 N EU R O P TE RA .
ment of the O rders Of I nsects than exists at present O ur native .
species are all O f dull colours gre y brown and black pre do m i , , ,
nating and many O f them especially the smaller species have , ,
considerable resemblance to moths b oth in general appearance and ,
in mode of fl ight Their study is attended with peculiar d i fli

.
cul t i e s as the species greatly resemb le each other and cannot be

, ,
satisfactorily separated without an examination o f the anal append

ages .
M r M Lachl an in his M onographi c Revi si on and Synopsis of the

.
‘
,
T richoptera of the E uropean Fauna the latest standard work on the ,
subject enumerates eight fami lies chiefly founded o n t he structure

, ,
Of t he palpi but we shall here c o nfine ourselves to a notice o f a

few o f the most conspicuous and interesting species .
Phryganea Grandis Linn which may be considered typical O f

, .
,
t he family P hryg anidce is a b rown insect measuring nearly two

,
inches in expanse It is common in most parts o f the country

.
,
and its larva which forms a cylindrical tube of fragments o f leaves

, ,
etc lives in still water There are two o r three other British
.
, .
species which are very similar but rather smaller

,
There are ,
.
some Chinese and J apanese species o f Phryganea with yellow hind

wings bordered with brown ; and Indian species with purplish
hind wings largely tipped with yello w .
T h e Hydropti l idce are small dark insects with short and almost
moniliform antenn ae and long fringes to the hind wings SO that
, ,
they might easily be mistaken for M i cro Lepid optera They are -
.
gregarious fly by day as well as in the evening and at night and

, ,
are very active and frequently swarm near water

, .
The species Of Leptocerus Leach are brown or blac k insects , , ,
expanding three quarters of an inch or an inch across the wings

-
,
and are remarkable f o r the great length o f their ant e n nae which ,
are Often more than twice as long as the wings especially in the ,
males The larvae form their cases of sand The Leptoceridce like
. .
,
most of the T ri choptera are gregarious insects and are generally

, ,
met with in abundance if at al l ,

.
The other five families admitted by M Lachl an are the ‘
Li mnophi l idae Seri costomatiace Gt stropsi ol ce Hydropsychidae and

’ ’
, , , ,
1 04 HYME N O P TE RA .
In the first sub family o f the Saw fl i es the Ci m bi cinae the

- -
, ,
antennae are short and knobbed a t the end like those o f a

,
but t erfly T richi osoma Lu coru m Linn is a very common insect o n

.
,
.
,
hedges ; it is black and rather hairy and measures rather more

, ,
than an inch across the wings The larva is solitary pro vided .
,
with twenty two legs and forms a hard cocoon attached to the
-
,
branches o f t he hawthorn in which it passes the winter The ,

.
Austral ian genus P erga includes many handsome species generally ,
o f a bronzy green o r tawny colo u r with a conspicuous y ell o w ,
scutellum SO far as is kn own their larvae whi ch have o nly six

.
, ,
legs live gregariously o n diff erent species o f E ucal yptus and form
, ,
their cocoons in the ground The female o f P erga Lewisi i West w .

,
.
,
a native o f Tasmania and South Australia watches over her ,
young for several weeks after they are hatched ; but this habit
has not been stated to occur in any other species .
In the sub family Hyl otomi noe the antennae are onl y three
-
,
j o inted the j oints beyond the second being fused into o n e and
, ,
generally very pilose In several genera o f this group the thi rd

.
j oint is bifurcated in the males the t wo branches being Of equal ,
length and giving the insect a rather Sing ular appearance I n

, .
several other genera belonging to di ff erent sub families (Ptery -
gpo h orus L a
, h
p y rus Gl adi us etc )
,
the antenn e
a are either pe c t
, i ,
n at e d o r branched in the males and simple in the females o ne , ,
o f the most remarkable instances being a P apuan species Cl ado ,
macra M acropu s Smith which measures rather more than half an

, ,
in ch across the wings The insect is reddish with the antennae

.
, ,
hind legs and the tip of the abdomen black ; the antenn ae are
,
very long and slender with a long branch proj ecting from the
,
base o f each j oint .
The best known Of all the Saw fl i es is Nematus Ri besn Scop a -

, .
,
small yellow insect with black spots on the thorax the larvae of
,
.
,
which Often strip o u r gooseberry and currant bushes o f their leaves .
T enthrecl o A tra Linn is a black species with red legs and the
,
.
, , ,
middle o f the abdomen red in the female I mention it to record .
the fact that a Specimen lately received from M unich was fo und t o
be greatly in fested by a red mite specimens of which were like ,
wise found attached t o several other Hymenoptera fro m the same

locality The genu s A l l antus J ur includes a number of black
.
, .
,
and yellow species some o f which are predatory in their habits

,
‘
and feed on other insects .
In the typical groups o f T enthredi nidae the maj ority o f the ,

W OOD -
B O RE RS . 1 05
genera have nine j ointed antenn ae but in some Of the less typical
-
,
su b families such as the Lo h ridi na and D di nae the number O f

p y y
-
, ,
j oints is frequently much greater often exceeding twenty ,

.
FAM ILY II .
—Siri cid ce .
O vipositor o f the female exserted and forming a powerful awl ,
fo r piercing the bark Of trees i n the solid wood o f which the ,
larvae feed .
The number o f known species o f this family is not large The .
insects themselves are however large and conspicuous and, , ,
n o t very uncommon in fir plantations though much more abundant ,
o n the Continent than in En gland The larv ae sometimes remain .
concealed in timber for years and the fl ies when arrived at , ,
maturity have been known to issue unexpectedly from the fl o o r

,
ing o r other timber o f a house greatly to the c o nsternation of the

, ,
inhabitants Wood feeding insects Often vary very much in size

.
-
,
and these are no exception to the ru le some specimens being almo st ,
twice as large as others ; but they generally measure considerably

o ver an inch both in length and expanse The two commonest .
species are Sires: Gigas Linn and S Nocti l i o Fabr ,

In both .
, .
, .
species the antenn ae are fili fo rm and many jointed and the ,
-
,
abdomen o f the male is triangular at the tip while that o f the ,
fe male is pr o vided with a l o ng ovipositor S Gi gas is yellow . .

,
with two black bands o n the abdomen in the female and the tip ,
black in the male S Nocti l i o is Of a purplish blue colour

. .
-
.
II — H YM E N O PTE RA T E R EB RA N TIA—E NT O M O P HA GA
. .
Abdomen petiolated o r at least attached to the thorax o nl y by

,
a small portion Of its base ; larva footless ; parasitic o n the eggs or

l arv ae o f other insects except in the gall producing Cynipi cl ae
,
-
.
M any authors make t wo subdivisions in this secti o n Pupi uora

o r Spi cu l if era including the families C nipidoe Chal cidi dce P rocto
, y , ,
trypiate B raconid ce I chneumonidoe and a ni idoe

, ,
and T u bu l if era , ,
including the Chrysididoe The latter fam i ly however appears t o

.
, ,
me t o belong rather to the Hymenoptera A cul eata than to the
O vipositor conce al ed sub spiral ; antenn ae straight thirteen

,
-
,
to fi ft e e n jointed wings with few veins ; either gall producers o r

- -
106 HYM E N O P TE RA .
This family includes the true gall fl i e s a very large number o f -

,
which are attached to the o ak and -a few to other trees They , .
are however not the only gall insects ; for the family o f g al l gnats
, ,
- -
among the D iptera (Ceci domyidoe) and several o ther species bel o ng ,
ing to various O rders are likewise gall producers The Cynipi dae
,
-
.
are smal l insects (sometimes exceedingly minute) and are generally ,
provided with large wings though some o f the al ternate broods ,
(formerly placed in the genus Bi orhiz a We st w ) are apterous , . .
The oak galls are v ery various in shape and size the SO called oak
-
,
-
apples produced by Aphi l othr i a: Radicis Fabr and T eras T erm i nal is
, , .
, ,
Fabr are large and soft ; the gall o f Dryophanta Scutel l ari s Har t
.
, , ,
placed o n the under side O f a leaf is about the Si z e and shape o f a ,
White Heart Cherry and hard ; and the Arti choke G al l produced
, ,
by Aphi l othri x Fecu/nol atri a Hart really resembles an ar tichoke in

, ,
mini ature o r more exactly a small green fir cone The gall nuts
, , ,
-
.
-
o f commerce from which ink is obtained are produced by an

, ,
exotic species o f Cynips as are also the SO called apples Of Sodom

,
-
,
which are met with in the neighbourhood o f the Dead Se a V ery .
d issimil ar from any of these is the mossy excrescence called the

bedeguar which is common on the wild rose and is the gall Of
, ,
Rhodi tes Rosie Linn , .
The Cynipid ce present problems o f great interest Fo r a long .
time it was believed that n o males o f many species existed and ,
that the race consisted wholly o f fertile females

.
O ne great .
di fficulty in investigating these insects is that the galls are s o

great ly infested by parasites chiefly belonging to the family ,
Chal cidi dce that the parasites bred from the galls often far o u t
,
number the real owners At length however it has been .

, ,
ascertained that a large number o f the gall producing Cynipi doe if -

,
not all are dim o rphous and exhibit a regular alternation O f genera
, ,
t ions the spring and autumn broods being s o utterly di fferent

,
that they were hitherto always supposed to belong t o different

genera The spring broods consist wh olly of fertile females
.
,
and the autumn broods consist of males and females I n some .
cas es the former are apterous and live at th e roots Of trees ; and ,
the galls fro m which the spring and autumn bro o ds proceed
are as different as the insects themselves Thus according to .
,
Adler Neuroterus F u mipennis Hart a small black insect with

, , ,
reddish legs and clouded wings which appears in M ay and is , ,
produced fro m a round flat scale like gall o n the under side o f -
the o ak leaves is the female parthenogenetic form o f Spathegaster

,
1 O8 B YM ENO T P E RA .
M any of t he Chal cidi dce are apterous in o n e or both sexes and , ,
according to Professor Westwood and Sir S S Saun ders the males . .

,
o f B l as to ha a are apterous while the females are winged a most

p y ,
u nusual anom aly in insects .
Several species of most extraordin ary forms belonging to the ,
genera Agaon B l astophaga I darnes etc inhabit the interior Of

, , , .
,
various species o f wild and cul tivate d figs ; and as they are
believed to promote the ripening o f the latter the fi g growers ,
-
inoculate their young figs with the insects from infested plants by
a process known as capri fi cat i o n The largest genus o f the .
Chal ci dicl ce is P teromal us Swed the species o f whi ch infest Lepi

,
.
,
doptera and sometimes emerge in great numbers from a Single

,
pupa . E urytoma Ill and some allied genera depart from the
,
.
,
usual parasitic habits Of the Chal cididce in being plant feeders -

,
feeding in the stalks o f wheat etc , .
FA M ILY II I —
P roctotrypidce . .
O vipositor exserted o r concealed ; body rather long and

slender ; antenn ae elbowed ten to six teen j ointed ; wings nearly
,
veinless palpi long and drooping ; pupa enclosed in a c o coon ;

habits parasitic .
The P roctotrypi dae are probab ly m uch less n u merous than the
Chal cicl idoe but have been even less studied being much smaller
, ,
and more obscure insects ; in fact some Of them share with the
T ri chopterygi dce among the Col eoptera the repu t ation o f being the ,
smallest insects They exhi bit considerable variation in structure

.
and habits and are usually either parasitic o n very small ins ects
, ,
or infest the eggs Of larger ones The smallest and some o f the .
most beautiful species among them belong to the genus M ymar ,
C urt and allies M Pu l chel l us Curt has battl e dore shaped wings
.
, .
, ,
-
,
the broad part being fringed with long hai rs An allied North .
American species (Pteratomus Pu tnami P ac k ) measures o n e , .
ninetieth o f an inch in length and is said to be the smallest ,
ins ect known It is supposed to be an egg paras ite o n M egachil e

.
-
Centuncu l aris Linn or o n a parasite o f that bee

, .
, .
The P roctotrypidoe are often placed as a s ection o f Hym enoptera

called a ura .
Antenn aenot elbowed beyond the scape generally with more ,
than sixteen joint s second j oint shorter than the first and thir d
, ,
I CH N EUM O N F LI E S . l 09
and not followed by a mi nute rudimentary joint ; abdomen with

the second and third segments soldered together the t hree first ,
segments larger than the others ; o vipositor exserted o r concealed

habits parasitic .
The Rraconidce and I chn eu/monidae form together two closely

allie d families of great extent o f which about Species are ,
supposed to be described at present ; but although the European

species have been discussed by many authors very little has been ,
published o n the ex otic species in a connected form They have .
been divided into a great number of sub families and genera which -
,
cannot here be discussed in detail M any of the foreign species .
o f B raconidce are rather large and handsome insects ofte n var ied ,
with black and yellow as in Bracon B icol or B rull e which occurs in

, , ,
South Africa O n the other hand o ur native species o f Aphidi us

.
, ,
Nees and the allied genera many Of whi ch infest Aphid w and
, ,
other small insects are themselves small The best known of the
, .
B raconidce is perhaps M i crogaster Gl omeratus Li nn a small blackish , .

,
species with reddish yellow legs whi ch destroys the larva o f the
,
-
,
common cabbage butterfly (Pieris Brassi cce Linn ) round the dead , ,
body o f which i t s little yellow cocoons may O ften be observed .
Bu t for thes e and other insect paras ite s the insects which attack ,
o ur field and garden cro ps would prove infinitely more destructive
than at present .
FAM ILY V .
- I chneumonidce .
Antenn aenot elbowed beyond the scape always with more ,
than Sixteen j oints scape large always followed by two small ,
j oints ; abdomen sessile o r petiolated Often with a long exs erted ,
ovipositor habits parasitic .
The I chneu/moni dw are rather large and slender insects and are ,
divided into several distinct looking sub families - -

.
In the typical I chneu/monince the abdomen is depressed and

petiolated the first segment curved and generally widened near the
, ,
tip and the ovipositor is concealed o r but little prominent The

, ,
.
genus I chneumon Linn 1 s itself a very large o ne and the great

,
majority o f the species are black either with red legs or with the , ,
antenn a legs shoulders scutellum and legs varied with yellow o r

, , , , ,
a great part o f the abdomen m ay be either red o r yellow in one or

bo th sexes The species o f T rogus Panz are rather large insects
.
,
.
, ,
measuring an inch or mor e in length ; they are black with reddish ,

legs and abdom e n and the wings are sometimes Slightly dusky at
’
the edges .
The Cryptinoe differ from the I chneumoninw in the exserted

ovipositor and also in the position of the spiracles ; a large
,
number o f species belonging to the genus P ez om achus G rav , .

,
etc are apterous in one or both sexes and somewhat resemble

.
, ,
ants in appearance .
In the P i mpl i nce the first segment o f the ab domen is usually

,
straight ; and the ovipositor is generally very long The be st .
known specie s is Rhyssa P ersuasoria Linn a black insect with the , .

, ,
thorax scutellum and the sides of t he long narrow ab domen

, ,
spotted with pale yello w I t measures about an inch in length .

,
but the ovipositor which is composed o f three long slender bristles

, ,
is fully twice as long as the body This species is met with in .
fir woods and uses its extraordinary ovi positor to dril l holes in

,
trees infested by the larva o f Sirocc Gigas Linn o n which its o wn , .

,
larva is parasitic The insect frequently drives its ovipositor so

.
firmly into the wood that it is u nable to withdraw it and perishes ,
in this position O ther species Of Rhyssa very similar to this are

.
found in various parts o f the world o ne o f the largest and hand ,
s o m e st being R Antipool w m Smith a native o f Ne w Zealand

. It s , , .
habits are unknown, but it is not unlikely to feed on the large

wood feeding larv ae o f the genus Charagia Wal k (green m o ths
-
, .
belonging to the family Zeuz eridce ) which are common in that ,
country .
In the Ophi oninw the antenn ae are long and Slender as indeed ,
is the whole insect ; and the abdome n is very narrow and com
pressed and rarely furnished with a prominent ovipositor 0
, . .
Luteus Fabr is a common species found over a great part of the

,
.
,
world .
F AM ILY V I —
.a ni i dce .
Ant e nnae not elbowed beyond the scape thirteen fourteen , or
j ointed ; wings veined no closed cells o n the hind wi ngs abd o men
,
attached to the upper part o f the metathorax ; ovipositor straight ;

habits parasitic .
The typical genus a ni a Fabr is found in all parts o f the ,

.
,
world ; and many o f the recorded species are either very closely
allied o r not truly distinct They have probably been introduced
,
.
into many countrie s with the cockroaches o n the egg capsules o f ,

-
which their larvae are parasitic E Appendigaster Linn is a small . .

,
.
,
1 12 HYM EN O P TE RA
'
As already stated the positi o n o f the Chrysiai dce is somewhat

,
’
uncertain ; they have affinities both w ith the T erebrantia and the
A cul eata In certain genera Of the Vespi dce especially P ol ybia the
.
, ,
abdomen is so retractile that it can almost be drawn within the

first segment ; and this may indicate some relationship to the
retractile abdomen o f the Chrysididae .
H YM E N O PTE RA A C ULEA TA —H ETE R O GYN A .
F AM ILY VIII .
-
Form i cidoe
Social insects consisting of males females and neuters the

, , ,
last Wi ngless and the two former only acquiring wings (whi ch are
,
ample but soon lost) for a single fli ght

, .
The Formi cidoe or Ants may b e divided into three sub families ;
, ,
-
the Form i ci noe many o f which bite Sharply but are stingless and
, ,
the P oneri nce and M yrm ici nce in which the females and neuters (o r
,
workers) are generally armed with a sting In the P oneri nce the .
petiole Of the abdomen is formed o f only o ne node and in the ,
M yrm ici nae o f two The singular genus D oryl us Latr has been
.
, .
,
formed into a separate family D oryl idae characterised b y its fil i , ,
form in stead o f angulated antenn ae its small head and long , ,
cylindrical abdomen B ut it is structurally nearest related to the

.
P oneri naa and without further observations on these exotic insects

, ,
and their habits and transformations it is perhaps better to treat ,
them as belonging to that sub family -

.
The larges t o f the European F orm ici noe is Camponotus Hercu

tanous Linn which measures ab out half an inch in leng th and an
,
.
, ,
inch in expanse o f wing It is a smooth black ant with the .

,
t horax (o r at least the metathorax) the base o f the abd o men and , ,
the legs more or less red The wing s o f the males and females
,
.
are deeply tinged with smoky yellow It is very com m on in m any .
parts o f Europe and North America but is not found in E ngland , .
It is a very courageous in sect and an ant hill will sometimes ,

-
send out an arm y and fight a pitched battle with a neighbouring

,
community o f its o wn o r another species These are regular wars .

,
and not slave hunting excursions which are u ndertaken by several

-
,
Species o f ants fo r the purpose o f obtaining pu pae o f another

,
species, which are afterwards reared in their nests to do the work

of the plunderers wh o are t o o la z y in some cases to do anything
,
but fight and are so absolutely dependent o n their slaves that

,
they cannot even f eed themselves wi t hou t their help .

AN T S . 113
Camponotus Sm araydi nus, Fahr , is a common Indian ant allied

.
,
t o C Hercul aneus but smaller

.
,
I t i s remarkable for i t s green c o l o ur
.
( very unusual am o ng ants which are generally

,
black brown o r , ,
red ) I t lives in trees and co ns tru cts a large nest o f live leaves
.
, ,
connected as they gro w o n the tree by a white web P ol yrhachi f .

,
Smith is another genus o f East I ndian ants remarkable for the

, ,
long spines placed o n different parts of the body Little i s known .
o f their habits
; but P N i difi can s .J e rd o n is said by its describer
, ,
t o m ake a small nest about half an inch o r rather more i n diameter ,

”
of some papyrace o us materials which it fixes o n a leaf , .
Form ica F u l i gi nosa Latr is a common j et black ant rather

, .
,
-
,
less than a qu arter o f an inch long According to M r F Smith . . .

,
its nests are generally found near a decaying tree or an Old p o st ,
and its movements are unusually slow and it seems very fond ,
o f sunning itself instead of being constantly at work But con .

,
si d e ri n the high state of civilisation to which many ants have

g
attained how some keep slaves almost all herds O f much greater ,
variety and far more numerous than o ur o wn ; how others grow

c o rn and others make great roads and tunnels vastly more
gigantic in proportion than any human engineer would dream fo r
a m o ment o f attempting we need no t w o nder that some com
,
m uni t i es Should allow themselves an occasional holi day It has .
’
long been known that many kinds of insects are found in ants
nests and that many species derive much o f their food from
,
honey dew the sweet secretion discharged by Aphidce o r Plant

-
, ,
Lice . But according to some recent observations Of M Lichten

, .
stein a French ent o mologist wh o is making a special study of the

, ,
Aphi dce Formi ca Fu l i yi nosa is not content to watch over colo nies
,
o f Aphi dee or to keep herds in its nest like other ants but
,
.
, ,
actually superintends their breeding in a manner which could

hardly be imagined M any Aphi aoe exhibit the phenomenon known
.
’
as alternatio n of generations that is there is a winged sexual brood , ,
and a W ingless asexual brood ; and sometimes the former lives in

the open air and the latter at the roots of plants When therefo re
,
.
, ,
these ants meet with a winged Aphi s about to lay eggs which will
produce a subterranean br o od they first clip her wings to prevent ,
her es cape and then open a way for her and guide her down to
, ,
the roots O f the grass Bu t when winged Aphi dw are born in

.
their nests they do not clip their wings but open a way fo r them
, ,
int o the air that they may fly to the plants o n which their young
,
are to feed and thus insure the perpetuation o f the species

,
.
II
’
It is quite possible that al l the insects which frequent ants
nests do not inhabit them Simply as f ood producers The remark -
.
able beetles belonging to the genus Pau ssus (none Of which are
British) are usually found among ants It is not unlikely that .
t hey may be kept in the nest to repel intruders by their artillery ,
for they are all crepitating insects discharging a highly corrosive ,
fluid with an explosion after the manner of a B rachi nus , .
There are frequently two classes o f workers observed among

ants ; but perhaps the most curI ou s instance is that o f the honey
ants (Camponotus I nflatus Lubb M yrm ecocystus M el l iyer Llave ,
.
, , ,
and Crematogaster I nfl atus Smith I n the two former o f these ,

.
species the honey sack is formed of the abdomen and in the

-
,
last is an appendage to the metath o rax The best known .
is M yrmecocystus M al l i ger which is met with in M exico and ,
C olorado and an el aborate account o f its habits has just been

,
published by Rev Dr M Co ok an American minister who Spends

.
1
.
‘
, ,
his summer holidays in the investigation of the m anners and

customs o f the many interesting species Of ants which are met
with in the west and south o f the U nited States Although many .
galls have an exceedingly disagreeable flavour there are o thers ,
which exu de a sweet substance and it is from these that the ants ,
obtain the honey Among the ants there are large and small
.
workers and Dr M Co ok s Observations lead him to infer that as

, .
‘ ’
the former grow older they become more and more distended with
honey until they become the honey receptacles where a large supply
,
-
is stored up for the benefit Of the community Among other .
interesting observations relating to their habits and economy he ,
re t ords that although the ants will feed o n the honey if a honey ,
ant is accidentally crushed yet if a honey ant dies she is carefully , ,

-
,
buried in the common cemetery of the nest along with the honey ,
bag which is de t ached for convenience Of transport but never

, ,
opened .
M any o f the P oneri nce are remarkable for their form and size ,
as well as for their habits The genera Odontomachus Latr and .

, .
,
Orectognathus J erd have enormous mandibles proj ecting in front

,
.
,
o f t heir heads The latter genus is East Indian and the species
.
,
which belong to it feed upon other insects ; but they do n o t always

run like other ants but if alarmed or disturb ed (and probably also
, ,
the pursuit of p rey) take long le aps , .
The largest ant in the collection of the B ritish M useum is a

o ney A nts of the G a rd en of the G o ds P h il ad e l p h i a 1 882
1 T h H
e , , .
1 16 HYM EN O P TE R A .
having fi ve in the air at once and putting them down wherever

’
there was a cl ear space Anoth er insect which escaped was a

.
green leaf like locust which remained absolutely immoveable and

-
, ,
though many ants ran over its legs they did not perceive that i t ,
was an insect T he se ants however hunt by touch and smell

.
, ,
rather than by sight their eyes bei ng very imperfect Some idea
, .
o f their numbers may be formed fr o m M r H W Bates having . . .
once Observ ed a dense column o f a species o f E citon o n the march

through the forests of the Amazon which column extended sixty ,
o r seventy yards without any indication o f either the van o r the

,
rear o f the army .
We will now consider the third and last family Of the Ants ,
the M yrm i ci nce to which the genus E ci ton as already mentioned

, , ,
belongs Probably the m o st troublesome of o ur British ants is the

.
little yellow House Ant Dipl orh0ptrum M ol estum Say ,

Fifty years , . ,
ago it was almost unknown in England but it is now abundant in ,
houses in most o f o u r large towns more especially in Lond o n ,

.
M r F Smith considers that it is a Braz ilian Species for the Rev

. .
,
.
H Clark found it very annoying at Ri o J an e i ro

. everywhere ,
”
i n doors o u t o f doors and upon everything
-
, ,
It appears to have .
been intro duced into North America (where it was first described)
a few years before it appeared in London If the nests are acces .
sible whi ch is not Often the case they m ay b e destroyed with

, ,
boiling water ; an d washing with a solution of carbolic acid will

also go far to check their ravages The number o f the ants may be .
much reduced by layi ng down pieces of liver in places where they

abound which may be plunged into boiling water at intervals the
, ,
ants shaken O ff and then laid down again Another meth o d has
, .
lately been mentioned to me by Dr M urie o f the Linnean Society .

,
which seem s likely to answer still better than the liver Thi s is .
to put a sponge int o sugar and water and when the ants have ,
cov ered and permeated it to rinse it with boili ng water dip i t

, ,
again into the syrup and replace it , .
The genus Crematogaster Lund builds its nest in trees C , .

,
.
I nfl atus Smith which occurs in B orneo and M alacca has been
, , ,
already mentio ned as a honey ant -

.
At the beginning Of the present century it was warmly

debated among entomologists whether ants ever store up grain as ,
asserted by various ancient writers AS nothing o f the kind has .
been observed in Northern Europe it was hastily concluded (fro m ,
a prejudice that we have not yet quite outgrown that the ancients ,
ANT S . 117
must have been mistaken whenever their experience was u nco n~

firmed by our own Observations) that they had mistaken the pup ae
for corn for any o ne who has purposely o r accidentall y dug into an
ant hill knows that the workers immediately sei z e upon the pup ae
-
and endeavour to remove them to a place O f safety M ore cautio us .
writers however thought it possible that ants might really store

, ,
up grain in some countries th o ugh perhaps not in o ur own ; a ,
view that has since been abundantly substantiated by the Observa

tions o f many excellent naturalists in all the warmer par ts o f the
globe Lieut Colonel Sykes first rec o rded the harvesting habits
. .
-
Of an Indian ant (which he named A tta Prooicl ens but which is now ,
placed in the allied genus Pheidol e We st w in the first volume o f , .

,
the Transactions o f the Entomological Society O f London published ,
in 1 8 3 6 and M r H W Bates and others have observed the sam e

. . .
t hing in vario u s parts o f tropical America But the most com .
l
p e t e and important observations o n the subject h ave been published
by M r J T M ogg ri dg e in his Harvesti ng Ants and T rap door
. . .
,
-
Spul ers and by Rev Dr M Co ok in his Natural Hi story of the

'
‘
, . .
,
Agricu l tural A nt of T exas .
Al l the true harvesting ants yet Observed appear to belong to

the genus Atta St Farg or to closely allied genera There are
, .
,
-
.
t wo o rders o f workers among them large and small generally , ,
destitute O f ocelli though the large workers which are remarkable

, ,
fo r their enormous heads occasionally have o ne only ,

.
T h e ants Observed by M r M o ggri dg e as storing up grain were .
chiefly A tta B arbara Linn a black ant sometimes with a red ,

.
, ,
head and A Structor Latr which is of a reddish brown colour

,
.
, .
,
-
.
They are common all round the M editerranean and he ob served ,
no less than fi fty four different species o f seeds in their granaries

-
,
where they are laid up carefully cleansed from the husks whi ch , ,
are thrown away (even seed capsules being Often detached and -
carried into the nest) and submitted to some treatment which still ,
requires explanation which with o ut destroying their vitality , , ,
p reven t s their germinating as long as they are in the nest These .
ants do not appear to visit Aphi dce o r take them to their nests , ,
though they will feed on other insects at times Sometimes two .
nests will go to war the weaker nest being perhaps ultimately ,
deserted In o ne case M r M o ggridg e Observ ed a war between

. .
two nests which lasted from J anuary 1 8 to M arch 4 with scarcely

, ,
any intermission .
A yet m o re interesting species is the Agricultural Ant o f

.
1 18 HYM EN O P TE RA .
Texas (P ogonomyrmex B arbatus Smith) a reddish b rown species

, ,
-
about half an inch long with a long reddish beard o n the face
,
.
Its habits have been studied by Lincecum Buckley and M Cook , ,

‘
,
t he last o f whom has written an elaborate monograph on the
species and its habits The formicary is established on a spot well

.
exposed to the sun and a circular clearing is made around it Often

, ,
o f from ten to twelve feet in diameter and frequently paved with ,
small pebbles upon which no weeds are allowed to grow Smooth

,
.
and level roads are als o made through the thi ckets o f weeds beyond
the clearing and Lincecum describes o n e over 3 00 feet long whi ch
, ,
traversed 6 0 feet o f thick weeds overran heavy beds Of crop ,
grass 1 8 0 feet and then through the weeds growing in the locks
,
o f a heavy rail fence 6 0 feet more Throughout the whole .
ext ent this road was very smooth and even and varied from a ,
straight line only so far as to lose some thi rty feet o f distance in
passing from t he pavement to the outer terminus The width was .
from two to two and a half inches In some places o n account .

,
o f insurmountable Obstructions the road separated into two o r

,
three trails Of an inch in width which united beyond the obstru o

,
tion M Co ok remarks that at a moderate Co mputation such a

.
‘
, ,
road would b e equivalent to the construction and maintenance

!
by m an o f a good hard road ten miles long and twenty two feet -
”
wide .
Al ong these roads the ants pass to and fro carrying into their ,
nests various kinds Of grass seeds which are cleansed from the husk
-
, ,
and stored up in the manner o f Atl as Bu t there is not always .
an empty clearing round the ant hill The space is sometimes -

.
more o r less overgrown with a grass called A ri sti da O l igan tha the ,
seed o f which forms part Of the ordinary stores o f the ants ; and
it is conj ectured that the ants actually s o w and harvest the cro p
o f this particular grass for their o wn requirements This ant does .
not gather the seeds until they have fallen although the European ,
A tta B arbata and the Floridan A tta Crudel i s Smith have been
, , ,
observed gathering growing seeds and seed capsules on the plants -
themselves .
The description o f the nests habi t sf st ru ct ure etc of the Agri

, ,
.
,
cultural Ant is t o o long to quote but a few more interesting points

,
may be mentioned The ants do not feed o n grain alone but

.
,
hasten to gather up other insects such as winged termi tes after a , ,
heavy shower o f rain has beaten them down to the ground Bu t .

,
though they sometimes profit by rain it adds to their labours for , , ,

and store up immense quantities o f leaves in their nests cutting ,
them into pieces o f a convenient si z e to carry and especially pre ,
ferring imported to native plants M r B elt who has given an . .

,
acc o unt o f their habits in his Natural ist i n Ni caragua believed that ,
t he ants use the leaves as a hotbed f o r gr o wing a particular kind
O f fungus o n which they feed M Co o k d o es not share t his ‘

, .
o pinion but thinks that the ants live o n the juices o f the leaves
, ,
and that the presence Of a fungus is only accidental he is also o f

opinion that the leaves are used in the c o nstruction o f a kind o f
comb When the best authorities disagree we can o nly await the
.
,
result o f further and more conclusive Observations .
Belt records a CIl I l O II S I nstance o f their sagacity

'
After several .
had been crushed in crossing the tramways they constructed sub ,
ways un der the rails and o ne day when the cars were not running
, , ,
Belt stopped up t he t unnels but although many ants were thus

, ,
cut o ff from the nest they would not attempt to cross the rails
,
again but immediately set t o work making fresh tunnels He

,
.
succeeded in destroying many O f them by sprinkling c o rrosive

sublimate across their paths in dry weather which drives them mad ,
.
He has given a most graphic account o f its e ffects which I cannot ,
resist the temptation o f quoting : As s o on as o n e o f the ants !
t ouches t he white powder it commences to run ab o ut wildly and

, ,
t o attack any other ant it comes across I n a cou ple o f h o urs .
round balls o f the ants will be found all biting each other ; and ,
numero us individuals will be seen bitten completely in two whilst ,
others have lost some Of their legs or antenn ae News o f the .
commotion is carried to the formicarium and large fellows , ,
measuring thr ee quarters of an inch in length that only come o ut

-
,
o f the nes t duri ng a migration o r an attack on the nest o r o n e o f
the working columns are seen stalking down with a determined

,
air as if they would soon right matters As soon however as

, .
, ,
they have t ouched the sublimate all their stateliness leaves them ;
,
they rush ab o ut ; their legs are seized hold o f by some o f the

smaller ants already affected by the poison ; and they themselves
begin to bite and in a Short time become the centre o f fresh balls
,
”
o f rabid ants .
B elt was once m uch annoyed by an attack made by the ants ,
belonging to a nest at some distance upon his garden He made ,

.
the nest unte n able by pouring carbolic acid and water into the
fo rmicarium when the foraging parties were all immediately with
,
d rawn and at once occupied themselves in carrying away every

,
A NT S . 1 21
thing worth saving from the Old nest to a temporary shelter o n a

small slope down which they rolled their loads to others waiting
,
below while they themselves returned for more ; t hey al so carried

,
o u t many dead ants from the nest So o n afterwards thinking .

,
themselves in danger SO close to the Old nest they removed t o ,
Next year they attacked M r B elt s

’
a distance Of 20 0 yards . .
garden again and he forced them t o leave t heir nest in the same
,
manner when they returned to the Old nest Belt adds : I do

, .
!
not doubt that some Of the leading minds in this fo rmicarium

recollected the nest o f the year before and directed the migration ,
” ’
to it. This is c o nfirmed by Si r J ohn Lubbock s discovery that
ants live at leas t seven o r eight years in the perfect state and ,
p o ssibly much longer .
Limited space prevents me from noticing the habits o f our

No rth Eur o pean ants but this is O f little consequence as they are
, ,
referred to in a great number Of popular works ; and those who

wish fo r information o n this subject will easily find a good com
K
’
p e n di u m o f the Older Observations in irby and Spence s I ntro
ducti on to E ntom ol ogy while Sir J ohn Lubbock has just su m med up
,
his o wn most important observations and experiments in his new

book o n A nts B ees and Wasps I have therefore preferred to
, , .
give an account o f some Of the more interesting foreign species ,
derived from works likely to be less known o r less accessible t r ,
the generality o f my readers .
HYME N O P TE RA A CULE AT A—F O SS O R E S .
Wings not folded ; species solitary consisting Of males and ,
females the latter sometimes apterous generally forming their

,
nests in the gro und .
—
FAM ILY IX M u til l i dae
. .
Female usually apterous and armed with a sting ; legs stout ;

,
femora n o t dilated ; tibi ae more o r less spinose antenn ae fi l i form ;

male with the tip o f the abdomen generally furnished with t eeth
o r spines .
The M uti l l i dce are sometimes called Solitary Ants fo r they ,
somewhat resemble a large ant in Shape Smith i n fact included .

, ,
them with the ants in hi s Catal ogue of B ritish Fossorial Hymenoptera;

but they are too closely allied to the Scol i idae to be placed in a
different section Of the Hymenoptera The species Of M u ti l l a are very.
1 22 HYM E N O P TE RA .
numerous ab out a thousand having been described from the warmer

,
part s o f the world ; but very few are European the comm o nest ,
.
being M u ti l l a E uropaea Linn a black 0 1 blue black insect about
,
.
,
‘ -
half an inch long with a red thorax and three more o r less
, ,
interrupted white bands o n the abdomen This species frequents .
sandy places and is believed to be sometimes at least paras itic

,
in the nests of humble bees The species o f M u ti l l a are generally

-
.
clothed with a beautiful Short down and are mostly o f a black ,
colour O ft en with a red thorax and the abdomen is frequently

, ,
adorned with red white or golden spots and is sometimes

, , ,
entirely red o r yellow .
F emale apterous very stout mesothorax constricted legs very

, ,
spiny femora compressed and dilated male Slender winged , .
The insects o f this family are al most exclusively confined to

Australia and South America where they are very numerous ,
.
They are generally of a black colour with more o r less extended ,
yellow markings The females are very dissimilar to the males

.
,
and are very slightly pubescent in comparison with M uti l l a but ,
their legs are generally much more strongly spined Their great .
bloated bodies give them very little resemblance to any other

insects except perhaps to the O il B eetles (M el oi dae) They are
, .
probably parasitic insects .
F emale generally win ged ; legs very stout femora compressed ,
and dilated tibi ae very spinose antenn ae stout shorter than the
, ,
Although this family is abundant in warm climates we have ,
o nl y t wo small species belonging to the genus T iphia Fahr in , .

,
Britain They are black with more or less reddish legs and
.
, ,
measure from a quarter to half an inch in lengt h But in So uth .
Europe we meet with several large and handsome species one Of ,
which Scol ia Hortorum F ahr we have figured ; it is black with

, ,
.
, ,
two yellow bands o n the abdomen It provisions its nest with .
the larvae o f the large wood feeding beetle Oryctes Nasicornis Linn -
, , .
Scol ia A trata Fab r a black species with reddish wings tipped

, .
,
with violet which is common in the West I ndies is o ne of the

, ,
most curious in its habits of any According to Consul Krug . .

flower producing a sharp and intermittent buzzing and many Of

, ,
he species exhale an Odour o f roses .
C ollar
either transversely o r longitudinally square ; legs long ;
abdomen oval and attached to the thorax by a short petio le
,
.
A very extensive group having representatives in all parts Of ,
t he world ; the species are black sometimes with red legs and ,
antenn ae and the abdomen is often red especially at the base the
, ,
wings may be colourless banded with bro wn o r marked with , ,
whitish ; or yellow or b rilliantly iridescent b lue M any Of the

,
.
European species provision their nests with spiders while others ,
store up caterpillars etc Some of the species O f the tropical , .
genera P epsi s Fabr and M ygni mi a Smith are among the largest
,
.
, , ,
o f Hymenopterous insects measuring three inches o r more across ,
the wings .
F AM ILY XV —Sphegi dae . .
Prothorax narrowed in front and the hinder angles not pro ,
d u c e d to the base o f the wings abdomen with a long round

petiole consisting of the first and sometimes part of the second
,
segment ; wings rather short .
The shape O f the Sphegidoe will at once distinguish them from

almost all other Hymenoptera except some of the VeSpi dce but the ,
latter have the sides o f the prothorax prolonged backwards t o the

base of the wings C ertain Ichneumons also resemble them in
.
Shape but apart from other characters the nervu res o f the
, ,
wings are very di fferently arranged in these from what they are
in any A cul eata Di fferent species o f Sphegiol ce provision their
.
nests with different insects or with Spiders They sometimes ,

.
attack insects much larger and stronger or apparently better de ,
fended than themselves such as fi e l d crickets weevils etc but ,

-
, , .
they paralyse them by striki ng their sting into the principal

nervous centres and then drag them to their nests where they
, ,
bury the m alive but paralysed so that a living but helpless prey
, ,
is provided for the larvae when they Shall emerge from the eggs .
Some of the tropical Sphegi dae belonging to the genera ,
Chl ori on Latr and Ampu l ea J ur are o f a b eautiful metallic

, .
, , .
,
blue or green ; Ampul eac Compressi o J ur which is found at M au ri ,

.
,
tius etc preys on B l attidce Pronaus M axi l l aris Latr a common

,
.
,
.
, .
,
black West African species is remarkable for the enormous ,
mandibles of the male .

F O SS O RI A L WA SP S . 1 25
5
L
M andibles usually d eeply emarginate o n the outside near t h e

base ; four front tibiae with a single spine at the tip hind tibiae
with two spines .
The species of this family are generally rather small insects ,
fe w o f the species meas uri ng half an inch in length They are .
usually black sometimes with the abdomen red at the bas e ; o r

,
the face is adorned with Silvery pubescence .
FAM ILY XVI I —Nyssoni cl ce .
M an dibles not emarginate beneath legs subspinose .
(Smi t h )
This family much resembles t he last Smit h in his Catal ogue .
,
of B ri tish F ossori al Lepi do tera gives an account of the habits o f

p ,
M al l i nas A roensis Linn a black species about half an inch long

, .
, ,
with yellow stripes on the abdomen and yellow legs It pro ,

.
visions its nest with flies and not being able to capture them by , ,
Swiftness runs past them when they are resting in an unconcerne d

, ,
manner till they are thrown o ff their guard when they are po unce d
, ,
upon and carried o ff to the nest

, .
FAM ILY XVII I —Crabroni dce .
Head large and square antenn ae Often thickened at the tips

abdomen oval or elliptic and sometimes clavate o r peti o lated ,
mandibles with the outer margin but Slightly curved ; prothorax

very short .
A very extensive gr o up as used by Smi th Edward Saunders ,

.
,
however in his Synopsis o f British Heterogyna and Fossorial

,
!
Hymenoptera (Transactions o f the Entomological Society o f Lo n

don for admits three families viz Pemphredonid ce M i m esi cl ce , .
, ,
and Crabronidae The species are black with yellow spots and
.
,
bands and often with s i lvery pub escénce o n the face ; t hey may
,
often be seen resting o n flowers The small species o f Crabro .
form their bur rows in the pith o f bramble rose etc or in rotten , ,
.
,
wood ; others burrow in the ground The genera M i mosa .

,
Shuck and Psen Latr are black with red legs or with the
.
, , .
, , ,
petiolated abdomen red at the base Some o f the smaller Species .
store up gnats or aphides .

1 26 HYME N O PTE RA .
Head wider than the thorax t he

intermediate t ibiae armed
with a single spur at their apex ; the legs with the anterior tarsi
strongly ciliated — (Smith )
”
.
In the genus Cerceri s Latr the first segment o f the abdomen

,
.
,
is narrow and all the segments are constricted at the extremities ;

,
this is much less t h e case in Phi l anthus Fabr but in the South ,
.
American genus T rachypus K lug the abdomen is peti o lated , ,

.
M ost o f the species are black with yellow spots and bands Some,
.
o f the species provision their nests with beetles (B upresti dce ,
Curcul i oniol ce etc ) o r grasshoppers ; but others attack bees and

,
.
,
are very mi schievous destroying great numbers ,

Phi l anthus .
T riangul u m Latr was named P Api oorus by Latreille o n account

,
.
, .
o f this habi t .
H YM EN O P TE RA A CULE ATA—DI P L O PTE RA .
Fore wings folded in repose ; species solitary or social ; both

sexes winged ; sides of the prothorax prolonged backwards to
the base of the wings ; four front t ibi ae with o ne spine at the tip
hind tibiae with two .
The Dipl optera o r true Wasps are divided into three families
, , ,
which we will now proceed to consider .
FAM ILY XX —M asari dce . .
Solitary species ; antenn ae twelve j ointed in both sexes but -

,
th e terminal joints frequently s o closely welded together that the

antenn ae appear to be onl y eight jointed fore wings with only -
two sub marginal cells ; abdomen hardly contractile the second

-
,
’
segment not conspicuously larger than the others .
The M asari dce are a small group o f black yellow b elted wasps ,
-
which are not found in Britain though several species are met ,
with o n the C ontinent chiefly i n the M editerranean region

, .
They appear t o be m ore numerous in Africa and Australia than in

other parts o f the world They are remarkable for the great dif
.
fe re nces in the shape of the an t enn ae which present every grada ,
tion between long and short slender o r formed into a large club , , .
The club is largest in the genera Cel oni tes Latr and M asaris ,
.
, ,
Fabr . Cel oni tes A bbreoi atus Vill was mistaken by O livier fo r a
, ,
Cimber owing to the peculiar form of the antennae

, The wings .
green It is found in M adagascar The species of Icaria construct

. .
small open nests in trees composed o f a substan ce resembling thin,
brown paper and containing numerous cells

,
.
P ol istes Latr is o n e o f the largest genera o f the Vespidce and

, .
, ,
is the only genus except VeSpa which is represented in Europe

, , ,
three o r four species being found in the South They are black .
,
with yellow Spots o n the head and back and are about as long as ,
a c o mmon wasp but much more slender ; the first segment o f the
,
abdomen is bell shaped They construct a nest similar t o that

-
.
made by the wasps of the genus I cari a in whi ch they lay up a ,
small store of honey .
The true Wasps belonging to the genus Vespa are black and
, ,
y ellow insects which are t o o well known to need description

,
.
The smaller wasps are very similar but are divided into species ,
chiefly by the black markings on their yellow faces The Hornet .
es a Crabro Linn ) is nearly half as large again as the other

( p
V ,
.
species from which it may be distinguished by its redder colour

, ,
and the row o f reddish spots o n each Side o f the abdomen Some .
species o f wasps construct their nests in the ground and o thers in ,
trees ; these nests are composed of a material resembling thi n

coarse brown paper Each nest i s commenced by o ne female
.
,
which has survived the winter ; but as soon as her first eggs
hatch and the first brood is reared the wasps help t h e foundress
, ,
in enlargin g the nest and bringing up the young ; other females

begin to lay and the colony rapidly i n creases
,
Hence the .
necessity for killing the large wasps which appear in spring if we ,
wish to diminish the numbers o f wasps in the succeeding summer

and autumn When cold weather sets in the wasps rapidly
.
,
perish only a few females surviving the winter in a torpid state

,
to continue the race duri ng the fo llowing year .
The Hornet is less numerous than the smaller wasps ; it lives

in smaller communities and is not only a much less abun dant ,
species but appears to be almost confined to the south of England

,
o n the C ontinent it is much more generally abundant B u t it i s .
not a quarrelsome insect though its powerful sting makes it fo r ,
m i dabl e if molested I t generally constructs its nest in h o llow

.
trees but will also build under the eaves of houses The wasps
,
.
construct their nests o f rasped wood o r bark ; and I possess a ,
beau tiful hornets nest which was found fixed to the rafter o f a
’
house at C olchester which was being rebuilt I t has every appear .
ance of being constructed o f deal Shavings .

B EE S . 1 29
The genus VSSpa has representatives in many parts o f the

world ; but the largest and handsomest species are perhaps those
which inhabit the East I ndies O ne o f the largest is Vespa
.
M andari nia Smith which is common in China and J apan and

, , ,
measures fully two inches across the wings There are several .
smaller East Indian species o f more varied colours than ours ;

some are quite black and others are black with a broad reddish
,
band on the abdomen ; o r the whole abdomen may be reddish ,
except at the base .
The sting of some of the foreign wasps is a serious matter and ,
liable to produce unpleasant e ff ects for a lo ng time afterwards .
M itchell d ur in g o n e of his exploring expeditions in Eastern

,
Australia was st ung by a wasp from a nest built in a tree near

,
which he passed The pain was s o severe that it made him cry
.
o u t ; and aff ected the muscles o f the injured leg s o much that ,
when he dismounted in the evening he fell o n attempting to stand

upon it ; and the place was marked by a livid spot o f the Si z e o f
a Sixpence which did not disappear for Six months afterwards
, .
The species whi ch M itchel l calls A bi spa Austral iana has not yet
, ,
been correctly identified ; the description given corresponds fairly

with M onorebia Ephippi um Fabr an Australian species bel o nging
, .
,
to the E um enidce but the habits o f this species as Smith remarks , ,
are not at all like those o f M itchell s insect ; and it is evident that’
the latter was one of the true Vespi cl ce though there does not ,
appear to be any species in the collection o f the Bri tish M useum

’
which can be recognised as M itchell s ins ect .
H YM ENO PTE RA A CULEATA—A N TH O P HILA .
Al l the sexes winged ; ant e nnae twelve j ointed in the females -
and thirteen j ointed in the males the former generally armed

-
,
with a sting and with the firs t joint Of the tarsi more o r less
,
dilated ; hairs more o r less branched or plumose at least those o n ,
the thorax — (E Saunders )

. . .
Solitary species ; tongue short acute o r else obtuse and , ,
emarginate ; labium and terminal maxillary lobes no t forming a

long proboscis hind legs very hairy ; basal j oint o f the hind tarsi
but Slightly dilated and never externally dilated into an angle
, .
The A ndreni dce are small dark coloured b ees often more or less-
,
clothed with whitish hairs o r pubescence o r with fulvous pub es , ,
cence They are found all over the world and are well represente d
.
,
in England the genus A ndrena Fabr being by far the mos t

, ,
.
,
numerous in species among o ur British bees They form burrows .
in the groun d o r in the crevices of walls and the species o f

, ,
Andrena appear in early spring when they may be met with at ,
t h e flowers o f the sall ow The species o f the genus Prosopis Fabr

.
,
.
,
form their nests in bramble stems and occasionally in dock ,

.
According to Smith living examples o f A ndrena exhale an agree

,
able odour when alive Some species are very subject to the .
attacks o f the curious C oleopterous parasite Styl ops which may ,
frequently be seen slightly protruding from their bodies and ,
di sfigures them to such an extent that stylopised bees have frs

quently been described as distinct species .
FAMILY II —Apida . .
Solitary social species ; mouth parts produced into a long

or -
proboscis ; basal j oint o f t he hind tarsi Often externally dilated .
The species belonging to this family are very numerous and ,
very varied in their structure colours and habits We shall , ,

.
confine ourselves here t o noticing a few of the most interesting

genera in systematic order .
The species o f the genus Osmia Panz are black hairy bees ,
.
, ,
generally more o r less varied with reddish hairs and measur ing ,
about one third o f an inch in length They form their nests in

-
.
the ground under stones in walls in o l d trees o r in empty snail

, , , ,
shells A long account o f their habits is given by F Smith in

. .
his Catal ogue of Br itish B ees i n the Col l ecti on of the Bri tish M useu m .
A nthocopa P apaoeris Latr a C ontinental species allied to Osm ia

, .
, ,
which h as not yet been ascertained to be British lines its under ,
ground nest with the scarlet petals Of the fi e l d poppy the species -
o f M cgachi l e Latr which are grey pubescent bees are als o leaf
, .
, , ,
cutters M any species are very common in England especially

.
,
M Centuncul ari s Linn which may often be seen cutting very nea t
.
, .
,
segments Of a circle o u t of rose leaves etc -

,
.
There is a small section of bees the habits o f which are not

yet thoroughly understood though it has long been known that ,
they are parasitic on other bees ; or at least they lay their eggs
in their nests and the young larvae are believed to feed on the
,
store laid up for the use o f the o ffspring of the rightful owners .
Hence Latreille called the invaders Cuckoo Bees They belong .

Last, but not least we must close our notice of the Hym enoptera
,
with the Hive Be e Apis M el l if era Linn an insect now naturalised

-
, , .
,
over the whole world It is a bl ackiSh pubescent insect with the

.
,
thorax and legs more o r less reddish the males and females
measure about two t hirds of an inch in length and the workers
-
,
are somewhat smaller .
The ancients were aware that the bees were governed by a

sovereign which however they supposed to be t he king and not
, , , ,
the queen Another widely diff used error which we meet with
.
-
,
both among the Hebrews and Romans was that bees were either ,
bred from or made their nest in dead carcasses It is only within .
t h e last few centuries that their real economy h as been rationally

investigated ; and though numbers o f good observers have devoted
much time and attention to the subj ect much still remains to be ,
done before their habits are thoroughly understood As long .
accounts o f their economy are to be found in almost every book

o n natural history we may perhaps be allowed to pass the subject
,
over in the present work only remarking that o n the whole the
,
habits of b ees appear to be less interesting than those of ants and ,
that they appear to b e decidedly inferior in intelligence .

B UTTE R FLIE S AND M OT H S . 1 33
O R D E R LE P I D O P T E R A .
! AS I have already treated o f European B utterflies and M oths
in a separate work the present article is devoted chiefly to foreign

,
specie s !
Wi ng s fo ur clothed with scales ; metamorphosis complete ;

,
larva mand ibu late m

/
ost frequ ently with from ten to si xt Se n legs ;

,
pupa inactive often encl o sed in a cocoon ; imago hau st el l aTtC:

,
Butterflies and M o ths have al ways been very favourite insects ,
not only with entomologists but with all dwellers in the country , ,
or lovers o f Nature They cannot easily be confused with any .
other O rder than that to which they belong except in a few ,
instances in which Caddis fl i e s somewhat resemble small moths or -

,
some o f the clear winged moths resemble Diptera o r Hym enoptera

-
.
The bright colours o f these insects are due entirely to the

scales— with which their wings are covered and which are doubtless
U -
,
metarhO rpl Io se d hairs When this clothing whi ch is more or less

.
,
dense is removed we find a colourless membrane beneath tra

, , ,
versed by branching veins as in o ther insects ,

.
The distinction between Butterfli es and M oths is purely arti

fi ci al and is more Sharply emphasised in English by the use of
,
separate words than in other languages Thus t he French and .
G ermans generally u se the words P api l l on and Schm etterl i ng ,
which corres pond to Lepidoptera in general and instead of using ,
distinct words u se expressions corresponding to Day Bu t t e rfli e s

,
-
and Night But t erfli es Still the term Butterflies is conveniently

-
.
,
employed to include the first five families o f Lepidoptera the fifth ,
of which t he Hesperii cl ae is so widely separated from all the true

, ,
Butterflies o n the o n e hand and from all the true M oths on the ,
other that there is little real danger o f a butterfly being mistaken

,
fo r a moth o r nice oersa by any o n e at all acquainted with the

, ,
subject though those who proceed o n the axiom that a butterfly

,
is a brightly coloured insect with a slender body and a moth a

-
,
dull coloured insect with a thick b ody will fall into m any mi s
-
,
takes .
1 34 LE P I D O P TE RA .
Linné divided the Lepi doptera into three genera —

only P apil i o ,
Sphi na and Phal a na or B utterflie s Hawk M oths and M oths

, , ,
-
,
.
These he di vided into sub genera and sections most o f which -

,
represent families in the arrangements followed by modern authors

,
.
S E C T IO N I — RH O PAL O C E RA .
,
OR BUTTE R FLIE S .
Antenn ae terminating in a more less gradually formed club or -
fore and hind wings not linked together by a bristle at the base
flight generally diurnal .
—
FAM ILY I Nymphal i dce . .
Front pair o f legs more or less rudimentary pupa attached by

the tail only .
This is by far the largest of the five families of Butterflies and ,
includes nearly half o f all the known species It is divided into .
several sub families

-
.
SUB -
FAM ILY I .
— Danai nce .
Discoidal cells o f the wings closed ; costal nervure short not ,
extending to the tip Of the wing ; hind wing cells large and irre -
gular in shape ; wings rounded or very Slightly scalloped never , ,
oce l lated head small palpi Slender larv ae not spiny but furnished ,
with fleshy tubercles or with two o r three pairs o f long Slender

, ,
filaments ; im ago frequently provided with scent producing organs -

.
The typical Danatu m are inhabitants o f Asia and Africa ; most

o f the American species are rather di ff erent The largest species .
belong to the genus Hestia Hii bn which is confined to India and ,

.
,
the Eastern Islands They are butterflies with very Slender bodies
.
and bro ad greyish white wings with black lines and markings
-
, .
They often measure six inches across the wings and their flight is ,
said to be very elegant Some Anglo Indians give them the name .
-
o f Spectre B utterflies .
Danaus Chrysippus Linn is the o nl y European species o f this

, .
,
family It is tawny with black borders spotted with white ; the

.
, ,
apical half o f the fore wings is black with a white transverse ,
macular band The cell o f the hind wing is marked with three
.
black spots and besides these the male i s provided with a dense
, , ,
patch of raised scales nearer to the inner margin which is con ,
si de re d to be a scent producing apparatus-

M ost o f the species o f .
Danaus are either coloured lik e this o r else are black with longi , ,
and other Al pine butterflies from South Spain and Italy where ,
several o f our common Central E ropean butterflies take theil

u
places as purel y mountain species i s o ne reason why the South ,
Euro pean faun ae are so much poorer than those o f Alpine Europe .
Some South American species are perfectly transparent except

o n the veins and borders ; but their much broader and shorter
wings will prevent them from ever being mistaken for Danai nce .
These belong to the genera Ci thceri as Hii bn and Hoetera Fabr , .

, ,
.
The species o f Cithceri as are exceedingl y delicate and beautiful

insects and are Often adorned with an oblong blotch o f deep
,
crimson o r violet near the inner margin o f t he hind wings .
M el ani ti s Leda Linn is a rather large butterfly common over a

, .
, ,
great part o f Africa and Southern Asia It is t wo o r three inches .
in expanse and is brown with angulated hind wings towards t he

, ,
tip o f the fore wings are two large contiguous round white spots
surrounded with black and frequently with fulvous also This , .
species is very common and widely distributed and is interesting ,
from its habit o f flying at dusk o r after dark instead o f in the , ,
day time
-
.
A larger and handsomer species allied to this is t he black and

white Neori na Law n D o u bl and He w a native o f B orneo and
, . .
,
Sumatra .
The smaller South American Satyri nce b elong principally to the

genus E uptychi a Hii bn The species vary in size from o n e t o
, .
nearly two inches and are o f various Shades o f b rown though

, ,
some are whitish and others bright blue There is generally at

, .
”
least o n e eye o r ocellated spot near the tip o f the fore wings
!
, , ,
which is most distinct on the under surface The wings especially .

,
the under surface are often adorned with transverse lines ; and
,
the hind wings are occasionally dentated .
The ge nus M ani cl a Schrank includes the brown butterflies , ,
known as M ountain Ringlets They are very numerous in the .
Alps and may be known by the black marginal spots more o r

, ,
less surrounded with red and often with a white dot in the ,
centre Some o f these species as well as other blackish o r dark

.
,
brown Satyri nce exhibit greenish or b luish reflections in certain

,
lights T wo or three species are found o n l o w ground but even

. ,
these are rarely met with except in hilly districts Two species .
only (M ani ol a Epiphron K noch and E thi ops Esp ) are found in
, , , .
the north o f England and Scotland .
The genus E nnis Hii bn is re m arkable for the great majority

,
.
,
B UT T ERFLIE S . 137
of the species being Arctic though o ne or two are Alpine They , .
are generally o f a p al e tawny colour with marginal spots o r eyes , .
The curious silvery A rgyrophorus Argenteus Blanch a native o f Chil i , , ,
is allied to these butterflies ; as are also the M arbled Wh ites which ,
belong to the genus M el anargi a M e ig These are of a black and , .
white colour above though the wings are sometimes more or less
,
marked with reddish o n the under surface along the nervures They .
are most numerous in Southern Europe though o ne o r two species ,
are met with throughout E urope North Africa and Nort hern and , ,
Western Asia .
The largest and handsomest of the European Satyri noe belong t o

the genus Hipparchia Fabr O ur common G rayling (Hipparchi a , .
Sem el e Linn ) is the only British species

, . It is brown with a .
,
black eye near the tip o f the fore wings bordered by a square ,
tawny bl o tch o n each Side ; the female has a second eye surrounded ,
with tawny near the hinder angle ; the hind wings have a tawny
,
submarginal band and a small black eye near the anal angle
, .
I t frequents dry hill Sides o r heaths especially in chalky localities ;

-
,
and I first met with it o n the G reat O rme s Head in Wales I t ’
,
.
measures about two o r t wo and a half inches in expanse Several .
o f the European species of this genus are very simply marked ,
such as H P haedra Linn which is dark brown with t wo black

.
, .
, ,
eyes with large blue pupils o n the hind wings I t is found in

, , .
open places in woods but is not common everywhere The hand ,

.
s o m e st species o f this genus is H P arisoti s K oll which is a dark .

, .
,
brown insect about the Size o f H Phaedra but is ornamented with .

,
a broad white o r very pale blue border to all the wings It is met .
with from Armenia to North Western India -

.
The greater number o f the smaller Satyri nce o f Asia and Afri ca
belong to the genus M ycal esi s Hii bn They are black o r brown ,
.
,
and like s o many butte rflies o f this family are generally adorned
, ,
with three eyes two o n the fore wings and o ne at the anal angle
, ,
o f the hind wings M any o f the males are adorned with a large
.
fan like tuft o f hair at the base o f the hind wings ab o ve O ne

-
.
peculiarity by which a brown butterfl y may often be recognised as

a M ycal esis at a glance i s that the eye near the hinder angle o f ,
the fore wings is generally m uch larger than that at the tip ,
whereas the reverse is the case in other genera of Satyri nce The .
species are generally o f small size rarely exceeding an inch and a ,
half in expanse .
Ynthi ma Hubn another genus co mm on i n Asia and Africa

,
.
, ,
138 LE P I D O P TE RA .
includes small brown butterflies often not exceeding an inch in ,
expanse with a large black eye in a yellow ring at the tip o f the
,
fore wings with two white pupils ,

.
The larger and handsomer South Ame ri can Satyri nce belong to
the genera T aygeti s Hii bn and P ronophi l a We st w and their ,
.
, , .
,
al lies . The l atter are most numerous in Western South America .
They are brown insects with more o r less dentated hind wings , ,
and are generally adorned with tawny markings .
Se v eral o f the most recent writers include the East Indian

genus E l ym/ni as Hu bn with the Satyri nce The species o f this
, .
, .
genus measure about three inches across the wings and they have ,
all a superficial resemblance to different species o f D anai nce and

Satyri nae from which their more or less dentated wings which are
, ,
generally irregularly mottled with brown o r grey beneath would ,
at once distinguish them .
SU B - —
FAM ILY I I I M orphi noe . .
Hind wings with the discoidal cell open ; size large ; wings
broad rounded o r very slightly scalloped hind wings sometimes
, ,
l o bed at the anal angle but never tailed wings generally adorned ,
beneath with a row o f moderate sized eyes ; flight diurnal ; larvae -
with forked tails .
The M orphi noe are nearly always o f a blue brown white or , , ,
tawny colour and are exclusively confined to the East I ndies and
,
tropical America Several genera are met with in the fo rmer

.
regio n but the typical genus M orpho Fabr is exclusively confined

, , .
,
to the latter .
The specie s o f T enaris Hu bn are very singular look ing butter , .

,
-
flies brown o r white according to the species with two large black
, , ,
eyes with white pupils and more or less surrounded with yellow , ,
o n each hind wing most distinct on the under surface They are
,
.
confined t o the P apuan I slands and the M oluccas .
A mathusia P hidippus Linn is a brown butterfly with a large , .

,
lobe o n the hi nd wings ; it is found in J ava .
The genus T han/manti s Hii b n whi ch is met with in India , .

, ,
China and M alayana i s nearly allied to M orpho

,
The species are , .
o f large Size with rounded wings ,

and several such as T Diores ,
.
,
D o u bl are brown with a large suffused blue spot in the middle of

.
, ,
e ach wing O ne o f the fi nest North Indian species is T Camudeoa

. .
,
W e st w which is dark brown dull red and b luish white ab ove

.
, , , ,
and yellow b eneath .

at the brightest resembling the col o ur of any M orpho These

, .
insects ar e exclusively confined to tropical America .
O ne o f the commonest species i s Cal igo T eu cer Linn The , .
borders o f the wings are broadly velvety black and the base of ,
the fore wings is yellowish grey sh ading into bluish o n the hind ,
wings The under surface of the hind wings is finely reticulated

.
with grey o r brown and marked with three eyes the last of
, ,
which is very large and oval black and surrounded with a , ,
moderately broad buff ring .
Another very handsome species of this family is Dynastes Napo

l eon D o ubl and He w
, . It is black with an O blique white macular
.
,
band on the fore wings and a broad tawny b and o n the hind ,
wings It is found in South Brazil and is considered a great rarity

.
,
.
SU B -
FAM ILY V .
—Acroeince .
D is coidal cells of t he wings closed ; wings long and narrow ;

palpi thick not very hairy larvae Spiny
, .
The species of A crcea are chiefly natives o f Africa only a few ,
being found in India Australia etc M ost of the species are red
, , .
,
with black spots and several are more or less t ransparent Some
, .
few however are brown with black spots and red or white
, , , ,
markings o r tawny with black markings

, .
In the allied South American genus A ctinote the colours o f the ,
species are more varied but brown and fulvous generally pred o
,
minate B lack spots are wanting but the hind wings are nearly
.
,
always longitudinally striated beneath .
S UB FAM IL Y VI —
-
Hel i conincr . .
Discoidal cells o f the wings closed those o f hind wings small ; ,
win gs long and narrow costal nervure extending to the tip o f ,
the fore wing ; head b road palpi thick hairy larvae spiny ,
.
The Hel i coninae are exclusively confined to tropical Ameri ca ,
and are v ery varied in pattern and coloration although there is ,
no group in which a greater variety is obtained from simple

m aterial s by the substitution of o ne colour fo r another in insects
otherwise Simil ar A very common and simply marked species is
.
Hel i coni us M elpom ene Linn which is black with a broad red band
, .
, ,
across the fore wings Another section o f the genus resembles

.
M echwni ti s a genus o f D anai nce all ied to I thom i a in its markings

, , .
Hel i coni us E ucrate Hii bn is an instance of this

, It is black and
.
, .
tawny with a large white spot near the tip of the fore wings
,
.
BUTTE R F LIE S . 141
Discoidal cells of the hind wings open ; structure both o f the

larva an d imago very variable .
The typical Nymphal i noe are a very ext ensive group which it is ,
not easy to divide satisfactorily into smaller sections ; and indeed , ,
most authors do not consider even the M orphi nae su ffi ciently dis
tinct to be separated from them Bu t these two groups are dis .
t i ngu i sh e d from all the other Nymphal idoe by the Open hind wing -
cells
.
The genus Col aeni s Hu bn has long and rather narrow wi ngs
,
.
, .
The species are about four inches in expanse and are usuall y o f a ,
tawny colour ; but C Did o Linn is black and gre e n These

.
,
.
, .
butterflies frequent plantations and clearings throughout tropical

America :
D i one Hu bn a genus o f similar habits includes species with
, .
, ,
shorter wings o f a rich tawny spotted but not bordered with

, , ,
black The under surface is splendi dl y spotted with Silver to a

.
,
much greater extent than in any o f o ur o wn fri tillaries .
The East In di an genus Cathosi a Fabr includes species with , .

,
roun ded and dentated wings which are remarkable for the elegant ,
festooned marki ngs of the under surface o f the wings Above .
they are o f a pale sal mon colour (or sometimes white in the
femal es ) with black spots and borders
,
.
These and several o ther tropical genera, which we have not

r o om to notice are allied to the genus Argynni s Fabr which
, , .
,
includes ful vous black spotted and black bordered butterflies

,
- -
,
with silver spots o r streaks o n the under surface o f the hind

wings These are very numerous throughout Europe Asia and
.
, ,
North America and are known to collectors as Fritillaries

, Some .
o f the smaller species extend to the extreme limits o f animal life
in the Arctic regions ; but the genus is no t found south of the

Sahara in Africa where it is replaced by A crcea ; nor in South
, ,
Am erica (except a few small species confined t o the m o untains of

the west) being there replaced by Col eeni s and allied genera
, , .
The species o f M el it aea Fabr much resemble those o f Argynni s

,
.
, ,
but do not exceed the dimensions o f the smaller species of that

genus rarely measuring more than an inch and a half across the
,
wings whereas many species o f Argynnis expand three inches

,
and upwards They are tawny and are rarely marked with black
.
,
spots which are replaced by black lines ; and the under surface
,
of the hind wings is tessellated with straw colour o r pale red -

.
They are found throughout Europe Asia and North America , , ,
bu t not in Afri ca o r South America ; nor do they extend to the .
very hi gh Arctic latitudes where we still meet with Argynni s ,

.
Some of the North American species are black with white and ,
red spots .
M ost of the smaller tawny Nymphal i nw o f America bel o ng to

the genus Phyci odes Hii bn M any resemble M el i tcea above but
, .
,
the under side o f the hind wings is yell owish or greyish with o ut ,
sharply defined m ark ings O thers have very long wings and .
,
closely resemble small Hel i coni nce being marked with black an d ,
tawny in a similar manner while others again are black wit h , ,
white sp o ts on the fore wings and a broad white band o n the ,
hind wings The Short winged spe cies are usually smaller than
.
-
an average M el i tcea but the largest of the other group occasio n

,
ally exceed two inches i n expanse This genus though occur .

,
ring also i n North America entirely replaces M el i taea in tro pical ,
America and has given rise to M r Bat e s s observation that repre

’
, .
s e nt at i ve tropical forms o f temperate groups rarely surpass and ,
are often inferior to the latter both in size and beauty , .
Al l these genera have spiny larvae and so likewise has the ,
next group o f Nymphal i nce that represented by Vanessa Fabr , ,

.
,
and its allies which may be distinguished from most o f the o ther
,
Nymphal i noe by their more or less dentated wings This char .
acter reaches its acme in the genus P ol ygoni a Hii bn the species , .
,
of which are rich tawny spotted with black and marked with a , ,
whi t e C o n the under surface o f each wing This genus is most .
numerous in North America but is represented in Britain by the ,
C omma Butterfly (P C A l bum Linn ) . .

-
, .
Eleven species of the Vanessa group are found in Europe seven ,
o f which are B ritish a l arger prop o rtion than Obtains among other
,
butterflies ; but most o f the Vanessce are strong winged insects -

,
feeding o n nettles thistles and other common weeds ; and this

,
‘
may help to account for the wide di stribution o f many Of the

species They are richly coloured butterfl ies and most o f the
.
-
,
species are common ; o ne of the most beautiful is the black and

”
Scarlet Re d Admiral
!
(y
P ram eis A tal anta Linn ) which is , ,
common in most gardens in autumn .
The Vanessce are represented in Asia and Africa by the genera

J unoni a Hubn Preci s Hii bn Sal am is B o i s d and a few others
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
J unonia Ori thya Linn a common East Indian species is black

,
.
, ,
1 44 LE P I D OP TE RA .
butterflies o f moderate size sometimes spotted wi th white and , ,
generally more or less adorned wi t h rich purplish blue .
Catonephel e Hii bn is remarkable fo r the disparity o f the sexes

, .
,
.
The males are black with broad markings o f the richest orange
, ,
and the fe m al es are als o black but are marked with yellow bands ,
and spots arranged nearly as in the East I ndian genus Nepti s o r ,
in the allied South American genus M yscel ia D oubl in which ,

.
,
latter they were formerly included as it was not until their habits ,
had been careful ly studied in their native countries that it was

supposed that there was any specific identity b etween such di s
similar butterfli es .
The smallest o f the true Nymphal i noe b elong to the genus

Dynami ne Hii bn
,
Several are white with the costa and hind
.
,
margin black spotted with whi te ; the costa is often shaded with
,
bluish o r greenish and there is frequently a dark transverse stripe

,
near the base o f the hind wi ngs O n the under surface the dark .
,
portions o f the wings are lined and blotche d wi th reddish and

bluish grey Some o f these white species scarcely exceed an inch
.
in expanse ; but there is another group o f rather larger Spe cI e s I n

which the m ales are bluish greenish o r bras sy with dark borders
'
, , , ,
and sometimes spots ; and the females are brown spotted and ,
banded with white O n the under Side of the hind wings are two
.
large black eyes with blue pupils and yellow rings placed o n a
, ,
reddish band which is edged with white on bot h sides

,
In .
other species the males are bluish o r greenish spotted with white
, , ,
and with black tips and borders and the females are black and ,
white The u nder side of the hind wings is silvery grey with
.
,
reddish lines o r stripes but without eyes These pretty little, .
butterflies are found flying about hedges or at the edges o f woods ,

.
The genera Cal l i core and P eri sama Hii bn are velvety black , .
,
above with more o r less extended blue o r green markings O n

, .
the under surface the fore wings are broadly scarlet at the base ;
and the hind wings in Cal l i core are grey o r brown with two pairs ,
o f black spots
(frequently united ) each pair enclosed by an oval ,
black figu re ; and both then enclosed b y two more or less complete
black concentric circles The En glish residents in Brazil call these
.
”
butterflies Eighty eights from the peculiar markings o n the
-
,
under surface o f the hind wings In P eri sama the hind wings are .
o f diff erent colours beneath and are marked with two black lines , ,
between which runs a row of black dots .
Catagramma Bo i sd is closely allied to the last two genera but

,
.
, ,
B UTTE R FLIE S . 1 45
here the greater number o f the species are black and scarlet ab o ve ,
th o ugh some are marked with blue green or yell o w The under , , .
surface varies ; several species are marked nearly as in Cal l i core ,
but more heavily while in o thers the under surface o f the hind
,
wings is covered with al tern ate stripes o f black and yello w .
Cynaecia D irce Linn is a very common and widely distributed

, .
,
butte rfly in South America where it is fo nd o f settling o n the ,
trunks o f trees with i t s wings raised li ke Ageronia and several ,
other allied genera It is a robust insect and measures upward s

.
,
of two inches across the wings The fore wings are triangular .
and obtusely pointed owing to the hind margin being rather

,
oblique ; and there is a projecting lobe o n the lower part o f the

hind wings The upper Side is uniform brown with a broad
.
,
yellow band ru nning obliquely acro ss the fore wings O n the .
under side the transverse band is paler and the whole o f the ,
wings are b eau t iq y striped and reticulated with b rown and

r
g ye
T he species of P andora We st w are large in sects expanding , .
, ,
ab o ut three inches The hind margin o f the fore wings is more

.
o r less concave but the hind wings are not dentated

,
They are .
black with a brassy green band beyond the middle o n al l the

,
-
wings ; towards the base they are darker green intersected by ,
numerous rather broad black lines The under side o f the hind .
wings is red They inhabit the west o f South America and their
.
,
flight is very rapid .
A geronia Hii bn is chiefly remarkable for the crackling noise

, .
,
which several species make with their wings during flight The .
butterflies are tesselated with black and grey green or blue ao , , ,
cordin g to the species ; they measure upwards o f two inches in

expanse and the wings are slightly dentated ; b ut the hind margin
,
of the fore wi ngs is hardly c o ncave .
The genus Didoni s Hii bn includes a few bro wn butterfli es

,
.
, ,
expanding about two and a half inches The fore wings are .
rounded and the hind wings dentated ; the latter are marked with
,
a conspicuous red submarginal band and are spotted with red at ,
the base beneath .
The genus M egal ura Blanch includes several brown o r tawny

, ,
species with black transverse lines running across both pairs o f

,
wings In ano t her section represented by M Corinna Latr the

.
,
.
,
.
,
species are brown with a broad tawny ban d across the fo re wings
,
and a large b lue blotch at the base of the hi nd wings The species .
K
ex pand two inches or over and are remarkable for having a long
, ,
t ail on the hind wings similar to that found in many species of ,
is a common South American butterfly

Vi ctorina Stenel es, Linn .
, ,
m uch resembling Col aani s Di do at first sight but with shorter and ,
broader wings It is b rown with a broad greenish band entire

.
, ,
o n the hin d wings and broken into spots o n the fore wings
,
There .
is an outer row o f green spots and the anal angle of the hind ,
wings is marked with a red or orange spo t .
O n quitting South American insects we arrive first at the ,
genus Cyresti s Boi sd The species are allied to M egal ur a but are
, . .
smaller much more delicately formed and with shorter tails ; they a
,
re ,
generally whi te or tawny and except two African species they are , , ,
al l East Indian C T hyodam as B o i sd is a native Of No rth India

. .
, .
,
.
The genera Hypol i mnas Hii bn P seudacrcea We st w and some , .

, , .
,
o f their allies are r emarkable for the singular resemblance of many

,
o f the species included in the m to species of D anaus E u l oea and

p , ,
A eroea The most remarkable of these is Hypol i m nas M isippus

.
,
Lin n a common species in Africa and the E ast Indies as well as

.
, ,
o n the north coast of South America where it has doubtless been ,
introduced as no other species o f the group is known to occur in

,
America I t measures about three inches in expanse and the

.
,
male is black with slightly dentated wings O n each wing is a

, .
large bluish white spot and there is a smaller white spot near the
-
,
tip o f the fore wings But the female is a tawny insect marked .
,
almost exactly like Danaus Chrysippus except that the hind wi ngs ,
are rather more dentated and that there is o nl y o n e black spot in ,
the middle instead of five , .
The African species of Hypol imnas are very handsome D Sal .
macis Drury not an uncommon species is black blue and white

, , , , , ,
and considerably larger than D M i sippu s . .
A delpha Hii bn is a genus which replaces Li m eni ti s in tropical

, .
,
America extending as far north as C alifornia

,
They are middle .
sized dark brown butterflies with a white o r pale greenish band

-
,
-
running from the middle o f the fore wings to the inner margin o f
the hind wings and there is an orange mark varying in si ze and
, ,
Shap e in different species toward s the tip o f the fore wings This ,
.
is t he general colorat ion b ut there are e xceptions Some species ,

.
have a large round o r oval whi te spot in the middle o f the hind
wings, inst ead o f a band ; and others are brown with the greater ,
part o f the fore wings filled up with red or tawny .

A Namouna, D oubl
. is shot with much brighter blue ; b ut most of
.
,
t h e other I ndian species and several o f the South American too , ,
are much inferior to o u r own in Siz e an d beauty But others from .
the latter country are o f a bright blue o r gree nish blue above ;
and in A Laurentia G o dt the under surface of the hind wings is
.
,
.
,
o f a brilliant silvery white The larvae o f Apatura and its allies .
are smooth with horns o n the head and sometimes a slightly ‘
, ,
bi fid tail The butterflies fly round the tops o f the highest trees

.
,
and rarely descend to the ground .
A gri as E den He w is the type o f a magnificent genus confined

,
.
,
to the west o f South America The species have black and scarlet .
fore wings and stout bodies and resemble gigantic Catagrammce i n

, ,
appearance measuring nearly four inches in expanse There is

, .
generally a large blue spot on the brown hi nd wings The species .
are always rare and difficult to obtain generally settling o n the

, ,
trunks or branches o f trees at some height from the ground But .

,
like other butterflies o f this group they may sometimes be found ,
on pathways settled on dung ,

.
The genus Chararas O chs includes a large number o f very , .

,
h andsome African and East Indian butterflies much resembling
Apatura in their habits They are lofty fl ye rs and difficult to .

,
capture O ne species only (C J asi us Linn ) is European ; fo r it is

. .
,
.
common all ro und the M editerranean wherever t he Strawberry

Tree (Arbu tus Unedo) o n which the larva feeds is plentiful It, , .
'
is reddish brown above with yellow borders ; the under surface

-
,
is beautifully reticulated with dark red and white It measures .
about three inches across the wings Several o f the African .
species are similarly marked others are brown wi th red or blue ,
markings ; and o ne o f the smallest species C E upol e Drury which ,

.
, ,
does n o t exceed t wo inches in expanse is of a peculiar slightly , ,
yellowish green colour The East Indian species are either o f a

, .
deep tawny o r orange brown with black borders or o f a creamy , ,
white In South Am erica this genus is represented by M egi stanis

.
,
We st w the commonest species o f which M B a otus D o ubl and

.
, , .
, .
He w is comm o n on the U pper Amazons and in B ogota and is

.
, , ,
black with blue markings ; it expands about four inches M r

, . .
B ates notes thi s species as appearing at the commencement o f the

dry season in J une flying ab out the moist sediment left by the ,
retreating waters o f the river Although abundant it i s a difli cul t .

,
insect to capture as it is very wary and its flight is very wild

, ,
and rapi d I n bo th these genera the hind wings are strongly

.
BUTTE R F LIE S . 1 49
dentated and are usu ally adorned with at least two tails I n
,
.
several South American genera placed near the end o f the

Nymphal i nce the hi nd wings are adorned with a moderately broad
,
spatulate tail Hypna Cl ytemnestra Hii bn a brown butterfly with

.
,
.
,
a yell o wish white band across the fore wings is o ne o f these ; it

-
,
is common in most parts o f South America o r else there are a ,
number o f closely allied local forms in di fferent localities

- .
The species o f A ncea Hii bn are o f moderate size not much

,
.
, ,
exceeding two inches in expanse and are generally of a dark ,
brown more o r less blue at the base this colour frequently

, ,
exte nding over a great part o f the wings ; in other species the
prevailing shade is red .
The genus Protogenias Hu bn is remarkable for i tS singular

,
.
,
form ; the wings are l o ng and o f a black and tawny colour as in

, ,
some of the Hel iconinoe but the fore wings are strongly arched ,
and there is a projection in the middle extending further than ,
either the tip or the hinder angle ; the hind wings are furnished
with a rather long spatul ate tail The species are confined to .
tropical America .
Befo re finally quitting the Nymphal i dce we must not fo rget t o ,
notice the genus Si derone Hii bn which has pointed fore wings
, .
, ,
an d r o unded and Slightly dentated hind wings with a Short pro ,
j e ct i o n at the anal angle The under surface is mottled

. and ,
there is an oblique stripe as in K al l i m a which this genus probably ,
represents in America ; the under surface o f al l the species has

m o re o r less resemblance to a dead leaf ; but the u pper surface
differs considerably in the t wo principal sections o f t h e genus I n .
o n e it is black with rich scarlet markings and in the other it is

, ,
varied with tawny and yellowish Like K al l im a t o o the Species .

, ,
which most resemble dead leaves are very variable ; and varia
b il it y appears t o be a usual accompaniment o f this peculiar fo rm
o f protective mimicry .
—
FAM ILY II Lew0niidce. .
Front pair o f legs rudimentary in the male and fully devel o ped ,
in t he female ; species o f small size and delicate form ation ; pupa

attached by the tail .
S UB FAM ILY-
I .
—I ibytheinw/ .
Palpi contiguous four times as long as the head and form ing
, ,
a kind of beak ; wings angulated ; pupa suspended by the tail .

1 50 LE PI D O P TERA .
With the exception of one or two South Am erican Nymphal i dae

allied to E uni ca no other butterflies resemble the genus Li bythea
, ,
Fabr in the extraordinary development o f the palpi

.
, The species .
are o f small siz e seld o m measuring as much as two inches across

,
the win gs They are all very similar being brown with fulvous
.
, ,
markings and though not numerous in species yet representatives

, , ,
o f the genus are met with in South Europe the East Indies Wes t
, ,
Af rica M auritius North and South America the West In di es and

, , , ,
the M oluccan and Papuan Islands Those found in the Papuan .
Islands are larger than the others with less strongly angulated ,
wings and di fl er also in coloration being b rown or blue

'
, , .
SUB FAM I LY II
- — Nemeobi inw . .
Palpi o f m oderate
length ; subcostal nervure with four bran ches .
M r H W B ates has divided the E ryci n idw o f auth o rs into

. . .
three su b families by the neuration These butterflies are almost

-
.
entirely confined to tropical America a few genera and spe c1 e s ,
only occurring in Africa and the East Indies and o nl y one in ,
Europe Even in temperate North America very few Species are

.
met with and those chiefly in California and the adjacent Western
,
States .
Nem obius Lu cina Linn (the Duke o f Burgundy Fritil lary) is , .

,
a somewhat local species in England though not uncommon ,
throughout the greater part of Europe It measures about an .
inch i n expanse and is brown with rows of dul l orange spots

, , ,
which give the fore wings the appearance of b eing tessellate d I t .
derives its English name from its general resemblance to the

species o f M el ita m .
Zem eros F l egyas Cram is a common East Indian species , , ,
measuring about an inch and a half across the wings which are ,
slightly dentated It is brown covered with irregular black .

,
spots marked with white

, .
I n some species the hind wings are so strongly dentated as t o

be slightly tailed A bisam T epahc B oi sd m ay be taken as an
’
.
.
, ,
example It is brown with numerous white lines o n the under

.
,
surface and is a native o f M adagascar

,
.
The largest o f the Nem eobi inw belong to the genus E wrybea ,
Hu bn They expand about two inches and are of a light brown

. , ,
sometimes glossed with violet with a large blue eye surrounded ,
with tawny near the middle of the fore wings and a row of white
, , ,
1 52 LE P I D O P T ERA .
bluish white stripes and o ne o r two scarlet spots near the anal
-
,
angle o f the hind wings .
The species o f Zeonia Swains are transparent winged insects ,

.
,
-
,
with black borders and stripes ; the hind wings are more o r less
m arked with crimson .
B arbi co mi s Latr is a singular blac k and yellow tailed insect

, .
, ,
with pectinated antenn ae like a moth Some authors include it .
with the Lithosiidae .
The species o f Hel icopts Fabr are very delicately formed , .

,
-
insects which are among the commonest of the South American

,
Lemoni idce They are of a creamy white yellow towards the

.
,
base with black borders and the under side of the hind wings is
, ,
adorned with sil very spots M r Bates found two species of this . .
genus common in damp shady places near P ara and ob serves ,
Their flight is very slow and feeble ; they seek the protected
under surface o f the lea ves and in repose close their wings over ,
”1
the back so as to expose the brilliantly spotted under surface
,
-
.
The species o f E m esis Fabr are rather dingy insects They ,

.
, .
are brown insects with more or less pointed fore wings near the
, ,
tip o f which is often a W hite spot and they are traversed by ,
darker lines The under surface is generally reddish yello w

.
,
with the lines more distinct .
Lem oni as Hubn includes a number o f small species which are

, .
, ,
generally of a black colour more o r less o f the wings especially , ,
towards the base being red or blue spotted with black at least
, , ,
o n the under surface .
The genus Nymphidium Hu bn is n o t unlike Dynam ine among ,

.
, ,
the Nymphal idce in appearance M any of the species are white or

, .
yell o wish white with brown or yello wish brown borders

,
-
.
T heope West w incl udes s mall species with broad truncated

, .
, ,
fore wings ; they are blue more o r less bordered with brown an d , ,
the under surface is brown o r yellowish and is in most cases ,
absolutely uniform in colour being often destitute of any markings ,
whatever .
The genus Aricoris We st w includes several rather long , .

,
winged black and yellow butterflies ; and Si al achti s Hubn con ,

.
,
tains several species not unlike H el i comlnce in shape and colour .
They are about two inches in expanse and are black with reddish , ,
o r yellowish markings ; other species are partly transparent thus ,
resembling I thomi ce .
1
N a tur al i st o n the Am az ons i p 2 3 , . . .
B UT T ERFLI E S . l 53
FAM ILY III —I/ ycceni dce

. .
Front legs perfect in the female the front tarsi more o r less
imperfect in the male ; pupa attached by the tail and a belt ,
round the body ; larva short and broad .
These are insects o f small size and delicate structure and ,
various shades o f blue brown o r red preponderate in their colora , ,
tion M o st o f the genera are o f great extent an d the family has

.
,
not yet been satisfactorily divi ded into sub families -

.
M i l etus Sym ethas Cram

‘
a common East Indian species
, .
, ,
measures about an inch and a half across the wings which are ,
brown with a large white spot in t he middle o f the fore wings

,
.
This b utterfly is remarkable fo r having very thi ck legs and is ,

’
said to be frequently found in ants nests a circumstance whi ch ,
need no l o nger puz zle us as it has lately been disc o vered that the ,
larv ae o f several Iflyccenidce exude a liquid o f which ants are very

fo nd .
A aiocerces Hu bn is a genus with more o r less dentated wings ;

, .
,
the species are brown with red o r tawny markings and are , ,
especially numerous in South Africa This genus replaces Lycaena .
in Africa fo r the latter is not met with south of the M editerranean

,
region .
The genus Lycam a F ahr to which we have just alluded i n , .

, ,
cl u d e s the beautiful coppery red butterflies kno wn to all c o llectors -
”
as C oppers
!
Some o f the European species are sh o t with
.
pu rple ; but this is not the case with C Vargam ece Linn which
’
.
‘
, .
,
is o n e o f the most bril liant species and is n o t uncommon o n the ,
C ontinent in m any places though a doubtful species in England , .
The small genus T hestor is black and o range above and the hind ,
wings are frequently green beneath as in the typical species T , , .
Bal l us Fabr whi ch is not uncommon in the M e di terranean regi o n

, .
, .
P ol yommatas Latr in which the small blue b utterflies which

, .
,
frequent meadows and heaths may be placed is a very extensive ,
genus ; but the species are nearly all o f some shade o f blue o r
brown Frequently the male is blue and the female brown A
.
, .
row of red spots often runs round all o r part o f the wings ; and
t he under surface is usually grey or b rown and marked with ,
numerous black spots surrounded with white In o ne group o f .
the genus represented in Britain by P B astions Linn which is

, .
,
1
It i s now be l i e v e d t h at t h e s t at e m e n t t h at i t i s f o u n d i n
-
an t s
’
n e st s
a ppl i e s to s om e o t h er Le p i d o p t ero u s i ns e ct .
1 54 I
LE P D O PT ERA .
occasionally captured on the south coast the hind wings are ,
furnished with a short and slender tail and are striped instead of ,
spotted beneath .
Hypochrysops F eld is a genus con fined to Australia and the

, .
,
adjacent islands and remarkable for the beauty o f the markings,
of the under surface o f the wings H P ol y/cl etus Linn is blue . .

, .
,
(o r brow n with the b ase blue in the female) and the under surface
, , ,
o f the hind wings is brown with rows o f bright red spots bordered ,
with black and golden green It measures about an inch and a -

.
half across the wings which are slightly dentated It inhabits ,

.
Amboyna .
The genus T hed a Fahr is a very extensive group which

'
, , ,
.
includes the butt erflies kno wn as Hair streaks The European -

.
species are brown sometimes with a marginal row o f red spots , ,
and are adorned with a slender white line across both pairs o f
wings which form s a more o r less distinct W at the anal angle o f
,
the hind wings O ur smallest species the G reen Hair streak .

,
-
( T h ed a R u bi which is not uncommon

,
among brambles in
spring does not much exceed an inch in expanse It is brown
, .
and tailless and the under surface is green with some indistinct
, ,
whi te dots By far the larger proportion o f the ext ra European

.
-
species o f this genus are American They are generally blue with .
,
o r without blac k borders and are nearly always furnished with a ,
short tail M any are marked beneath like o ur own Hair streaks ;
.
-
but some o f the larger species have the under surface o f the wings
dusted with brilliant golden green ; and the largest species o f all -
,
T M arsyas Linn a common South American insect which some

.
,
.
, ,
times measures nearly three inches in expanse is o f a pale blue ,
above and the under surface is o f a pale shi ning violet blue with
, ,
several black spots slightly surrounded with white .
O ur Brown Hair streak (Zephym s B etal ee which is found -

,
flying along hedgerows in the south o f E ngland and the P urple ,
Hair streak (Z Qaercas

-
which is common in o ak w o ods
. .
’
, ,
represent a distinct genus which has representatives throughout ,
Europe Asia and the west o f North America Several of the

, ,
.
East In di an and J apanese species which closely resemble our o wn ,
beneath are green or orange above instead o f brown or blue

, , .
Tailed I/ycaenidce o f v arious genera are very numerous in Africa

and the East Indies As an example we may notice M gmna
'
Si l enus Cram an Afr ican species which is ri ch blue with black

, , , ,
borders .
1 56 LE PID O P TERA .
The smallest and most delicately formed of the European

P ierince is the Wood Whi te (Leacophasi a Si napi s a white ,
‘
butterfly with an ash coloured spot at the tip of the fore wings -
,
which are comparatively long and narrow and expand about an ,
inch and a half It is found in shady woods and has a very weak
.
,
flight and although abundant in other parts o f Europe is alway s

, ,
scarce and local in the north western countries -

.
Nychttona But l is a genus very similar to this b ut with

,
.
, ,
shorter and broader and much rounded wings It is found in .
Africa and the East Indies .
E arem a Hubn is an extensive g enu s to which most o f the

, .
,
smaller white and yellow black bordered butterflies of the Tropics -
belong They measure from an inch to an inch and a hal f in

.
expanse and are frequently very common but are often neglected
, , ,
both by coll ectors and authors on account o f their small size and ,
general uniformity o f colouring .
The White Cabb age Butterflies o f o ur gardens belong to the

genus Pi eris Schrank Three species are abundant in every garden
, .
the Large and Small White Butterflies and the G reen veined White ,
-
Butterfly (Pi ems B rassica Rapaz and Napi The first is

'
, , ,
easily known by its large size and the deeper black tip to the ,
wings in the third species the under surface of the wings is more ,
o r less heavily veined with reenish The B lack veined White

g
-
.
Butterfl y (P Cratcegi Linn ) likewise hardly needs a description

.
, . .
I t is about the size o f the Large White Butterfly and is local in ,
the south o f England I t is generally abundant on the C ontinent .

,
but there is only one brood in early summer so that it rarely ,
appears much longer than a m o nth o n the wing while there is a ,
succession o f broods o f the other species which are to be found ,
almost al l the year round O ur onl y other British species of .
Pi ems (P Dupl i dtce Linn ) is a rarity in the southern counties ;

’
.
,
.
the under surface is tesselated with green .
The species o f T a chyri s Wall have rather pointed wings and , .

, ,
are confined to the East Indies Several are white ; but others .
,
such as T Nero Fabr and T Cel esttna B o i sd are red o r blue

.
,
.
, .
, .
, .
D el tas Hii bn is another beautiful East Indian genus allied t o

, .
,
P i eris . The butterflies resemble Pi eri s in shape and size and are ,
oft en white above with black borders ; but the hind W ings are
generally bordered beneath with a row o f red spo t s .
The genus Pi eri s has several representatives in So uth America

but o ne very singular allied genus is confined to that country .
B U TTERFLIE S . 1 57
This is Perrhybms Hubn O n the upper surface the males are

'
.
,
whi te with black borders ; but the upper surface o f the females ,
an d the under surface o f both sexes is striped with tawny black , ,
and yellow as in some species o f H el i conius etc

, , .
Catapsz l ta Hubn includes most o f the larger yellow butter

'
,
.
,
flies of the Tropics several o f which closely resemble our Bri m ,
stone i n appearance except that all the Wings are rounded o r if ,
there is any projection o n the hind wings at all it is at the anal ,
angle Some o f the East Indian species are white irrorated with
.
,
brown beneath But the finest species o f the genus is perhaps the
.
Cuban 0 A vel l aneda He m Sch aff It measures four inches across

'
-
. .
,
the wings which are of a rich orange colour with a large red
, ,
blotch in the mi ddle o f the fore wings and a wide border of the ,
same colour to the hind wings and the coloration is so peculiar

that the insect looks as if it had been artificially painted .
The Brimstone B utte rfly (Gonepteryx Rhamni Linn ) is common , .
in woods in most parts of Englan d It measures about two and a .
half inches across the wings which are o f a bright sulphur colour ,
in the male and whitish sulphur in the female There is a pro

, .
j on on the hind margin and an orange spot in the middle of

e c t i ,
each wing There are several Sout h American species very

.
simi lar in shape and colour but about twice the size , .
Col tas Fabr is a genus distributed over most part s o f the

, .
,
world though in tropical countries the species are found if at all

, , ,
in the mountains Several species however are P olar They are .

, ,
.
moderate siz ed butterflies with rounded wings and are white

-
, , ,
yello w o r orange with bl ack borders which are generally veined

, , ,
in the male and spotted in the female There is a black spot o n .
the fore wings and an orange o n e o n the hind wings ; o n the

,
under surface which is often green the Spots are generally centred
, ,
with silv er The orange species are sometimes shot with violet
.
o r purple ; and they have generally two varieties of females o n e ,
orange and the other whitish These butterflies are known as .
Clouded Y ellows by collectors .
The O range Tip (E uchl oe Cardami nes Linn ) is a common ,

.
spring butterfly with rather long delicate wings ,

The male is .
'
marked with a bright orange spot near the tip The under surface .
o f the wings is tesselated with bright green and the female has ,
sometimes been mistaken for the Bath White But in the O range .
Tip the fore wings are merely tipped with brown whereas they ,
are partially bordered with brown in that species and the mark
1 58 LE P ID O P TERA .
ings o f the under surface are much duller in the Bath White .
The O range Tip frequents meadows garde ns and open places in , ,
woods Several o f the allied European species are yellow instead

.
o f wh ite and others are n o t marked with orange but are

, ,
streaked or spotted with silvery on the under surface o f the hi nd
O range Tips b elonging to the genera T eracol us Swains and ,

.
,
Iai as Hubn are common in Africa and the East Indies to which
, .
, ,
the latter is confined ; but those belonging to the genus Hebomoi a ,
Hubn measure five inches in expanse and are a m ong the largest
.
, ,
o f the P i ai nce They are white or yel low insects and are con
.
,
fined to India and the adjacent islands O ne of the finest species .
i s H Leadppe Cram a native o f Amboyn a and C eram

.
,
Al most .
,
.
the whole o f the fore wings is of a reddish orange and the ,
hind wings are o f a su lphur yellow The common Indian species -

.
,
H Gl aa dppe Linn is white with a large triangul ar orange blotch

.
,
.
, ,
bordered with black near the tip of the fore wings .
Inner margin o f the hind wings concave larvae naked o r

hairy always with a retractile fork o n the second segment
, .
This sub family includes the true Swallow tailed Butterflies

- -
,
which derive their name from the long tail o n the hind wings .
B ut many genera and species do not exhibit this peculiarity and ,
sometimes two closely allied forms exhibit it in o ne case and not -

,
i n the other There are even some species in which one se x only
.
is tailed They are insects of moderate or large size and some o f

.
,
the species are among the largest butterflies known In several .
the inner margin o f the hind wings o f the males is provided with
a lo ngit udinal fo ld lined with long fluffy hair , .
P arnasszus Latr the first genus considerably resembles the

’
, .
, ,
P i eri na in appearance The species are all white marked with .

,
black spots and large red Spots surrounded with black They
, .
are all very similar and inhabit the mountains of Europe As ia and
, , ,
western North America The best kn own species is P Apol l o

’
. .
,
Linn a fine butterfly averaging thr ee inches in expanse which is

.
, , ,
common in the Swiss Al ps It has been reputed British but there .

,
appears to be no authentic instance o f its capture in England and

some o f the localities where it is said to have been t aken (Dover ,
fo r example) are so unlikely that it could only have reached them by ,
being bro ught over alive and then set at liberty for the species is ,
1 60 LE P I D O P TER A .
hi nd wings change in certain lights to pale iridescent green The .
Orni thOptei ae vary from three to nine inches in expanse o f

‘
wm g .
The great genu s Papi l i o Linn is one o f the m ost varied and , .
,
beautiful o f all the butterflies The species are usually but not .
,
always inferior to the largest Orni thoptera in size F ew o f the

, .
latter surpass P A nti/maohus Drury the rare st o f the African species

.
, ,
.
I ts wings are still longer and narrower than in Orni thOptera but ,
the fore wings are dark brown with many tawny yellow spots ,
and markings towards the base and the hind wings are of a tawny ,
yell o w with black spots and a black b order Nothing is known

, .
of its habits and although it was figured by Drury as long ago as

,
1 7 8 2 it was not till 1 8 6 4 that a second specimen was brought to

,
Europe Since then it has been received occasionally b ut is still

.
,
o ne o f the rarest butterflies in collections

.
.
Several groups of this genus are pecul iar to South America .
P P ol ycl am as Linn and its all ies are green o r dark brown often
.
, .
, ,
with a yellow band o n the hin d wings which is narrower and ,
broken into spot s o n the fore wings A very extensive group is .
dark br o wn with dentated hind wings and a large dull green o r

,
creamy white mark on the fore Wings and a bright crimson band
-
,
o r ro w o f spots o n t h e hind wings which frequently changes t o ,
iridescent blue o r green in d ifferent lights P T ri opas G o dt a . .

, .
,
common insect o n the Lower Amazons is allied to these but is , ,
black with large yellow spots

, .
So me of the East Indian species o f P api l io resemble D anai nce .
O ne of the commonest is the large black and buff P Di ssi mi l i s .

,
Linn P P aradoxa Zin k

. . from J ava has a most deceptive
,
.
, ,
resemblance to a E upl cea .
Some species present very little resemblance to any others .
O ne o f these is P A nteri or Dru ry a large tailed butterfly five

.
, , ,
inches in expanse which is found in M adagascar It is black

,
.
,
with several rows o f large white spots o n the wings ; and the
head abdomen and a row o f large submarginal lunules on the
, ,
hind W ings are bright scarlet It is not rare but is di fficu lt to

, .
,
capture as i t s flight is very lofty It was figured by Drury in

, .
1 7 7 3 ; but it was sixty years before a sec o nd specimen was

brought to England and thirty more before the real locality was ,
known P Hector Linn is a c o m mon Indian species I t is black

. .
,
.
,
.
and tailed with white markings on the fore wings and two rows
, ,
o f large blood red spots on the hind wings -

.
BUTTE RF LIES . l 61
Some the South American species have very strongly den

of
t at e d hind wings ; so much s o as o ccasi o nally to appear to have

several short tails This is the c ase with P Grog/i B o i sd and to
. .
, .
,
a less extent in P A ndrogeos Cram both of which are black with

.
,
.
, ,
yellow markings b ut which represent two different sections of the

,
genus .
P D emol eas Linn is a very common African butterfly

.
, .It i s
, .
brown with yell o w markings and two bluish eyes o n the hind
, ,
wings P Eri thonius Cram a very closely allied species but with
. .
, .
,
-
,
a broader and more irregular band o n the hind wings is one o f ,
the most abundant butterflies in India .
P api l i o Hel enas Linn and its allies are large black East Indian
, .
,
butterflies three or four inches in expanse with a large cream

, ,
coloured palmate spot on the hind wings These lead us on t o

Papi l i o Paris Linn and its allies , which are black spangled w
.
, .
,
ith ,
golden green and are frequently marked with a large blue spot o n
,
the hi nd wings instead o f a cream coloured o ne

,
-
.
M any handsome spe c1 es o f Papil io inhabit the Eastern Island s

and North Australi a o ne o f the most remarkable o f which is ,
P Ul ysses Linn which i s o f a deep blue with black borders

.
,
A ,
.
great contrast to this is P Now Swains a dark b rown species .

, .
,
-
from J ava with only a faint purple reflection

, .
Black and green i s a very preval ent colour among East Indian
and African species O ne o f the commonest species in the former
.
l o cality is P Sarpeaon Linn O ther very common col o urs in the

.
’
, .
genu s especially among the tailed species are white cream colour
, , , ,
and yell o w O ur o nly British species P M achaon Lin n is black

.
, .
, .
,
and yellow with a large red eye at the anal angle o f the hind
,
wings I n England it is confined to the fen distri cts in t he south

.
east but it is a generally distributed insect on the C ontin ent and is

, ,
likewise met with o ver a c o nsiderable part o f Asia M any species .
m o re o r less resembling this in c o l o ur are found in the n o rthern

hemis phere ; the finest being perhaps P Dar/anu s Bo i sd which .
, ,
.
inhabits Califo rnia and Ne w M exico It measures nearly six .
inches across the wings and has three tails o n the hind ,
wings .
The Scarce Swallowtail (P P odal iri us th o ugh n o w .

,
extinct in England is common in many parts o f the C ontinent , .
The fo re wings are m o re pointed and the hind wings are m o re ,
triangular with longer and slenderer tails than in P M aohaon It

, , . .
is a pale yellow butterfly with black transverse bands ; and the ,

l 62 LE P I D O P TERA .
submarginal band on the hind wings is marked with blue

crescents
The curious genus Leptocircas Swains with its peculiarly ,
0
.
,
shaped wings and long tails has no resemblance to any other ,
genus of P api l i oni nae but might rea dily be mistaken for o n e o f the
‘
Lemoni idoe The fore wings are longer than the hind wings which
.
,
are produced longitudinally instead of laterally into a very l o ng

tail The wings are black and the outer half of the fore wings
.
,
is marked by a broad transparent band divided into spots by ,
the veins and a green stripe runs from the costa o f the fore wings
near the base parallel to the body to beyond the middle of the
, ,
hind wings The few known species are all v ery similar and
.
,
are confi ned to India Siam and some of the adjacent islands , ,
.
FAM I LY V — Hespei i idoe .

‘
Body robust ; head broad ; antenn ae inserted widely apart and ,
often hooked at the tips ; hind tibiae spurred ; larva generally

with a prominent head ; pupa enclosed in a slight coc o on .
The Hesperi icl oe or Skippers are an isolated famil y having no

, , ,
great affinity to any of the o ther butterflies and not very much ,
m o re with the moths They are poorly represented in Europe .

,
and are specially abundant in tropical America though they are ,
fairly numerous in other parts o f the world They derive their .
English name from the short j erking flight o f most o f the European
species They are generally of small size the great maj ority of
.
,
the species averaging from an inch to an inch and a half in

expanse though some few are much larger M any are o f a brown
, .
‘
colour marked with small transparent spots towards the tips o f

,
the fore wings ; and brown and fulvous are the most prevalent
colours in the family .
T hym el e P roteus Linn is the type of an American genus which

, .
, ,
may be recognised at a glance by its long and rather broad tails .
It is brown with tawny spots on the fore wings and the hind
, ,
wings are thickly clothed with greenish hair towards the base .
T el egonus Hii bn is another allied American genus but the species

, .
, ,
are furnished with a strong lobe at the anal angle o f the hind
wings instead of a tail
, .
Casyapa T hyrsi s Fabr is a large brown I ndian species with

’
, .
, ,
three o r four yellow spots in the middle o f the fore wings It .
measures three inches in expanse but the largest known species ,
o f the family is I smene Iphi s Dr ury which is common on the , ,

1 64 LE ID O P P T ERA .
moths are perfectly distinct it is true ; but their mutual relation ,
ships have not been satisfactorily worked out ; and the great mass
o f species classed as B om byoes especi all y those formerly referred to ,
the Li thosi idae in its widest sense are perhaps more difficul t to
, ,
deal with than any The arrangement o f the M oths here adopted
.
is based o n the general lines which are usually accepted by ento

m o l o gi st s in defaul t of something better ; but must be loo k ed upon
as wholly provisional .
SU B SECT I O N I
-
.
—Sphinges .
Antenn ae more or less thickened before the tip ; ab domen

often extending beyond the hind wings ; flight often diurnal o r
crepuscul ar .
Excluding the Zygaenidoe which though included by Linné in , ,
hi s genus Sphinx are certainly B om byces this group contains five

, ,
very dissimilar families three at least of which hardly belong to it

,
.
FAM I LY I .
—Sphingidoe .
B ody
stout ; abdomen extending far beyond the hind wings ;
wings narrow ; fore wings generally much longer than the hind
wings and rather pointed ; wings generally opaque ; abdomen
,
rarely tufted ; larva generally with a horn near the tail ; pupa in
a subterranean cell .
SUB -
FAM I LY I .
—M aorogl ossinoe .
Sizesmall ; wings sometimes transparent ; abdomen with a

large expansile tuft at the extremity ; flight diurnal .
The present group includes the B ee Hawk moths and Hu m -
mi ng bird Hawk moths

-
The B e e Hawk moths belong to the
-
.
-
genus Hem ari s Dalm The species measure from an inch and a
, .
half to t wo inches and a half across the wings whi ch are trans ,
parent with brown reddish o r greenish borders ; their bodies are

, , ,
generally green or bro wn and if green belted with red ; and the
, , ,
anal tuft is usually red o r brown .
The genus M acrogl ossa O chs is very simil ar to this in shape ;

, .
,
many of the species resemble our common Humm ing bird Hawk -
moth which has dark brown fore wings reddish brown hind
,
-
,
-
wings and a black apical tuft I t is a very rapid insect o n the

, .
wing flying from flower to flow e r and sucking the nectar with
, ,
its long proboscis in the manne r o f a humming bird I t is not

,
-
.
easily captured o n the wing without practice and it never rests ,

HAWK MOTH S -
. l 65
except upon a wall ; under a bank ; or in some similar situation

where its colour is a protection I t flies both by day and at dusk .
,
but the Be e Hawk m o ths fly only by d ay with less rapidity and

-
, ,
are almost always met with in o r near woods while the Hummi ng ,
bird M oth when abundant wil l frequent any locality where it can
, ,
find fl o wers .
Several genera o f this sub family have strongly dentated wings -

.
As an instance we may mention the North American Sphecodina

A bbotii which is dark brown with the costal half o f the hind
, ,
wings yellow .
The prettiest genus of thi s family is Cal l iomma Walk which , .

,
includes several South American species with s l ightly dentated

wings expanding about two and a half inches Several o f these
, .
are fawn colour with two or three silvery spots in the middle o f
,
the fore wings .
SUB -
F AM I LY II —
Ohcerocampince
. .
Wings l o ng and narrow pointed at the tip and generally , ,
brightly coloured ; larva with the front segments tapering and ,
o ften retractile .
The Elephant Hawk moths derive both their English and G reek -
appe l lations from the peculiar tapering retractile form o f the

caterpillar The name o f the typical genus Ohm ooampa Dup
.
, .
,
means Ho g Caterpillar Chaerocampa even after many species have

-
.
,
been separated from it under o ther names still remains one o f the ,
mo st extensive genera o f Sphi ngid ae We have two species in .
Britain the commonest of which is C E lpenor Linn a green and

,
'
.
,
.
,
pink insect with the base o f the hind wings black ; its larva feeds
,
o n willow herb O ur other species C Cel ori o Linn the Vine

-
.
,
’
.
,
.
,
Hawk moth has brown fore wings with an oblique sil ver stripe
-
, ,
and black and rose colour ed hind wings Al though always rare-
.
with u s and possibly o nl y a casual visitor in England it is found

, ,
with the vine everywhere throughout the warmer parts o f Europe ,
Asia and Africa

,
.
Several o f the tropical American species o f Chaei ocampa are ’ '
green with a row of yellow spots o n the hind wings O ne or two

, .
Indi an species are similarly marked .
The species o f D ei l ephil a O chs are shorter and broader and ,

.
, ,
the fore wings are rather broader and less pointed than in
Cha rooampa and the front se g men t s o f the larv ae though con
, ,
sid e rab l y narrowed are hardly contractile They are all rare in
, .
1 66 LE P I D O P TER A .
England The fore wings are generally green intersected by

.
,
white grey or silvery markings ; and black hi nd wings with a

, , ,
rosy band in the middle and a narrow rosy border We have , .
figured D Hippophaes Esp a common South European species

.
,
.
, .
Phi l ampel us Harr is a beautiful genus which derives its name

,
.
,
from most o f the American species feeding o n the wild vine But .
they are not all American ; P M egcera Linn is an African .

, .
,
species measu ring three inches and a half across the fore wings
, ,
which are bright green ; the hind wings are yellow black at the ,
base and across the middle .
I t is curious how species closely resembling each other but ,
not very closely allied are sometimes met with in the same ,
loc al ities in pairs O ur o wn Large and Small Elephant Hawk .
moths are very much alike though belonging to distinct genera ; ,
and o n e o f the commonest African Choei ocampi nw is B asi othia '
M edea Fabr a green moth with orange coloured hind wings

,
.
, ,
-
,
about half the size of P M egoera . .
The genus A m bu l ya We st w includes species o f large si z e and , .

, ,
with l o ng pointed wings They are found in the East I ndies .

,
Africa and America but are not numerous in species

,
A Sts i
, . .
gil i s, L inn a common S out h American

.
,
insect exceeds five inches ,
in expanse ; it is bro wn with pale orange hi nd wings crossed by , ,
several narrow brown lines .
II I —Sm eri nthince SUB FAM I LY

-
. .
Antenn ae slightly pectinated in the male ; wings generally

more o r less dentated ; proboscis short o r wanting .
The insects o f this sub family have a rather heavy flight and -
,
exhibit some resemblance to the Notodontiol ce among the Bom byoes .
O ur British Eyed Hawk moth (Sm erinthas Ocel l atus Linn ) may be -
, .
regarded as typical ; it has brown fore wings and pink hind

wings and towards the anal angle of t he hind wings is a black
,
space marked with a blue ring North Am erica is pecul iarly rich .
in species allied to this .
Coeguosa T ri angul aris Don is a large Austral ian moth which

'
.
, ,
is referred to this su b family I t is fawn—colour slightly varied -

.
,
with whitish and the fore wings are marked with a large brown
,
triangle .
Head , body, and antenn ae very stout ; proboscis short and

thick wings hardly pointed .
1 68 LE P I D O P T ERA .
collections prob ably o n account o f their resemblance to various

,
Diptera and Hym em ptera .
T Scol i cef oi m e Lasp one of the larg est species has transparent
.
‘
, .
, ,
wings with steel blue borders the abdomen is belted with

,
-
yellow ; it is a rare Welsh insect .
The E geriidce have more resemblance to the Pyral idae o r

Gel echi idce than to the Sphi ngiace and M r Butler has recently pro ’
,
.
posed to remove them to the neigh b ourhood o f the Pyral idae .
FAM I LY III —T hyrididae .
Size small ; b ody slender wings moderately broad with ,
transparent spots body longer than the hind wings .
A family containing only a few discordant species of very

doubtful affinities T hyri s Vi trina Bo i sd here figured is a North
.
, .
, ,
American species It is brown with a small transparent spot in

.
,
the middle o f the fore wings and a large o ne o n the hind wings ; ,
the tips o f the borders of all the wings are spotted with red and the ,
base and inner margin o f the hind wings are o f the sa m e colour .
large ; antenn ae fil i fo rm scarcely thickened ; wings broad

Size , ,
tailed ; abdomen moderately stout never exte nding beyond the ,
hind wings .
The older writers o n Entomology regarded these insects as

butterflies associating them at first with the P apil ioniol ce and
, ,
subsequently with the Hesperiidoe They exhibit affinities to .
several d istinct groups o f moths ; and many recent authors place

them next to the Geometm e .
The species of Urani a Fabr are banded with black and green , .
, ,
tinged with golden in some species as in the Cuban U Boisduval ii ,

.
,
G u er and with coppery red in the J amaican U Sl oanus Linn

.
, .
, .
The species o f Urania are all American T hali um Rhipheas Cram .

, .
,
an allied M adagascar species is half as large again and has the , ,
hind wings tricaudate and splendidly su ff used with coppery red

, ,
mu ch deeper than in U Sl oamos and is varied with yellow o n the

.
,
under surface .
Nyctal emon 0rontes Linn is the type of a handsome genus

,
.
,
which is met with in North Australia and the adjacent islands .
It is velvety black with green bands , .
Coroni s Latr i s an American genus easily recognised by the

, .
, ,
peculiar shape of the wings C E g ina Bo i sd has dark brown . .

,
.
,
-
MOT H S . l 69
fore wings with paler transverse waved markings and a large

, ,
red blotch o n the hind wings .
FAM I LY V — Castni id ce .
’
.
Siz e moderate o r large ; wings generally broad and brightly

col o ured ; antenn ae considerably thickened ; ab domen as long o r
l o nger than the hind wings ; body stout .
The genus Castnia Fabr is c o nfined to tropical America and

,
.
, ,
includes a nu mber o f large day fl yi ng moths which were long -
c lassed with the butterflies 0 Li ons Drury is o n e o f the com

. .
, ,
m o nest species It is brown with a yellow band o n the fore

.
,
win gs and a bro ad white o ne o n the hind wings which are also
, ,
marked with a r o w o f orange sub marginal spo ts The species differ -

.
considerably in shape ; o n e C Linus Stoll about four inches in

'
, .
, ,
e xpanse has long rather narrow rounded wings and is black

, , , , ,
with yell owish hyaline spots and much resembles some o f the ,
larger transparent American D anai nce .
The Australian genus Synemon D oubl though placed here has , .

, ,
st rongly clubbed anten n ae and resembles the Hesperi idce in its

-
,
general appearance The type S Sophia White is dark brown

. .
, , ,
with ye l low spots o n the hind wings : it expands nearly two

inches .
D Uroi l l n B o i sd is a pointed winged insect with a

’
(70 0t , .
,
-
,
stouter and m o re obtuse abdomen than Castnia The wings are .
transparent with black bor ders reddish nervu res and a red space
, , ,
at the base of the fo re wings It inhabits Ne w G uinea . .
SU B - SE CT I O N I I —B om byoes
. .
Antenn ae often pectinated especially in the males o r fi l ifo rm , , ,
rarely thickened body generally stout wings ample ; hind win gs

n o t di ff ering much from the fore wings in texture often gaily ,
coloured ; larva with sixteen legs pupa enclosed in a cocoon .
FAM I LY I .
— Agari sticl ce .
Antenn ae long slightly thicke ned ; fore wings moderately

,
br o ad not much longer than the hind wings ; abdomen o f moderate

,
thickness and tufted at the extremity

,
.
A family o f handsome m o ths which h as no representative in ,
Europe if we except the Cinnabar M oth (Cal l imorpha J acobcece

, ,
which G u é n é e was inclined to refer to it This is a moth .
with blackish fore wings marked with a broad scarlet stripe and
, ,
1 70 LE P I D O P TERA .
two red spots ; and scarlet hind wings I t is common among .
ragwort and expands a little more than an inch M ost authors

,
.
,
h o wever class it with the A rcti id ce A typia Octom acnl ata Fabr
,
.
, .
,
which is destructive to the vine in North America is a rather , .
more robust insect and sli ghtly smaller It is black with t wo

,
.
,
bright yello w spots o n the fore wings and t wo white ones o n the ,
hind wings .
Al gocera Venu l ia Cram is the type o f a genus which includes

, .
,
several black and yellow species from the East Indies and Africa .
I t is from the former locality and the fore wings are brown with , ,
irregular white bar partly bordered with reddish and the hind
, ,
wings and abdomen are yellow the former bordered with brown , ,
and marked with a bro wn central spot .
But the largest and handsomest species of this fami ly are th o se

belonging t o the genera E nsem i a Dalm which is found throughout , .
,
the tropics o f the O ld Worl d and Agarista Leach which is con , , ,
fined to Australia and the adjacent islands E P al es Bo i sd is . .

,
.
,
black with white markings o n the fo re wings and a large blue

, ,
spot o n the hind wi ngs ; it is a native of M adagascar .
FAM I LY II — Chal oosii dce .

’
.
Antennae moderately long, thickly and closely pectinated ;

wings moderately broad and brightly o r richl y coloured , .
The moths o f this family are almost confined to the East

Indies They have longer and narrower wings than the Aga
.
ristidoe and many resemble butterflies rather than moths

,
The .
species o f Cycl osia Hii bn resemble the genus E apl cea both in
,
.
,
shape size and colour being dark brown with small white and
, , , ,
blue spots Hetem sia Hope is another beautiful genus in which

.
, , ,
the fore wings are pale bronzy green and white and the hind ,
wings are black banded with white o r yellow and spotted with
, ,
blue It is not surprising that the older entomologists who were

.
,
acquainted with very few o f these insects shoul d have mistaken ,
them for butterflies .
The genus Epi wpeia We st w is o n e of the most remarkable , .

, .
It includes dark brown insects with darker veins greatly resem

-
, ,
bling some o f the common East Indian species o f P api l i o ; the hind
wings are strongly dentated angul ated outwards and often fur , ,
n ish e d wi th a short broad tail ; and the head tip of abdomen , ,
and generally some spots near the extremity of the hind wings ,
1 72 LE PI D O P T ERA .
FAM I LY IV — A rcti i daz

. .
Antenn ae moderately long often pectinated at least in the ’
, ,
male body generally stout ; wings and abdomen brightly c o l o ured ;

larvae hairy .
The Tiger M oths are among the most brightly coloured of the -
Euro pean Lepi doptera and are among those which most frequent ly
,
attract attention ; for several species are easily disturbed by day ,
and others frequen t gardens and weedy places M any species .
have dark fore wings spotted or reticulated wi th red and yellow

, ,
and the hind wings are red or yellow with black spots Bu t they ,
.
are not all brilliantly c o loured some are white or yellowish oft en ,
sp o tted with black The three comm o nest species are the White
.
and B uff Ermines (Spi l osom a M enthastri and Lnbr icipecl a and ,
the Tiger M oth (A rcti a Oaja These insects are c o mmon in ,
every garden where their larvae feed o n a variety o f plants ; the

,
long haired reddish caterpil lar o f the Tiger M oth is o ften seen
-
among lettuces runnin g o n paths ; it is frequently called the

,
Woolly Bear Hyperoompa Hera Linn a rare species in the s o uth of

.
, .
,
England though abundant o n the Continent is a day fl yi ng species

, ,
-
,
and has a very gay appearance o n the wing In the So uth E ur o .
pean genus T richosom a B amb the wings of the female are ru di

,
.
,
mentary ; T parasitam Esp is a grey species with d arker spots

.
, .
, .
We m ay me ntion a few fo reign genera P ericopis Hubn and .

,
.
,
i t s allies are rather long winged species some o f which resemble -

,
Hel iconi idce ; they are all natives o f America T hal ai na Sel enoea .
,
D oubl is of a shining white with an oblique red stripe bordered

.
, ,
with black across the fore wings and the borders partly red ; ,
t owards the hind margin o f the hind wings is a blackish sp o t .
I t i s however uncertain whether this species does no t ra t her

, ,
belong to the Geom etroe .
E opantheria Scri boni a Stoll is the largest and handsomest , ,
species o f an extensive American genus It is white with many

‘
.
,
black ring s o n the thorax and fore wings ; the abdomen is blue ,
with three ro ws of yello w spot s and there are some submargin al ,
white spots o n the hi nd wings This species measures abou t t hree .
inches in expanse .
A l oa Lactinea Cram is o ne o f t he commonest East I ndi a

, .
,
species I t is white with the head collar costa o f the fore wings
.
, , , ,
and femora scarlet ; the abdomen i s yellow spotted with black , ,
and the hind W ings have also two o r three black spo t s .
M OTH S .
FAM I LY V —Li thosi idae . .
Antenn ae fil ifo rm body slender rather short ; wings e spe ci , ,
ally the fore wings generally long slender and overlapping ; , , ,
colours generally uniform and obscure .
”
These m o ths are called F ootmen by collectors They require !
.
searching for or they are very liable to be overlooked o n account

, ,
o f their dull colours and retired habits They are sometimes .
beaten from thickets when they let themselves drop down simu , ,
lating death The species o f Lithosi a Fabr are all very much
.
,
.
,
ali ke ; L D epressa Esp has brown fore wings with the costa and
.
,
.
, ,
hind wings grey .
The South American genus J os ioides F eld includes black , .

,
species of moderate size with yellow spots and stripes

‘
It i s , .
rather an extensive group and has been confounded with Chry ,

!
sange Hubn
, a somewhat simil arly coloured genus o f Pyral idae
.
, .
B iz one Walk is a very pretty East I ndian genus

, .
,
The fore .
wings are whi te with red fringes and slightly zigzag red stripes ;
, ,
near the middle is a conspicuous blac k dot ; the hind wings are
often tinted with rosy .
I/ yoom orpha Phol as Dru is a common North American species ; , .

,
it expands about an inch and a quarter across the wings which ,
are o range yellow on the basal half and black at the tips .
A tol m i s Ru bri col l is Hii bn is a European moth o f almost a , .

,
unifo rm black except the tip of the abdomen which is yello w

, ,
.
The genus D eiopeia Steph is widely distributed ; but onl y o ne ,

.
,
species is found in Europe which is very rare in England This ,

.
is D Pu l chel l a Linn which is white with black borders to the

.
,
.
, ,
hi nd wi ngs and sometimes an irregular black m ark in the m iddle

,
.
T he fore wings are marked with rows o f black and red spots ; it
expands about an inch and a half I n some species as in the .
,
No rth American D B el l a Linn the hind wings are bright red.

, .
, .
Several genera o f Li thosi idae are yellow with black streaks o r ,
spots and we have o n e example in England This is Setina

,
.
I rrorel l a Linn a local species but often common where it o ccurs

,
.
, ,
it i s generally met with near the coast .
FAM I LY V I — Hypsida3 . .
These insects are confined to the East Indies and Africa they
resemble large Li thosiidce (averaging about t wo inches in expanse) ,
b u t the wings are broader and more ro bust and th e antenn ae are ,
l 74 : LE PI D O P TE RA .
sometimes pectinated in the males O ne o f the commonest Indian .
species is Hypsa Car icae Linn The body hi nd wi ngs and base o f
, .
, ,
the fore wings are yellow spotted wi th black and the fore wing s , ,
are o therwise grey with a longitudinal white dash varying i n

, ,
s1 z e .
Another small group , allied to the Lithosi idce, but with broader
wings and usually with pectinated antenn ae M ost o f the species
,
.
are Indian o r African In the genus Nyotemera Hubu the fore

.
,
.
,
wings are generally dark brown with white streaks radiating ,
from t he base and the hind wings are white with brown borders
, ,
.
N A nnu l ata Bo i sd however a common Australian species is

.
, .
, , ,
'
black with white spots A very simi lar species (N Dou bl eol ayi
, . .
,
Walk ) occurs in Ne w Zealand

. .
Pterothysanus Latioi l ia Walk i s a North Indian insect mea

, .
, ,
suring two and a half inches across the wings This is more than .
the usual size of the species o f Hypsa and the wings are broader ,
.
The fore wings are dark brown marked with many white spots o f ,
different si z es and the hind wings are white with three macular
, ,
br o wn bands The antenn ae are remarkably short and not pect i

.
,
n at e d and the hind wings are fringed with very long hairs
,
This .
insect is o f rather doubtful position It has some resemblance to .
the E usohemidce which are now proved to be Geom etrce but its
, ,
position will probably be decided by the discovery of the larva .
FAM ILY V II I —Liparicl ce .
Antenn ae
short generally pectinated in the males males often
,
much smaller than the females with comparatively slender bodies ,
females sometimes apterous at other times winged often with a , ,
large tuft o f d o wn at the tip o f the abdomen ; wings broad dull ,
coloured larvae often with proj ecting tufts o f hair .
Several species o f this family fly by day The most familiar .
o f these is the male of the Vapourer M oth (Or i a A nt i a

gy gu ,
a brownish tawny moth about an inch in expanse with a large white ,
spot near the anal angle of the fore wings I t is common in England .
,
and is frequently to be seen even in London wherever trees gro w ; ,
the wings o f the female are rudimentary The male s of the G ipsy .
M o t h (Liparis Dispar Li n n ) are equally abundant on the Continent

, .
,
where their caterpillars are sometimes very destructive They are .
brown and measure about an inch and a half across the wings ;
,
LE P I D O P T ERA .
FAM I LY I X —Psychidae . .
Size small ; male with broad wings and strongly pectinated ,
antenn ae female always apterous and with simple antenn ae larva ,
living i n a case .
The males are black brown o r white moths rarely exceeding , , ,
an inch in expanse which are found in meadows flying weakly

,
among the grass like Zygceni ol ce The female is always apterous .

,
and in some genera is almost destitute of limbs never quitting the ,
case The larvae construct cases for themselves fr o m scraps o f

.
vegetable matter like the C addis worms in which they change to

,
-
,
pupae .
FA M ILY X — N0 toal onti dce . .
Size moderate ; antenn ae generally pectin ated in the males ;

wings moderately bro ad larvae frequently humped or with the , ,
claspers (o r last pair of pro legs ) converted into long caudal appen -
dages .
The genus Ceru/ra Schrank includes several white species

’
, ,
with darker m arkings The largest British species which s o me

.
,
times expands three i nches is known to collectors as the Puss ,

”
M oth and the smaller species are called
,
K ittens Their green .
larvae are marked on the back with reddish bro wn and white and ,
the tail is furnished with two tubular appendages from which the ,
insect can protrude red filaments These larvae feed o n will o w .

,
poplar etc ,
.
Several genera o f this family are of rich dark colours such ,
as the P ebbles (Notocl onta O chs ) and Ch o colate Tips (Cl ostera , .
,
Schrank ) O thers like the Swallow Pro m i ne nts (Pheosi a

.
, ,
are white wit h br o wn markings O ne o f the prettiest species o f

,
.
this fam ily is Spatal i a B i ool ora W V a great rarity in England ; , . .

,
it is snow white with two orange spots in the m iddle o f t he fo re

-
,
wings and expands about an inch and a quarter Staurepus Fagi

,
.
,
Linn als o a somewhat uncommon species in England is a br o wn

.
, ,
m o th t wo inches and a half in expanse ; bu t the larva from which it

, ,
derives its name is reddish brown with very long sprawling legs and
, , ,
h as sometimes been compared to a lobster and sometimes to a spider ,

.
E dem a A l bif ron s Abbot and Smith is a grey North American

, ,
moth with a broad white stripe along the costa

, .
Cnetheoampa P rocessionea Linn is a greyish brown moth abou t ,

.
,
-
an inch and a quarter in expanse I t is not British and is .

,
MOTH S . 1 77
not always common o n the C ontinent ; but it is famous for the

large nests whi ch its larvae make upon the o ak from which they ,
emerge to feed in a regul ar processio n The hairs of the larvae .
and the fine dust in the nests are terri bly irri tating to the ski n ,
s o much so that it is hardly safe to approach the nests .
FAM ILY XI — Drepanu l idce . .
Si z e small ; body slender ; antennae pectinated in the males ;

wings broad ; fore wings pointed and sometimes hooked at the
tip larvae with fourteen legs .
These small moths somewhat resemble Geometriol ce P l atypterya .
Fal catori a Linn which may be regarded as the type is yellowish

, .
, , ,
with darker lines ; it is not an uncommon species .
FAM I LY XII —Saturni ial oe .
Size large ; body stout not extending beyond the hind wings,
wings broad nearly always with a transparent spot in the mi ddle

, ,
o r with a dark eye o r lunule surr o unded with diff erent col o ured ,
-
borders ; larva Spiny or fascicul ate pupa encl o sed in a cocoon

, .
The Saturni idae are by far the finest group o f B om byces and ,
many are am o ng the largest moths kn o wn Nearly all the .
silkwo rms o f any commercial value (except the mulberry Silk

worm) belong to this family The larvae of many species are gre .
gari o n s and live o n trees Several larvae secrete a white waxy

, .
powder which may be analogous to the waxy secretion produced

,
A ttacus A tl as Linn the great Atlas M oth of the East Indies

, .
, ,
v aries c o nsiderably in siz e and Shape the largest specimen in the

British M useum measures eleven inches and three quarters across
t he wings I t is o f a yell o wish t awny with brown and wh ite
.
,
z igz ag lines ve ry large transparent sp o ts and a yell owish blotch

, ,
and black spot near the tip o f the fore wings M any similar but .
s maller species are fo und in South America and o n e o r t wo in ,
I ndia Another section o f t he genus which is co nfined to the

.
,
East I ndies is represented by A ttacus Cynthia Drury and its

, , ,
allies s o me o f which are almost naturalised in Euro pe They are

,
.
greenish o r olive yello w with white bands bordered with brown and
-
,
pink and a pale lunule o n each wing instead o f a transparent spot

, , .
The han dsomest o f the North American species is Samia

CecrOpi a Linn , It measures over Si x inches acro ss the wings
.
,
which are brown with a very thick white lunule in the middle o f
,
M
1 78 LE P ID O P TERA .
each ; the body and part of the base o f the fore wings are re d ,
and t he usual transverse stripes are white bordered with red , .
I t is not an uncommon insect and gl o ves and stockings were made ,
o f its silk a century ago ; but these experiments have not been
continued in recent years .
The Afri can genus Bunoea Hubu has rather long fore wings ,
.
, ,
which are marked with a square transparent spot This leads us .
o n to the genus Anthercea Hii bn a genus with moderately long and ,

.
,
often rather falcate fore wings ; it is fo und i n Africa t he East ,
Indies and Australia Several o f the I ndian species are used to

,
.
produce Silk especi ally A M yl i tta Drury which has a large ro u nd

,
.
, ,
transparent spot in the m i ddle o f each wing The male is reddish .
fawn colour and the femal e yellow ; each wing is crossed by a

-
,
white pink bordered stripe

-
It measures five o r Six inches in .
expanse of wing .
The genus T rapcea Hu bn includes green o r yellowish tawny ,

.
,
species which are met with in Spain the East I ndies Africa and
, , , ,
North America Al l these Species have shorter o r longer tails ;

.
but some o f the West African and South American species o f the
genus Eud aemonia Hubn have longer tails than any other Lepi
,
.
,
d opt ero u s insects sometimes ful ly twice as long as the breadth o f

,
the fore wings .
The only British species o f this family is Saturni a P avoni a

M i nor Linn the Emperor M oth
, .
, The male has brown fo re .
wings and yellowish hind wings ; and the female is grey ; the
,
borders are brown and white and the wings are traversed with ,
several white lines ; in the middle o f each wing is a large black

eye. I ts green pink spotted larva is common o n heath The
,
-
.
moth measures two and a quarter inches across the wings ; but
there is a South European Species S P aoonia M ajor Linn very , .
-
,
.
,
similar to this but much darker which is nearly twice as large its
, ,
larva feeds o n fruit trees etc -

,
.
Hyperohi ria Hubu is a very exte n sive genus which is confined

, .
, ,
to America The species are generally brown o r yellow and are

.
,
o f moderate si z e seldom exceeding two or three inches in expanse

, .
M ost of them have a large o val eye o n the hind wings which is ,
sometimes s o large as to fill up a considerable p o rtion o f the wing .
This eye is generally black and is often marked with blue o r ,
white ; it sometimes contains two o r three smaller blue sp o ts .
Hemi l euca M ai a Drury is a North American species about the

, , ,
size o f o ur Emperor M o th I t is black with a broad white band .

,
1 80 LE P I D O P T E RA .
Saturni i cl ceand Lasiocampidae I ts naked green white striped .

-
larva considerably resembles that o f a Sphi nx it feeds o n birch .
This insect appears to be nearly alli ed t o B om byx M ori and even

if it does not belong to the same fami ly it must be placed in ,
j uxtaposition with it Schrank actually placed the two species in

.
the same genus ; and when recently discussing the position o f

.
E ncl rom is with my friend and colleague M r A G Butler we came . . .

,
to the conclusion that the genus Should not be widely separated

from B ombyx .
FAM ILY XIV .

—
Lasiocampicl oe .
Insects o f m oderate size ; antenn ae generally pectinated in t he

male ; wings moderately broad sometimes dentated ; larva hairy ,
.
These moths are known as Eggars o n account o f the hard ,
firm egg Shaped cocoon

-
They are usually of a reddish brown
.
-
colour in the male and yellow in the female and there is some
, ,
times a great disparity in the size o f the sexes the female as , ,
usual in insects being much the largest

, .
The genus GastrOpacha O chs may be known by its dentated ,

.
,
wings . I n repose the costa o f the hind wings proj ects far beyond
,
the closed fore wings and the whole insect has a general resem
,
blance to a withered leaf a peculiarity commemorated in the ,
name given to several o f these Lappet M oths as they are termed ,
—G Quercif ol ia I l icif ol i a B etu l if ol i a etc

.
, , ,
.
The Australian genus Opsi rhina Wal k includes reddish species , .

,
which are remarkable for the great length o f the palpi The .
wings are moderately long and a little pointed but n o t dentated

, ,
.
Lasi ocampa Quereus Linn the O ak Eggar may be c o nsidered

, .
, ,
the type o f thi s family I t expands nearly three inches and the
.
,
males which are ri ch brown with a yellowish band in the middle

, ,
o f the wings fly very wildly in the day time in search of the

,
-
yello w female s ; the shaggy blackish brown larva feeds on o ak and -
heath and is not very difficult to rear

, .
The Lackey M oths (Cl isi ocampa Neustri a and Castrensis Linn ) , ,
.
are smaller insects not expandin g more than an inch and a half
,
.
They are reddish brown o r o chreous yellow with two brown, ,
lines o n each fore wing .
F AM I LY XV — Zeuz eriol oe
.
.
Antenn ae m o derately long ; palpi very short ,

or absent ; female
wi t h a short ovipositor ; larvae lignivorous .
MOTH S . 1 81
A small family including rather discordant genera The

, .
E uropean species of Xyl eu tes Hubn are brown reticulated with ,

.
, ,
black ; t he G oat M oth X Cossus Linn is a very heavy looking

, .
,
.
,
-
moth three o r four inches in expanse Its great dark red naked
,
.
-
larva feeds in the wood o f o l d willows etc and takes three years , .
,
to arrive at maturity .
Some o f the South European species allied to Cossus are o f

very small size scarcely exceeding an inch in expanse these
,
belong to the genera E ndagri a B o i sd and Stygi a Latr , .

, , .
P hragm ata cia A ru ncl ini s Hubn is a light brown insect which , .
,
-
,
frequents marshy local ities The wings and abd o men are longer .
and n arrower than in the other genera o f this family .
Zeuz era Al scu l i Linn is a white rather woolly looking insect

'
,
.
, ,
-
,
adorned with numerous steel blue spots ; it is called the Wood -
Leopard M oth The larva feeds in the smaller branches o f several

.
forest and fruit trees M any o f the foreign species are o f large
.
siz e and splendid colours the wings being frequently marked with
,
blue o r green The largest species is Z E ucal ypti Herr

. a .
, .
brown Australian species with a broad white longitudinal stripe ,
o n the fore wings the female sometimes meas ures seven o r eight
inches in expanse .
FAM I LY XVI —Hepi al id ce .
Antenn aeShort ; wings rather long and narrow rounded at t he ,
tips abd o men generally extending far beyond the hind wings .
The typical genus o f this family is Hepi al us Fabr The largest , .
British spe c ies is H Humu l i Linn the G host M o th which flie s

.
,
.
, ,
wit h a peculiar hovering flight The male is white above and

- .
brown below ; and the female has yell o w fore wings with brick ,
red markings and the hind wings are o f a pinky red The smaller
,
.
species are brown o r red with white markings o n the fore wings
, ,
and are known as Swift s .
Some o f the foreign species like those o f Zeuz era are large an d , ,
handsome The genus Charagi a Walk includes several beautiful

.
, .
,
s pecies from Australia and Ne w Zealand with green markings , .
Another large and beautiful species is Leto Venus St o ll a , .

,
native of South Africa I t is fawn coloure d elegantly sp o tted

.
-
,
with Silver .
1 82 LE P I D O P TE R A .
SUB SE CT I O N II I
-
.
-
Noctu ce .
Imago generally o f m o derate size body stout hairy often , ,
extending beyond the hind wings and sometimes tufted ; proboscis ,
moderately long ; antenn ae setaceous sometimes pectinated in the ,
male ; wings moderately broad hind wings more slender than the ,
fore wings often uniform brown grey o r white with a brown

, , , ,
submarginal border and a brown central dot ; frequently iridescent ;

,
occasionally coloured like the fore wings o r adorned with bright ,
colours larva generally with sixteen legs slightly pubescent ; pupa ,
often naked This extensive group comprises a great num ber of

.
families which it is perhaps unnecessary to characterise here in

,
detail We shall therefore confine ourselves to noticing one o r

.
t wo representative species in some o f the principal families The .
genera o f the Noctuae are frequently very large and the species ,
included in the m are often very similar .
T hyatira B atis Linn the P each Blossom M oth is greenish

,
.
, ,
brown with several brown and rosy spots bordered with black
, ,
and white o n the front wings ; the hin d W ings are brown and
,
white (Fam Cymatophoridce) . .
A cronycta P si Linn the Dagger M oth has grey fore wings

, .
, , ,
with several blackish marks the most conspicuous being o n e near ,
the anal angle o f the hind wings resemblin g a dagger o r the , ,
G reek letter ! If (Fam A eronyotidw)

, . .
The Wainscots (F am Leuoaniol oe) have grey or reddish fore .
wings sometimes marked with longitudinal white lines o r with a

, ,
few small black dots ; the hind wings are paler They are most .
abundant in marshy places and many o f their larv ae feed in the ,
stems o f the reed and other water plants ; the larva of a specie s
,
doubtfully belonging to this family (Nonagria (2) Sacohari Sepp) ,
feeds o n the pith of the sugar cane -

.
P ol ytel a G l ori osoe Fabr is a common East Indian species

,
The .
,
.
thorax is bluish in front and the head and hinder part o f the ,
thorax are spotted with yello w the tip o f the abdomen is yellow ;
the fo re wings are dark grey with denticulated black lines and , ,
red and yellow stripes and markings and the hind wings are grey , ,
with yellow fringes (Fam Gl ottul icl ce) . .
Xyl ophasi a P ol yodon Linn the Dark Arches is a brown moth

,
.
, , ,
about two inches in expanse which is common everywhere in ,
gardens The fore wings are varied with black and have a pale
. ,
W shaped submarginal line a mark which reappears in a great

-
,
LE PI D O P T ER A .
pointed ab domen the thorax is crested They are called .
Sharks by collectors and fly over flowers in the evening in the ,
same manner as the Sphingidce which they considerably rese m ble ,
in shape The larvae are adorned with various colours and feed
.
,
gregario usly on the leaves o f mullein and other plants Some o f .
t he foreign Species are b eautifully marked with green and Silver
(F a m. Cucu l l iol ae) .
Hel iothis Dipsacea Linn is greyish brown with darker mark ,

.
, ,
ings o n the fore wings the hind wings are black and white It .
flies in clover fie l ds by day in the south o f England (Fam

-
.
Hel iothidce) .
A nartu M yrtil l i Linn has red fore wings with whitish lines ;
,
.
,
the hind wings are yellow with a broad black border it expands ,
about an inch and flies by day on heaths The other species o f

,
.
the genus have either yellow or white black bordered hind wings -
and many o f them are Alpine o r P olar insects (Fam Hel iothicl ce) . .
A conti a A l bicel l i s Fabr is a brown and white moth which

, .
, ,
flies by day like several o f the species o f A contidoe and the allied
,
families which are o f smaller Si z e and more variegated col o urs

,
t han most o f the other Noctuce I t is a very rare species i n the .
s o uth o f England though commoner o n the C ontinent

, .
The species o f B rephos O chs have brown fore wings with , .

, ,
some Slight pale markings the hind wings are orange and black .
They are met with in woods by day in early spring (Fam .
Brephi cl ce) .
is a genus o f rather small moths exclusively

P al i ncl ia, G u é n .
, ,
con fined to tropical America M any are brown and white in .

,
varying proportions and the hind wings are frequently yellowish

, ,
as in B D om ini cain G u e n The hind wings o f this species are

.
,
.
marked with a large black spot o n the front a ngle and with a ,
smaller o n e at the lower angle between the two the wing is edged ,
with a silvery line O ther species are green vari ed with white
.
,
al o ng t h e costa and inner margin o f the hind wings while the ,
species o f the allied genus Dyomya G u é n are brown with a black , .

, ,
eye in a yellow ring near the hinder angle o f the fo re wings .
They generally frequent the depths o f t he forest and have a shor t ,
rapid flight by day and settle o n leaves with their wings a little
,
slo ping when their shape resembles an equilateral triangle (Fam

, .
The genus P l usia O chs includes a great number o f rather pretty

, .
,
species o f moderate Si z e
, The fore wings are generally brown some .
,
MOTH S . 1 85
times a little su ffused o r marked with purplish o r reddish and are ,
nearly always marked with a silvery o r yell o wish figure resembling

a letter ; or else they are brown more o r less extensively bl o tched ,
with brassy green which sometimes fills up a great part o f t he

,
wing The hind wings are pale brown with a darker submarginal
.
,
band o r in a few fo reign species yellow (Fam P l usidae)

, , ,
. .
I n the Calpiaoe the palpi are very large But their chief peculi
’
.
ari t y is the Shape o f the inner margin o f the fore wings which is ,
excavated and dentated The genus Gonodanta Hubn is entirely .

’
, .
,
American ; the species are o f moderate Siz e and the hind wings ,
are nearly always yellow with black borders o r lines Calpe , .
Ophiaeroicl es G u e n is a much larger species The fore wings are

’
. .
, ,
brown with an oblique whi t e black bordered stripe running from

,
-
the tip t o the cavity o n t he inner margi n ; the hind wings are
yellow I t is not uncommon in India
. .
The Hybl ceidce are a small family o f pretty species almost con ,
fined to the East Indies The only exception is Hybl cea Pu era .
,
Cram which is found in Afri ca C entral America and the West

.
, , ,
I ndies as well as in India and China It has brown fore wings

,
.
,
and black hind wings with orange red bands In H Constel l ata ,
-
. .
,
G u é n the fore wings are varied with paler and the hind wings
.
, ,
are sp o tted with yellow .
The Gonopteriol ce are moths of moderate size with the hind ,
margin o f the hind wings angulated outwards and sometime s ,
dentated The only European species is the Herald M oth (Gono

.
’
tera Li batri a which may be kn o wn by its stro ngly dentated

p ,
brown fore wings with brick red bl o tches and s o me pale trans
,
-
,
verse markings I t is a c o mmon species and is found in the

.
,
n o rthern parts o f North America as well as in Europe It is often .
found in houses The species o f Cosm ophil a B o i sd are not unlike

.
, .
,
Orthosi i cl ce except for the pr ojecting angle o n the fore wings

,
O ne .
o f the commonest is C Stigm atiz ans F abr which is found in .

, .
,
I ndia Australia and West Africa I t is yell o wish grey the fo re

, ,
.
,
wings with four angulated transverse lines the third and fourt h ,
c o nnected and the hind wings are pale yellow

,
.
O ne o f the commonest o f the larger British Noctuae is M orm o

M aura Linn the O ld Lady a dark brown insect with grey mark
,
.
, ,
-
ings which frequently flies in at the windows o f country house s

,
in the evening (Fam Amphipyricl ce) . .
Stil bi a Anom al a Haw is an insect with rather narr o w brown

, .
,
fo re wings and broad whitish hind wi ngs the body is unusually

,
1 86 LE PID O P TERA .
slender for a Noctua . It is not a very common species (Fam .
P ol ydesma, B o i sd includes several African and Indian species

.
, ,
o f moderate size They are brown o r reddish with numerous

.
,
denticulated black transverse lines (Fam P ol ydesmi ace ) .

'
.
The Hom opteri dce are a group o f very dull coloured species -
,
chi efly American t he hind wings are generally marked with pale
lines The species are very Similar and are not easily distin
.
,
g u i sh e d from each other .
Cocytocl es G u e n is a handsome Indian genus o f rather large

’
, ,
.
moths They are dark brown with blue markings o n the hind
.
,
wings The type of the family Catephicl ce to whi ch this genus

.
,
belongs is Catephia A l chym ista Fahr which has black fore wings
, ,
.
,
with paler borders ; the hind wings are white with a broad ,
white spotted black border It is a common species in Southern

-
.
and C entral Europe and has once been found in England , .
The same contrast of black and white is common in the

American genus B ol i na G ué n B ut the species o f Sonoda G u e n , .
,
.
,
which are most numerous in the Southern and Western U nite d

States are much prettier insects frequently with yellow hind
, ,
wings (Fam B ol i nidce ) . .
The great genus Catocal a O chs is far more abundant in , .

,
Europe and North America than l n other parts o f the world The .
fore wings are brown o r grey with zig z ag lines and are assimi , ,
lated in colour to the bark o f trees o n which t he insects usually ,
rest Bu t the hind wings are banded with pale blue red o r
.
, ,
yellow o r else in some o f the North American species are quite

, ,
black The larv ae o f this and several all ied famili es are called
.
Half lo o pers the pro legs being imperfectly developed which

”
- -
, ,
causes them to arch their backs in walking though not to the ,
same extent as in the Geometroe (Fam Catocal iol ce) . .
The Ophi ol ericl ce are a small family o f large and handsome

species entirely confined to the Tropics In Ophicl eres Bo i sd the
,
.
, .
,
fore wings are brown generally with an o blique line running fro m
,
the tip and more or less varied with white and sometimes with
, ,
green The hind wings are always yellow with a blac k border
.
,
o n the upper half and a thick curved black mark in the middle
, .
The proboscis is very strong and is used for perforating and ,
sucking oranges and doubtless other fruits also ,

M i niocl es .
Di scol or G u é n is a beautiful West African moth with rose

,
-
.
, ,
coloured hind wings The fo re wings are brown v aried wi th .

,
1 88 LE PI D O P T ERA .
Australian species In the allied East Indian genus Sp iramia

.
,
Gué n .
,
the ocellus o n the fore wings as sumes a peculiarly irregu lar
Lagoptera, G u é n , is an East Ind ian genu s with rather pointed

.
fore wi ngs with an oblique line running from the tip The hind
,
.
wings are very varied in colouring b eing red with a Short , ,
blackish dash in o ne species ; yellow with two black bands in , ,
another and black or brown with a blue or white band in , ,
others They are the largest o f the Ophi usi cl ce measuring three
.
'
o r four 1 n ch e s across the wings The species o f Ophiocl es G u en .

, .
,
are smaller insects with green o r brown fore wings ; the hind
,
wi ngs are generally yellow with a black dash towards the ,
borders They inhabit the tropics o f the O ld World ; but o n e o r

.
two species are found in Eur ope A great number o f Species o f .
smaller Size belonging to this family inhabit the Tr o pics ; these

, ,
chiefly belong to the genera Ophisma G u é n A choea Hubu and , .

, , .
,
The A mphigonicl ce with two allied families have been called

, ,
P seudodel toi dce from their resemblance to the D el toicl ce a family

, ,
fo rmerly included with the Pyral es They have rather Slender .
bodies and triangular fore wings ; and the legs are frequently
,
'
adorned with a fan like tuft o f hair a character often met -

,
with in the Catocal idoe and in several o f the other less typical ,
families o f Nootu ce The Pseu dodel toidoe are entirely exotic The
,
. .
borders o f the wings are often o f very irregular Shapes in the

Amphi goni ol ce but less so in Amphigonia G u e n than in some
, , .
,
all ied genera A Hepatiz ans G u é n is an I n di an species with

. .
, .
, ,
white an d violet markings Hypernari a M iniopil a G u e n may be .

, .
,
t aken as o ur representative o f the extensive family T herm esiial ce ,
which is almost entirely American It is violet grey with an .

,
oblique brown line dusted with greenish yellow and there is a ,
pale red tuft o f hair at the base o f the intermediate tibiae I t i s

-
.
a native o f Cayenne .
The D el toidw d erive their name from the triangular appearance

o f many o f the species when at rest Their bodies are slender .
,
t heir wings ample and their palpi are often very long
,
They .
were formerly included with the Pyral es but are now generally ,
placed at the end o f the Noctuae They are divided into three .
sub families
-
.
The species o f M aorocl es G ué n are South American insect s ,

.
, ,
with very long an t e nn m ascending palpi and broad wings ex , , ,

MOTH S . l 89
pan ding about two inches The type is M Cynara Cram which
. .
,
.
,
is o f a bluish grey with several denticulated black and white

,
lines ; it is a native o f the north o f South America This insect .
may be taken as a representative of the P l atycl inoz .
In the Hypeni noe the wings are narrower the antenn ae

, ,
shorter and the palpi porrected The type of this family is t he

, .
”
Snout ,a brown moth ab out an inch an d a half in expanse ,
which is common among n et tles The genus Hypena is widely .
distributed and the species are very numerous

, .
The East I ndian genus Dichrom ia G u é n deserves notice ,

.
,
.
The fore wi ngs are brown o r grey and are often marked with a ,
large triangular black spot an d the hind wings are yellow with
, ,
black borders .
The Herm ini nce are an extensive group o f rather small spec1 e s ,
which are often remarkable fo r the pecul iar tufts on their

antenn ae and front tibi ae in some genera the palpi are very long ,
and o f extra o rdinary shapes The typical genus o f this su b

.
fami ly is Hermi nia Latr o f which several species are common

, .
,
in England .
SU B SE CT I O N IV — Geom etrce
-
. .
B ody generally slender ; antenn ae often pectinated in the

males ; wings broad Similarly coloured ; larv ae wi th o nly ten legs
, ,
the first two pairs o f pro legs being undevel o ped ; species o f
-
moderate siz e .
This extensive group may always be distinguished at o nce

by the structure o f the larva to which ho wever we find s o me , , ,
approach in several families o f Nootu ce such as the Catooal idce ,

.
M any o f the perfect insects however so much resemble B om byoes

, , ,
that they were long classed with them ; and there i s no d o ubt
that many more genera will be removed from various familie s of
Bom byces to the Geom etroe as soon as their transformatio ns are
,
known The largest species do no t exceed four inches in expanse

.
,
and the smallest measure more than half an inch From an inch .
to an inch and a half is the usual Size The Geom etrce are .
divided into many families of which we must proceed to notice

,
the most important .
The Urapterydce are rather large species frequently with an ,
angular projection o n the hind wings The type o f this family is .
t he Swall o w tailed M oth Ura ter o: Sam bu cari a the larges

-
( p y t ,
I 9O LE PI D O P TERA .
British Geometra, m easuring about two inches across the wings .
I t is of a pale yellow with two dark stripes and a short line ,
between o n the fore wings and o ne stripe o n the hind wings , .
At the base o f the short projecting angle of the hind wings are
o n e o r two dark spots
Among the foreign species we may notice Cycl idia Su bstig~

.
m aria Hii bn a common E ast Indian species which expands about

, .
, ,
three inches It is white with rather pointed fore wings and is

.
, ,
m arked with several black dentated lines and b lack submarginal

spots ; towards the tip of the fore wings is a brown Space The .
hind wings are not angulated but are marked with a large black ,
spot .
The E nnomi dae include many handsome species o f moderate

size in most of which the prevailing colour is some Shade of
,
yellow Some species however are b rown and a very few green
.
, , , .
I n some genera the wings are entire and in others they are ,
angulated or dent ated O ne o f the commonest is the Brimstone .
M oth (Rum ia Cratcegata) Linn a yell o w moth with redd ish spots ,
.
, ,
o n the costa and some brown lines on the wings

, .
Sel enia Il l ustrari a Treitschke is a larger and much scarcer , ,
species It is of a purplish grey with a slight rosy tinge and

.
, ,
much clouded with brown towards the base ; in the mi ddle o f each
wing is a small white lunule .
Crooal l is E l i ngua/ria Linn a third example o f this family is ,

.
, ,
pale yellow with a broad brown band on the fore wings it is not
,
uncommon .
The E nochrom i cl ce are an entirely exotic family and most o f ,
the species are found in Australia The body is rather stout the .
,
wings entire and the fore wings pointed M ost o f the species are
,
.
o f considerable Size O ne o f the handsomest species is GastrOphora

.
Henri oari a G u e n which is whitish dusted with black ; the

,
.
, ,
hind wings are yellow with a broad whitish border ; the under ,
side o f the fore wings is yellow at the base and marked with a ,
very large blue black spot -

.
The A mphidasidce have thick hairy bodies and are all o f dull , ,
colours in many species the female has rudimentary wings O ne .
o f the commonest species is the P epper and Salt M oth ( A mphidasi s

B etul aria Linn in which the female resembles the male
,
.
,
Nyssia .
Zona/ria W V o ne o f the species with apterous females is fo und

,
. .
, ,
o n sandhills on t he coast in Spring .
The Boarmi dce are a very ext ensive family o f moths gener ,
l 92 LE PI D O P TERA .
inch across the wings ; there are two conspicuous black spots o n
t he costa o f each fore wing .
The M aeaxridae are moths o f mo derate Size in which the hind ,
margin o f the fore wings is frequently notched below the tip ,
and the hind wings are angul ated o r dentated The number o f .
described genera is small but the typical genus M acaria Cur t , , ,
is exceedingly numerous in species M Notata Linn the Small . .

, .
,
P eacock M oth is grey with blackish markings ; towards the

, ,
extremity o f the costa is a fawn coloured blotch I t is not an -

.
abundant species .
The Fi donidce are an extensive family many species o f which ,
frequent heaths The antenn ae are strongly pectinated in the male

.
,
and the wings are rounded generally of a pale colour speckled , ,
with dark atoms and marked with darker bands ; s o me few ,
species are white with black veins such as Scoria Deal bata Linn
, , ,
.
O ne o f the most con spicuous Euro pean species i s E u rranthi s Pl uoni s

tori a B o rkh
,
which has yellowish white fore wings and yellow
.
,
-
,
hind wings with blackish markings it is not a British insect

,
.
The Zereni ol ce are rather large insects and are generally o f a ,
white colour with conspicuous black and tawny markings O ne

, .
o f the most familiar of o u r British moths belongs to this family
the M agpie M oth (A braaas Grossul ari ata) Linn which is common ,
.
,
in every garden and thicket where its larva feeds o n various fruit
'
trees The genus A braaas has very numerous representatives in

.
Asia .
P anthera P ardal aoi a Hu bn is common in tropical America , .

, .
I t is o f a bright yellow colour with large black spots and , ,
measures two inches across the wings .
So me species like the common Lomaspi l i s M argi nata Linn an

, , .
,
insect measuring about an inch in expanse are white with bro wn , ,
o r blackish markings only which here assume the form o f a br o ad ,
border Another variety o f coloration is met with in P eroni a

.
F el i na/ria G u e n a long winged insect from North India whi ch

,
.
,
-
,
expands nearly three inches I t is o f a greyish white with .

,
numerous rows o f black spots

Orthostiri s Hubu includes a few So uth Euro pean and North
‘
,
.
,
American moths expanding about an inch and a half across the

,
wings They are white with central black dots and o n e or two
.
, ,
rows o f black dots o n each wing .
The Hybernicl ce are a small family o f moths which appear very ,
late i n the autumn and very early in the year As in most winter ,
.
M OT H S . l 93
m o ths the females are apterous and the colours o f the males are
, ,
brown o r yellow so as to assimilate them to dead leaves Hyberni a

, .
Def ol iari a Linn is o f a dull yellowish dusted and varied with

, .
, ,
brown .
The Larentiol ce o n e o f the largest families o f the G eom etroe

, ,
includes species o f smal l o r moderate size which are known as ,

” ”
!
Pugs and Carpets !
In many the hind wings are with o ut .
markings but in others they are coloured like the fore wings I n
, .
the fo rmer case the fore wings are generally marked with a simple
,
or compound transverse band broader above than below and , ,
darker than the rest o f the wing o r else of quite a different colour , .
Lorentia Cyanata Hubu one o f the prettiest species o f this

, .
,
fa m ily is an Al pine insect It is p al e grey with the b ase and

,
.
,
central band of the fore wings blue A great number o f species .
are very similar to this in pattern though not in colouring , .
E upitheoi a Curt includes a number o f small species most o f

, .
, ,
which expand considerably less than an inch The fo re and hind .
wings are generally marked nearly alike and are brown o r grey , ,
with central dark spots and three o r four dark transverse lines ; a ,
few species are marked with tawny o r green M any of the species .
resemble each other very closely and are very difficult to determine , .
The genus Lobophora Curt is remarkable for the small Si z e o f ,

.
,
the hind wings which are provided with an additional lobe at the
,
base in several species giving them the appearance o f having si x ,
w1 ng s L Seaal i sata Hii bn is pale grey with bro wn markings and

. .
, .
, , ,
pale hind wings f .
M any o f the largest and most conspicuous species o f this family

belong to Ci daria Treitschke C Ful oata W V is yellow with a
, .
'
.
,
. .
, ,
rust coloured band bordered with black in front o n the fore wings ;
-
,
t h e hind wings are whitish I t is not an uncommon species . .
Another handsome species o f this family is M el anippe Hastata ,
Linn which has finely contrasted black and white markings

.
,
.
B u hotin Ceroi naria W V may be taken as our representati v e, . .

,
o f the E u bol iol oe It is reddish brown with darker bands o n the

.
,
fo re wings ; the hind wings are greyish brown with an ill defin e d ,
-
pa ler band in the centre .
T anagra Cl uerophyl l ata Linn the Chimney Sweep is a sooty ,

.
, ,
black m o th with a narrow whitish fringe at the tip o f the fo re

wings It expands about an inch and is common in most locali
.
,
ties It belongs to the family Si onidoe

. .
The E rateinid ce are a beautiful family confi ned to tropical ,
N
1 94 LE P ID O P T ERA .
America The hind wings are long and narrow and are often
.
,
t ailed and b ut fo r the simple antenn ae they might easily be mi s

, , ,
taken fo r butterflies o f the family Lemoniidae which inhabit the ,
same countries and to which they have a great general resem

,
blance .
SUB SECT I O N V-—Pyral es . .
Wings long and rather narrow not folded round the body in ,
repose ; antenn ae and legs long and Slender palpi short ; abdomen
generally long and pointed extendi ng considerably beyond the ,
hind wings .
The Pyral es are the first group o f the M icrol epidoptera a col ,
l e ct i ve term used for the Pyral es Craonbi T ortrices T i nece P tero , , , ,
p h o r,
i and A l uoi tae o n account of the small
,
Size of most of the
species belonging to these groups The Pyral es are divided into .
several fami lies which however are not very clearly defined and
, , , , ,
are not recognised by all entomologists We will confine ourselves .
t o noticing a series o f representative genera and species .
Pyral is Fari nal i s Linn the M eal worm may be regarded as

, .
,
-
,
the type o f the Pyral idce The fore wings are reddish with a .
,
paler band in the middle edged with white lines the hind wings ,
are blui sh grey It measures about an inch across the wings and
.
,
is common o ver a considerable part o f the world It is often met .
with in houses as well as the dul l brown Tabby M oth (Agl ossa
,
P i ng uinal is,
Walk is an Australian species measuring
Cardamyl a Cari nental is, .
,
about an inch and a half across the wings ; the fore wings are
black veined with white and with thr ee waved white lines ; there
, ,
is also a pale green band marked with a round black spot ; the
-
hind wings are orange with a black spot and a black border , .
The species of Pyrausta Schrank are small pu rplish red moths , ,

-
with yellow spots or lines ; E nnychia Treitschke is a very similar , ,
genus but the species are black with white markings M ost of
, , .
the species frequent dry sunny Slopes .
Hyal ea Gl auc0pidal is G u é n is a violet black species with yellow

,
.
,
-
,
markings and very long slender body It is a native o f America

, .
,
and is very Similar to some o f the American Zygcenidae .
M egaphysa Herbif eral is G u e n is a large So uth American m oth ,

.
, ,
remarkable for its hooked wings The body is green and the fore .
,
wings are brownish grey with semi transparent markings the ,

-
hind wings are semi transparent with yellowish borders -

,
.
196 LE P I D O P T ER A .
The Cram biace o r G rass M oths most o f which belong to the

’
, ,
genus Cram bus Fabr are a very extensive family They are o f
, .
, .
small size rarely exceeding an i n ch i n expanse and are tolerably

,
‘
,
uniform in colour The fore wings are sometimes sil very white
.
,
but are more often brown or yellowish generally with white o r ,
silvery lines or brown transverse lines ; the hind wings are unifo rm
,
white or brown These m o ths have ample hind wings and appear
.
,
comparatively large when flying but when at rest they fo ld their ,
wings round them in an almost tubular form They frequent .
meadows and are easily disturbed but only fly a few yards and
, , ,
then drop down into the grass and seem to vani sh sudde nl y fro m , ,
the small compass which their wings occupy when closed .
SU B SE CT I O N V II
-
.
—T ortrices .
B ody Slender not extending beyond the hind wings ; fore

,
wings rather Short generally broad and truncated at the e f t remi t y

, ,
hind wings rather broad ; larvae inhabiting rolled u p leaves seed -

,
capsules and seed heads etc

,
-
, .
The T ortrices o r B ell M oths are an extensive group o f small

, ,
moths expanding from half to three quarters o f an inch They

,
.
are generally recognisable at once by their broad truncated fore

wings Their classification is still in a somewhat unsettled con
.
dition .
Hal i as Queroana Linn a green moth with two oblique lines

,
.
, ,
and white hind wings is included by some writers with the T or ,
tri ces though others place it with the Noctu ce o r with the B om l y
,
noes , .
The species o f E nl ias are of much larger si z e than any of the true
T ortri x Wricl ana

is a moth with green fore wings and
,
Linn .
,
brown hind wings which abounds among oaks in summer and, ,
may almost be regarded as the typical species o f the T ortri ces .
The hind margin is seldom indented but T eras Cauci o na a very , ,
variable grey o r yellowish brown species i s remarkable for the -

,
costa being deeply excavated .
Xanthosetia Zoegana and Hamana Linn are pretty species with , .

,
sulphu r yell o w fore wings with brownish red markings which are
- -
,
very common among thistles .
Carpocapsa P omonel l a Linn a brown species with a dark patch ,

.
, ,
slightly marked with coppery towards the hinder angle o f the fore
wings is very injurious to apples in whi ch its larva feeds O ther
, ,
.
allied species feed in plums acorns etc , , .

MOTH S . 1 97
SUB SE CT I O N V II I — T i nea
-
.
B ody slender ; wings rather long and narrow with long fringes , ,
not wrapped round the body in repose ; larvae variable .
The T i nece are very numerous in Europe and o ne third o f o u r ,

-
British moths belong to this section but they do n o t appear to be

proportionately abundant in foreign countries These moths are .
frequently o f very sm al l siz e and few o f o u r largest species equal

,
an inch in expanse while the greater part are much smaller

,
.
Some o f the foreign Species however measure an inch and a half

, ,
or t wo inches across the wings They have been divided into

.
several families m o st o f which appear to be natural We will

, .
proceed t o menti o n most of the more important ones .
The A tyehiidae are a small family peculiar to Southern and

Eastern Europe They have some resemblance to Zygceni dae with
.
,
which they were fo rmerly classed Atychi a P ami l a O chs i s dark .

,
.
,
brown with s o me white marks o n the hind wings

, .
The T i neida include the Clothes M oths several kinds o f which ,
are abundant every where ; and their caterpillars cause consider

able damage by feeding upon animal fabrics o f various kinds .
O ne o f the commonest and most conspicuous species is T i nea

T apetz el l a Linn which is black to the middle o f the fore wings
, .
, ,
and white mixed wit h brown beyond .
E upl ooamus A nthraci nal i s Scop is a large and conspicuous

, .
,
black species with white spots which is common in Ce nt ral and

,
Southern Europe but is not British

, .
The A del idce are remarkable for their beautiful colours and ,
the great length of their antenn ae they are generally met with in
woods in spring flying by day Nem atois Latreil l el l us Fabr has
, .
, .
,
golden vio let wings with t wo small yello w spots ; it inhabits

,
So uthern Eur o pe .
The genus Hyponom euta Zell typical of the family Hyponomeu

,
.
,
tid es includes the Small Ermine M oths

,
They are much alike .
,
having white o r grey fore wings rather less than an inch in expanse
, ,
and rows o f small black spots Their larvae live gregariously .
under a web o n hawthorn sloe apple spindle etc and are some
, , , ,
.
,
times very destructive .
The P l utel l idoe are a small family with rather long wings ,
which are frequently pointed o r slightly hooked at the tip The .
large st species is T heristis M ucronel l a Scop a yellowish grey insect ,

.
,
-
which m easures m o re than an inch across the wings .

19 8 LE P I D O P TE R A .
Chim abacohe Fagel l a, Fabr , which belongs to the family Chim a .
bacchi des, is a brownish yellow moth , often seen in woods in Spring,

-
which is remarkable for the fore wings o f the female b eing rudi
mentary and the hind wings absent
,
.
The Gel echii aoe form o n e o f the most extensive and varied
’
families of the T i nei na and the great genus Gel echia Zell alone ,
.
,
included upwards of a hundred British species u ntil it was sub ,
divided by V o n Heinemann M any o f the largest and hand .
s o m e st T i nece both British and foreign belong to the Gel echi i dce
, ,
.
D epressaria Haw is a large genus o f dull coloured m oths with

, .
,
-
rather broader wings than m ost of the T i neoe which the older ,
writers regarded as T ortri ces They are generally grey o r brown .

,
with o ne o r two black dots but with n o varied o r conspicuous mark ,
ings M ost o f the species expand nearly an inch ; and having a some
.
,
”
what flattened appearance are called Flat B odies by col lectors ,
!
.
Carcina Queroana Fahr is a very pretty moth with rather

,
.
, ,
long antenn ae found in woods in summer It i s pale reddish with

, .
,
two yellow spots o n the costa o f each fore wing .
Horpel l a Geofirel l a Linn another very conspic uous species like

,
.
, ,
wise found i n woods is yellow shading into b rown ish towards the
, ,
tip it is also marked with bluish lines and two yellow spots , .
Cryptophasa Le w is an Australian genus o f very large Species

,
.
, ,
measuring an inch and a half o r two inches across the wings .
The fore wings are generally white sometimes with a large dark ,
spot in the middle and the hind wings are brown The compara
, .
t i v e l y long fringes will prevent their being mistaken for Nootuae ,
which they otherwise considerably resemble .
E ndrosis F enestrel l a Linn the most familiar representative

, .
,
o f the family Gi oo hor idce i s a small grey moth about three quarters
'
p
-
,
o f an inch in expanse with a conspicuously white head and thorax

,
.
It is constantly met with in houses but is not injurious Some , .
authors include it in the family E l aohi sticl ce .
Gracil aria Syringel l a Linn is a peculiarly delicate pale grey

,
.
,
-
moth about half an inch across the wings which is abundant in

, ,
gardens where its larvae feed in blotches o f the leaves o f lilac and
,
privet It represents the family Gracil ari i dae

. .
The Uol eophori dce are small moths about half an inch in expanse , ,
with rather long narrow and pointed fore wings M any o f their .
larvae live in cases like the P sychicl w and Phryganidw They are
, .
of very various colours but a l arge proportion are white grey or , ,

,
yellow o r o f some other pale colour

, Vi bioel l a Hubn which .
, .
,
20 0 H EM I P TERA .
O R D E R HE M I P T E R A .
HAUSTE LLA T E insects ; wings four membranous, naked ; the ,
fore wings (in the Heteroptera) o f a parchment like consistency -
(except sometimes at the tips ) ,

or (
in the Hom optera) similar to
the hind wings ; metamorphosis incomplete ; and in o ne group
A
(p hid es) exhibiting alternation o f generations .
The two great groups into which the Hem iptera are divided
are not u nfrequently regarded as O rders .
HEM I P TE RA HE TE R O P TE R A .
F orewings horny ; hind wings and usually the tips o f the

,
~
fo re wings membranous ; antenn ae generally long four o r fi v e
, ,
jointed ; head generally free .
The Hemiptera Heteroptera include the true Bugs an ext ensive ,
group o f very varied structure and habits The greater part of .
the terrestrial species feed o n plants ; a few however are carni , ,
v o r ous feeding o n other insects or sucking the blood o f animals

, ,
and birds and most of the aquatic species are likewise carnivorous
, .
Several systems o f classification have been proposed for thi s

secti o n by various authors ; but they d i fl er little except as regards ,
the names o f the principal families and ou r limits will not permit
us to notice the n um erous sub families into which the larger groups
-
have been divided .
FAM I LY I .
- Sou tel l eridae .
B eakpromi nent ; antenn ae not longer than the body generally ,
fiv e j ointed ocelli present ; body oval ; mesothorax larger than

-
the prothorax and metathorax together ; scutellum large or very

large in some cases covering the wh o le o f t he wing s and abdo
,
men ; elytra coriace o us with more o r less o f the extremity mem

,
brano us ; tarsi sh o rt .
BUG S . 20 1
This extensive family includes the greater proportion o f the

largest and handsomest species o f the Land Bugs The typical .
Scu tel l ericl ce o r Shield Bugs most o f which are tr o pical are no t
, , ,
unlike beetles the wings being entirely covered by the en o rmous

,
convex scutellum which is sometimes black o r brown but i s often

, ,
red o r o f a brilliant green spotted with black and resembles the , ,
closed elytra o f a beetle .
The name P entatom idae which is sometimes employed instead ,
o f Scu tel l eri dae is inapplicable as many genera o f this family have
, ,
four j o inted instead o f fi v e jointed antenn ae

- -
.
O ne o f the handsomest representatives o f the typical Sou tel l eri dce

found in Europe is Graphosoma I/ ineatum Linn I t measures nearly ,
.
half an inch in lengt h and is red with Six longitudinal black lines
, ,
o n the prothorax and fo u r o n the scutellum it is c o mmon o n

,
flowers especiall y Um bel l if erae in the south o f E urope and is some

, , ,
t imes met with as far north as P aris .
In P entatoma and its allies the scutellum is much less deve

loped than in the insects which we have just been considering .
This section o f the family is numerous in all parts o f the world ,
and is much better represented in Eur o pe than the former group .
The species live o n plan t s but will also suck the juices o f the ,
many defenceless insects which are exposed to their attacks .
M any o f the European and exotic species are o f a bright apple

green and the latter are n o t u n frequently adorned with a long
,
thick spike projecting at a right angle from each sh o ulder .
E dessa Cerou s Fab r which we have figured is a native o f South

1
,
.
, ,
America . O ne o f the commonest species in China is T essaratoma

P api l l osa D ru a light brown insect about an inch long which
,
.
,
-
,
fo rms a very large proportion of the c o ntents o f all boxes sent by

unscientific collectors from that country I ts curious flat yellowish .
, ,
or reddish larva is likewise common in such collections .
P erhaps the most beautiful species o f this section o f the family

are those forming the genus Catacanthus Spin which are natives , .
,
o f the Eastern Archipelago O ne species (C Vi ridi ssi m us Dist ) . .

, ,
from the Tonga Islands is almost entirely green its larva is ,
yellowish with the centre more or less filled up with rich purplish
,
blue 0 Aurantius Sulz and I ncarnatus Dr us from J ava etc are

. .
, .
, , , ,
.
,
much co mm oner in collections ; they are red or orange with a large ,
black Spot o n each elytron and small er ones elsewhere The name , .
o f the genus is derived from the short strong projection directed
fo rwards from the under surface o f the base o f the abdomen .
1
By an o v e rs i g h t n o fi g ure s hav e b e e n p re p are d o f Edessa Corv us an d a
s p e c i e s o f P hyl l o m orpha .
20 2 HEM I PT ERA .
—
FAM ILY II Corei doe .
’
.
Scutellum rather small , triangu lar antenn ae generally four

jo i nt e,
d l as t j oint large ,
long o r flattened
and inserted above o r upon
, ,
an imaginary line drawn from the eyes t o the base of the rostrum ;
ocell i present membranous part of the elytra with more than five
nervures .
This family includes a numb er o f plant feeding native and -
exotic species varying considerably in Shape and structure

, .
M enenotus Cor nu tus P ert is a curious Brazilian species

, .
,
It is .
about an inch long and is o f a light brown ; the elytra are

,
yellowish The sides o f the thorax proj ect in front almost like
.
a pair of horns M achti m a Crucigera Linn is another rather

.
, .
,
small er Bra z ilian insect It is black with four yellow longitudinal

.
,
lines on the prothorax and two lines o f the same colour forming
,
a cross on the closed fore wings .
The genus Neides Latr includes small yell owish o r brownish

,
.
,
Species several o f which are common in Northern Europe ; they

,
are remarkable for their very slender form ; the genus Phyl l o
m orpha Lap however is very broad and is remarkable for its
,
.
, , ,
curious resemblance to a leaf A few species are found in the .
south o f Europe but that figured is from M adagascar

, .
FAM I LY III —Lygoeidae .
Scutellum short ; antenn ae four j ointed inserted b elow an -

,
imaginary line drawn from the eyes to the base o f the r o strum ;
ocelli present ; membranous part o f the elytra never with more
t han five n ervures .
The species o f this family are nearly all vegetable feeders and -
,
are generally o f a red black o r yellow colour In many species

, , .
both of this and o f some other families o f Hemiptera Heteroptera

there are t wo forms o f imago called the macropterous and micro ,
p t e r o u s fo rms In the first

. the wings are fully developed and in ,
the second they are rudimentary o r absent .
Several species are very injurious to cultivated plants O ne o f .
t he most destructive o f all is B l issus Leu oopterus Say a black , ,
insect with white fo re wings each o f which is marked with a large ,
black triangular sp o t o n the outer edge ; it measures about an

eighth o f an inch in length The young larva is red This insect . .
is called the Chinch Bug in the U nited States where it s o metimes ,

2 04 HEM I P TERA .
FAM I LY VII .
—Ci micidoe .
B ody broad depressed antenn ae four j ointed the apical joints

,
-
,
slender ; rostrum rather lo ng ; wings generally rudimentary ;

habits carnivorous .
The type o f this family is Ci m ea Lectu l ari us Linn the common , .

,
B e d Bug which is unf ortunately too well known to need de scri p

-
,
tion I t has al ways abounded in Africa where it is possibly

.
,
indigenous but has now been conveyed with merchandise over

,
almost the whole world Westwood mentions that the firs t .
record of its appearance in E ngland was in 1 5 0 3 At that time i t .
excited great alarm some ladies having mistaken its bites for
,
plague spots They sent for the doctor in consternation but were
-
.
,
highly amused when he detected and Showed them the insect .
At the present day the insect often leads to consternation but ,

’
hardly to a doctor s visit and its discovery certainly never gives ,
occasion for amuseme n t .
The b ed bug however continued to be o f very rare occurrence

-
, ,
in B ritain till after the Fire of London in 1 6 6 6 when great ,
numbers were imp o rted in foreign timber since which time it has ,
been o nly t o o plentiful But there are several interesting questi o ns

.
in its habits etc whi ch still require investigation

, .
,
Fo wls .
,
pigeons swallows and bats are infested by closely allied species

, ,
-
,
o r perhaps by slightly modifi ed forms o f the comm o n bug It .
will breed and multiply in empty houses and probably feeds o n ,
the vari o us insects which are found in such localities Blood .
thirsty as it i s it is far too abundant for man to be its sole o r

, ,
even its ordinary prey though it is su fli ci e nt l y sagaci o u s to climb

,
to the ceiling and drop upon the bed if it is unable to obtain

, ,
access to it fro m t he floor However Since the introduction of

’
.
,
iron bedsteads bugs can no longer multiply in the substance o f the

,
very bedstead itself as was formerly the case and washing with a
,
solution of carbolic acid will help to destroy these as well as many

others o f the insect pests which infest o ur houses They are very .
subject to the attacks of various other insects and are a favourite ,
delicacy with the C ockroach and the Wheel Bug th o ugh neither of ,
these insects are to b e regarded as desirable ho usehold companions .
In hot countries the bug occasionally acquires wings ; and it

is stated that the negro cabins in the Southern States o f America
are infested by a bug two or three times larger than the ordinary
species but which does not yet seem to have fallen under the
,
notice o f entomologists .
B UGS . 205
FAM I LY VI I I .
—
Reduoi i doe .
Head long narrowed behind into a neck ; eyes large

, ,
pro mi nent ; ocelli present rostrum thick curved and naked , ,
antenn ae long o r moderately long and slender towards the tip ;

, ,
legs long strong and oft en hairy habits car ni vorous

, ,
.
An extensive family easily recognisable by the pecul iar shape

,
o f many o f the species The typical species is the Wheel Bug o r

.
,
M asked Bu g (Reduvi us P ersonatus a black insect three , ,
quarters o f an inch long which is common in outhouses in the ,
country I t feeds on other insects (including the bed bug as

.
-
,
already mentioned) but although it rarely attacks man its bite

, , ,
like that of most o f the larger B eduoi iol ce is very painf ul The larva , .
of thi s species as well as those of several o f its allies is also carni

, ,
v oro u s and i s in the habit o f encasing its body wi t h part icles o f

,
dust in order to c onceal itself from its insect prey

, .
Some of the foreign species of this family are m ost form idable
insects such as the great black Gonorrhi nus Benggeri Herr Sch aff
, , .
-
.
,
o f Chili which attacks travellers wh o are camping out o r who are

, ,
Sleeping in outhouses as mentioned by Darwin in his J ournal of

,
the Vog age of the B eagl e and as I have lately been assured by M r
, .
T Edmonds who lived for some years in that country where he

.
, ,
made a fine collection o f insects o f all O rders .
Pi rates Stri dul us Fabr is a black insect about half an inch long
, .
, , ,
with red fore wings spotted with black and a red border t o the ,
ab do men I t is common in South France under stones and is

.
,
remarkable for t he loud sound which it produces by rubbing its

neck against the front concavity o f the prothorax .
A canthaspis Seamaeul ata Fabr a brown yellow spotted species ,

.
,
-
,
common in collections from J ava is a good representative o f so m e ,
o f t he exotic forms allied to Reduoi us ; among the more ab errant
fo rms Zel us Quadrispi nosus Linn may be mentioned It is a

, ,
.
, .
large red South American species with two strong spines project ,
ing from the back o f the thorax o n each side as Shown in the ,
figure .
FAM I LY I X —E mesidce
. .
B odylong and Slender ; front coxae long and front legs ,
raptorial hinder legs very long ; habits carnivorous ; wings in

many species only developed occasionally o r not at all , .
The best k nown species of this small family is P l cearia Vaga

-
20 6 HEM I P TERA .
bunda, Linna brown very delicately formed insect which f re

.
,
-
,
quents trees and has reminded many observers o f a T ipu l a both

, ,
from its form and the manner in which it is continually balancing

,
itself on its long Slender legs This forms the last family o f the .
true Land Bugs the Species belonging to the remaining families

-
,
o f Hemi tera Hetero tera being all either water insects o r f o und
p p
-
,
only in the immediate neighbourhood of water .
FAM I LY X —Sal didoe. .
B ody
long slender depressed ; legs long and very slender ;
, ,
eyes large and prominent ; head not narrowed into a neck behind ;
habits carnivorous .
The species o f Sal da are small dull coloured insects always -

,
found near water They are very active running and jumping .
,
with great agility and feed upon the small insects which are met
,
with in the locali ties which they frequent .
FA M I LY '
XI —
Hgdrom etridce
. .
Body
slender ; head twice as long as the prothorax forming ,
nearly o ne thir d o f the total length of the body ; all the legs
-
slender and o f equal length ; habits probably herbivorous .
Hydrometra Stagnoru m Linn is a black or brown insect more , .

, ,
or less tinged with reddish and about half an inch long It is , .
found running o n the surface of water or else o n the b anks o r , ,
among water plants b ut is not very active

-
, .
FAM I LY XII —Gerridae .
Head Short b ody and legs long and slender ; claws o f the
tarsi inserted in a notch before th e ext remity o f the last joint ;
hab its carnivorous .
These are long narrow insects generally of a black o r brown ,
colour and about hal f an inch in length which run up o n the

, ,
surface o f the water In many species the wings are only .
developed occasionally The principal European genera are Gerris .
and Vel ia Fabr but the most remarkable genus of this family is
, .
Hal obates Esch which is trul y pelagic the few known species
,
.
, ,
having been met with running o n the surface o f the ocean itself ,
o ften at a distance o f hundreds of miles from land A epophi l us

' '
B onnai rei Sign

,
is a small b rownish yellow or reddish yell ow
.
,
- -
insect fou nd between tide marks o n the coasts o f England and

,
-
2O 8 H EM I P TERA .
an inch in length and is common i n stagnant water Its large

, .
fr o nt legs somewhat resembling the claws of a scorpion have given

, ,
rise t o the name by which it is popul arly kn own .
B anatra Lineari s Linn which measures about two inches in

, .
,
length including the respiratory tube is o ur largest Hemipterous

, ,
insect I t is of a brownish yel low colour and its body is l o ng

,
-
,
and narrow differing very much in shape fro m that o f any other
,
genus o f this family although its large front legs and long respira
,
t ory tube Show it to be closely allied to the water scorpion Un -

.
like other species o f this family it is b y no means an active insect , ,
creeping rather Slowly at the bottom o f the water It is not very .
abundant in England Not withstanding I ts sluggish habits i t is .

,
just as voracious as any of its allies being very destructive not , ,
onl y to fish spawn but even to small fish which it pierces with its
-
, ,
powerful rostrum grasping them firmly at the sa m e time with its

,
1
claws . This insect is nearly always more o r less infested with a
s m all red water mite belonging to the genus Leptus Latr
-
,
.
FAM I LY XV . Notonecti dce

-
.
B ody rather convex ; eyes very large ; front legs not raptorial ,
rather Short middle legs longer and hind legs still longer shaped
, , ,
like oars and fringed with lo ng h airs

,
.
These insects are called Water B oatmen from their habit of ,
rowi ng themselves about on their b acks with their long hi nd legs .
They are carnivorous feeding on small insects etc At night they, , .
leave the water and fly about lik e the species o f Nauooris The
, .
most typical species is perhaps Notonecta Gl auca Linn a yellowish ,

.
,
insect about half an inch long which is not uncommon in England , .
HEM I P TE RA HOMO P TE R A .
Wings four membranous roof like (one o r b oth pairs occasion

, ,
-
ally wanting) ; head generally soldered to the thorax ; antenn ae

generally short .
This extensive sub order includes the Cicadas Lantern Flies -

, ,
Plant Lice Scale I nsects etc Al l our British species are of mode
, ,
.
rate o r small size and are generally rather inconspicuous insects

, ,
but the Homoptera of warmer climates are often very remarkable

for their size and beauty some species of Cicadiol ae even surpassing ,
the gigantic B el ostom ce in their dimensions while many of the ,
1
E nt o m ol ogist x i pp 9 5 1 1 9 an d 1 2 0 , . .
, ,
.
L N E N FLI E S
A T R .
Fu l goridae and M em braeidce are remarkable for their strange forms

and bright c o lours and several o f the l atter family strongly re
,
semble Lepidoptera in appearance No r are the smaller Species to .
be underv alued for the Coccidae provide us with shellac and cochi
,
neal and the Cocoid es and Aphidce are among the most destructive
,
insects which ravage o ur fields and gardens The Aphicl ce are i n .
t ere st i ng for other reasons also Their extra o rdinary cycle o f .
alternating generations and the relations between ants and

,
Aphid ce are pro blems whi ch have excited the attention o f natu
,
r al i st s for several generations and are still far from being com ,
p l e t e l y understood A l l the
. Hom p
o tera are plant feeding insects -
.
FAM I LY I .
—Cicadicl ce .
Antenn ae Short, seven jointed ; tarsi three j ointed ; oce lli three ;
- -
legs not fitted for leaping ; male provided with abdominal drums ,
and female with an exserted ovipositor .
The Ci eaal id ce are inhabitant s o f warm climates and our only ,
British representative o f the famil y (0 A ngl ica Curt ) is o n e of .

, .
the smaller species the wings onl y expanding about an inch and
,
a quarter though even thus it is our largest Homopterous insec t

,
.
With a few excepti o ns t he species are o f a black green or , , ,
yellowish colour and the wings are either transparent o r marked

,
with a row o f moderate sized black spots o n the nervures The

-
.
drums vary considerably in size in the males o f different species ,
but are generally very conspicuous and are sometimes nearly as ,
long as the abdomen itself .
Three conspicuous species are almost always to be observed in

abundance in c o llectio ns of insects from China O ne 1 s a large .
black species with transparent wings having the extreme base ,
blackish and coriaceous ; it measures about three and a half inches

in expanse (Fidici na A trata Sign ) The sec o nd species is black , .
,
but in this the wings are smoky black and b o th body and wings ,
are spotted with yellow (Gecena M acul ata The third species ,
is much smaller not expanding more than two inches and its
, ,
b o dy is much longer and more Slender in proportion than in any

other o f the two preceding species I t is black with sm o ky black .
,
-
wings and the head abdomen and two large Spots on the meso
, , ,
thorax are of a bl o od red colour (Huechgs Sangui nea Am yot)

-
, .
P l atypl eura Stri du l a Linn from South Africa is a very pretty

, .
, ,
species ; it is greenish Spotted with black the fo re wings a re grey

, , ,
wit h green brown and transparent spots and blotches The hind
, , .
O
210 H OM O P TERA .
wings are yellow bordered with brown It measures nearly three

,
.
inches across the wings .
O ne o f the largest species o f this family is Dundu bi a I mpera

toria We st w which measures above eight inches across the wings
, .
,
.
It is met with in the East I ndies .
O ne o f the most interesting species is the North American

Cicada Septemdeci m Linn which is said only t o appear i n ab undance
, .
,
every seventeen years It is black with transparent wings veined .

,
with reddish The young larvae feed o n the roots of the o ak and
.
!
apple clustering upon the roots and sucking the sap with their
, ,
beak like mouths They live seventeen years Different broods

-
. .
appear in different localities so that each year they are seen in ,

”1
some part o f the country .
The larv ae and pup ae o f the Ci oadidce resemble the imago i n

general form except that t he wings etc are undeveloped The
, ,
.
, .
empty pupa Skin is frequently found still clinging by its legs t o

-
bushes etc and is o ften sent home in collections

,
.
,
.
The C icadas are improperly called locusts both in America !
and Australia In countries where they abound the larger Species

.
.
,
keep up a perpetual chirping and they and other insects make the ,
woods resound with their song at almost all hours o f the day and
n ight Hence I have been assured by travellers who have spent
.
some years in the Tropics that nothing struck them s o much o n ,
t heir return t o England as what seemed to them the death like ,

-
stillness of o ur woods and that it was months o r even years , , ,
before they were able to divest themselves o f the impression that

it was always winter .
FAM I LY II .
-
Ful goridce .
Antenn ae three j ointed insert ed below the eyes ; front o f the

-
head more or le ss prolonged ; o celli two placed between the eyes ; ,
thorax n o t prolonged ; wings deflected .
This is an extensive family which exhibits so much variation ,
in struct ure that many authors divide it int o several .
The typical Fu l gori nce have the pro thorax generally as lo ng

and at l east as broad as the thorax ; the fore win gs are Opaque ,
and the h ead is furnished with a very large hollo w ap pendage in

front Thi s sub f amily i ncludes the genus Ful gora Linn and its
.
-
, ,
.
allies c o m prising the Lantern F lies and Candle Flies which are
, ,
rem arkable for their combinat i o n o f larg e Size brigh t colou rs and , , ,
Pa c k ard s G uid e to th e S tudy a

1 ’
f l nsect s (6t h ed ), p 535 . .
212 H O M O P IERA '‘
.
and range spots I t expands nearly two inches The genu s

o . .
Lystra Fabr includes rather smaller species all American

, .
, ,
.
In the Ciaii nce the prothorax i s much Shorter than the meso
thorax and the elytra are generally transparent Ci ri ns Nervosus
, .
,
Linn the c o mmones t European species measures o ne third of an

.
, ,
-
inch in length it is o f a reddish yellow with black abdomen and , ,
transparent wi ngs .
The sub family Cal osoel i nce have leaf like appendages on t he
- -
front femora and tibi ae and a spine in the middle o f the hind ,
tibiae The typical species is Cal oscel i s B one l l i i Lat r a Sardinian

.
, .
,
insect an eighth o f an inch long I t is black with yellow thorax .

,
and fore wings the latter bordered with black ,

.
The Delphaoi nw may be distinguished by the long spine at the

tip o f the hind tibiae and by their comparatively l o ng antenn ae ,
.
The species are capable o f leaping D elphaa F l arescens Fabr , is .

'
,
.
o n e sixth o f an inch in length ; it is yellowish

-
with transparent ,
wings and is a common Eur o pean species

,
.
The D erbi na diff er from the last sub family by their unarmed -
hind legs The species are all foreign and D eribi a Coccinea G ué r
.
, , .
,
may be mentioned as a uniform bright red i nsect measuring o ne -

,
sixth o f an inch in length which inhabits Ne w Zealan d ,

.
I n the I ssi noe the prothorax and mesothorax together are

somewhat bell shaped but much broad er than long The humeral
-
, .
angles o f the elytra are prominent the legs n o t foliaceous and the , ,
antenn ae short I ssus Col eoptratus Fabr 1 s a small greenish o r

.
,
brownish insect a quarter o f an inch long ; it is no t unc o mmon

, .
The F l ati nee are generally pro v ided with streaks o r transverse
parallel nervures o n the hind margin o f the fore wings and thei r ,
wings fall perpendicularly o n each side o f the body in rep o se .
F l ota Li m bata Fabr is a green Species from Western Africa which

,
.
, ,
measures nearly an inch to the extremity o f the closed wings .
The T etti gom etri nw are distinguished from all the precedi ng
groups by the absence of a raised ridge o n the sides o f the face .
T etti gom etra Vi rescens P an z is a common greenish yellow species ,

.
,
-
with reddish legs about a quarter o f an inch long ,

.
O ne peculiarity o f the Fu l goridce to whi ch we have not pre ,
v i o usl y referred is that many o f the Species exude a white waxy

,
po wder with which they are sometimes completely covered and

, ,
which is collected fo r sale in some parts o f China I t is probably .
analogous to a Similar substance exuded by the larvae o f some

Lepi doptera —A ttacu s Cynthi a fo r example
,
.
.
FRO G - H O PPER S .
II I —M em bracidce FAM I LY . .
Antenn ae very shor t three j ointe d inserted in front o f the ,

-
,
eyes ; o celli two ; pro thorax prolonged beyond the abdomen an d ,
s o metimes covering the whole body .
This family is chiefly remarkable fo r the extraordinary shapes

a ssumed by the proth o rax I t wo u ld be useless to attempt to .
describe them ; but some o f the most curious are figured here .
M embraois F ol iata Linn is dark brown varied with yellow ; it

,
.
, ,
o ccur s in B ra z il and is about half an inch in length

,
Smi l i a .
Fasci ata Amyot is greeni sh brown with a yellow band o n the

, , ,
enlarged thorax ; it is North American and measures o n e third of ,

-
an inch in length Gi da I nfl ata Fab r fro m Bra z il is reddish

l
.
.
, , ,
yell o w reticulated with brown and wi t h a row of black dots on

, ,
each Side and is o f about the same size .
FAM I LY I V .
-
Cercopi dae .
Head triangular ; o celli

two ; antenn ae placed just in front of the
eyes three joi nted terminating in a bristle ; scut e llum large tri
,
-
, ,
angular and exposed prothorax not proj ecting above the abdomen
, ,
hind legs Spineless or with from o ne to three spines in a single line

,
.
The F roghoppers are small insects common among grass and ,
bushes in the summer they much resemble Cioadidce in miniature .
O ne of the prettiest species is T rieophora Sangui nol enta which ,
is about a quarter o f an inch in length and varied with black and ,
red A much commoner insect is the Cuckoo spit (Aphrophora

.
-
Spum ar ia which is about the same Si z e but yello wish grey

, , ,
with t wo paler bands on the fo re wings This insect can make a .
pro di gious leap in proportion to its si z e Some s ay that it can .
sprin g to a distance o f two yards I ts yellow larva may often be .
seen on grass or o ther l o w plants envelo ped in a mass o f froth , ,
which has given rise to the name o f Cuckoo spit The extreme -
.
vagueness o f the n o tions which many people possess of Entomology

is amusingly illustrated by a paragraph which I met with recently
among the answers t o c o rrespondents in s o me horticultural j our
nal : The cuckoo spit is the soft o r larval body (I) o f a bro wn
! -
jumping insect o f the Homopterous O rder named Aphrophora ,
Spum aria 1!
FA ML I Y V .
—T ettigonid ce .
Hind tibiae with a double row o f spines beneath ; body narrow ,
elon g ated ocelli when present placed

, , on the vertex .
H O M O P T E RA .
The most familiar insect o f this family is T etti gonia Vi ridis ,
Linn a green in sect about half an nch long with a yellow head
i
’
.
, , .
FAM I LY V I .
—
Ledrid oe .
Hind tib i ae with a double ro w of spines beneath body broad ,
oval ocelli placed o n the vertex .
Ledra Au/ri ta Linn which may be regarded as the type o f this

,
.
,
family is a greenish insect abo ut three quarters o f an inch long

,
-
,
which is found o n oaks P enthim ia A tra Fabr is a very broad .

, .
,
black insect somewhat resembling a beetle in appearance

,
FAM I LY VII —I assidae .
Hind tibi ae with a double row o f beneath ; body rather spl n es
long and broad but narrower than in the Ledridoe ocelli when
, ,
present placed on the front o f the head

, .
A considerable number o f small species are included in this

family The genus E upel i a G erm is remarkable for its large
.
, .
,
flattened head I n B ythoscopus G erm the head is als o very broad

.
, .
, ,
but is much shorter than in E upel i a while in the typical genus ,
I assus Fabr the head is still less produced

,
.
, .
FAM I LY V II I — P syl l idae .
Tarsi two jointed ; ante nn ae eight o r t e n jointed terminated

-
,
by two slender bristles ; ocelli three ; wings transparent with few ,
nervures ; legs formed for leaping ; larva covered with a co t tony

secretion .
These small insects subsist o n the sap o f plants to which they ,
are sometimes injurious ; a few species produce galls Like the .
Aphid ae to which they are allied they discharge a fluid of which

, ,
ants are very fond Livi a Pyri Linn a red long winged species
.
, .
, ,
-
,
abounds o n pear trees in all its stages -

.
FAM I LY IX — Aphido .
’
Tarsi t wo ijo i nt e d ; antenn ae long fi v e to seven j ointed o celli ,
absent ; wi ngs transparent with few nervures (generally absent in ,
the asexual forms) legs not formed fo r leaping .
The Aphidw o r P lant Lice are among the most destructive o f

all insects They exist in enormous numbers smothering the
.
,
plants o n which th ey feed both by their mere abundance and by , ,
draining them o f their sap which they discharge in the form o f a ,
Sweet sticky substance called h oney dew o f which ants are very -
,
21 6 HEM I P TERA ANO PLU RA .
shellac manna and other substances o f con siderable importance

, , .
After impregnation the female remains attached to a leaf o r

,
branch and her dried body serves as a protection for her eggs
, .
M any of these insects are very small and the males of several ,
species have not yet been observed Coccus Cacti Linn is a .

, .
,
scarlet Species which lives upon a M exican species o f Cactus and ,
yields the well known dye called C ochineal C Laeoa K err a

-
. .
, ,
West Indian species yields Shellac ; whil e the manna is the

,
gummy secretion discharged by the tamarisk when punctured

1
by C M anniparus Fabr
.
, .
Among the most curious o f o ur native Cooci dce are the species
o f Orthesia B osc which are small r o und white creatures re
,
.
,
sembling small woodlice rather than insects which are sometimes ,
met with o n various low plants .
HEM I P T E R A ANO PLU RA .
An tenn ae fi l iform , fi v e jointed mouth suctorial tarsi two

-
j ointed ; wings absent ; abdomen large ; habits parasitic o n mam

malia .
The P edi cu l i dae or true Lice are n o w usu ally considered t o be ,
d egraded Hom optera though some writers have treated them as a

,
distinct O rder either alone o r in conjunction with the M al l ophaga

, , .
They are exclusively parasitic o n vari ous species o f mammals and ,
although the same animal may support more than o ne species the ,
same louse is rarely found infesting two diff erent animals Three .
species infest man : the Head Louse (P edicul us Capi tis ,
found o n the head especially in children ; the B ody Louse

,
(P edi cu l u s Vesti m enti Ni t sch

) found in,
the clothes which though
, , ,
c learly a distinct species s o closely resembles the first that it i s

,
difficul t to detect any satisfactory specific difference between them ;

and the Crab Louse (Phthi ri us Ingui nal is Leach) a broader and , ,
shorter insect found in the hair o n the face and body The lice
,
.
infesting different races o f men differ a little in colour etc but it , .

,
has not yet been positively determined whether they are di stinct
species or only varieties of the common ones O ther species o f
, .
lice infest elephants monkeys pigs dogs cats m ice etc

, , , , , , .
1
C o m p ar e W e s t wo o d ,
M o d er n C l ass ifica ti o n, 11 . p . 44 9 .
D IPTERA . 21 7
O RD ER D IP T E RA .
WI NGS two with few veins not clothed with scales o r hair ;
, ,
hind wings replaced by rudimentary battledore shaped organs -

,
called hal teres o r poisers mouth furnished with a proboscis ;

,
female stingless rarely provided with a conspicuous ovipositor

,
metamorphosis complete ; larv ae most frequently worm li ke mag -
o t s with o ut feet pup ae inactive

g ,
.
Fe w O rders o f insects have been less studied than the D iptera and ,
consequently o u r knowledge of them is very imperfect especially ,
as regards foreign species The number o f recorded British species

.
,
h o wever is n o t inferior to that o f the Col eoptera and Hymenoptera ;

,
and alth o ugh a much smaller t o tal number o f species is at present

kn o wn from all parts o f the world and alt hough experienced ,
entomological travellers assert that D iptera in some tropical c o un ,
tri es at least are far less abundant in comparison than in England

, ,
yet we may fairly assume that when all the O rders o f insects have ,
been equally well worked out the Col eoptera Hym enoptera and , , ,
Diptera will stand o n about an equal fo o ting as the three largest

o f all .O sten Sacken has lately expressed an o pini o n that t he
-
real number o f D iptera existing in North America will ultimately

prove to fully equal if not to exceed that o f the Col eoptera .
The fo o d habits and structure o f the D iptera vary so much

, ,
that it is be t ter not to al lude to them in these intro ductory re

marks . The O rder has been divided into a great number o f
families many of which will fall into the typical family M usoidce
, ,
though this is subdivided into two large sectio ns and these again ,
int o numerous sub families -

.
Although the Diptera are commonly spoken o f as having only

two wings the hind wings are always represented by two small
,
organs called hal teres or poisers which somewhat resemble a battle

, , ,
dore in shape If these are removed o r seriously injured the i n

.
, ,
sect becomes quite incapable of directing its flight In addition to .
t hese s o me Species are provided with two more or less conspicuous

,
lobes at the base o f the wi ngs called al ul ce o r winglets , .

21 8 D I P T ER A .
D I PT E R A APHA NI PT E R A .
FAM I LY I .
—Rn l icidae .
P arasitic insects with scale like rudiments of wings ; legs long

,
-
,
especially the hind legs which are formed for leaping and provided
, ,
with v ery large coxae ; larva vermiform .
The fleas are t o o well known to need description A variety .
of species very similar in appearance and habits have been de

, ,
scribed as infesting various animals and birds The eggs are laid .
in the dust where the larvae are said to feed o n congealed blood
, ,
feathers o r other particles o f animal matter which they find near

,
them But like some other parasitic animals they are able to
.
, ,
accomm odate themselves to a variety o f food and in warm coun , ,
tries colonies o f fleas are often met with in sandy places living on
,
the bare ground Some light has however been thrown upon
.
, ,
this subject by the recent discovery that fleas will attack cat er
pillars (and doubtless other insects also) and suck their blood , .
When they cannot meet with vertebrate food it is clear that they ,
will attack any other animal which may happen to fall in their way .
A second genus o f this famil y (Sarcopsyl l a West w ) contains the , .
J ig g er o r Chigoe (S P enetrans which burrows into the skin

.
,
o f men and animals in the West Indies and South Am erica where ,
the body o f the gravid female swells to the size of a pea and a ,
most dangerous wound is produced if the creature is not carefully

removed intact .
The Pul icidoe were formerly treated as a distinct O rder under

the name o f Aphaniptera (I nvisible Wings) so called from the ,
rudimentary wings with which they are provided They are .
now however generally regarded as a slightly aberrant family o f

, ,
’
Diptera P l atypsyl l a Castoris Ri t sem a the type o f Westwood s O rder
.
, ,
Achreioptera a beaver parasite resembling a sm all flattened cock

,
roach and alluded to o n p 1 2 as possibly belongi ng to the Diptera

, .
,
is now referred by the best Coleopterists to the Col eoptera and i s ,
considered to b e related to the Si lphidce .
D I P TE R A NEMO CE RA .
O viparous t wo winged flies ; antenn ae composed of more than

,
-
Six j oints ; palpi with four or five j oints .
The arrangement of this and the following groups is chiefly

taken from O sten Sacken s Catal ogue of the D iptera of North Am eri ca
-
’
,
2 d e d and Schi n e r s D iptera A ustri aco

’
.
, .
2 20 DI P T ER A .
FAM I LY II I — Jlc etophi l idce . .
Small species ; antenn ae sh o rt o r ong fi l i fo rm or compressed

l , ,
usually sixtee n j o inted some t imes setaceous and o ccasionally

-
, ,
forked eyes separate generally r o und ; two o r three ocelli present

,
wings with few nervures hind tibiae Spined vegetable feeders .
The larvae o f this famil y live gregari o usly in fungi rotten wood , ,
under bark o r in similar Situations Those o f the genus Sciara

, .
,
M e i g sometimes congregate in dense masses when full grown

.
,
-
,
which has led to their being called Army Worms o n the Conti
nent and in America a name someti mes applied in the latter
,
country t o the larva o f a moth (Leucania Unipuncta The ,
flies are remarkable for their power o f leaping .
FAM I LY IV .
—Simul i idte .
Small species ; antenn ae cylindrical eleven j ointed no oc e lli ,

-
first j oint o f the tarsi as long as all the rest togeth er ; wings broad ’
This small family includes only the genus Si m ul i um Latr It , .
is widely distributed and some of the species are frequently called

,
Sandfl i e s and are exceedingly annoying both in hot and cold

,
countries by their painful bites ; they also live o n honey dew -

.
They are very restless insects and continually vibrate their front ,
legs which they use as feelers when at rest

, .
FAM I LY V .
— B i bionidce .
Eyes of the male large and contiguous occupying most of the ,
head those of the female small ; three ocelli pro thorax large ;
antenn ae short nine j ointed ; legs and body rather Short and s t out
,
-
.
Several species o f this group are very common among them ,
St M ark s F ly (B ibi o M arci

’
. which i s black with transparent
, ,
wings in the male and blackish ones in the female and B Hortu .
l anus Linn in which the male is black and the female red with
,
.
, , ,
the head collar Sides scutellum and legs black

, ,
These flies
, , .
appear in Spring and their larv ae live in dung o r damp earth

,
.
FAM I LY VI —B l ephari cenkl ce. .
Eyes o f the male large contiguous and hai ry ; in the female , ,
widely separated three ocelli antenn ae long and slender fourteen ,
jointed ; wings broad and long ; legs long .
The type o f this fami ly is B l epharicera Fasci ata We st w a dark ,

.
,
brown fly with transparent wings and yellow legs It measures .
about o ne third o f an inch in length I t is by no means a common

-
.
I
FL E S . 2 2l
insect . A South American species (P al tostoma T orrentium o f F .
M ii l l er) e xhibit s a very peculiar form of female dimorphism The .
male lives o n flowers like t hat o f other gnats and o n e o f the

, ,
female forms is adapted to a Similar life while the o ther is fur ,
ni she d with a lance t like arrangement like that o f the female gnats
-
,
and sucks the blood of animals .
Head small ; eyes round kidney shaped ocelli wanting ; or -
antenn ae long fi ft ee n jointed pectinated in the male ; abdomen

,
-
, ,
wings and legs all long and slender larva often aquatic
, ,
.
This family contains the small delicate dull c o loured insects -
too well kn o wn in all parts of the world as gnats and mosquitoes .
They are most abundant in t he neighbourhood of water ; for the

female constructs a sort of raft of her eggs which floats on the ,
surface When the larva is hatched it floats tail upwards being

.
, ,
provided with respiratory organs at the ext remity o f its body and ,
rises occasi o nally to the surface to breathe The pupa however .

, ,
which is o f a somewhat conical Shape floats with its head ,
upwards .
FAM I LY V I I I — Chi ronomidce .
Head small, retracted , oft en partly covered by the th o rax ;

eyes generally kidney shaped o r crescent shaped ; ocelli absent o r
- -
rudimentary ; antenn ae with from si x t o fifteen joints densely ,
pectinated in the males and Simple and often composed o f fewe r

, ,
j oints in the females abdomen and legs long and slender

, .
The Chironomi dce are small delicate insects much resembling ,
the gnats The females of several species are bloodsuckers The

. .
larvae o f some species are aquatic and those o f others live under ,
bark in dung o r among decaying vegetable matter The larva o f

, , .
Chi ronomus Pl u mosas Linn which is common in stagnant water

, .
, ,
is called the Bloodworm from its bright red colour The lar vae
, .
o f several species are actuall y marine feeding o n seaweed etc at , , .

,
low water Cl u nio M ari nas Hal is far from uncommon o n o ur

-
.
, .
,
B ritish coasts and Chi ronom us Oceani cas P ackard has been m e t
, , ,
with by that author in Salem Harbour .
FAM I LY —
I X 0 rphnephil idte
. .
Head small round ; eyes round contiguous in front

, ocelli , ;
absent ; antenn ae shorter than the palpi placed near the mouth 5 ,
2 22 D I P TE RA .
apparen tly three j ointed but eleven j ointed under the microscope
-
,
-
abdomen cylindrical narrower than the thorax legs rather short

,
.
The typical species O rphnephil a T estacea M acq is a small fly

, ,
.
, ,
measuring only about o n e tenth o f an inch in length which is -

,
sometimes found in bakeho us es It is o f a rusty yellow colour .

,
with brown head and abdomen and the wings are slightly tinged ,
with yello w .
Head small , retractedproboscis short except in the genus ; ,
Phl ebotom us Rond ; antenn ae rather long sixteen j ointed ; eyes

,
.
,
-
kidney shaped ; ocell i wanting ; legs rather long ; wings very

-
broad and hairy 5 larva living in fungi and among rotten vegetable
substances .
A small family consisting of small brown o r yellowish species

, ,
remarkable for t heir resemblance to moths The species o f .
Phl ebotom us are troublesome blood suck ers in Southern Europe ; -
the other genera are harmless .
FAM I LY X I — T ipu l id te . .
Head round proboscis rather prominent ; antenn ae long

; ,
composed o f from Six to nineteen j oints ; eyes large ; ocelli

wan t ing ; abdomen long cylindrical ; legs generally very long ,
and slender breaking o ff at the least touch ; wings long and

,
rather narrow ; larvae phytophagous living o n rotten wood fungi , , ,
o r the ro o ts o f plants ; those o f a few species live in water .
The Crane Fl ies or Daddy Longlegs are familiar t o every o ne

, , .
They are a very extensive f amil y and it is impossible t o do more ,
here than allude to a few o f the most interesting species The .
largest and most important belong to the typical genus T ipu l a ,
Linn and T Ol eracea Linn a grey species with transparent

.
, .
,
.
,
brown veined wings and about an inch long is common in every

-
, ,
field and frequently very destructive the larva dest roying the
, ,
ro ot s o f grass A larger species T Gi gantea Schrank has a

.
, .
, ,
broad brown indented band o n the costa I t is no t rare though .

,
m u ch less common than T O l eracea and is general ly found in the .

,
neighbourhood o f woods The giant o f the genus and probably . ,
t he l argest of all known Diptera is T ipul a Brobdignagia , We st w ,

.
,
fro m North C hina which measures an inch and t wo thirds i n

,
-
l ength and four inches across the wings ; but there i s nothi ng
,
rem ark abl e abo ut it but its size A much m ore intere sti ng species .
224 D I P TERA .
resting on leaves in damp shady places ; but they may also b e

seen o n windows or dancing in the air
, .
D I P T E R A B R A CH YC E R A .
Antenn ae Short ; usu al ly three j ointed (the last joint some -
times subdivided) generally with a terminal bristle (or seta) ;

,
palpi with only o n e o r two joints .
FAM I LY XIV .
—Xyl ophagi dae .
Head short, as broad as the thorax ; antenn ae with the third

joint angulated terminal bristle wanting ; eyes naked more o r ,
less widely separated ; ocelli present ; legs slender naked ; tibi ae ,
with terminal spines ; scutellum unarmed .
The Xyl ophagidce are rather slender flies from a quarter to hal f ,
an inch in length They are generally black with the leg s

.
, ,
scutellum tip of the abdomen and sometimes other marks o n the

, ,
latter more or less yellow o r reddish The larvae live in rotten

, .
wood and the flies are often to be seen re sting o n the tr unks of
,
trees .
FA M I LY XV —Cce n0 myi id te
. .
Head narrower than the thorax eyes of the male contiguous

in front ; scutellum with t wo spines ; ot her characters nearly as in
the Xyl 0phagidoe .
The typical European species o f this family Ccenomyi a Ferra ,
gi nea Scop is a large stout fly three quarters o f an inch in length

-
, .
, , ,
varying from rusty yellow to black with pale markings on the ,
scutellum and abdomen The larva feeds in rotten poplars ; and

.
the fly which is not uncommon in South Europe especially in

, ,
sub Alpine districts is generally met with in the neigh b ourhood of

-
,
water .
FAM I LY XVI .
—Strati0m yi idce .
Head Short, as broad as the thorax ; antenn ae with the third

joint annulated and us u ally furnished with a termin al bristle ;
,
o celli present ; thorax and scutellum spined o r Spineless ; legs
moderately long Slender with neither bristles n o r spines

, ,
.
These are small o r moderate si z ed flies and the larvae live -
in rotten vegetable substances o r in the water and assume the , ,
pupa state wi t hin the larval Skin The species o f Sargus Fabr .
, .
,
are o f a bright metallic blue green o r violet They are rather

, ,
.
FLIES . 2 25
slender nearly half an inch in length and are found resting on

, ,
low plan t s The females also frequent cow dung heaps o f garden
.
-
,
refuse etc in which the larvae feed Several other genera of this
,
.
, .
family exhibit a metallic coloration while others are bl ack often , ,
more or less varied with white o r yellow .
FAM ILY X VI I — Acanthomeridce .
Antenn ae with the third j oint long conical annulated tapering , , ,
at the extremity but not provided with a bristle ; eyes not con,
t ig u o u s ; abdomen very broad and compress ed last three j oints ,
small fo rming the oviduct ; legs slender ; intermedia t e tibi ae with

,
two small apical spines ; hind femora with o ne spine beneath in

the male .
The genus Acanthomera Wied is met with throughout the , .

,
warmer parts of America from M exico to Chili The typical Species , .

,
A Pi cta Wied is found in Brazil and measures rather more than

.
,
.
, ,
an inch in length The head is brown and the thorax grey with .
, ,
three darker bands ; the scutellum is black with whitish Sides , ,
and the abdomen is black with two white spots o n each side , ,
both above and below .
FAM I LY X VII I — T abanidae .
Head short , quadrangular as broad o r broader than the ,
thorax more or less convex in front ; antenn ae approxi m ating at

,
the base the third joint annulated ; proboscis strong and very
, ,
pro mi nent ; eyes contiguous in the male and separated in the ,
female ; ocelli absent o r present ; scutellum unarmed ; abd o men

rather long and broad Slightly depressed ; legs moderately long ,
and thick The larv ae live in damp earth and the males frequent
.
,
flowers while the females live o n the blood o f animals

, .
The G ad Flies are moderate si z ed o r large flies found in all

- -
,
parts o f the world and are often conspicuous and handsome ,
insects The habits of al l the species are very sim ilar and they
.
,
are exceedingly annoying to animals and do not scruple to at tack ,
man himself especially in bushy places o r near water Their

, , .
bites though painful and annoying are not usually dangero us ;

, ,
but it is believed in most parts o f the Continent that they

frequently convey the infection o f a most dangerous cattle disease -
,
variously known as anthrax splenetic apoplexy or Siberian , ,
plag ue This however is questioned by some recent authors

.
, , .
O ur largest British species is T abanus B ari nas Linn which , .

,
P
226 DI PT E RA .
measures nearly an inch in length It i s black ish above and .

,
reddish b eneath and on the sides of the abdomen The .
species o f Chrysops M eig are much smaller insects about the

,
.
, ,
size o f a common house fl y They are bl ack with yellow mark

-
.
,
ings on the ab domen and the wings are black in the males and
, ,
transparent banded with black in the female They have

, , .
be autiful golden green eyes varied with purplis h dots and lines
-
,
.
But in spite of their beauty these flies are among the most ,
troublesome of the family frequently settling on the hand and , ,
making their presence known b y a sharp puncture which draws

blood imm edi ately .
FAM I LY X I X .
- Leptid ae .
Head short, flattened in front , often narrower than the thorax ;

antenn ae rather short last j oint rounded o r conical and furnished
, ,
with a termi nal bristle ; eyes contiguous or nearly so in the , ,
male and separated in the fe m ale ; oce l li present ; abdomen rather

,
long and narrow or broad at the base and gradually narro wed ;
, ,
legs long and slender witho ut bristles ; larvae and perfect i nsects
,
predatory the fon ner sometimes parasitic

, .
The species of this family are rather Slender o f moderate s i ze , ,
and of dull colours black grey or yellowish predominating They

, , , .
are frequently found at rest on tree trunks on the look o u t for -

,
-
prey The larva of Verm il io Degeeri i M acq l ives in sand and

.
,
.
, ,
feeds o n such insects as fall in i ts way those of the genus Leptis ,
Fabr are parasitic o n cockchafers and other large beetles and

.
, ,
those of ChrySOpi l a M acq and Atheria M el g live in water

,
.
, ,
.
, .
Head short and broad eyes prominent separate ocelli ,
present ; antenn ae with thi rd joint not annul ated with or without ,
a terminal bristle ; thorax narrowed in front into a slight neck ;

abdomen long ; legs moderately long stout and often hairy and , ,
bristly larvae in damp earth perfect insects predato ry .
The Asi l idce or Robber Flies are a famil y of considerable extent

,
-
, ,
and include many large and conspicuous ins ects They feed on other .
i nsects and are very courageous sometimes attacking even dragon

, ,
flies O ne o f our most conspicuo us species is Asil us Crabronif ormis

.
,
Linn whi ch I have taken on the cl iffs between Brighton and Rotting
.
dean I t measures nearly an inch in length and has a long taper

.
,
2 28 DI P TERA .
F AM I LY XXI I I —B om byl i idce . .
Head rounded closel y appresse d to the thorax ; abdomen

,
clothed with woolly hairs ; antenn ae with the third j oint not
annulated and generally provided with a bristle o r tuft at the
,
extremity ; ocelli present ; proboscis generally very prominent ,
legs rather long and slender .
The Be e Flies are small or middle sized densely hairy and

- -
, ,
very active insects with long tongues with which they suck
, ,
honey from flowers ; but the larvae like many other Diptera are , ,
parasitic o n the e arlier stages o f other insects like I chneumons ,

.
M any are known to attack the larvae and pup ae o f Lepid optera and
Hym enoptera while several species which inhabit Cypru s and
,
No rth America make themselves very useful by diminishing the

numbers of the locusts in the e gg capsules o f which their
,
-
larvae feed .
—
FAM ILY XX I V T hereoi dte . .
Head semicircular, nearly as broad the thorax ; antenn ae as
with a very Short termin al bristle ; eyes contiguous in the male

and separated in the female ; abdomen generally long and pointed ;
larvae in fungi and rotten wood .
The species o f the typical genus T hereoa Latr are rather , .

,
numerous They are slender middle sized black species with the
.
-
,
incisions o f the abdomen white o r yellow and are often densely ,
clothed with black yellow o r white hair ; they are generally

, ,
found ab out trees o r bushes .
F AM ILY XXV .
—Scenopi nid ce .
Head semicircular ; antenn ae with the thi rd joint rather long ,
with no terminal b ristle ; eyes generally contiguous in the male ,
and separated in the female ; ocelli present ; thorax somewhat

convex ; ab domen flattened ; legs short unarmed ; larv ae i n fungi ,
o r trees .
This family includes a few small black flies not exceeding a ,
quarter of an inch in length They are not very common but . ,
are sometimes found o n windows .
FAM I LY XXVI . A croceridte

-
.
Head small and round ; antenn ae two or three j ointed with a ,
bristle at the extremity and placed on different parts

,
of the head
FLI ES . 22 9
in different genera ; eyes contiguous in both sexes occupying a ,
great part of the head ; two or three ocelli also are generally pre
sent ; abdomen large convex ; legs rather thick and without
, ,
spines ; metamorphoses unknown

"
Little more need be said o f the present family Schi ner speaks .
o f the species as resting lazily o n dr y b ranches o f trees or flying ,
around some particular point but as usually rare They are best ,
.
recogni sed by the very small head .
FAM I LY XXVII —E mpi dce . .
Head round rather small ; ante nn ae with the two fi rst joints
,
very small hardly distinct the third not annul ated but generall y
, , ,
with a terminal tuft ; eyes generally contiguous in the male and ,
separated in the female ; ocelli present ; legs o f various structure .
Flies rapacio u s ; larv ae living in mould .
The E mpid oe are not unlike the Asil idoe in their carnivorous
propensities but the species are to be met with am ong bushes and
,
restin g on flowers and b eing much smaller they are forced

, , ,
to content the ms elves with small er ins ects than the Asi l idce will
sometimes attack Several genera are found near water As in
. .
most D iptera the females are much more bloodthirsty than the
,
males and M acqu art writing of E mpis Li oida Linn a com mon
, , , .
,
yellowish species ab out o n e third o f an inch in length observes :-

,
Among the thous ands of pairs which I have noticed resting o n

bushes o r hedges nearly all the females were engaged in sucking
,
some insect sometimes small Ph/ryganidoe o r Ephemeri dae but more

, ,
often T ipu l idoc They busy themselves with feeding and perpet u
.
”
ating their species at the same time .
FAM I LY XXV II I —Dol ich0podidce

. .
Head semicircular about as broad as the thorax ; antenn ae

,
close together sometimes almost jammed between the eyes in the

,
male which are approximate but rarely contiguous ; antennae

, ,
with the third joint not angulate d with a bristle at the tip o r ,
above ; abdomen laterally compressed and cylindrical o r elliptical , ,
and flattened ; legs slender bristly hind legs long larvae in damp
,
earth ; flies o ft en predaceous .
The Dol ichopodidoe are small flies often o f brilliant colours , ,
metallic green being the prevailing tint M any o f the m frequent .
the neighbourhood o f water and are often foun d resting o n wat e r

,
plants while others prefer fields and wo od s ; the m ajority are

,
230 D IP T ERA .
very rapid in their movements The family . is e xt e ns1 v e , I ncluding

a considerable number of genera and species . .
—
F AM ILY XX I X Lonchopteridoa
Head egg shaped , as b road
-
the thorax ; first two j oints of as
the antennae very small setaceous the third rounded finely pubes
, , ,
cent with a slender terminal bristle ; eyes prominent green in life ;

, ,
ocelli present ; abdomen long narrow and compressed ; legs long , , ,
with slender sp ines M etamorphoses unknown

. .
The species o f Lonchoptera M eig are small yellow brown or , .

, , , ,
greenish flies with lanceolate wings which frequent the ban ks of

, ,
Shady streams and are often found resting on the wet stones
, .
FAM I LY XXX — Syrphidoe . .
Head semicircular as broad as the thorax ,

antenn ae close
together at the base third j oint variously formed but generally
, ,
some what compressed with a tuft on the b ack ; eyes rather large
, ,
generally contiguous in the males ; ocelli present ; legs and ab do

men various i n structure ; habits b oth of larvae and perfect insects , ,
very various .
The Syrphidce are moderate sized flies often of brilliant colours -

, ,
many being very common Except the enormous family o f the

.
M uscidce the present is o ne of the largest families of the Diptera

,
B rachycera M any o f the species may be reco gni sed at once as

.
belonging to the Syrphidw by their mode o f flight alone for they ,
hover motionless in the air and if alarmed dart o ff with a rapid

, , ,
motion that the eye cannot follow and hover again as soon as they ,
stay their course It is no easy matter to capture the larger species

.
o n the wing .
The species o f Syrphus Fabr are black or metallic green , .

,
species with a rather long ab domen marked with yellow bands

, , ,
often interrupted in the middle the larv ae feed o n Aphidoe The .
flies are about half an inch long and are common in gardens ,
.
Several o f the largest and handsomest species of European Syr

h V G
'
id c
e b elong t o the genus ol u cel l a e ofl r They are sometimes
p , .
found o n leaves and flowers and at other times may be seen sus
,
pended in the air in the glades of woods The flies themselves are .
more robust and usually more hairy than the species o f Syrphus
, ,
though some few like the latter are nearly naked The larvae are
, ,
.
parasitic in the nests of wasps and humble b ees The flies vary -
.
23 2 D I P TERA .
FAM I LY XXX III .

-
P l atypez idce .
Head round , broad or broad er than the thorax ; antenn ae

as , ,
with a terminal bristle ; eyes contiguous at least in the male ; ,
ocelli present ; abdomen and legs Short the latter stout ; the larvae ,
inhabit fungi .
The Pl atypez idte frequent Shady places under hedges o r near

water O ne genus Cal l omyi a M e ig includes very beauti ful species
.
, ,
.
, ,
which however are not very abundant They are black flies
, ,
.
,
about one sixth of an inch in length and the females are marked
-
,
with silvery whi te and orange yellow

- -
.
FAM I LY XXXI V .
Head large and prominent about as broad as the thorax ; , an
tenn ae short third j oint with a terminal bristle ; eyes rather small
, ,
n o t contiguous ; ocelli prese n t ; abdomen short ; legs long ; larv ae
parasitic on various species of M ammalia .
The Bo t Flies are not remarkable in their perfect state but

-
,
are interesting from the habits of the larvae The principal Euro .
pean genera are as follows : Gastrophi l us Leach (larvae in the ,
stomach of the horse ) ; (E strus Linn (larvae in the frontal sinus , .
o f sheep buffaloes
,
Pharyngomyia Schin and Cephenom yi a
, , .
, ,
Latr (larvae inhabiting the nasal and pharyngeal cavities of deer)

.
”
Hypoderma Clark (larv ae in swellings called b ots o n the skin of
,
oxen etc ) and Gi stromyia Brauer (larvae supposed to b e parasitic

,
.
’
o n the chamois) .
di stri doe do not always confine their attacks to the same species
o r even the same groups of animals and in tropical countries man ,
himself is sometimes attacked by them though the worst Dipterous ,
parasites on man are M uscidce o f the genus Sarcophil a It has .
occasionally happened however even in E urope that men have

, , ,
been attacked by one or other o f the indigenous species of (Estrus ;

but such cases are extremely rare Even the smallest animals are .
liable to be infested by them At a recent meeting of the Ento .
m ol o g i cal Society M r C O Waterhouse exhibited the larva of an

, . . .
(Estru s which measured nearly an inch and a half in length and ,
was found in the body of a common mouse from P eru o f which ,
it occupied almost the whole o f one side He also stated that .
several other mammals received in the same collection from P eru

1
were found to be similarly a ffected .
1
P r o ceed i ng s of the E nt o m o l og i ca l Society of Lo nd on 1 88 1 pp xx n , , .
an d xx i i i .
FLI E S . 233
FAM I LY XXXV .
—
M uscidce .
Antennae with the third j oint more or less oval , always com
pressed and provided with a terminal bristle pro b oscis ending in
a double fleshy lobe ; ab domen nearly always soft very rarely ,
The M uscidce form the most typical and by far the largest
family o f the D iptera an d nearly half the known species will fall
,
under this heading It may be divided into numerous subordinate

.
groups which some authors regard as distinct fami lies while

, ,
others treat them o nl y as sub families dividing the M uscidce into

-
,
two main sections called M uscidce Cal ypterce and M uscidae A cal yptem
, , .
In the former the alul ae are more or less well devel o ped and in
, ,
the latt er they are rudimentary or absent We wi ll now proceed .
to cons ider some o f the most important sub families genera and -
, ,
species of the M uscidw .
M u se u m CALY PT ERZE
‘
SUB FAM I LY I
-
. T achini nce .
Ante nnal b ristle lmost nak ed o r clothed with very short and
a ,
fine hairs ; forehead generally broad ; eyes straight naked or , ,
hairy Abdomen more or less oval and se t with long bristles

.
, ,
especially o n the hinder segmen t s .
The larvae o f this s ub family l ike those o f most o f the Cal ypterae
-
, ,
are parasitic o n the larvae and pup ae o f Lepid optera in the same ,
manner as the larvae o f the I chnewmonidce The largest o f the .
M uscid ce found in C entral Europe is E chi nomyri a Grosser Linn a , .

,
black and very bristly fly wi th a very broad abdomen It , .
measures about three quarters o f an inch in length It is some

-
.
times found resting o n dandel ions i n clearings in woods and has ,
been br ed from Lasiocampa T rifol ii .
SUB F AM ILY -
11 —BM W . .
Antenna! bristle pectinated ; forehead broad in both sexes ;

eyes straight naked ; abdomen with long b ristles o n at least the
,
two last segment s .
O ur European species are not specially remarkable b ut this ,
sub family includes the Australian genus Ru ti l i a Desv

-
the species , .
,
o f which are half an inch in length and o f the most spl endid ,
metal lic green or blue the most brilliant o f all the M uscidae
, .
234 DI PT ERA .
SUB FAM I LY III —S

-
. arcophagi nw
f
.
Antennal b ristle pectinated at t he b ase, and naked at t he tip ;

forehead broad .
The species of SarcOphi l a Rond are m oderate sized grey fl ies , .

,
-
,
which occur in many parts o f the world b ut are fortunate ly not ,
often common They attack man and beast laying thei r eggs i n
.
,
o r near the nose mouth ears or other external apertures and the
, , , ,
larvae b urro w in the flesh causing the most frightful injuries , ,
which often prove fatal This is especially the case with S . .
Wohlfah/rti Po rt ch found in South Russia The larvae o f another

,
.
, .
i nsect or insects pro b ab ly b elonging to the sam e genus are some

, ,
times exceedingly trou blesome i n Texas whe re they are k nown as ,

”
s crew worm s -
T he . screw worm s are now state d to b e the -
larvae of Luci l ia M acel l a/ria Fahr a species o f M uscinae ; but I can

, .
,
not give fuller particulars as no competent American ent omologist ,
has yet inquired into the subj ect scientifi call y .
The flies o f the genus Sarcophaga M e ig much resem ble those , .

,
of Sarcophi l a but are much m ore abundant O ne o f the co m

, .
monest and most conspicuous species is Sarcophaga Carm ri a Linn , .

,
a black fly with grey longitudinal stripes o n the thorax and the ,
ab domen tesselated with white grey and dark b rown It mea , , .
s ures about half an inch in length The larva is said to be .
p arasitic o n earthworms .
SUB FAM ILY IV

-
.
—M u sci nce .
Antennal b ristle pectinated to the tip ; eyes often contiguous

or nearly so in the males ; straight naked o r hairy ; ab domen ,
without bristles or very slightly bristly towards the tip

, .
The M uscidae include the genus M usca Linn as restricted by , .

,
modern authors and are the most typical of all the Diptera
, .
Several species are common in houses almost throughout the year .
Stomoxys Cal ci tm ns Linn much resembles the common house

,
fly but has a m ore pointed pro b oscis with which it is able t o

, ,
inflict a rather sharp puncture It is grey the thorax with three .

,
whitish stripes and the abdom en yellowish brown with three

, ,
rather indistinct brown Spots on the second and following se g

ments The larvae prob ably live in dunghills and the flies are
.
,
co m mon i n houses especially in rainy weather as well as out of

, ,
doors .
Closely all ied to this species is the famous African Tsetse Fly
(G l ossi na M orsi tans It is a brown
,
fl y rather larger than ,
23 6 DI P T ERA .
SUB- F AM I LY V .
—Anthomyi mce .
Antennal bristle nak ed or pectinated forehead narrow in the

m ales ; eyes straight nake d o r hairv abdominal bri stles often
, ,
absent .
A rather extensive famil y, much resemb ling the tru e M uscicl ce,
and generally including dull coloured and inconspicuous species
-
.
Some species not unlike the common house fly are common in

,
-
,
houses especially in spring ; and others are annoying by flying

,
round our head s out o f doors and tryi ng to settle o n our faces
, .
M ost of the species b reed in dung or in decaying vegetable matter ;

,
but the larvae o f several species of the great genus Anthomyia mine
in the leaves o f plants like those of T ineoe while others again are
, ,
parasitic o n other insects .
M u se ums ACALYP TE RAE

'
Head of moderate size ; forehead bristly ; antennae short ,
third joint rather long ; abdomen rather short and broad not ,
thickened b ehi nd ; wings very large and broad extending far ,
beyond the abdomen ; legs of moderate length male often clothed

with woolly hair .
These flies frequent dunghills etc but will also feed o n other , .
,
in sects O ne o f the commonest and most familiar species is the

.
yellow downy dung fly (Scatophaga Sl ercorori a

-
several o f ,
which m ay b e seen resting o n almost any patch o f freshl y dropped -
He ad semicircular, rather large , only the ver t ex b ristly ; fore

head broad ; antenn ae short third j oint rather long ; abdomen
,
moderate ly long ; ovipositor o f the female somewhat projecting ;

wings large .
The Orl al i nce are flies o f small o r moderate size often with ,
bande d wings which are met with in woods and fields Little is
, .
known o f their transformati on s
FAM I LY III —T rypeti nw

SUB -
.
Head semicircular o ft en hairy but not bristly near the mouth ;

, ,
forehead broad bristly ; antenn ae generally short ; ovipositor

,
always more o r less prominent in the female ; wings rather large

legs moderately long ; tibiae without terminal spines .
FLI ES . 23 7
The species o f the typical genus T rypeta M ei g are yellowish , .

,
grey flies o f small o r moderate size and often with banded or ,
spotted wings The flies are frequently gregarious and are often
.
,
met with in abundance res ting o n flowers and flowering shrubs .
The largest genus of this family is T epb/ritis Latr which may , .

,
be known from any other by i t s reticulated wings and by its ,
scutellum being provided with two or four bristles The species are .
of small or moderate size and are usually of a yellowish o r greyish

,
colour Their larvae feed o n a great vari ety of plants

. .
Some few species o f this sub family feed o n fruits and that -
,
o f Ce mti l is His ani ca Breme is very destructive t o oranges in the

p , ,
s outh of Europe etc , .
SU B FAM I LY IV-
.
—Pi 0phil i nce .
Head round b orders of the mouth and vertex generally

bristly ; forehead broad ; ab domen o ften petiolated and curved ;
wi ngs large or small ; leg s sometimes bristly tips o f tibiae gener
ally unarmed .
The typical species o f this sub fam ily is Piophil a Casei Linn a
-
,
.
,
black fly about the size of a common house fly but more slender

,
-
,
it is not abundant in the perfect sta t e but may be reared in any ,
qu antity from the jumpers which abound in cheese o r bacon

!
after being left exposed for a short tim e especially i n sum mer , .
SUB -
FAM I LY V . Diapsi noe .
Head provided with two long horns, at the extremities of
which the eyes are placed ; an tennae inserted towards the tips
of these horns face sides o f thorax and scu t ellum spiny
, , .
The species o f this fam ily are not numerous and are entirely ,
exotic ; they are chiefly remarkable for their very singular strue
ture They are met with in various parts of Africa and the East
.
Indi es and are black or ye l low and the wings are generally more
, ,
or less spotted with brown O ne species (Sphyrocephal a Brewi

.
com is Say) i s met with in North America

,
They are ins ects of .
moderate size rarely exceedi ng a quar t er of an inch in length

, .
Head semicircular ; mouth and vertex generally without

bri stles forehead broad ab domen oval legs and wings short .
M ost of the flies belonging t o this sub family are of s m all or -

23 8 DI PTERA .
very small size and are black o r yellow more or less striped with
, ,
the opposite colo ur their wings also are ofte n black or yellow .
The two principal genera are Chl orops M e ig and Osci nis Lat r , .
, , .
,
the larvae o f whi ch live in the ste ms o f various grasses and are ,
sometimes extremely injurious to corn .
FAM ILY VI L—DrOSOphi l i nw

SUB -
.
Head se micircul ar ; eyes not prominent ; forehe ad broad ;

mouth and vertex bristly ; third joint of ante nna rather long ;
termin al bristle generally pecti nated or pub e scent abdome n short
and broad ; wings long and generally bro ad ; legs short and stout ;
,
larva feeding o n decaying vegetable matter .
These are smal l d ul l coloured flies the larv a of which feed o n

-
,
fungi rotte n fruit and s imilar substances Drosophil a Cel l aris

, , . ,
,
Linn is a red di sh species about the tenth o f an inch in length ;

.
, ,
its larva is al most omnivorous being often met with in stale b eer ,
and wine ; and it has even been found in a pickle j ar feeding o n -

,
1
pickled caul i fl o wer .
Head semic ircular ; forehead broad ; verte x and m outh gener

ally b ris tly antenna sho rt, th ird j oint rounded ; bristle naked o r
pub escent ; abdo men oval convex ; wings longer than the abdo ,
m en ; legs short .
An extensive family ; b ut the maj ority o f t he species belong to

the two genera Agromyz a and Phytomyz a their larva m ine in the
leaves o f plants like those o f the T i nea O ne of the commonest .
species is Phytomyz a Il i ci s K alt the larva o f which forms large

, .
,
brown blotches on t he leaves of the hol ly The perfect insect is .
a very sm all bl ack fly scarcely one twelfth o f an inch in length

,
-
.
Head small, mpressed not b roader than the thorax ; fore

co ,
head broad in both sexes ; eyes large ; ocelli present ; antenna

always placed close t o the mouth third j oint rounded with a , ,
nak ed or pubescent bristle at the tip or o n the upper surface ;

abdomen short broad in front and narrowed behind ; ovipositor
, ,
o f the fe m ale prominent ; coxa long ; femora (especially the hi nd

femora) widened and compressed ; hind tibia often curved and ,
hind tarsi very long wings large ; larva feeding o n dead or living
1 P r oceed ing s f
o t he E nto m o l o g ic a l Soc iety f London,
o 1 87 7, p . xv .
240 DI P T ERA .
FAM I LY XXX VIII —Nycteri bid a

. .
Head very small ; ante nn a very short, two j ointed -

; wings
absent legs very long .
The Ngc teri bidaa are all parasitic o n bats ; they are of a brown
o r ye l lowish colour and the largest species do not exceed o ne sixth
,
-
of an inch in length .
They are much more spider li k e in their appearance than the

-
Himaoboscidaa K ol enat i stat es that they possess eyes

.
o celli ; but Schi n er was unable to detect them in two species
whi ch he exam ined ; possibly they are present in some species

and absent in others .
P LATE S.
T HE fi g ures o f so m e spe c ie s are m ore o r le s s enlarg e d Th ese are

‘
shown by an asterisk a ffi xed t o t h eir n a m e s in t he e xplana t i on

at t a c h ed to each plat e I n m any c ase s th e natural si z e is indi
.
c at e d b a lin d rawn a ain st t h e fi ur e o f t h e in s e c t it s elf Th e

y e
g g .
a e s referr e d to are tho s e o f t h e b o ok o n whi c h so m e a c c o unt

p g
o f e ach in s e c t n us o r fam ily to whi c h i t
( o r at leas t o f t h e
g e
belon g s ) will b e found T h e sp e ci es m en t ion e d in t h e text are
.
en e rally b u t n o t alwa s t h e s am e as t h o se fi ur e d o n t h e plate s

g , y , g .
P LA T E I .
C O LE O P TERA .
Ci c i ncl e l i d a
FI G
.
p
.
*
1 . Ci c i nd e l a C am e st ri s , L i nn .
2 . M an t i c h o r a Lat i pe n n i s, Wa t e rn .
T e t rac h a Caro l i n a, L i nn .
4 . Co l l yri s Lo n g i c o l l i s, F a br .
Ca ra bi d a .
E l aph ru s Cu p re u s , D af t .
Ne b ri a C o m pl an at a, L i nn .
Carab u s Aurat u s , Li n n .
P ro c e ru s Sc ab ro su s, O l i r .
B e m b id i u m An drea . Fa l r .
Card i o m e ra G e n e i , B et sSi -
.
Aé pu s Ro bi n ii , La b
'
.
P LA T E l I .
C O LE O P TE RA .
0d ru bi d w
FI G
.
1 . D am as t e r B l apt o i d e s , K o l l .
2 . C al o s o m a Sy c o ph an t a , F a br .
2A . Di t t o (Lar v a)
2B . Dit t o (Pu p a)
Casn o n i a Pl i c at i c o l l i s , R c i c kc
*
4 . Bi a c hi n u s Sc l o pe t a F a br. .
*
5 . Ag ra Vari o l o sa K l g ,
u .
6 . M o rm o l yc e P h y l l o d e s I l ag c n b , .
(hal f n at u ral s i z e )
7 . A n t hi a O ri e n t al i s H op e
,
8 . Sc ari t e s G i g as, F a br .
*
9 . Har p al u s Z
E n e u s, F a br .
P LA T E Il l .
C O LE O P T E R A .
D g t i s c i n re
’
.
FI G .
*
1 . Hal i pl u s F u l v u s , F a hr .
*
2 . Hy d ro po ru s G ri se o st ri at u s , D r G e ar
*
3 . Ag ab u s Serri c o r n i s , P ag h .
*
4 . Hyphyd ru s O v at u s , L i nn .
5 . D y t i scu s Lat i ssi m u s Li n n . .
6 . Cyb i st e r Roese l i i , F a br .
*
7 . Hyd at i c u s G ra m m i c u s, G e r m .
G yl i l l l l l d
' ‘
.
*
8 . Gyri n u s Nat at o r, L m n .
9 . Hy d ro ph i l u s Pi c e u s , Li nn .
*
10 . Hy d ro u s Carab o i d e s , L i n n .
*
l l . H yd r a n a Ri p ari a . E ng .
*
12 . Ce rc y o n Cassid ae fo rm i s , B rn l lé
Sjfl zre r i / l l i d f e
.
*
13 . Sph a ri d i u m Sc arab ae o i d e s , F e br .
P LA T E I V .
C O LE O P T E R A
St ap hyl i n i d ce .
A l e o chara F u sc i pe s , I n br .
M yr m e d o n i a Co l l ari s , P a y k .
O x ypo d a O p ac a , G ra n .
T a c h i nu s Su b t e rran e u s , L u m .
C o y p u s O l e n s, L i nn .
E m u s Hi rt u s, L i nn .
V e l l e i u s Di l at at u s F a hr . .
P ae d eru s Cal i g at u s, Er .
St e nu s O c u l at u s, G r a r .
fu s
.
O x y po ru s Ru ,
Li n n
Ho m al i um Ri vu l ar e , P a y k .
Le pt o c h i ru s J av an i o u s, Ca s t .
P s Pl ap l l i d rc .
*
13 . Ch e nni u m Bi t u b e rc u l a t u m , F a br .
*
14 . F aro n u s Laf e rt i i , A u bé .
PLA T E V .
FI G .
T r i m i u m B r e v i c o rn e , E r .
*
2 . P se l a p h us He i se i , H e r bal .
*
3 . C l av i g e r T e st ac e u s , P r eysal .
*
4 . A rt i c e ru s O rn at u s , B a l m
*
5 . M e t o pi u s Cu rc u l i o n i d e s , G o ry .
P a ns s i d a .
*
6 . P au s su s Arm at u s , l Ves t w .
*
7 . Pl at yr h o pal u s M el l y i , mm .
*
8 . H o m O pt e ru s B rasi l i en si s Wes t n
,
'
'
.
So y d m ce n i d cc
‘
'
*
9 . Ce ph e nni u m T h o rac i c u m , Jlf u l l .
Si lp l l i d a .
10 . N e c ro ph o ru s In v e st i g at o r , Ze t t .
l l . Sil p h a T ho rac i c a Li n n
,
.
12 . Si l p h a P e l t at a Ca t es bg/
,
P LA T E V I .
C O LE O P TE RA .
T r i c l mp t e r yg i d ae .
FI G .
*
1 . T ri ch o pt e ryx At om ari a, D e G e er
H is t or i cl a .
Ho l ol e pt a Fo ssu l ari s , Sa y
Pl at yso m a Co arc t at u m , L ee
N i t i d n l i cl w .
Ce rc u s Pe d i c u l ari u s , I/ i n n .
Carpo phil u s H e m i pt e rus , I/ i nn .
E pur ae a D e c e m g u t t at a, F a br .
Ni t i d u l a Bi pu st u l at a, F a br .
M e l i g e t h e s Ru fipe s , G y l l
T r og o s l t i d df .
T h ym al u s Li m b at u s , F a br .
T r o g o si t a M au ri t an i c a, L i nn .
Ne m o s om a E l o n g at u m , Li n n .
Cu c nj i d w .
Pa ss an d ra B rasil i e n si s , ( he ar .
Cryp t op l zag i d w .
Cry pt O ph ag u s LyC O pe rd i , I l er bst .
At o m ari a At ra ,
H e r bs t .
Ln t h r i d i i d a .
Lat h ri d i u s E x il i s , M a nne r h .
D asyc e ru s Su l c at u s , B ro ng n .
Jll y ce t rp l l ag i cl a .
Di pl o c oe l u s F ag i , Ul war .
M y c e t O ph ag u s Q u ad ri g u t t at u s, Il l i l l .
P LA T E VII .
T /u m i c t i d m ’
G
.
PA E
T ho ri c t u s M au ri t a ni c u s , L uc '
D e rn ws t i d d ’
.
*
2 . De rm e s t e s Lard ari u s , L in n .
*
2A . Di t t o (Larv a)
(P u p a)
*
QB . Di t t o
*
3 . At tag e n u s Pe l l io L i nn .
(Larv a)
*
3A . D it t o
(P u p a)
*
3B . Di t t o
By r r l z l ake .
*
4 B yrrh u s
. Pi l u l a Li nn .
P n r nid w .
Po t am o ph i l u s Ac u m i n at u s , Ge rm .
E l m i s ZE n e u s , Hg ” .
11 c t e r oc e r i d m .
He t e ro c e ru s M arg i n at u s, F a br .
a n ni d a’ .
Lu can u s C erv u s , Li n n .
Chi aso g n at h u s G rant ii , St ep h .

P LA TE V I II .
a a n i d as
FI G
.
1 . La m pri m a zE n e a, F a br .
2 . P h o l i d o t u s H u m b o l d t i , G yl l .
3 . Do r c u s T i t an u s , B o is d .
4 . P ax i l l us P e n t a p h yl l u s, B ea m
Se a r a bwi d a .
5 . Sc ar ab ae u s Se m i pu n c t at u s , F a br .
6 . H e l i o c o pri s G i g as ,
Li nn .
7 . E g i al i a A re na r i a, F a b!
pe s St e r c o rar i u s , Li nn .
9 . T oe u s V u l g ari s , L i nn .
10 . T Sc ab e r, Li nn .
11 . M e l o l o n t haV ul g ari s ,
1 1A . Di tt o (Lar va)
12 . P o l y ph y l l a F u l l o , Li n
13 . Le pi d i dta
P LA TE I X .
C O LE O P TE RA .
Sc a m ba i d a '
.
FI G .
1 . E u c hi ru s M ac l e ay i , H ope .
An o m al a Vi t i s ,
F a br .
J
O H e t e ro st e rn u s B u pre st o i d e s .
s
H e x o d o n Re t i c u l at u m , O l i z
t
‘
O C e ra t o rrh i n a H arri si i , Wes i zr .
C l i n t e ri a Hi l ari s , B u r nt
J
‘
O .
7 . I n ca C l at h rat u s , O l i v .
*
8 . T ri c h i u s F asc i at u s , F abr .
9 . Rh o m b o rrhi n a Ro y l e i , H op e
10 . B ri c o pt i s V ari o l osa , G o r y .
P LA T E X .
c o r no r r n an .
B up r c st i d a
FI G
.
1 . St e r n o c e ra Cast an e a, O l i v .
2 . J u l o di s Ci rrh o sa, Sc hon l l .
3 . C at o x an t h a B i c o l o r F a br
, .
4 . E u c h ro m a G i g an t ea Li n n
, .
B u p re st i s O c t o g u t t at a, L i n n .
6 . St i g m o d e ra Vari ab i l i s ,
D on .
*7
. B rac h y s M ac u l at u s , Ca s t .
*
8 T . ra c h y s T ro g l o d y t e s , G yl l .
P LA T E X I .
C O LE O P TE RA .
Sc ar a bae i d a .
me .
1 D yn ast e s
. Ne pt u n u s we ns .
E n e ne m id a .
*
2 . F o rn a x M ad ag as car i e n si s , Ca s t
3 . Pt e r o t arsu s T u b e rc u l a t u s , D al m .
E l a t e ri d a .
4 . Ch al c o l e pi d i u s E sc h sc h o l t z i , Che e r .
5 . T e t ral o b u s F l ab e l l i c o rn i s , L i n n .
6 . P yro p h oru s No c t il u c u s L i nn .
E l at e r San g u i n e u s, Li nn .
P LA T E XI I .
Ce bri o ni d az
G
.
PI .
1 . C e b ri o F u s c u s , P a or .
R hip i d o o e r i d w .
2 . Rhi pi d oc e ra Cyan e a, Ca st .
D asc i l l i d w .
3 . Pt i l o d ac t yl a E l at e ri n a, G u é r .
T e l ep ho r i d az .
Ly c u s Lat i ssi m u s , Li n n .
5 . Lyg i st o pt e ru s San g u i n e u s , L i nn .
*
6 . p
Lam y ri s Spl e nd i d u l a , L i n n .
*
6A . Di t t o (f e m al e)
7 . Lu c e rnu l a Sav i g ny i , K i r b .
8 T e l e ph o ru s F u son s, L i nn
. .
9 . M al t hi n u s B i g u t t at u s , L i n n .
*
10 . Dri l u s F l av e sc e n s , L i nn .
(fe m al e )
*
IOA . Di t t o
M a l a c hi i d ce .
11 . M al ach i u s I n si g ni s ,
B ag .
12 . Ch al c as T rab e at u s , F a i r m .
C l ar i d a .
*
13 . T ri ch o d e s Api ari u s, L i n n .
*
14 . E v e n u s Fi l i f o rm i s , Ca s t
*
15 . Pe l o n i u m T ri f asc i at u m , Ca s t .
B os t r g c hi d a .
*
16 . B o s t ri c h u s Capu c i n u s , L i nn .
P LA T E X III .
T r i c t e no t om i d w .
m e .
1 . T ri c t e n o t o m aCh i l d re n i , G r a y
T e ne br i on i d a '
.
Ad es m i a C an d i d i pe n n i s, B r enze
‘
2 .
3 Zo ph e r
. us x
M e i c an u s , G r a y
4 . B l ap s Co n fu sa , M é né t r .
5 . Pi m e l i a I n fl at a, H er bs t .
*
6 . C o s sy ph u s D e pre ssu s , F a br
*
He l o ps Pi ce sc e ns , l l ai l
'
7 . .
8 . St ro n g y l i u m Ru fi pe s , K i i b '
.
Ci st e l i tl az .
9 . Ci st e l a Se rrat a, Che e r .
10 Py t h O De pre ssu s , L i nn
‘
. .
Jll e l a nd r y i d an
11 . Se rro pal pu s St ri at u s , F a hr .
*
12 . E u st rO ph u s D e rm e s to i d e s , F a hr .
*
13 . M el an d rya C arab o i d e s, L i nn .
An t hi e i cl re .
1 4 An t hi e u s F asc i at u s, Chev r
. .
Sc rapt i a D u b i a, O l i v .
B yr oc h r oi d a .
16 . Pyr o c h r o a Co c c i n e a , Li nn .
M o rd el l i d a .
17 . M o rd e l l a P i ct a , Che e r .
*
18 . An aspi s Fro n t al i s, Li nn .
PLA T E X I V .
C O LE O PTERA .
R hip i l l ap ho ri d a .
are
I . E m e nadi a F u l v i pe n n i s , K u s t
’
2 . Rhi pi d o ph o ru s F asc i at u s, Sa y
Ca n t ha r id az .
3 . Si t ari s M u ral i s , F or s t .
(fi r st f orm
*
3A . Di t t o of l ar v a)
(p u p a)
*
3B . Dit t o
4 . M e l o e Pro sc arab ae u s , L i nn .
5 . M yl abri s Ci c h o rii , L i nn .
6 . C an t hari s V e si cat o ri a, L i nn .
(E d e m cr i d w .
7 . (E d e m e ra P o d agrari a ,
Li nn .
Sa l l y
/ d es
t i .
*
8 . Pl at y pu s Cyl i n d rus , Olin .
*
9 . Ph l oe o t ri b u s C l e a , F a hr .
Cn r e n l i o ni a ae ’
.
C hl o ro ph an u s Vi ri d i s, L i nn .
Cy ph u s Sc h bn h e rri , P e r t ji/
’
O t i o rhyn c h u s Li g ust i c i , L i nn .
E nt im u s Im p e ri al i s , F o rs t .
B rac h y c e ru s Sac e r, La t r .
Cl eo n u s Cyn arae , F a hr .
Li x u s M u c ro n at u s, C l i e '
.
P LA T E XV
Cu r c u l i on i d a ( c o n t i nu e d ) .
FI G .
1 . Hi l i pu s Lo ri c at us , B oh .
*
2 . A pi on F l av i pe s, Fa hr .
*
3 . B al an i n u s Nu c u m ,
Li nn .
*
4 . Rhy n c hi t e s B ac ch u s ,
Li nn .
*
5 . O rc h e st e s Al n 1 Li n n .
*
6 . Ci o n u s Pu l v e ro su s, G yl l .
*
7 . p
C ry t o rh y n c h u s Lapat h i , L i n n .
8 Ar a c h n o pu s St ri g a , G u er
. .
9 . T a c h yg o n u s Le co n t e i , G yl l .
*
10 . C o sso n u s Li n e ari s , L i n n .
11 . Pro t o c e ri u s C o l o ssu s, O l i v .
B r e n t h i d a’.
12 . Am o rph o c e ph al u s Co r o n at u s , G ué r .
E u t rac h e l u s T e i nm i n c ki , La t r .
B rn c hi d a .
*
14 . B ru ch u s P i si , Li nn .
*
15 . T r O pi d o d e re s Al b i ro st ri s, H e
r bst .
P LA T E X VI .
FIG .
1 . C yrt o g n at h us Wal ke ri Wa t e r h
. .
2 . Pri o n us Cor
i ari us , L i nn .
E rg at e s F ab e r , F a hr .
(l ar v a) .
4 . M ac ro d o n t i a D e je an i , G o r y (re d u c e d )
Pyro d e s Spe c i o s u s , C l i i '
Co ra m hy o i d an
6 . C e ram by x H e ro s , So ny) .
7 . P ac h y t a Q u ad ri m ac u l at a Li n n .
8 Le pt u ra C o rdi g e ra, F n e wl
. .
9 . Ne c yd al i s M ajo r , Li nn .
P LA T E XV I I .
C O LE O PTERA .
Ce r a m bg c i d ce (c o n t i n u e d ) .
m e .
1 . Ar o m i a M o sc h at a, Li n n .
2 . C o s m oso m a Spe c ul i f e ru m , G o r y .
Co re m i a Hi r ti pe s , Ol i v .
C l y t u s F l o ra l i s P a l l
;
e . .
m P u rpu ri c e n u s B arb aru s , L i n n .
a
c T rac h y d e re s Vari e g at u s ,
P ar t y .
7 . M e g ad e ru s St i g m a , L i nn .
8 Ve s
. p er a s Xat art i (m al e ) , J I n l s .
9 . V p es e ra s St re pen s (fe m al e ) ,
F a br
Lam i i d a '
.
10 . D o rcadi o n Pe d e st rl s P o l l a .
l l . T a niotes D e c o rat u s, Ca st .
12 . B at o c e r a Ru b u s , L i n n .
13 . G n o m a G i raff a , Sc h r e i b .
P LA T E XV I I I .
C O LE O P TERA .
La ni i i fl aa (c o n t i n u e d ) .
T rag o c e ph al a F o rm o s a, O l i v .
Pe t r o g nat h a G i g as ,
F a hr .
C o m ps o so m a M u t i l l ari u m , K i ng .
Ag a pant hi a Li x o id e s , L ne .
Ph y t oec i a D e t ri t a, F a hr
Cr i o -e e r i cl a e
.
Sag ra Se ra phi c a, L n e .
C ri o c e ri s A sp arag i ,
L i nn .
Cr yp t o c ep ha l i cl a ’
.
C l yt h ra Q ua d ri m ac u l at a, L i nn .
p p
Cry t o c e h al u s C i c at ri c o su s , D ue .
E n m o l pi d a .
10 . Eum ol p us F u l g i d u s , F a hr .
Chr yso m e l i d ee .
*
11 . Ch ry so m e l a C e re al i s , Li nn .
12 . p
Do ry h o r a P un c t at i ss i m a, O l i v .
13 . T i m arc h a T urb id a ,
E r i c hs .
P LA T E X I X .
G a l e r uc i d fe
FI G
.
T anac e t i
.
*
1 . G al e ru c a L i nn .
H i sp i d a .
Al u rn u s Lan sb e rg e i Sa l l e
'
2 . .
Hi sp a At ra, L i n n .
Ca s s i d i d a ’
.
4 . C o l aspi d e a G ro ssa ,
L i nn .
*
5 . C assi d a Vi t t at a, Vi l l .
T ri pl ax Ru ss i c a, Li n n .
E ro t yl u s H i st ri o , F a hr .
Ph ri c o b asi s M arg i n at u s , G u é r .
E ncl o m ye hi d a .
Da p sa B arb ara ,
L 21 0 .
E n d o m yc h u s C o c c i n e u s , L i n n .
Co cc i ne l l i fl a .
Co c c i n e l l a Se pt e m pu n c t at a , L i n n .
Rhiz o bi u s Li t u ra, F a hr .
P LAT E XX .
0 RT H 0 P TERA .
F orfie ul i cl an
me .
*
1 . F o rfi cu l a Au ri c u l ari a, L i nn .
B l a t ti d a ’
.
2 . Pe ri pl ane t a O ri e nt al i s L inn
,
.
3 . P e ri pl an e t a A m e ri c an a Li nn
, .
4 . Co ry d i a Pe t i v e ri ana L i n n .
5 . B l e ph ari s M e n d i ca, F a br .
P LA T E XXI .
O RTH O P T ERA
M a n t i rl a’
FI G
.
p
.
1 . Em u sa Pau pe rat a, F ahr .
P ha s m i d a ’
.
2 . Cy ph o c ran i a G o l iat h G ray (re d u c e d )

P LA T E XX I I .
O R THO P T E R A .
P ha s mi cl ae .
l . B aci l l u s B o s su , F a hr .
A c he t i d a ’
.
2 . He t ro d e s P pa
u ,
Ll
l ll l
'
3 . G ryl l o t al p a V l g ar s Li n n
u i .
4 . An o st o st o m a A st al asi a G r ay
u r ,
P LA T E XX I II .
ORTHOPTERA .
A e he t i d az
FI G
.
1 . G l e an t h u s Pe l l u c e n s , Se ep .
G r y l l i fl ce .
2 . Phasg o n u ra V i ri d i ssi m a, L i nn .
Lo e n st i l m '
T r u x al i s Nasu t a, Li nn .
PLA T E XX I V .
O R TH O P TERA .
G r yl l i d a .
ms .
1 . D e c t i c u s V e rru c i v o rus , L i n n .
L ocu s t i d a ’
.
2 . Lo c u st a P e re g r i n a , O l iv .
3 . E re m o bi a J ani n i , D e s m .
4 . C al o pt e n u s I t al i c u s, Li n n .
P LAT E XXV .
NE UR O PTERA .
Li be l l n l i d a ’
.
FIG
p
.
1 . Li b e l l u l a D e re ss a, Li n n .
Ag r i o n i d w .
2 . Cal e pt e ryx Vi rg o , L i n n .
(m al e ) .
2A . Di t t o (fe m al e )
3 . M e ci st o g ast e r Li n e ari s , F a hr .
P LA T E XXV I .
NE URO PTERA .
P e r l i cl w .
mo .
1 . P e rl a B i c au d at a ,
La i r .
P so c i d a e
.
2 . Pso c u s B i pu n c t at u s, Li nn .
Ill al l op hag a .
*
3 . Li p e u ru s D i o m ed e a , F a hr .
Th y sa nu r a .
*
. p
4 Le i sm a Sac ch ari n a, Li nn .
Co l l e m bo l a .
*
5 . O rc h e se l l a Ruf e s c en s, L i nn .
*
6 . I so t o m a G e rv ai si , Ni c .
S i al i d a .
7 . Co ry d al i s Co r nu t a, L i nn .
P LAT E XXV I I .
NE U R O P T E R A .
T e r n: i t i d a ’
FI G
.
T e rm e s
.
1 . B el l i co su s , Sm e a t hm .
(m al e )
2 . Di t t o (so l di e r)
H e m er o bi i d a '
.
3 . M yr m e l e o n F o rm i c ari u s , Li nn .
3A . Di t t o ( arv a)
l
4 . Pal pare s Li b e l l l o i d e s L i nn
u , .
5 . A sc al ap hu s M acaro n i u s Se ep ,
.
6 . C h ry so p a Se pt em pu n c t at a We am , .
7 . M an t i s pa Pag an a F a br , .
P LA T E XXV III .
NE UROP TERA .
FIG .
*
1 . Raphi d i a O phi o psi s, L i nn .
H e m er o bi i cl re .
2 . Ne m o pt e ra C o a Li n n .
3 . Ne m O pt e ra E x t en sa, O l i r .
P a no rpi d a ’
.
P an o rp a Co m m u n i s L i n n
. .
5 B i t t ac u s T i pu l ari u s , F a hr
. .
*
6 . B ore u s Hi e m al i s , Li nn .
T r i c hop t e r a
’
7 . Hyd ro psyc h e M o n t an a, P i c t .
8 . M ar ro n e m a Ru b i g i no sa, G u é r .
P LA T E XX I X .
H YM ENO P TE RA .
T e nt h r e d i n i cl ce
F IG
.
1 . Ci m b e x Lu t e u s , L i n n .
*
2 . Lo ph yr us Pi ni ,
L i nn .
P am phi l i u s F au st u s ,
K i ng .
Cy nip i d a .
*
4 . C yn i p G
s al l a T i n c t o ri ae , Li nn .
Cha l e i d i d a .
*
5 . Sm i c ra Si s pe s , Li n n .
*
6 . T h o r ac an t h a F u rc at a , F a hr .
P r oc t o t ryp id a .
Pro c t o t ry pe s Ru fi pe s , J a r .
B r a e on i d a '
.
8 B rac o n Bi c o l o r, B rn l l é
.
I e hn e m no n id a .
9 . C ry pt us F o rm o su s , B r nl l é
*
10 . Pim pl a T u ri o n e l l a
e, Li n n .
11 . M e g i sc h u s Ann u l at o r , B r u l l é
P LA T E XXX .
H Y M E NO P T E R A .
’
I c h ne m non i a as
F IG
.
1 . J o pp a An t e n n at a ,
F a br
E va n i i cl az .
”
2 . E v an i a Appe nd i g ast e r, L i n n
3 . Pe l e c i n u s Po l i t u rat o r, D r u r y .
Chr ysi cl i d ee .
*
4 . Chry si s Ig n i t a
,
L i nn .
F o r m i e i cl w .
(j
7 F o rm i c a Li g ni pe rd a ,
La i r .
(m al e )
*
5A . Di t t o .
(wo rk e r)
*
6 . M yrm i c a Ru b ra, Fa hr .
(m al e)
M nt i l l i da .
7 . M u t i l l a M aur a, L i nn .
(m al e )
7A . Di t t o .
(fe m al e )
Se o l i i d a ’
.
8 . Sc o l ia Hort o ru m , F a hr .
Sap yg id a .
9 . Sapyy a C l av i c o rn i s , L i n n .
10 . C hl o ri o n Vi rid i ae n e u m , B r u l l e
PLAT E XXX I .
HYM E NO P T E RA .
P hi l a n t hi d a .
me .
1 . C e rce ri s C ap i t o , St M . ary .
E u m eni dw .
*
2 . O d y n e ru s O v al i s , Sa nss .
Ve sp i d ce .
3 . P o l i st e s G al l i c a ,
L i nn .
3A . Ne st of d i tt o
An d r e ni d az .
4 . An d re na C o l l ari s ,
St F a rg
. .
Ap i cl ce .
5 . O sm i a T u ne n si s , F a br .
6 . C t e ni o sc h e l u s Lat re i l l i i St , . F a rg .
7 . Xyl o c o p a Vi o l ac e a ,
Se ep .
B o m b u s Pr at o ru m , L i n n .
*
9 . M el i p o na An t h i d i o i d e s , St F a rg . .
10 . p
A i s M e l l ifi c a, L i n n .
(qu e e n )
1 0A . Di t t o d
( ro n e ) ,
1 0B . Di t t o (wo rke r)
P LA T E XXX II .
LE P I DO P TE RA RHO P ALO CERA .
N ymp ha l i d a —D a na i nee
F IG
.
1 . He st i a D U rv i l l e i , B oi s d
’
.
2 . Dan au s Chr y si pp us, L i nn .
3 . E u pl oe a Pel or ,
D o u bl .
P LA T E XXX I II .
LE P I DO P TE RA RH O PALO CE RA .
N y mp ha l i d a —D a na i n a .
H e ,
l . Ly c o re a C l e o ba a, G o d t , v ar . At e rg at i s , D e
2 It h o m i a Ph e m o n o e , D ou bl
. .
'
7n
y p ha l i d (e —S at yri na >
.
H a t e ra P i e ra
, Li n n.
4 , Ne o ri n a Lo wn , D e a l / l .
P LA T E XXX IV .
LE P I DO P TE RA RH O P ALO CE RA .
Ny mp ha l i cl a —Sa t yr i n ae .
FIG .
E u pt y c hi a T ri c o l o r ,
H er c
.
M an i o l a M e l am p u s, F a es sl y
M e l an arg i a G al at h e a, Li n n .
Hi pparc hi a P haed ra ,
Li nn .
T ayg e t i s Chry so g o n e , D e n bl .
E l ym n i as P an t h era F a hr .
P LAT E XXXV .
I
LE P DO P TE RA RH O PALO CERA .
FI G .
1 . T h au m an t i s Cam ad e v a, West n) .
N ymp ha l i d aa— Ae r a i na .
2 . A c ra a P e re n n a ,
D o u bl .
3 . A c t i not e H y l o n o m e , D o u bl .
P LA T E XXXV I .
LE P I DO P TE RA B HO PAL
Nymp ha l i d a Ill e rp hi
F IG .
1 . T e n ari s Ho rsfi e l di i , Seva i na .
2 . p
M o r ho Po l yph e m u s, IVe s t n '
.
P LA T E XXXV II .
LE P I DO P TE RA RII OPALO CE RA .
N ymp ha l i d a — B r a s sol i na e
.
D yn ast o r Na p o l e on
, D eahl and fl
. ew .
P LA T E XXXV I II .
LE P I DOP TE RA nn or u ocm .
Nymp ha l i d a - B r asse l i na
F IG
.
T e uc e r
.
1 . Cal i g o ,
Li nn .
M / nlp ha l i d ae —H e l i e oni ni a .
2 .
H e l i c o ni u s M el p o m e ne , L i nn .
3 . H e l i co ni u s E u crat e ,
H u bn .
P LA T E XXX I X .
LE P I DO P T ERARH O P ALO CE RA .
N ymp ha l i d w -
Nymp ha l i nre
FIG
.
1 . C o l a n i s Di d o , L i n n .
2 . Di o n e Po e y i , B a d .
3 . C e t ho si a Hy ps e a, D ou bl .
4 . A rgyn n i s Papl ii a ,
L inn .
5 . M e l i t a a D i d ym a, E sp .
6 . Ph y c i o d e s C arm e , D i n/ bl .
P LA T E XL
.
LE P I DO P TE RA R H O PA LO CE RA .
N ym pha i l aKe —Ny mp ha l i n(e .
F IG .
1 . P o l yg o ni a C al b m L nn
. u ,
i .
2 . Py am e i s A t al an t a L i nn
r . .
3 . J u n o n i a O ri t h yi a , Li n n .
4 . K al l i m a Paral e kt a , I f o r sf .
5 . Anart i a A m al t h e a ,
Li nn .
P LA T E XLI .
A y mp ha l i el a — N ymp ha l i n a
’
’
.
are
1 . Cybd e l i s M u asy l u s, D o u bl
,
.
2 . E u ni c a Al cm e na D ou bl .
3 . C ato n e ph e l e Ch rom i s , D ou bl .
(m al e )
3A . Di t t o (f e m al e )
4 . Dy n am i n e M as o n , D e n i/ l .
P LA TE X LII .
LE P D I O P TERA RH O PALO CERA
a
u
— Nymp ha l i cl a —Nymp ha l i n ce
Pe ri sam a E u r i c l e a, Be u hl
C at ag ram m a C yn o su ra, D e n bl
.
/
.
.
G yn a c i a Di rc e , Li n n
s
u .
n
u Pan d o ra P rol a ,
D o ubl .
O
1
Did o n i s B ib l i s ,
I l ii bn .
P LA T E X LIII .
LE P I DO P TE RA RH O PALO CERA .
A ympha l i d a
'
F IG .
1 . Ag e ro n i a F e ro m a, Li nn .
2 M e g al ur a C o ri t a ,
. We s t w .
3 . Vi c t o ri n a St e n e l e s ,
Li n n .
4 . C yre st i s T hy o d am as , B o i s d .
P LA T E X LI V .
JVyi np ha l i i l w— Ny nip ha l i n an
n o .
1 . Hy po l i m n as Sal m a c i s , B ra .
2 . Ad e l ph a I rm i n a, D o ubl .
3 . Li m e n i t is Si b y l l a , Li nn .
4 . p
Ne t i s Sac l av a , B o i s d .
E u ph ae d ra Prat i nas D o u bl .
PL AT E XLV .
LE P I DO P T ERA RH O PALO CE RA .
N y mpha l i d a ’
F IG
A p at ra I i s Li n n
.
1 . u r . .
2 . A g ri as JE d o n H e n
, .
p
C h arax e s E h y ra , G fl l l l .
4 . M e g i st ani s B a o t u s , B e u hl .
P LA T E X LV I .
N yi np ha l i d a N ymp ha l i ne
"
.
1 . Hy pn a C l y t e m n e st ra , H u bn
2 . An a a G l y c e ri um . B e u hl .
3 . Pro t o g o n i u s C e c ro p s, D ou bl .
4 . Si d e ro n e It y s, Cra m .
P LA T E X LV I I .
Le m on i i da ’
.
Ne m e o b i u s Lu c i n a, Li n n .
Ab i s ar a T e pah l B o i sd .
M e so se m i a C roe su s , F a br
Lym n as M e l an d e r, Cra m .
Ze o n i a Li car si s , 1 a br .
B arbi c o r n i s B asi l i s , G e e f ’
.
He l i c o pi s Aci s . F a hr .
Ny m phidi u m Lam i s , Cr a n '
.
P LA T E X LV II I .
LE P IDO P TER A RH O P ALO CE RA .
Iny e a ni d aa .
Ax i o c e rc e s T he ro , Li n n .
Ly c a n a Ph l a as L i nn .
P o l y o m m at u s Cory d o n , Se ep .
T he c l a Pr un i Li n n
, .
Ze p h yr u s B e t ul as L i n n
, .
M y ri n a Si l e nu s , Gra m .
Am b l y po d i a Api d an u s , Cr a m .
Eu m a us M i ny as , H u bn .
P l a te XL VI I I .
PL A T E X LI X .
LE P I DO P T E RA RH O P ALO CE RA .
P ap i l i o ni cl w P i e r i n rn
FI G PA G E
p
.
1 . Pe r e u t e C haro s, B o i sd .
Arc h o n i a s Ni m bi c e , B e es /l
'
2 . .
Di s m o r ph i a E u m e l i a . Cra m .
D i sm o r phi a T h e rm e s G e rl t
'
4 . a, .
p
Le u c o ph asi a Si n a i s , Li nn .
6 . Ny c hi t o n a Xi phi a , F abr .
7 . E ur e m a M e x i c an a , B o i s d .
P LA T E L .
P ap i l i o n i da —P i e r i na
’
F IG
.
1 . Pi e ri s B ras swa , L i nn .
2 . Pi e ris Crat ae g i , Li nn .
3 . T ac b y ri s Ne ro , B o i sd .
4 . D e l i as E u c h ari s D r u
. .
Pe rrh yb rl s Py r rh a, Fa hr .
P LA T E LI .
LE P I DO P TE RA RHO P ALO CE RA .
P ap i l i o ni d ae—P i e ri n ee
F IG
.
1 . C at o psi l i a A rg ant e ,
F a hr .
2 . G o n e pt e ry a Rh am ni , L i n n .
3 . C o l i as E d u s a, F a hr .
4 . I xi as M ari a m n e , Cr a m .
5. H e bo m o i a Le u c i pp e, O r a/ m .
P LA T E LI I .
Pe p i l i o n i (l a )
P ap i l i o ni nan
F IG PA G E
A pol l o
.
1 . Parn assm s , L i nn .
2 . E u ry ad e s C o re t h ru s, B o i s d .
T h ai s P o l yx e n a ,
IV V . .
4 . T é i n o pal pu s I m p e ri al i s , H ope
P LA T E L III .
LE P I DO P TE RA RH O PALO CER A .
l
P ap i l i o ni d a P ap i i o n ! n(e .
1 . P ap il i o A n t i m ac h s D
u ,
ru .
Papi l i o T ri o pa G d t
s, o .
P LAT E LI V .
P api l i e ni d w—P ap i l i e ni n an
l . Pap il i o Po l y d am as , Li nn .
2 . Pap i l i o D i s si m i l i s , L i n n .
P ap i l i o He c t o r , L i nn .
PL ATE LV .
LE P I DO P T E RA RH O P ALO CERA .
P ap i l i e ni d ce —P api l i o ni nae .
r IG
P ap i l i o G rayi B oi d
.
1 .
,
s .
2 . P ap i l i o U l yss e s L i n
,
n.
P LA T E LV I .
LE P I DO P T E RA RH O PALO CE RA .
P ap i l i on i fl a — P ap i l i o ni n a
’
.
n o
1 . P ap i l i o D e m o l e u s , L i nn .
2 . P ap i l i o Sar p ed o n , Li nn .
3 . Pam phi l a Syl v an u s , E sp .
4 . E ry n n i s Al c e ss ,
E sp .
He t e ro pt e ru s M o rp h e us , P a l l .
P LA T E LV I I .
LE P I DO P TERA RH O PA LO CE RA .
P ap i l i o ni i l a — P ap i l i e n i nan
F IG .
1 . P ap i l i o P o d al i ri s Li n n
u ,
.
2 . P ap i l i o M ac h ao n Li n n
,
.
3 . Le pt o c i rc u s C uri u s, F a hr .
H esp e r i i cl a '
.
4 . T h y m e l e P ro t e u s L i n n
,
.
Py rrh o py g e V e rsi c o l o r ,
Ln t r .
P LAT E L V I II .
LE P I DO P TE RA H E T E B O CE RA
Sp h i ng i d a ’
F IG
.
1 . M ac ro g l o ss a St e l l at aru m , Li n n .
2 . Sph e c o di n a Abb o t i i , Snaa i n s .
3 . Ch oero c am pa C e l e ri o , L i n n .
4 . D e il e ph il a Hi ppo ph ae s, E sp .
5 . Sm e ri n t hu s O c e l l at u s, Li nn .
P LAT E LIX .
LE P I DO P TE RA H E TE R O CERA .
Sp hi ng i (l a .
C oequ o sa T ri an g u l ari s ,
Den .
PL ATE LX .
LE P I DO P TE R A H E TE R O CE RA .
Sp h i ny i d ce .
r m .
1 . A c h er o n t i a A t r O p
os . L i nn .
2 . Dit t o (l arv a)
3 . Sp h i n x Li g u s t i i , L i nn .
P LA T E LX I .
LE P I DO P T E RA H E TER O CE RA .
z E ye r i l l l d ’
.
1 . Sph e c i a Api f o rm i s Cl e r c h
.
2 T ro c hil i u m Sc o l i a f o rm i e , Le ap .
3 . T hyri s Vi t ri n a ,
B oi s d .
Ura ni i d az .
4 . U ran i a B o i s d u v al i i , G u é r .
5 . Nyc t al e m o n O ro n t e s , Li n n .
P LA T E LXI I .
LE P I DO P TE RA H E TE R O CE RA .
Ur a ni i d a ’
.
1 . C o ro n i s E g i n a B o i sd .
Ca s t n i i tl a '
.
2 . Cast ni a Li c u s , D r e .
’
3 . Co c yt i a D U rv i l l e i , B o i sd .
P LAT E L X III .
LE P I DO P TE RA H E TE R O CER A .
A ya r i st i fl fe .
me .
1 . IE g o c e ra V e n u h a, Cra m .
2 . E u se m i a P al es ,
B o i sd .
Zyg a ’
n i d fe .
3 . Pro c ri s St at i c e s , L i n/n .
4 . Zyg a n a Ang e l i c a , O c hs .
5 . Syn t o m i s Lat r e i l l i i , B o i s d .
6 . Phal an n a F o rm o sa, B o i sd .
Ar e t i i d a .
I "
7 Ar ct i a C aja Li nn
.
, .
8 . E c pan t h e ri a Sc ri b o n i a, St al l .
P LA T E L XIV .
LE P I DO P TE RA H E TER O CE RA .
A r e t i i d ce
FI G
.
1 : T h al am a Se l e n a a D ou bl . .
L i t he si i cl a .
2 . D e i o pe i a P ul c h e l l a ,
Li n n .
3 . Li t h o si a C o m pl an a , Li n n .
c t em e r i d a
y
'
l .
4 . Nyc t e m e ra I n s u l are , B o i s d .
5 . Se c u si o A nn u l a t a, B o i sd .
L ip a r i cl a,
’
6 . D asy c hi ra P ud i b u nd a , Li n n
7 . Eu p ro c t i s C hry s o rrh ae a , L i n n .
8 . C y pr a C ro c e i pe s , B e i s rl .
9 . P sy c h e U ni c o l o r ,
If nf n .
10 . Di t t o (c ase )
Ab t e d on t i cl a '
.
C n e t h o c am pa Pro c e ssi o n e a, Li nn .
D r ep a n nl l l l fl ‘
.
Pl at y pt e ryx F al cat ari a Li n n . .

hol odonnd
P l a t e LXI V
.
P LAT E
LE P I DO P TE RA HE TE R O CER A .
Sa t u r ni i d a .
A t t acu s At l as ,
L i nn .
P LA T E LXV I .
LE P I DO P TERA HE T E R O CER A
.
Sa t u r ni i dw
F IG
.
1 . An t h e ra a M y l i t t a, D r n .
T I sab e l l a G ra e l l s
’
2 . ro pa a
3 . Sat u rni a Pav o m a-M i n o r, L i n ;

P LAT E L XV II .
LE P I DO P TE RA HET ERCO E RA .
Sa t u r ni i d a ’
FI G
.
I p
.
1 . Ce rat o c am pa m e ri al i s , D ru . ua r .
La si o e anip i d a .
2 . B rah m a a Co n c h i fe ra, B u t l .
H epi a l i d a .
3 . Le t o Ve n u s ,
St e l l .
P LAT E LXV III .
LE P I DO P TE RA H E TE R O CE R A .
B o m bye i al a
F IG
u
1 . B o m byx M o ri , L i nn .
1A . Di t t o (l arv a)
La si e c a mp i cl te .
2 . G ast ro pacha Qu e rc i fo l i a, L i nn .
Ze uz e r i d a .
Xy l e u t e s Co ssu s, Li nn .
4 . Ph rag m at a c i a Aru n d i n i s, H u bn .
5 . Ze u z e ra ZE sc u l i , Li nn .
P LA T E L XIX .
LE P I DO P TERA H E TE R O CE RA .
N oc t n a
FIG
.
1 . T h yat i ra B at i s , Li nn .
2 . Le uc an i a E l ym i , T r e i t s c h ke
3 . Ca l o g ram m a F e st i v a, D e n .
4 . T ri ph a n a O rb o na , F a hr .
Ag ro t i s Se g e t um IV V, . .
6 . Ag ri O pi s A p ril i n a L i n n
, .
7 . M o rm o M au ra, Li nn .
P LA T E LXX .
LE P I DO P TERA HE TE R O CE RA .
C u c u l l i a V e rb asc i , Li nn .
H e l i o t hi s Di psa c e a , Li n n .
A c o n t i a Al bi c o l l i s F a br
, .
B e ph o s P a th e n i a s Li nn
r r , .
Pal i n d i a D o m i n i c at a , G u é n .
D y o m y x M e g al o ps , G u én .
Pl u si a C h ry s i t i s , Li nn .
C al p e O phi d e ro i d e s , G n en
’
H yb l a a P u e ra , Cr a m .
Hyb l a a C o n st e l l at a , G n é n .
St i l b i a An o m al a ,
fl an .
P LAT E L XX I .
LE P I DO P TE RA H E TE ROCE RA .
F IG .
1 . Po l y d e sm a Sc ri pt i l i s, G u é n .
2 . Po l y d e sm a U m b ri c o l a, B o i sd .
3 . C o c yt o d es C a ru l a Gu é n .
4 . Cat e phi a Al c h ym i st a, F a hr .
5 . B o l i n a Ni gr o b as i s , G u é n .
6 . C at o c al a F raxi n i , Li nn .
P LA T E LXX II .
LE PI DO PT E RA H E TE R O CE RA .
N e al e/ an
FIG .
1 . O phi d e re s F u l l o n i c a , Li n n .
2 . M i n i o d e s Di sc o l o r , G ué n .
3 . Ny c t i pao Le uc o t a n i a , G n é n .
4 . Le t i s Co rt e x , G n é n .
P LA T E L XX I II .
LE P I DO P TE RA HE T E R O CERA .
IVoe t u a .
me .
1 . Cyl i g ram m a J o a B o i sd .
2 C al l i o d e s O rb i g e ra, G u é n .
3 . O phi o d e s T i rrh a a, Cr a m
4 . A c h a a Li e n ardi B i a,
e s .
5 . Am p h i g o n i a He pat i an s z . G né n .
6 . Re m i g i a M e g a s , G u é n .
7 . Hy pe rn ari a M i n i o pi l a , G u é n .
8 . Di c h ro m i a T r ig o n al i s . Gai n .
9 . H e rm i n i a T a rs i pe n n al i s , T re i t se h he
P LAT E L XX I V .
LE P I DO P T E RA H E TE R O CE RA .
G eo m et r a '
.
a re .
l . Ru m i a Crat a g at a , L i nn .
2 . Se l e n i a I l l u st rari a T r .
Ci . Cro c al l i s E l i n g u ari a, Li n n .
4 . Am ph id asi s Be t u l ari a , Li nn .
5 . Ny ssi a Zo n ar i a, W . V .
5A . Di t t o (fe m al e )
6 . M ac ari a No t at a, L i nn .
7 . E u rran t h i s Pl um i st ari a, B or hh .
8 . Ab rax as G ro ss u l ari at a, Li nn .
9 . Hy b e rn i a D ef o l i ari a, Li n n .
9A . Di t t o (f e m al e )
10 . Lare n t i a Cy an at a, H u bn .
11 . Lo b o ph o ra Se x al i sat a , H u bn .
12 . M e l an i pp e Ha st at a , Li nn .
13 . E u b o l i a C e r vi n ari a, W . V .
P LA T E L XXV .
LE P I DO P T E RA HE T E R O CE R A .
P y r a l es
G
Ag l o ssa Pi n g u i n al i s , Li nn .
2 Pyrau st a Pur pu ral i s , L i nn .
3 Hyal e a G l au c o pi d al i s , G u é n .
4 M e g aph ys a H e rb if e ral i s, G ué n .
5 . Hy d ro c am pa Ny m ph a at a , Li nn .
6 . B o t y s Am pl al i s , G u é n .
7 . M e g as t e s G ran d al is , G u é n .
8 Apho m i a So ci e l l a , L i nn .
9 . Zo ph o d i a Co n v o l u t e l l a, H u bn .
P LAT E L XXV I .
I
LE P DO P T E A HE T E R R O CERA .
T or t r i c e s .
B al i a s Q u erc an a, Li nn .
T e ras Cau d an a, F a hr .
Xan t h o se t i a Ham an a, Li n n .
Car p p
o c a sa Po m o n e l l a, Li n n .
T i ne a .
At y c hi a Pu m i l a , O c hs .
T i n e a T ape t z el l a Li nn .
E u pl o c am u s An t hrac i n al i s , Se ep .
Ne m o t o i s Lat r e i l l e l l u s, F a br .
Hy po n o m e u t a P ad e l l a , Li n n .
T h e ri st i s M u cro n e l l a, Se q ) .
Ch i m ab ac c h e F ag e l l a , F a hr .
Ps ec ad i a Pu si e l l a, R oem .
C arc i n a Qu erc an a F a hr
,
.
Harpe l l a G eo ff re l l a, L i nn .
C o l e o p h o ra Vi bi c e l l a , H ii bn .
P t er q i ho r i .
P t e ro ph orus Li t h o d ac t yl u s ,
T r ei t s c hke .
A l uci t a .
Al u c i t a He x ad act yl a, Li nn .
P LA T E L XX V II .
HE M I P T E R A H E T E R O P T E RA .
Se u t e l l e r i cl ce .
G raph o so m a Li n e at u m , Li n n .
T B an ksii D r u
e c t o c o ri s , .
C at ac an t h u s I n c arn at u s ,
D ru .
E u t h y rh yn c h u s F l o ri d an u s , Li nn .
T ri g o n oso m a De sf o n t ai n e i , F a hr .
Can t ao O c e l l at us , T ha n h .
T i nni el i el a
*
7 . Ti n g i s Pyri ,
F a hr .
Ci ni i e i d a’
.
*
8 . Ci m e x Le c t ul ari u s , L i nn .
R e cl u e i i cl a
b
il l ) 9 Ze l u s Q u adri spi n o su s Lue ,
.
10 . M acro c h e rai a G ran d i s ,

G ray
P LA T E L XXV I II
HE M I P TE RA HE TE R O P TE RA .
Co r e i el a .
M e ne n o t u s Lu n at u s, Lap .
L yyasi el w .
C o pi u s In t e rm e d i u s, B ur m .
I t e el u ni i d a .
Ac an t h aspi s Se x g u t f at a, F a hr .
G e r r i el re .
H al obate s Pi c t u s , G er m .
G algul i da .
G al g u l u s O c u l at u s, F a hr .
6 . Ne pa C i n e re a, L i nn .
N o t o ne e t i d ae .
7 . Not o n e c t a G l au ca ,
L i nn .
*
8 M e t ac an t h u s Pu n c t i pe s , G e r m
. .
Ce r is i al a .
9 . C o ri sa St ri at a , Li nn .
P LA T E LXX I X .
‘
H EM I P T ERA HO M O P T E RA .
Ci ca d i d ae
F IG
.
1 . T h o ph a Sac c at a Am y o t .
F u l g o r i cl ce .
2 . F u l g o ra Ho rsfi e l d i , West i v .
Aph a na A m ab i l i s, H op e
3 .
*
4 Ci x i u s C u n i c u l ari u s, L i n n
. .
5 . De l ph ax Lo n g i pe n n i s , Ca r t .
*
D e rb e St ri g i pe n n i s, We st i e
'
6 . .
*
7 . I ssu s Co l e O pt rat u s, F a hr .
*
8 T . e t t i g o m e t ra V re sc e ns
i , P a nz .
P LAT E LX XX .
HE M I P T E RA H OM O P T E R A .
F u l g ori d w
F IG
.
*
1 . Poe c i l o pt e ra Phal a n o i d e s, L i nn .
Led ri el m
2 . Le dr a Au ri t a , L i nn .
M e m br a e i a ee ’
.
M e m b r ac i s F o l i at a, Li nn .
Sm i l i a F as c i at a, A m yo f .
(E d a I nfl at a, F a hr .
Ph y so pl i a Ni g rat a, Am y o t .
Hy psau c h e n i a We st w o o d ii ,
F a i rm .
H e t e r o no t us Vu l n e rat u s, F a i r m .
J a ssi d a .
J as s u s A t o m ari us, F a hr .
B y t h os c 0 pu s V e n o s us , F a l l .
P LA T E L XXX I .
HE M IP T E RA H O M O P TE RA .
M e m br s t i el a .
D arn i s Li m ac o d e s, B u r nt .
Ce r up ed a .
T ri CO ph o ra Sang u i n o l e n t a, L i nn .
P s y l l i el w .
Li v i a J u n c o ru m , La t r .
Ap hi d w .
*
4 . A pm s Ti l i a ,
Li nn .
*
5 . Lac h n u s Q u e rc u s , L i n n .
A l eyr od i d ac
A l e yr o d e s Pro l e t el l a, L i nn .
*
7 . C o c c u s C ac t i , L i n n .
*
8 O rt h e si a Urt i c ae , L i nn
‘
. .
H e ni ipt e r a A n op l u r a .
*
9 . P e d i c u l u s C ap i t i s ,
N i t se h .
’
P LA T E L XXX II .
DI P TE RA .
Ap ha nip t e r a .
m s.
*
1 . P u l e x Irri t an s ,
Li n n .
Ne m o c e ra .
*
2 . E pi d o si s Le u c o pe z a , Jll i g e
.
*
3 . M y c e t o phi l a Di st i g m a , M e ig .
*
4 . M ac ro c e ra Lu te a, P a n e .
*
5 . Si m u l i u m O rn at u m ,
M eig .
*
B i b i o Ho rt u l an u s L i n n
6 .
,
.
6 ) Cul e x Pi p ie n s L i nn ,
.
*
8 . Ch i ro n o m u s Pl u m o su s , Li nn .
P LA TE L XXX III .
D I P TE RA .
N e m oc er a .
FI G .
*
1 . Ce rat o p o g o n F e m o rat u s , F a br .
T i p ul a G ig ant e a ,
Sc hr an k .
T ri c h o c e ra F u sc at a, M e i g .
E ri o pt e ra G ris e a ,
M a cy .
B r a c hy c e r a .
5 . St rat i o m y s Ch am e l e o n , F a hr .
*
6 . Sarg u s Cu prari u s, L i nn .
*
7 . C hry so p s C a c u t i e n s , L i nn .
*
8 . H a m at o po t a P l uv i al i s ,
L i nn .
PLA TE LXXX IV .
D I P TE RA .
B r a c hy c e r a
FIG
.
*
1 . V e rm i l e o D e g e e r n,
*
2 . Ch ry so pi l a At rat a , rl l ei g .
3 . M i d as G i g an t e u s Wi e el
,
'
4 . Ho pl i st o m eru s Serri pe s, F a br .
5 . Cras p ed i a Co ri ari a, Wi e d .
P LA T E LXXXV .
D I P T E RA
B r ac hy c e r a .
m e
*
1 X yl o p h ag u s A t e r ,
F a br .
*
2 Ce r i a Co n O pso i d e s , L i n n .
*
3 M e d e t e ru s No t at u s F a br
. .
*
4 Do l i c h o pu s Re g al i s, Ill e i z
Sc e n o pi nu s F e n e st ral i s L i n r, .
p
Sy r h u s Ri b e sn , L i n!
E ri st al i s Si m i l i s, M i g e
.
Ne m est ri n a Lo ng i ro st ri s , Wi s /7 .
P LA T E L XXXV I .
D I P TE RA .
B ra e h e e ra
y
me .
1 . Vo l u c e l l a Zo n ar i a,
*
2 . C o n o ps F l av i pe s L i n n
, .
*
3 . M y o pa F e rru g i n e a , Li n n .
*
4 . Pl at y pe z a F as c i at a F a br .
G ast ro p h i l u s E q i F ab
u ,
r .
*
6 . Hy po d e rm a B o v i s F a hr ,
.
*
7 . Di o p si s Su bf asc i at a rl l ae y ,
*
8 . O s c i n i s C o r nu t a , F a l l .
*
9 . P h o ra C am a ri nh a D a wn .

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E LE M E NT A RY T E XT B O O K O F E NT O M O LO G Y

With 87 P l a tes cont a i ni ng o ver 6 50 Fig ure s

L o ng ic o rni a , Lan gu riid ae,

Agrioni dae , 90 C ollem b ol a ,

E phem e ri d ae , 91 P l ani p e nni a ,

E m b iid ae , 94 T rich o pte ra ,

T e nth r edini dae , 1 03 F o rm i c i dae ,

R h o p al o cera, 1 34 He ter o c e r — Sphing es

Sm e ri nt hi n ae, 166 T o rtrices ,

He t ero pt e ra, 2 00 H e t e ro pt e ra—c on ti n u ed .

P y rr hocori d ae , 203 F u lgo ridae ,

G algu l idae , 20 7 Co cci d ae ,

T ipu lidae , 2 22 D e xi n SS,

Rhyphi dae, 22 3 M u s c i n SS,

T h e r ev idae , 228 H om alopt e ra ,

S cenopinidae , 2 28 Hi ppo b o sci d SS,

IN classifying the various Objects around us we divide them ,

primarily into t hre e gre at divisions which are kno wn as the ,

Animal Vegetable and M i ne ral K ingdoms

divided into smaller groups ; and one of the principal sectio ns o f

s o called from the animals included in it having bodies composed

O f a number o f joints o r segments F our classes are included in .

pions and M ites ; Crustacea including Crabs Lobsters Shrimps

Woodlice etc M yriopoda o r Centipedes ; and Ins ects or Insects

It i s unnecessary to characteris e the three ﬁrst clas ses in detail ,

but a few words will sufﬁce to point o ut the chief characters by

are destitute o f the long j ointed organs called antenn ae so con ,

cephalothorax and the ab domen T he Crustacea are provided with .

two pairs o f an t ennSS and a variable but moderate number of legs

divided into two or three well de ﬁn e d sections as in the Insects -

and A m chnida and they frequently pass through a ve ry compli

oat e d metamorphosis The M yriopoda have long worm lik e bodies

o n e pair of ant e nn Se and do not undergo a regular metamorphosis

but as they grow the number o f segments o f their bodies continues

the n um mr o f their legs also continues to increase until they have

Insects di ffer from all the other groups in many important

and abdomen and they pass through four stages o f existence

called respectively egg larva pupa and imag o ,

are Often very sharply separated from each other involving an ,

entire change o f form although in the case o f insects with i ncom

p l e t e metamorphoses the earlier stages pass,

number increasing as in the M yri apoda the number in the perfect

state as already mentione d is invariably si x

state too insects with rare exceptions in o n e o r both sexes always

acquire o ne or two pairs of wings a character which does not ,

appear in any representative of the other three classes .

Insects are frequently very highly gifted by Nature much more ,

s o in fact than the so called higher animals

facets varying in number from sixteen to many th o usands accord ,

ing to the species In addition to these many insects are provided

with o n e two or three visual organs called simple eyes ocelli o r

compound eyes of certain water beetles are actually divided hori -

z o nt al l y s o that when swimmin g o n the surface o f the water they

have literally two eyes to look upwards and two to lo o k down ,

wards M any Observations have been placed on record which

Sho w plainly that insects can discriminate between colours and ,

some recent experiments of Si r J Lubbock o n ants appear to .

solar spectrum which are perfectly invisible t o o ur eyes

O f the other senses o f insects it is di fﬁcult to speak positively .

Their nervous system is composed of a double chain o f ganglia ,

and it is therefore probable that their perceptions are less exclu

protect them from liability to casual injuries from triﬂing causes ,

and therefore we might be led to infer a priori that the sense o f , ,