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    All About History - Issue 114, 2022

    Uploaded by

    thomasalbatros137

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 84
    Sa Who hunted for El Dorado? oT omon ETE eo nlp tere et buc aye _ i Si J mythology or a misunderstood reformer?, Bote ee cae A ‘te Dot) a 4 a ca fi AN By rattan Ay JUSTICE CRUSADER Eee csc eo Ce ne men Ce ne tiny rena) RE Come oe co Ee eed C#RGI www.corgi.co.uk I Prd i Pec corey Deon 1939-1945 DW iene: eas CBU ANY oak agate hie erie Cl eee eee ee en ee eae Fight covering o deep penetration bombing raid into‘ Germany-on 78 Octaber 1944, where hetbecome CEG eee ern ee eee Cee ee een ee eee ae eC en te ee eee reece nv HO TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT AVIATION ARCHIVE AND INDEED THE ENTIRE CORGI COLLECTION, CONTACT OUR SALES OFFICE NOW ON 01843 233 525 / SALES@HORNBY.COM ‘Astonemason woingenheretraton cfamonuentothesesingotthe ‘What made King Johna villain? As we never know theanswer tothat question, butts sarin ales approached our cover featurethisissue, we _aninteiguingoneto ponder Lr Sashes ‘wanted toexamine thisinfamous English Allthatbeingsaid. weare delighted tohaveDr king with thiskey question inmind. The istof Nick Barratt oinustotackle the subject of King tuespassesagainsthisnameislong,butwhen __Johnthisissue, as wellas Prof Patricia Schechter itcomesdowntoititwouldseemtomethat __whooffersherinsightinto thelifeofjournalist soingbackon hiswordiswhatreally cemented _andactvistIdaBWells, histeputation.Hebetrayed publictrust even _andhistorlan Mathew ifinthose daysthe'public onlymeantafew Lyons whotakesalook powerful landowners, atthe history ofthe Likesomany rulersofthisera,heverylikely hunt for E1Dorado, the didntseeitthatway.Hehadadivinerightto legendary ost city of ruleand saying ifferentiy wasanaftronttoGod. gold. (hope you enjoy Renegingonhis deal with thebaronsofngland, — their featuresand the sealingand then refuting the Magna Carta, was restofthelssue alesser offence than diutingthe powerofhis throne, atleast according this world view: Ifhe ‘hadheld firm tohisbeliefs from thestar, would hehave been more orlesshated ater? Well Be part of history Q2S°C°snek RAR ae CONTENT a ‘ey Events The Koren Wat Inside neDME Anatomy Korean Peep’ Army soldier ‘Treasures Korean Wat medal Hall of Fame Key Korean War lesdets ‘om Hanson on why the war was fought Korean War monuments and museums John: Cruel to be Kind Why Werright need to rethink the worst king of Eland Ida B Wells How the ounalt and activist fought racism in America do Who went Tooking forthe lst ty of wld? Reflecting en the warsin iraq and Afghanistan Was the Marguis de Sade as tite 3 his repatation suggests? ppened Next? ties afer the death of Jesus Greatest Battles Mebuned the congue als shat at lade Atle Arher 89had umedto wa? ‘Through History ‘Ateaceed the Red oe Reviews (ur verdict cn the latest historical books me History vs: bees Te eto en Recij How tomate och DEVICE Peerreper ieee eee cass psa ey Oey parti ay reformer? Defining foments, PRESIDENT NIXON VISITS CHINA (021 February 1972, American President Richard Nin arved in the People's Republic of China fora weeklong visit ending 25 years of fsolation between the ‘two countries. During the tp [Nixon met with Chairman Mao Zedong and its aftermath woud result in an opening of trade with China, as well asa thawing of Cold War tensions between the ‘two nations. Defining Moments MUHAMMAD ALI KNOCKS OUT SONNY LISTON ae TWO FEARLESS QUEEN ONE GRIPPING TALE OF POWER, AMBITION AND MURDEROUS RIVALRY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL FRANCE. i) 592) AG PUHAK USN ences CRE Pee aa eta cnt nts AX ey cesses tc reted Sone oe er eens i Dorie eis evans eae UN aia IE Crete scons ce HELEN CASTOR se ace Oana sm ero e eo ast SARAH GRISTWOOD Diemer PREC n neath ay Presta ecard - 3 left a trail of bodies in their eee wake, than the lies perpetuated eee Perc tem tae Petra tether nCestco sta AMANDA FOREMAN ama sctn} and murderous Pirieatnents medieval France 8 eer. W170 007.0:3 0 Xe) ae a ALL GOOD BOOKSHOPS Everything you need to know about the battle for the Korean peninsula and the developing Cold War conflict in Asia iby Mary ne cakn tl LANDING AT INCHON Aer United Nations forces are squeezed into the Pusan Perimeter by the North Korean offensive, General ‘Douglas MacArthur executes an amphibious landing a the port of Inchon on 15 September. Coincding with an Eighth ive from Pusan, the UN X: OT USE SST RET UNITED NATIONS VOTES Se a LO eS TET THs 38 rg COMMUNIST CHINA ENTERS THE WAR After repeated warnings, communist CChina unleashes ground troops on 25 October as United Nations forces advance deeper into North Korea ‘The Chinese first encounter South Korean solders north of Unsan, nS et Ae RSS er GENERAL WALKER 1S KILLED General Walton Walker, who fought a skilful defence st the Pusan Perimeter and led the American Bighth Army, is ulled in acar accident (0n23 December. Walker i replaced by Lieutenant General Mathew BRidgway i Hird a Pirreg itl itn = Se an beni Sa . Yt UO ® TAO aM a Tt Signalling the high water mark of ret eet) eee eon en eet en ero February, and within three days AU ce oes JOINT SECURITY AREA North and South Korea 1953 - present nthe border between North and South Korea les the demiitarised zone, more emmy known 3s the DMZ, a vast area which incorporates land from both sides land works as a buffer between the two nati Created as part ofthe 1953 ceasefire agreement, kam long and 4k wide. Within e 38th parallel isa small area cation ofthe small village ‘of Panmunjom, Now known a the Joint Security ‘Area (hough the 34 is interchangeably to describe both Panmunjom and ‘other bulidings in this area this was the location ofthe initial 1953 conference between representatives ofthe United Nations, South Korea, North Korea and Chinese forces In the decades since its establishment at Security Area developed th. For years the area was soner exchanges and sed a numberof defections, Manned cldirs from both sides, twas the: ‘of several incdents that neatly plunged ‘both nations back int Fll-blown war. everal times during 2018 North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un and South Korean resident Moon Jaen met in the ISA in ‘order to ease tensions between the to ‘counties On 19 September that yea the rwo the area would be deritarised with guard ‘posts, weapons, landmines and the majority ‘of personnel removed ftom the area and Instead it would become availble to tourist, “Today the site is administered by the United "Nations Command and each side is permitted ‘tohave no more than 35 personnel on duty at any given time BRIDGE OF NO RETURN Famedathe se ftens prisoner Suthkoen titre ‘heukimatum BN ateethatwassaobe withthe tnt ends afters ‘hnentoeatinedown the THE SUNKEN GARDEN THE KOREAN PEAGE HOUSE ~ inthecene ofthat woukbe ame dpeeaunga tve-poiededsat ‘ asan iterations symbot ‘communsonacieuargauase Felowingthe martha woul a deca. GAP Thecapaobaradat chirp andafenbieci peak The caps strkingabeto heen ihe ‘Setar sles ete ted ima Fmeormanst sie. KOREAN PEOPLE'S ARMY SOLDIER North Korea 1953 TUNIC Stietothe ssa gyms vet tine and aedatot eel vette Wat ‘scat ofpeetvelthing ae pment hekPAsenth cme ath fms Sovelnspaed esgy niches oe ‘oops though gous canie BELT AND TROUSERS ‘Thebeds were usualy ensued ‘rassbocke Offersmayhavehad Symbolofstatus Tune would apport ‘inegreen oes withanke apes {avd preven bce mera front the okie ’S SOVIET PPSh-41 GUN "kame the Bu this ‘ubvmchie marie) ed ding Second Wei Sstelan werpreducd. Ate angrtied om Soviet the WINTER WEAR Ducwbelphmess ofthe ‘ended nom thet ye “eewenkdhavebeen wen dng the smmermns hein nary aoauplied che KPA ‘hen ear Thine tera cotsanpes ‘rquhed combat eke which ‘licethelgterenes cisco) ofthe PS deg the wat-theType50 SHOES Darn te sre oni adie lthexPt weer gitar: \ taseaferwen of wiehavanetyot ‘ioe andottiterber sles PELEI a QM EROS RY aU This UN medal was given to those who fought for South Korea Poaceae een tees Poe cn by North Korea on 25 June, 1950. Resolution ere a ret the Republi of Korea. Led by forces from the Paes renee ers rere ert Poet ees Cirieems thy eet te mee ey oe tT eee) seer or mene sad RIBBON ey etry Peers outh Korea, 1950-55 the decoration for service from 27 June 1950 See eee longer (until 1955) and were eligible until the Bren ere re as dis, the obverse decorated with the United Peer are eens Sener errors chm eee eed een aa eto Pee ern Dea et ee SOLE eL PANN [o}Uig THE KOREAN WAR SC cd Se eet stripes of United Nations blue and white. Pree Se ee eects Ree eS ee ered behalf ofthe United Nations commander in-chief cE eee ed Peron CLs ary Pe eee ener eed Se eur ere! eee ee eae er ee ae peer en ny pene SUSPENSION AND BAR OBVERSE y, MAQ TSE-TUNG ‘After seizing power following a protracted Civil war with hs nationalist opponents, Mao ‘Tse-tung led communist China from 1949 ‘until his death in 196, Wit the outbreak of hostiies in Korea, Mac's regime was ony a year old. In October 1950, a5, ‘United Nations forces drove deep into North Korea and reached the banks ‘ofthe Yalu River Mao authorised the ‘rout of Chinese troops in support of ‘the North ta further ‘communist ideology and asa matter of national security. | warurerinable butted Sree nw Dwight DS Eisenhower™ Dwight D Eisenhower, the 34th President of ‘he United States, took oie in 1953, while the Korean War languished in stalemate A 1915 graduate ofthe US Military Acadeany, Eisenhower was a hero of Word War It ‘who commanded Allied forces in Western Burope: Eisenhower made the containment of communism one of his top priotes, and after observing the military stalemate during visit to Korea in ate 1952, he increased pressure on communist China to conclude an armistice, even considering the use ofmicesr weapons ifthe Chinese refused substantive negotiations. The armistice stil in place today, was concluded on 27 July 1953, Syngman Rhee Por a Cen Come} GEN, MATTHEW RIDGWAY General Matthew Ridgway. a combat veteran of World War I, succeeded General Douglas Macarthur as commander of United Nations forces during the Korean War Ridgway had. previously led the US Eighth Army on the peninsula, taking command at a criteal i restoring the merale of the troop, halting 2 major Chinese offensive with a significant victory the Battle of Chipyongen, and executing a series of limited counterffensive actions. He replaced MacArthur in Api 1952, Se ee eT ast Seis OC Lord NOM LET a ae) VT We eye) OR eet aerate ser North Korea fo oe een et: ey uri penises ccm Pree ers rey § v4 GENERAL JAMES VAN FLEET ‘General James Van Feet was 21915 graduate of the US Miltary Academy and classmate of President Dwight Bisenhower. A veteran ofboth world wars, he was a key military advisor during the Greek. Civil War, and succeeded General Matthew Ridgway as commander = ofthe US Eighth Army In Korea in Ape 1951, Van Flet commanded High Army during biter fing and ON ‘limited tactical offensive 77, ‘" es are. fend the fighting in Korea = ragged on formonths. i 5:4 GENERAL WALTON WALKER (General Walton Walker was the inital ‘commander of the US Fighth Army during the Korean Wat A veteran of both world wars, he was tasked with stemming the tide of invaders, and sucessfully defended the Pusan Perimeter with an ‘undermanned force. He then led Eighth ‘Army daring the offensive, launched simulancously with the X Corps landings at Inchon, He wat killed in a traffic aceident in December 1950, and replaced by General Matthew Ridgway. THE KOREAN WAR hore JOSEF STALIN Josef Stalin, successor to Viadimie Lenin, was deader ofthe Soviet, Union fom 1924 uns this death in 198 Stalin led the Soviet Union| ‘during Wodtd War and afterward expanded his BE ‘county’ sphere of influence to include astern rope and most ofthe Marxist world, Stalin agreed to support the North Korean invasion of the ‘South in 1950, but wished to avoid diect military conflict with the USA General Douglas acArthur General Douglas MacArtur was the intial commander of United Nations forces during the Korean War. A 1903 graduate ofthe US Miltary Academy and hero of World War, MacArthur was senior US administrator dri the postar ‘occupation of fapan. In September 1950, he atthorised the succesful amphibious landing a inchon that altered the course ofthe Korean Wat, leading {the subsequent UN advance 3085 the 38th parade ino North Korea Macarthur's aggressiveness threatened 0 veiden the wa possibly involving communist China othe Soviet Union. and open conflict with President Harry Truman le to his removal from command in the spring of 195 fi, WHY FIGHT IN KOREA? Retired US Army officer and author Tom Hanson provides perspective on the Korean War ‘Why id war erupt on the Korean —————__ Peninsula in 1950? Tom Hanon rete Nobody was satisfied with the division “Sawn eon rag of Korea after Wold War I~ nt the ona oye Americans the Soviets, the Chinese tons my On ef Of he eran 2 preesar of mila (oF Koreans themselves. The Japanese had colonised and exploited Korea rules for decades Thee were ae Korean expats living inthe United "Sta Sites and Syngman Re was one of, li Str on them Expatnte Koreans also vedi Mey ree China and some soughtsbeker with MeL ey Mao's lghth Route Army during Wold nacre Warll, hiking Mao would lead he, "AsiaSeaege ection of korea kim itsingisa btn ne murky character, and he was anointed by US AmysCommand & ‘the Soviets as their man in Korea. They gave him military assistance to field a ‘modern army. The Koreans ae a proud and patriotic peopl, South and North, and they would prefer today to have a unified county. ‘was the Soviet Union directly involved in the Korean War? ‘The communist Korean People’s Army (Pa) invaded the South with the overt Approval ofthe Soviet Union. There were Soviet advisors with them, and they ‘were present. but out of the frontlines, ‘They had not trained the North Koreans for independent operations. They trained them to craft the plan disseminate the plan, and fight the plan with Soviet doctrine ‘Were South Korea and the US taken by surprise? F erets a eterence between tactical Jf and staegi surmise From a satesie Perspective, everybody knew that Korea 20 was a powder keg. Tactclly the US advisor program never trained the South Korean Army for large-scale offensive operations. The taining was specifically to deal withthe communist insurgency inthe South, The US held back areraft, long-ange artillery, and tanks and created alight infantry army with counterinsurgency mission and doctrine ‘At the time of the invasion there was rho American ot South Korean armour In county, andthe last US armed forces had lft Korea in tune 1949, Eighth Army In Japan was the only US force west of the international date line. The fst US combat element was Task Force Smith, chosen because the 24th Division was at Kyushu, and its commander, General ‘witlam F Dean, had been a senior US office in South Korea. There was also a Joc of hubris involve, believing that the Asians would see American soldiers and run away because they “think we'e 10 feet tall” How would you describe the initial response from the United States and United Nations and the stand at the Pusan Perimeter? {tis ata of sending small force packages ata steady rate The US didn't have ability to project alot of force into Korea all at Pusan was a heroic effort and I would call it desperate. General Walton Walker doesnot get the credit he deserves for ‘managing tat fight. He had to defend an extensive perimeter that was being probed at virtually every point by tough people who, by that time, had significant combat experience against the Americans, Walker was a veteran ‘of World War Tand World War Il, and served under General George § Patton. 4. He was fighting on a shoestring while ‘holding the line. n addition, General Douglas Macarthur and his staff did not [keep Walker inthe loop as far as suatesy ‘was concerned, Walker didnot realise Is situation had become an economy ‘of force mission while MacArthur contemplated the landings at Inchon, | think BlacArthur was extraedinariy lucky, and Napoleon once sald that Juck was a principal requirement for successful commanders. MacArthur hha lived in Asia since 1935, and had extensive service there, He understood ‘that the North Koreans had shot their ‘bolt with their offensive and were tied ‘pat the Pusan Perimeter. An assault so far fom Pusan was a calculated ris, but he knew that if he kicked the door open, the whole house would fall in om ise chon, how would the Yalu River? ‘As soon as X Corps comes ashore at Inchon, the Ist Marine Division heads toward Seoul and the 7th Infantry Division fights down into Pusan as ‘Walker fights out. When September 1950 comes, the North Koreans are atend of long lines of supply and ‘communications, The Americans take advantage of interior lines, andthe KPA melts away. However, MacArthur's gens starts to fail as Walker fights to Seoul. MacArthur tells Waker to take Pyongyang. The entire Eighth Army is moving up the ‘west coast. The X Corps is moving to link up with a South Korean column, and the two forces are separated by a ‘mountain range. General Walker in the ‘west and General Edward Almond in the feast also hate each other resident Harry Truman and ‘Truman is hands off right now in ‘September he fres Secretary of Defence ‘Louis Johnson and persuades George {C Marshall to take the post. The Joint Chiefs of Staff are wary of MacArthur's plans, and go along with crossing the 38th parallel and defeating of North Korea - but with parameters not to 120 to close tothe Yalu River or into ‘Manchuria ina rapid advance that might trigger a response by the Soviet Union or (China or both, MacArthut ist worried about the Chinese until Chinese soldiers ate on the battlefield in early Novernbet, but then he wants the miliary assets to convince the Chinese not tobe involved. After the disaster at the Chosin Reservoir, MacArthur wants local release authority for the use of nuclear weapons land the introduction of nationalist Chinese troops. Truman says, “Hell no!” famous fight at the Chosin Reser sa great story of heroism by soldiers who didn't choose to be where they were a great story of soldiers overcoming obstacles, But it doesn't cover many officers in glory at al. Marines and anmy troops retreated slowly back to Torresen Diseucecservce Dieser Sieten THE KOREAN WAR iungnam and were evacuated, They were under pressure a they retreated South, The Chinese were learning t ight the Americans, and knew they could be beaten if they were overwhelmed, cut olf, and demoralised. ‘Actually, the United Natlons forces lose control of Seoul and retreat back down to South Korea, General Matthew Ridgway Inter restores the offensive mindset and plans and executes a series of limited bffensves to kick the PKA back tothe 38th parallel, He di what he could, and effectively helped get communists to negotiating table What is your ‘The South Koreans are our alles, and their importance has only grovn as. ‘Communist China has become a greater threat to international stability f North Korea continues its missile testing and to ‘make trouble, the Japanese will probably embark on their own nuclear weapons ‘rogram, and that will get China's attention in big way. Taking care of the Korean problem will reduce tension. Cities argue a peace treaty would confer ‘international legitimacy on Kim Jong ln repime, but we can't continue with the current status. So there is ne arm in going tothe table and talking again. MUSEUMS AND MEMORIALS The Korean Peninsula mtains some fas ating locations associated with the conflict between North and South Korea THE DEMILITARISED ZONE MIUTARY DEMARCATION UNE AND, DEMILITARISED ZONE AROUND THE 38TH PARALLEL BETWEEN NORTH ANO SOUTH At the armistice in July 1953, a Military Demarcation Line (OMDL) between North and South Korea was agreed atthe village of Panmunjom, whete the negotiation pavilion stl, stands. 2 kilometes either side of the line were evacuated to become the Demiltarised Zone (DMZ). The DMZ is thus fourkilometies wide and 248 kilometres long, dividing North and South Korea. Most of the territory inthe DMZ was evacuated (such asthe village of Panmwunjom). Two villages within the DMZ:remain ~ Daeseong. King John plotting against is father with the new king of France. Philip Augustus ~ further raised the power stakes, Philip exploited the dificules between Henry I and his semaining sons, convincing Richard in 187 that Henry was planning to disinerit thm in favour of Jobin. They waged ‘war agains the aging king, eventually ‘hounding him into a humiliating peace {in T89 will he was holed up a Chinon Cate injured and gravely I Henry asked to see the ist of rebels who had turned against hi, at the tp ofthe ist was John's name -he had suritched sides atthe last minute when he saw that his father’s position was hopeless. The betrayal of his ‘youngest son was the final stra. ene 11 turned his face to the word, stating “Now let everything go a it wil: Teare no longer for myself or anything ls in the won” He died the next day. A THIRST FOR POWE! ‘ohn’ treacherous role inthe death of his father di noe endear him to Richard ‘who had already turned his attention to his imminent crusade to the Holy Land, John's opportunistic and cynical thirst for power meant Richard did not name hhim as regent, despite being compelled ta grant his brother extensive property ‘throughout England worth £4,000, a8 ‘well asa lucrative marriage tothe wealthy heiress Isabella of Gloucester, which made John the second/richest individual in the ‘county after the king, Many questioned. Richards judgment. muttering “both in public and in private that {Johns innate characteristics were not suppressed. his lust for power might lead him to dive his brother from the throne”. Asa precaution against this isk Richard gave control ‘of government in each of his realms to ‘rusted officals and reused to clarify who his successor would be shold he fail to return home. It may well have been sensible to keep Jolin away from the reins of power but ‘sch 3 visible sob only fueled his sense of injustice and provoked the behaviour Richard was trying to prevent. John first wid to assert his authority asthe leading ‘magnate in England but fled to gather any meaningful support and was quickly thwarted by Richard's supporters. Then, ‘when news reached him that Richard had been captured and imprisoned on his way buck from the Holy Land in December 1192, Jolin sided with Philip Augustus Jinan attempt to oust Richard from his continental possessions, even handing over parts of the strategically important "Norman Vexin to curry favour with Philip ‘on the basis that ring something was better than nothing Richard's views about his brother's character are particulary telling, When ‘normed that Joi had sed with Philip the noted: “My brother oi isnot the man towin lands by force if there is anyone ‘tw oppose him" (An ealy reference to another of is nicknames - Softsword) ‘When they were eventually reconciled Jin 94, Richard stil saw him as an inferior. stating: ‘Dont be afraid, John, you ae a child. You have gt into bad ‘company and itis those who have fe you astray who wil be punished” No-one took Jotn seriously, Herein les the narrative of fon i 1s attempts to demonstrate his suitability for authority generated feelings of distrust and distaste among his contemporaries, ‘who grew to despise him and teat him with contempt. Yet it was precisely because he was the youngest son, and ‘not given any opportunity to test his Teadership with a province ina way that Richard or Geoffrey had been, that he was particulary il equipped when the chance ‘ose, ait did in 1199 when Richard died saddenly while on campaign. On hearing that Join had been named as Richards bei, to ofthe late king's most influential officials, Willam Marshal and Hubert Walter debated possible altematves, Wilts inal action was to support ‘the clam of Richard's nephew, Arthur of Britany. Marshal that would be bad, Arthurs by traitors: he is haughty and proud, and if we put him! harm fr he daes not lve the people this land. Consider rather John: he seems to me the nearest het othe land which ‘belonged to is father and brothet.” Walter remained concerned "Marshal i this realy your deste "Yes my lord ort is just. Undoubtedly, a son has a better aim to his father’ land than a grandson: itis right that he should have i Walter ed, “So bet then, but mark my word Marshal, you will never egret anything in yout ile 3¢ much a thi JOHN IN EUROPE night, John went from Lackland to one ofthe most powerful men in Buope, defying the adds to posses Richards extensive lands, despite th aims of his young nephew Arthur. The early verdict on his eign was positive particulary when he agreed to the Treaty af Le Goulet with Philip Augustus in 1200, fending years of costly warfare between the Angevins and Capetians in Normandy ontempocary chroniclers praised John in comparison with his brothers belicose nature, particuaay the way Richa had shipped English silver across the Channel to spend on Nocman castles and mercenaries, conveniently forgetting that King John KING JOHN ey Prteacestted meaner | Re ror eo ere re ete ea etd Ireland may have been earmarked fr him and could have been a path to eee tes Se ed ee ee Crees eee ry ee ee eee) ere een eae) peer ese eee ea fostering beligerent atmosphere. He then wasted the money that was Ce ey the other lords rose up against him and eed Se ee! Pee Ceca ee eet ee erent er ets erty eed fully under English contol, John chose ne eee Pes Se ero pores a MAGNA CARTA ee CeCe eter reeta rd ‘Magna Carta? Here are the main points eee Ceti eee ee Ree GT eee eee ma protean ee eee ian eens ceed ora ets re PN et) HAS THE SC ae ee SETTLED IN shallbetaken only _FAIR TRIAL’ court Cag a ere ed Boe eum te ouets ene for purposes of en rec eres ee eee ny ae aREara Poet Rene eer es rs Cea ere ag coe een en rd Comes Dee reed et a es es Neots IS ABOVE, “# suelo ONY sh nd YD) a Ne ‘twas John's recklessness that gifted key lands to Philip and necessitated Richard campaign "Treaty of Le Goulet ial mistake because it Clarified the relationship between Jobin and Philp something his father and brother had studiously lef ambiguous, 1n was a vassal ofthe kin of France and subject to his rules and ulations which meant his subjects in his continental lands oul appeal ‘over his head = giving Pip ane medile in Angevin affairs He d have to wait very long, John’s political naivety was due in part to his lack of knowledge of his ne realms, paticlanly in Aquitaine. Ha possibly as young a nine union consolidate John's power base in the region, came ata ge poi because Isabella was already betrothed Hugh de Lasignan, a powerful local lord, John’s response to de nsigna otestations was to punish him, infscating bis terior, leading Lsignan to lodge a formal complaint with Philip about Jbirs actions. Philp then ‘summoned Jobin to appear at his court in Pars to ansier the charge, and whi

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