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The
Gordon LesterFord
Collection
PresentedbyhisSons
NewYorkPublicLibrar.
y
The
Gordon LesterFord
Collection
PresentedbyhisSons
NewYorkPublicLibrary
.
diff Dny
.
YFE
-1263
纖
THE Sa
Аа тыela
mu bion's
THEORY
of
MORAL SENTIMENTS .
To which is added
By ADAM SMITH, L. L. D.
LONDON :
150369
ACTOR, LENOX AND
TILBEN FOUNDATIONS.
1099.
WWB
NIBLI
CONTENT
S,
PART I.
SECTION I.
CHAP. I. Of Sympathy i
SECTION II.
SECTION III.
PART II .
SECTION I.
SECTION II.
SECTION III.
PART III .
PART IV.
PART V.
PART VI.
SECTION I.
SECTION II.
SECTION III.
SECTION IV.
SECTION I.
CHAP. I.
Of Sympathy .
CHA P. II.
CHAP.
16 Of PROPRIETY. Part I.
CHA P. III.
CHA P. IV .
may,
28 Part I.
Of PROPRIE T Y.
may, it is evident, have such a correspon-
dence with one another, as is sufficient for
the harmony of society. Though they will
never be unisons, they may be concords, and
this is all that is wanted or required .
In order to produce this concord, as nature
teaches the spectators to assume the circum-
ftances of the person principally concerned,
so she teaches this last in some measure to af-
fume those of the spectators. As they are
continually placing themselves in his situa-
tion, and thence conceiving emotions similar
to what he feels ; so he is as constantly plac-
ing himself in theirs, and thence conceiving
some degree of that coolness about his own
fortune, with which he is sensible that they
will view it. As they are constantly consi-
dering what they themselves would feel , if
they actually were the sufferers, so he is as
constantly led to imagine in what manner he
would be affected if he was only one of the
spectators of his own situation . As their
sympathy makes them look at it, in some
measure, with his eyes, so his sympathy
makes him look at it, in some measure, with
theirs, especially when in their presence and
acting under their observation and as the
reflected passion, which he thus conceives, is
much weaker than the original one, it ne-
cessarily abates the violence of what he felt be-
fore hecame intotheir presence, before he began
to recollect in what manner they would be af-
fected by it, and to view his situation in this
candid and impartial light.
The
Sect. 2 . Of PROPRIETY . 29
CHA P. V.
SECTION
Sect. 2. Of PROPRIETY. 37
SECTION II.
1
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP . I.
CHA P. II.
CHA P. III.
CHA P. IV.
CHAP. V.
SEC
Sect. 3. Of PROPRI . 71
ETY
SECTION III.
CHA P. I.
F 4 First
72 Of PROPRIETY . Part I.
panion.
But though little can be added to this state,
much may be taken from it. Though be-
tween this condition and the highest pitch of
human prosperity, the interval is but a trifle ;
between it and the lowest depth of misery
the distance is immense and prodigious . Ad-
versity, on this account, necessarily depresses
the mind of the sufferer much more below its
CHA P. II .
Sect. 3 . Of PROPRIETY. 91
confcious how much he is observed, and how
10 much mankind are disposed to favour all his
inclinations, he acts, upon the most indif-
ferent occasions, with that freedom and ele-
vation which the thought of this naturally in-
fpires. His air, his manner, his deportment,
all mark that elegant and graceful sense of his
own superiority, which those who are born
to inferior stations can hardly ever arrive at :
these are the arts by which he proposes to
make mankind more easily submit to his au-
thority, and to govern their inclinations ac-
cording to his own pleasure : and in this he
is seldom disappointed. These arts, sup-
ported by rank and preheminence, are, upon
ordinary occasions, sufficient to govern the
world. Lewis XIV. during the greater part
of his reign, was regarded, not only in France,
but over all Europe, as the most perfect mo-
del of a great prince. But what were the
talents and virtues by which he acquired this
great reputation ? Was it by the scrupulous
and inflexible justice of all his undertakings ,
by the immense dangers and difficulties with
which they were attended, or by the unwea-
ried and unrelenting application with which
he pursued them ? Was it by his extensive
knowledge, by his exquisite judgment, or by
his heroic valour ? It was by none of these
qualities . But he was, first of all, the most
powerful prince in Europe, and consequently
held the highest rank among kings ; and then,
1
says his historian, " he surpassed all his cour-
tiers in the gracefulness of his fhape, and
" the
90 Of PROPRIET Y.
.he
they are apt to relent every moment , ?
cing,
relapſe into their habitual ſtate of
.ce in-
to thofe whom they have been a
deport-
look upon as their natural fur and his
cannot ftand the mortificati
been ridi-
narch. Compaffion foon The emba-
refentment , they forget
ed to thoſe who
their old principles of 1
that fecret fatif-
run to re-establish
Le felt his own fupe-
their old mafters , w'
officer, who was con-
whic h
Charlesthey had
I. bro ultered in aſking him a fa-
CHA P. III.
150009
100 Of PROPRIET Y. Part I.
PART
PART II.
SECTION I.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP. I..
CHA P. II.
CHA P. III.
CHA P. IV.
of
122 Of MERIT and DEMERIT . Part II.
CHAP. V.
turally
126 Of MERIT and DEMERIT . Part II.
K. 2 SEC
132 Of MERIT and DEMERIT . Part II.
SECTION II.
CHAP. I.
CHA P. II.
CHAP . III .
upon
Sect . 2. Of MERIT and DEMERIT . 157
SECTION
Sect . 3. Of MERIT and DEMERIT . :-53
SECTION III.
INTRODUCTION.
1
offible, still more indifferent
e or blame, than even the ex-
nt of the body. As they de-
M 2 CHAP.
164 Of MERIT and DEMERIT . Part II.
СНАР . І.
CHA P. II .
* Culpa levis,
other
Sect . 3. Of MERIT and DEMERIT . 183
* Culpa leviffima.
N 4 obliged
184 Of MERIT and DEMERIT . Part II.
CHAP .
Sect . 3. Of MERIT and DEMERIT . 185
1:
CHA P. III.
PART
[ 191 ]
PART III .
CHAP . I.
03 CHAP .
198 Of the SENSE Part III
CHAP. II.
But
Chap. 2: of DUTY. 205
But whatever may be the authority of this
inferiour tribunal which is continually before
their eyes, if at any time it should decide cen-
trary to those principles and rules, which na-
ture has established for regulating its judg-
ments, men feel that they may appeal from
this unjust decision, and call upon a superiour
tribunal, the tribunal established in their own
breasts, to redress the injustice of this weak or
partial judgment.
There are certain principles established by
nature for governing our judgment concern-
ing the conduct of those we live with . As
long as we decide according to those princi-
ples, and neither applaud nor condemn any
thing which nature has not rendered the pro-
per object of applause or condemnation , nor
any further than she has rendered it such, as
our sentence is, in this case, if I may say so,
་ quite agreeable to law, it is liable neither to
repeal nor to correction of any kind. The
4 whofe
208 Of the SENSE Part III.
P 4 of
216 Of the SENSE Part III.
perfection .
Chap . 2. of DUTY. 219
CHAP.
Chap . 3 . of DUTY. 239
CHA P. III .
HE to those rules of
T conduct, is what is properly called a
sense of duty, a principle of the greatest con-
fequence in human life, and the only principle
by which the bulk of mankind are capable of
directing their actions. Many men behave
very decently, and through the whole of their
lives avoid any considerable degree of blame,
who yet, perhaps, never felt the sentiment
upon the propriety of which we found our
approbation of their conduct, but acted mere-
ly from a regard to what they saw were the
established rules of behaviour. The man who
CHA P. IV .
PART
[ 263 ]
તૂ
PART IV .
CHA P. I.
CHAP. II.
PART
[ 291 ]
PART V.
•
CHA P. I.
The
7
Chap. 1. of CUSTOM. 297
CHAP .
Chap . 2 . of CUSTOM. 303
CHA P. II .
But
304 Of the INFLUENCE Part V.
they
Chap. 2. of CUSTOM. 317
1
they do not allow themselves to be transported
to do any thing contrary to justice or huma-
7 nity, they lose but little reputation, though
the serenity of their countenance or the com-
posure of their discourse and behaviour should
be somewhat ruffled and disturbed . A hu-
PART
[ 325 ]
Fe
I.
PART VI .
SECTION I.
Y 4 SEC-
TEM Part VI:
328 Of SYS S
SECTION II.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAP .
Part VI.
330 Of SYSTEM S
CHAP. I.
which
Sect . 2. of MORAL PHILOSOPHY . 331
which are so apt to rebel against their master,
he reduced to two different classes or orders .
The first consisted of those passions, which are
founded in pride and resentment, or in what
the schoolmen called the irascible part of the
soul ; ambition , animosity, the love of ho-
nour and the dread of shame, the desire of
victory, superiority and revenge ; all those
passions, in short, which are supposed either
to arise from , or to denote what by a meta-
phor in our language we commonly call spi-
rit or natural fire. The second consisted of
those passions which are founded in the love
of pleasure, or in what the schoolmen called
the concupiscible part of the soul . It com-
prehended all the appetites of the body, the
love of ease and security, and of all sensual
gratifications.
It rarely happens that we break in upon
that plan of conduct, which the governing
principle prescribes, and which in all our
cool hours we had laid down to ourselves as
Such
TEM
1336 Of SYS S Párt VI.
Arrian . lib. 2. c. 5.
to
346 Of SYSTEMS Part VI
CHA P. II.
proved
Sect . 2. of MORAL PHILOSOPHY . 357
Prima naturæ.
the
Sect . 2. of MORAL PHILOSOPHY. 359
the other three, on the contrary, it was de-
fireable, not meerly as the means of procur-
ing the other primary objects of natural desire,
but as something which was in itself more
valuable than them all. Man , they thought,
being born for action, his happiness must con-
fist, not meerly in the agreeableness of his paf-
five sensations, but also in the propriety of his
active exertions.
CHA P. III.
imagined,
Sect . 2: of MORAL PHILOSOPHY . 363
CHA P. IV .
Of licentious systems.
10
{
M § Part VI.
382 Of SYSTE
Thus the common names of the love of
pleasure, and of the love of sex denote a viti-
ous and offensive degree of those passions. The
words temperance and chastity, on the other
hand, seem to mark rather the restraint and
subjection which they are kept under, than
the degree which they are still allowed to sub-
fist in. When he can show, therefore, that
they still subsist in some degree, he imagines,
he has entirely demolished the reality of the
virtues of temperance and chastity, and shown
them to be meer impositions upon the inat-
tention and simplicity of mankind . Those
virtues, however, do not require an entire in-
fensibility to the objects of the passions which
they mean to govern . They only aim at re-
ftraining the violence of those passions so far
as not to hurt the individual, and neither dif-
turb nor offend the society.
It is the great fallacy of Dr. Mandeville's
book to represent every passion as wholly
vitious, which is so in any degree and in any
direction . It is thus that he treats every
3
384 Of SYSTEM S Part VI.
SECTION
MORAL
PHILOS
Sect
387
of
1
3
.
.
.
SECTION III.
INTRODUCTION.
of philosophical curiosity.
CHAP. I.
* Puffendorff. Mandeville.
Cc 3 ments
390 Of SYSTEMS Part VI.
CHA P. II.
* Immutable morality, l . 1 .
time
Of SYSTEM 8 Part VI.
396
time when the abstract science of human na-
ture was but in its infancy, and before the dif-
tinct offices and powers of the different facul-
ties of the human mind had been carefully ex-
amined and distinguished from one another.
When this controversy with Mr. Hobbs was
carried on with the greatest warmth and keen-
ness , no other faculty had been thought of
from which any such ideas could possibly be
supposed to arise. It became at this time,
therefore, the popular doctrine, that the ef-
fence of virtue and vice did not consist in the
conformity or disagreement of human actions
with the law of a superior, but in their con-
formity or disagreement with reason, which
was thus considered as the original source and
principle of approbation and disapprobation ..
That virtue consists in conformity to rea-
fon, is true in some respects, and this faculty
may very justly be considered, as in some
sense, the source and principle of approbation
and disapprobation , and of all solid judgments
concerning right and wrong. It is by reason
that we discover those general rules of justice
by which we ought to regulate our actions :
and it is by the same faculty that we form
those more vague and indeterminate ideas of
what is prudent, of what is decent, of what
is generous or noble, which we carry con-
ftantly about with us, and according to which
we endeavour, as well as we can, to model
the tenor of our conduct. The general, max-
ims of morality are formed , like all other
general maxims, from experience and induc-
tion .
Sect . 3. of MORAL PHILOSOPHY . 397
tion. We observe in a great variety of par-
ticular cases what pleases or displeases our
moral faculties, what these approve or disap-
prove of, and, by induction from this expe-
rience, we establish those general rules . But
induction is always regarded as one of the ope-
rations of reason . From reason, therefore,
we are very properly said to derive all those
general maxims and ideas . It is by these ,
however, that we regulate the greater part of
our moral judgments, which would be ex-
tremely uncertain and' precarious if they de-
pended altogether upon what is liable to so many
variations as immediate sentiment and feeling,
which the different states of health and hu-
ed ,
M
398 Of SYSTE S Part VI.
CHA P. III.
SEC-
412 Of SYSTEM S Part VI.
SECTION IV .
I. The
Sect . 4. Of MORAL PHILOSOPHY . 413
THE END.
[ 437 ]
CONSIDERATIONS
FORMATION of LANGUAGES,
and the
prehended
LANGUAGES. 441
expreffed
LANGUAGES.
457
placed.
What I have said concerning the Preposi-
tion of, may in some measure be applied to
the Prepositions, to, for, with, by, and to
whatever other Prepositions are made use of
in modern Languages, to supply the place
of the antient cases. They all of them ex-
press very abstract and metaphysical relations,
which any man, who takes the trouble to
try it, will find it extremely difficult to express
by Nouns Substantive, in the same manner as
we may express the relation denoted bythe Pre-
position above, bythe Noun Substantive Superi-
ority. They all of them, however, express some
specific relation, and are, consequently, none
of them so abstract as the Preposition of ,
which may be regarded as by far the most
metaphysical of all Prepositions. The Pre-
positions, therefore, which are capable of sup-
plying the place of the antient cases, being
more abstract than the other Prepositions,
would naturally be of more difficult invention .
The relations at the same time which those
Prepositions express, are, of all others , those
which we have most frequent occasion to
mention. The Prepositions above, below , near,
within, without, against, &c. are much more
rarely
LANGUAGES. 455
fonal,
464 FORMATION OF
primitive
LANGUAGES. 467
in
LANGUAGES. 473
abundantly plain .
FINI S,
ns
נג
JUL 2 0 1934