i Population | Fal A ariup of unis. co ible wl unde thertts dica | clude | a is call popula tion: t , ; : J | popu lation abswahion: |e The. viumerica| Mfos mation of -the unit of -the |. pepla tion is called populrton observation: arr stlabon dicltibutoy : . | The. observation of the pops lacion veortes fram urnit te unit ina randon manner - There-fase. ' popu kitrow 4 obscowa tinpatctattyandem! vartable . It has cettam probability dietributron Wis cq led popslaton probabil disdbution. Paxameleys | The umbrrown cometentsal the popu Netra ehted Abul | ate called patameter, ' 24 of NC hae St Ned sd poe Pc BGP) TS Ee Oa 2 Pare si ‘Exp(anean = 8) mpl A Theil subse 4 of she popu lation is called sample pe ee Th numeral information oblained on -the urids of H the. sample felaite foorn he population guaiie lech éarnple _cbservaton.| Eshamabe! pate: tshmalors ov the quara dhe cmpitled Usry, sample observation . They are also had oc} f - of Samm ple obs ate — oe X=ou = Sample yneant6.an erhwnatos of w] populacton mean fe = &- some Vatian(e 1s Gn eA on n : —_____ethmnader of populaten Vasiante o> = A= Semple operon Le oe f — Peps baton proportion Sampling diskobubons PTE valu, of the eckimarle yeoies from Sample 4s Sam eB ina_tandorn naman + ‘lherel aca av 2g Fee ys op ee | obabiltly distrbution and itis called comple | hills of Anat echiwelors rd coc} er The mean ef and Slandard clevicrtion « -the sampling per et an estmaloy ov are aye i __talled expected value and standard Lrov af | shes esktmator. : | Qualibes of Good Estwaler? ‘ = forone parameter there, aii be more than ane | esktcnador . fn this, case we Shave..40 choos a | eshmatoy, Agee skater is Sone sabe f, a bi qBat the 700 gual lies by Unbiased nest 2 Consistene 4 ED Efficiency tL Suftcie wy L_Umbigoed ness t a —Aneshynrlos’ T's sardilo be untrasid echmaley of the pararnstes o if LQ)= 8 lene: Ba i‘ a n hike This cate te be. rondiclent exhwrl es forthe ameter @ “if Tunes a as Wesson “28 few PC} 74-01) 6) = bg Wl} PMP Ba lfeR ol exndst=olbsenmatelon f of pwtonditon shtchore saffurnt lo cmsistent estimadlor of 6 Hock, discal eshonator t= kt tty tbe ——,.aclass of eshwabrs, of lhe parameley 8. An |estimerloy TET is called Anal Ahient estrmatos bi the parameky © if VG) © VOT) foe Vy 2. Homauon Vaviahce “unbiased: tehymtey (VUE) + eof _uvbiased ‘esboncrtoran blac an is called HVVE vit) £v(t) + rez ae) tare UMvue ! - LL) S Choe oe eee rt Med. Ui ee mmnimnum Varania “mbiasd ¢, pov. ad, aaa if =" v@) ee Met eS E alent. itn oo 4 Facbysalion Thorem -b « o n_cIhe sufficient eshine! An_estmatey Tis said to be Sa fretemb erates _ Yithe Mike lihood fmeton bate, a= hb) ace. Ly) = 5G )9 C9) here Hs) pate padand T of Aas trade lie Lares at ther Sienple vnean 3 is pape. sath Pn a ie me fom B (i, p)tea = nee 20) —then_ta hla ohethex ene onean oie De Rca an ee a as oe nt : : iW Mates My ig a yandews Sevmple” ar Ba + pppula kon NC, 4) then vat sal thee +X _W.am unbiased ahwatybf fp. ¢ fal Ak Mlayss. yo Nb, 3) pl Re Nh, o~) pee 8 EGy)=7h., V)ee% ere B tonsder ea ety) ts) te —- 2. EG@)= hk 2 ee ES = Kison wobated exhmatey of bk BAY Gus aye on of suit g eet Wis ee. 52 i popalabon mean re _ij Tea pitt saan sles of. sGe_2 Nhe above populaten wrihout | n lacevwent RL Piet | ely whether sample mean ts om unbiased shit tor of popalation wea)| i) We. of E assible, Som plee ke Wey <9 @*lo a a a e 4 Sample abservaction pees fe ab Oy ae SF 36 Seo il, a4 sce { 3 VL Uy Spree s 3-5 i OR ests. 0) Us ae 4 7 | Ss 3,4 aS aa - 4 > We a 4s q s 1o o> | ti ASH 343: Shp BS Nth Sh 64546 I= iy) 5 a sandom_savaple fom nh) then at whether Sample mean % ts_cosistent estwmlor to —— FY, %,v@s "f- du} r Bs hy V2x) 2 1 fe ie vO) + & fom] EG) =k | Nc) eas : L a hy €C%) = hw —as ey a Aenis @ rondo Soraple fiom 2p (omer =e) Me Sed Somapbirnem X16 consistent Ss) p eee Mea AS a an = 6) Del t A 5; __# { cen ee! Ele) forty ! tt ei oe o— Pe eran ag abeaot, a 2 a = : Sl te fast a ae= lm of a A300 m0 iL | EAS ia ns —<=s ai cS 0 es a | X pd ea a Pe. | ae rordenm sarnple. fo rca.) tn tel pl Poy 2 Xie BCP) ii lest) ROEAG) i)/ _tevsider %, = ean. (Sey) = = 1 x ‘\ E Sy [= von) Cov tern |nh 4 Tro bbms on Ubciemy Bes Te YeYads Yq be 15 a tender Sempl., a 4 lek T= eMedia t My — as 4 abit he Ta = Mit 8¥a +3%g + AY 10 mee MaweXg tte Fe the 3 eshmators lor he. ———-——Armong the 3 ext mabe un braced ech mater ———___j)which ¢. ea: patame,\, , fen_above').s |.) oe at a bei fale —%i Xa Va V4 w NCH) — 4. ee Ss ahaa EG) = Wujeet faa, EG) = eC x aECs) » ‘| Yup rors tot hi lo [ea 9a) 43. 6x5) 4h cca) 2 Cha aber 2h 4 ie]op _ Sone EG)= b elta)= be sto oh 113,13 are ubbrased estima" ar mis euset VCTa)= 0:32 1): Teche esd estimator best Cy, rr 4} Wax im e onde ip from BG, P) te Te ankle he septa Se batts __ eee a a I are tha evhomeror Lethe parameter > eae elt halite al 4 eek _t)hich re effitent estamos ii)_Bhich 3 _awnvimu WUE a Se = a ee =I er y a GA).~ = [v(n)+ Wea) +. NOX) AVC) 4 V6) 4+ Cov ter} - : Bt a teres ro %9 +7042) 1 xr i vce vy, [sae Ata p Bagh 2h4 + ts) CWE nara ea [ol asv tls bis 2nd + A Woxa)+ Xs) +t covterm -4pC=p) 44 pli-y)+ Fle aas _= 55H (2)|: = “- Ltt fe. UNI DIAS es. = if i) vey v¢Ta) € VOT | This most “dMicenbethmaliy. : 8 5 4 xandom sample: from Re) : To. al aici. Kis 3 Beficea ech! les few. wameles As a. 2 At i Semel A)= Wem, A)Plas.a)-P-+ + PCr, a) e°1e I X= Sus = eee o oe 2 Tul Sa. 15. att =h@ jon) z We = hlz)an z Igy. ee OE s dpa 08 Eee iy Xa, += Xow is Suffciem | evbwna tor -fos oe 2 Neb vile, ty |S avandom sample. from Nhe) wrth a 2 Veal letter sainplcmncon is __ Vanane(e-J=! z i Sufficient rrmator fot fe. fa\=_¥,%a,-: rit “ x~E Flay WatCaasb) 2 £m b) oa, sete s satich 9 sh hy a ‘eri + = ond 2 (az — z — ae ee is He Blea ie Qf ee =Ll yn ¢ be q Gal a a =i y z a 7 tc — SH Salies hea 27| We <. _(S=7) id ak J t : eu ae aoe a & s LZ 6 dad on ny ) 16 depend pe Tap errs ae whe CantMethod ef ts himnadion Giten Ane somph. observation. 24a. Xn we have is fond dhe eshmmator 1 fas pasar te oy 0. There, are different omehed s of nl Abe. eskimator T at 8 [oon of He mnchodie medal ef engin bth Meee the eshmnalor T to @ 1s oblained by orto ah a funedtion tla) = Hlxr, 6) . The 4 aacip| Lat nadia th exhorhor f the denn 2 ion of the a 2. age 0 Such that Spiga ee eS Be Hawmizang the Lk hoe: mete As. Bato e a Se manimiziv v.. These ce : : 6 x als othe fol re hee is = feo ai BBG) ea 1. Obfsin “the cx dimerl les _p of 86, 2) mamrrnigin eae on on the i lel. le. ee fel Xykay 2 Yn 20h ar 3 D4 BCL cu) pag = n= x a Cn a Gott mn). Sprite eee tn Up) = inp (od) | atra? Mea Ma a Rae. ve eh es = dnpe + de GO) = Sze fabt @r—8a)hli-P). ea DS 5u 0 Inp+ —s2)_d Wli-~) =o Lap > Sis +M-3x). (2) =0 ? =P => Su - G51) =o fF l=-p is ont. Suisun) (=) 07 ie HE BRoat T oblast exboneler fel PO) by ah rota! let > gine the ebhood -linction ua he . on servithign %y,%a, Xe Peltr) = tn | ens Se le Ce : ne oO) = Cha) = inet ae hd I) > 2 NA+ Sx ted = tale) |= eset Say | a (—n9) 3G ge) Eo 24 Mr =p Ho . aeape — Ail (ho) io: aeSf pb Mia) 0 fa table) =o 00 : es ( [taf afro) 2 (4 )4]20 a AMLES] E955) “aod eee eeAl Ferthe ollouing probaljl density ttrypi-6)—¢ __. dbkon Whe of CromlB) = (yay once | | 4x00, 6,)= Meet. i 1) OL1L 0eae cle pee. fet ds cloes n't g que Beles, We! cm use_an earch al method Ef le fick shee he pater edes st =_Alqoxithwn This method is used do find Hie for the poromeled onder dhe situation of missing ebsorva hon ov vlss ng Ma Leer! olan The Et Algwstlhon —comtarn hoo sige namel »_(Eapectobse step) < Son his Shp we ral d Socnche _ ae 207) = ebm + [tato, 3] 2H slep_(Heantzaton step). Tn nbs 6 which manwizes. 6 @(0, 6] a Ths value of @'¥denoled HL. Thes itera bon ed eee i) Gil Scene Heel 9 of Bl.) win er am” sacl tno a(t] +» ten Ct=0) i Intt—s)_ +. (a3 Sj |= aletre) 4 ajo {2 4,~ pie. i? isy i»E Step 3- pt ; j ealast}e & mre a AW ov in aya Sane TaeI. it “_@ bet Following of lhe lo observations of ee vt fiom besnouli popalation vith pavarneleon O- fw ‘el che 10 cbseavabion lhe knon obsewintons ave NON OL, amd Ane: Temaiving ot. unkneom .. el ftshynate The. prarmedey ° aaa Ey Algerith ae. | tet the. rnitiak ) 2Yi— Tape fsa =e Ee poets = Po =m pznit= o hes oer eee ig ape Bes | he «abe hoe e4's_ one bala sem ‘. alg : sees ie ie a P a love. ae Ls oe: we cam halls 4 7 « ~oe olor & spc We, ot + a ics = one ap Expt = Je = > ere Ee: = avai alg P< The tes brag te coe ies bie asap Calley eat Za : oaBe a Cordes he a a a = ey | Ye pet Bix teas ARUP ev es a Foo the del X:% las ss Ge © oc ee. | dias Wes { 4 vf ols ai Bh . a be { = pt b+ er leLaem a ; as fies i pot putes j re U2 Yaz fot fiXat Fa pi hb p= petbiai+ i. J eG s [4 1a | le ; 1a bh [ Teabon models lle Gauss Hav bods near ted ies, ar -welot_ak md epind ont en ze~Aae)= 9 ant mi! ___ | Fay eee St ee i : ‘ Wen, J Sie: Ph soaps rotation he. 2 ge fi the. Shae oe a Ee i tid EN = i a a By = YS p= pT YS PY Jo —— LS. oannpoote ! eS Gaye ae oo = Lytx- yy}| pot 7 : 5 Eel of ee “aS Ge, (gt) hag oT typ Spo i as es a — ___Sxep2s_ Sleek. som 2 5 eet ans Tega totevn tha taal sete at sala nig ipl lesan inden the «onditin sgh ten iS, dr pba stabishe® am pS: fx the leel of ser pasate a tom. ain ae accep an ta reicotioy Meg ion by sing the. cn breal Ay. sedisha| Labbe al: stats! aioli log ay +} 4 tthe wl aoe Disk bbe. Estima fb) hn riba of ak ae es ae rat: Splb) = [vc =) ee" x1ws | prem a dca ee (io ln th Ya) = [y= “Eon byt Lalas feat: Fagen Fe¥ ee “ge, | bt bles ai 2 a 7 — ot bin ae ey abet aia _— oy aah ne beaval sor erceph p. P= sts Ty, ster Ao-diee as) pe 5 es 52 | ine i ol sep. i brea sdl. ean | et br = Bis pe be He #1 by hh bit fe ibe te ehh (1) (e, ' heTWh a WW fae pe . bain. Pa A ee a ee Ji) — fet values end abel Velev ov x) ac tater te 4 pe Ems L 19 find..459_cmnfidence. gnbewal fox El Ste WA eee. wt ce oy “Teak the 22, Bird, [ 6. =e Alsi he i,joxand —Gsx60) _loxais — Got IqO- 3300 = £12 | PESO - gear Fas 6-6 6364 x55) = |hoo EBhaake Single loner med Y= bot bik Y = [nook +0.8262x pas lee asrt tio. Be ss 3ts Jt _—_——_——+ c. det Cry) = Cage (loxses = 58x55) = gac-_ t Adi Gets) = — =| : Y ra Eshrate of p= b= Gow Qty)A Lhooh +0 6363415. bed eeelecs 5 4. Q943 Peablogvies slate i oe 0-4 63H OSemmes fpi Ca eh ee * BEA A ABOEXOASGE | ovbge5 4 2.306r 0.1)Ta 15% Confident. ve. conclode, hak se slop fs ws bo 0 SAH and [15 o8 = | _— oerva bo pe le Ope) = [belay (na) $tCby), bet Lagln-a) st the) } = [itteoy - = 2.306 KO.CHC F, hed + a doe x0 ust) -4ooH, = (9834 p bhook pits 45247 0-9sa, 3- 3508) a falesease Bad “wih 46h —Confrdonee ose ae that The, wlorapt 3s, bir [- 0: $59), 3-5ae ] ie 08969 2 = E53 2 (Beyhha 7 0-53 (86 es ee fg ep o fem ocr 2 en, Ln ae es 24e CR atest ond clade lon of dhe, simple hnear model ts leer te ond conclude Signore + peed sh=O" del TEX ayer Xk ove k md lent var! end vis adent Variable» € 1s eysx term then Gaus’ Hos kov's linear model in tre multivariate& tha In Vnear mede| in watt. ve tation 4b caterebes tee dala om. Des etl venta ble | Wena penn by ae es er ee eK + fz para se. Peete T pot em faxeat os + a.