Richelle Joanne T.

Duhig
Student ID No. 2023-04344

PA297 – Research Methods Mid-Term Exam

1. Differentiate a Discrete Random Variable from Continuous Random Variable.

 A random variable is discrete if its set of possible values is a collection of isolated points on
the number line. A discrete random variable almost always arises in connection with counting
(e.g., the number of items purchased, the number of gas pumps in use or the number of
broken eggs in a carton).

 On the other hand, a variable is continuous if its set of possible values includes an entire
interval on the number line. A continuous random variable is one whose value is typically
obtained by measurement (temperature in a freezer compartment, weight of a pineapple,
amount of time spent in the store, etc.)

2. Give at least 3 sampling methods and discuss each.

 The most basic method for sampling is referred to as "simple random sampling." In simple
random sampling, a sample is chosen in a manner that ensures every possible subset of the
desired size has an equal likelihood of being selected.

 When the total population can be divided into distinct and non-overlapping subcategories, a
technique called "stratified sampling" is frequently a more practical and cost-efficient
approach than simple random sampling. In stratified random sampling, discrete simple
random samples are autonomously chosen from each subgroup.

 Occasionally, it can be more straightforward to choose clusters of people from a population

rather than selecting individual persons. Cluster sampling entails the division of the target
population into distinct, non-overlapping groups referred to as clusters. These clusters are
then randomly chosen, and all individuals within the selected clusters are included in the
sample.

3. Compute the Mean and Standard Deviation, and determine the Median and the Mode for the table below:

Table 1. Lengths of Butterfly Wings in Centimeters

48 46 41 47 49 44 45 51 48 52 46 46 49 42 49 47 43 42 48 44
47 44 46 50 43 50 41 44 48 40 43 45 42 48 41 50 47 44 42 46
46 45 46 49 43 39 47 49 46 47 43 49 46 45 40 47 42 46 43 51
44 45 47 48 44 48 42 45 45 44 49 48 44 43 42 45 47 45 43 45

MEAN

Σx
x=
n
3640
x=
80
x=45.5 0
 MEDIAN
~
x=If n is odd , then ~ ( ) 1
x= n+ th term
2
n n
( )th term+( +1)th term
~ 2 2
x=If n is even , then ~
x=
2

~ 45+ 46
x=
2
~ 40+ 41
x=
2
~x=45.5 0

MODE

^x =The value which occurs most frequently

Length of
Butterfly Frequency
wings in cm

39 1
40 2
41 3
42 7
43 8
44 9
45 10
46 10
47 9
48 8
49 7
50 3
51 2
52 1
total 80

^x =45∧46
 Square of
Distance the
Data Point from the distance
mean from the
STANDARD DEVIATION
mean
39 (6.50) 42.25
40 (5.50) 30.25
40 (5.50) 30.25
41 (4.50) 20.25
41 (4.50) 20.25

√
41 (4.50) 20.25
2
42 (3.50) 12.25
Σ ( X−μ )
42
42
(3.50)
(3.50)
12.25
12.25 σ=
42 (3.50) 12.25 N
42 (3.50) 12.25
42 (3.50) 12.25
42 (3.50) 12.25
43 (2.50) 6.25
43 (2.50) 6.25

√
43 (2.50) 6.25
43 (2.50) 6.25 644
43 (2.50) 6.25 σ=
43 (2.50) 6.25 80
43 (2.50) 6.25
43 (2.50) 6.25
44 (1.50) 2.25
44 (1.50) 2.25
44 (1.50) 2.25
44
44
(1.50)
(1.50)
2.25
2.25
σ =2.837252192
44 (1.50) 2.25
44 (1.50) 2.25
44 (1.50) 2.25
44 (1.50) 2.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
45 (0.50) 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
46 0.50 0.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
47 1.50 2.25
48 2.50 6.25
48 2.50 6.25
48 2.50 6.25
48 2.50 6.25
48 2.50 6.25
48 2.50 6.25
48 2.50 6.25
48 2.50 6.25
49 3.50 12.25
49 3.50 12.25
49 3.50 12.25
49 3.50 12.25
49 3.50 12.25
49 3.50 12.25
49 3.50 12.25
50 4.50 20.25
50 4.50 20.25
50 4.50 20.25
51 5.50 30.25
51 5.50 30.25
52 6.50 42.25

Total 644
N 80
 Standard Deviation 2.837252

4. Construct a Frequency Distribution Table and Histogram from Table 1.

Frequency Distribution Table

Length of
Butterfly in Cumulative
Frequency
cm Frequency
(interval)
39-41 6 6
42-44 24 30
45-47 29 59
48-50 18 77
51-53 3 80

5. Interpret the descriptive results in “3” (Hint: use the Mean and Standard Deviation by approximating the
Histogram to the properties of the Normal Curve (Bell Curve).

6. A rapid survey was conducted on voter’s preference with results tabulated in the Contingency Table below:

Table 2. Voters’ Preference for 2024 US Presidential Elections

CANDIDAT TYPE OF VOTERS
Total
E Democratic Republican
Biden 363 156 519
Trump 125 338 463
Total 488 494 982
 7. Frame an appropriate research question or statement for the above Contingency Table and write the Null
Hypothesis (Ha) and Altenative Hypothesis (Ho).

Research Question:

How does one's party affiliation influence their voting preferences in the 2024 US Presidential
Election, specifically in terms of the number of Democratic and Republican voters who favor either
Biden or Trump?

Null Hypothesis (H0):

There is no significant difference in the number of Democratic and Republican voters favoring
Biden and Trump in the 2024 US Presidential Election.

P(Democrats for Biden)=P( Democrats for Trump)∧P(Republicans for Biden)=P(Republicans for Trump).

Alternative Hypothesis (H1):

There is a significant difference in the number of Democratic and Republican voters favoring
Biden and Trump in the 2024 US Presidential Election.

At least one of the following inequalities is true:

P ( Democrats for Biden ) ≠ P ( Democrats for Trump )
¿ P(Republicans for Biden )≠ P(Republicans for Trump)

8. Calculate the Expected Values (EVs) in each cell of the Contingency Table of EVs. Use the formula below:
Rn C n
Expected Value , ER ,C =
N

Expected value for Democratic voters who voted for Biden:

(Row Total for Democratic )(ColumnTotal who Voted for Biden)
E(Democratic , Biden)=
Grand Total
(488)(519)
E(Democratic , Biden)=
982
E(Democratic , Biden)≈ 25 7. 9 1

Expected value for Democratic voters who voted for Trump:

(Row Total for Democratic)(ColumnTotal who Voted for Trump)
E(Democratic , Trump)=
Grand Total
(488)(463)
E(Democratic , Trump)=
982
E(Democratic , Trump)≈ 2 30 .0 9
 Expected value for Republican voters who voted for Biden:
( Row Total for Republican)(Column Total whoVoted for Biden)
E(Republican , Biden )=
Grand Total
(494 )(519)
E(Republican , Biden )=
982
E(Republican , Biden )≈ 26 1 .0 9

Expected value for Republican voters who voted for Trump:

(Row Total for Republican)(Column Total whoVoted for Trump)
E(Republican , Trump)=
Grand Total
(494 )(463)
E(Republican , Trump)=
982
E(Republican , Trump)≈ 23 2 .91

9. Compute the Chi-Square (χ2) value using the formula below:

χ2=∑

For Democratic voters who voted for Biden:

(363−25 7.91)²
χ ²( Democratic , Biden)=
25 7.91
≈ 42.82

For Democratic voters who voted for Trump:

(125−230.09)²
χ ²( Democratic ,Trump)=
230.09
≈ 48.00

For Republican voters who voted for Biden:

(156−26 1.09)²
χ ²(Republican , Biden)=
261.09
≈ 42.30

For Republican voters who voted for Trump:

(338−233.94)²
χ ²(Republican , Trump)=
233.94
≈ 47.42

χ ²(Overall)= χ ²(Democratic , Biden)+ χ ²(Democratic , Trump)+ χ ² (Republican , Biden)+ χ ²(Republica

χ ²(Overall)≈ 42.82+ 48.00+ 42.30+47.42

χ ² ≈ 180.54

The chi-squared statistic for this test is approximately 180.54.

10. Test the Null Hypothesis (Ho) by comparing the Chi-Square (χ2) value and Chi-Square (χ2)
Distribution Table of Critical Values. Interpret the results (Hint: use the Research Question in “7” as
reference).

Degrees of freedom=(r −1)(c−1)

Df =(2−1)(2−1)
df =( 1 ) (1 )
Df =1
For α =0.05 and degrees of freedom = 1, the critical value from a chi-squared distribution table is
approximately 3.841.

Since the computed chi-squared value of 180.54 is greater than the critical chi-squared value of 3.841, I
would reject the null hypothesis.

This indicates that there is a significant relationship between party affiliation and voting preferences in the
2024 US Presidential Election. In other words, party affiliation is not independent of voting preferences.