Μέτρηση Δυναμικών Χαρακτηριστικών

Μόνωση Ταλαντώσεων
Μετρητές Ταλαντώσεων

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 Μέτρηση Δυναμικών Χαρακτηριστικών

MEASUREMENT OF DAMPING

Mass and stiffness of a dynamic system can be determined by its physical

characteristics, while an estimate of damping resistance can be obtained by
experimental measurements of the response of the structure to a given excitation.

Experimental Evaluation Techniques of Damping Ratios:

• Free Vibration Decay

• Forced-Vibration Response:

o Resonant Response Απόκριση Συντονισμού Εύρος Καμπύλης Αποκρίσεως

o Width of Response Curve & Half-Power Method &
o Energy Loss per Cycle Μέθοδος Εύρους Ημιισχύος
Απώλεια Ενέργειας ανα Κύκλο Ταλάντωσης

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 Μέτρηση Δυναμικών Χαρακτηριστικών

FREE VIBRATION DECAY – LOGARITHMIC

DECREMENT: Λογαριθμική Μείωση ln
2

ln

Free vibration of an under-damped system: 2

1
Let:
≝ sin

Then:
Therefore:
2 2
sin

2
The ratio to provides a measure of the decrease
in displacement over one cycle of motion. The ratio is [For small values of , i.e., ≪ ⟹ ≅2 ⟺ ≅ ]
constant and does not vary with time; its natural logarithm is
called logarithmic decrement and is denoted by .

[NOTE: The idea is due to HELMHOLTZ, 1862.]

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 Μέτρηση Δυναμικών Χαρακτηριστικών

If the decay of motion is slow, it is desirable to For lightly damped systems (i.e., small ):
relate the ratio of two amplitudes several
cycles apart, instead of successive amplitudes, to
≅ 2 ⟹ ≅
the damping ratio.

To determine the number of cycles elapsed for a 50%

∙ ∙ ⋯
reduction in displacement amplitude, we obtain:

Therefore: ln 2 0.11
% ≅
2
≝ ln ∙2
1
It follows that:

Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου
 Μέτρηση Δυναμικών Χαρακτηριστικών

The damping ratio can be obtained from:

1
2
or
1
2

Accelerations are easier to measure than displacement.

The damped period ⁄ of the system can be determined from the free
vibration record by measuring the time required to complete one cycle of vibration.

Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου
 Μέτρηση Δυναμικών Χαρακτηριστικών

RESPONSE TO VIBRATION GENERATOR

Απόκριση σε Γεννήτρια Ταλαντώσεων
Consider two counter rotating masses, ⁄ .
Harmonic force produced: Ω sin Ω
Equation of motion (assuming ≪ = mass of
structure):

Ω sin Ω

Therefore:

Ω
∙

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FORCED-VIBRATION RESPONSE Measurement of the phase angle may be somewhat

Εξηναγκασμένη (Αρμονική) Ταλάντωση difficult. Therefore, as an alternative, the resonance
Resonant Response: curve is obtained in the vicinity of resonance and the
Συντονισμός Φάσης peak response is measured (amplitude
At phase resonance, 1 & phase angle resonance). For viscous damping
Συντονισμός Πλάτους Ταλάντωσης
Therefore, phase resonance can be detected by
1
measuring the phase angle and progressively
adjusting the exciting frequency until . 2 1

The above equation can be used to obtain from the

1 1 ⁄
⟹ measured value of . For light damping ≅ .
2 2

Usually, the acceleration amplitude is measured

and

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Width of Response Curve Method:

Μέθοδος Εύρους Καμπύλης Απόκρισης
The width of response curve near resonance can be used to obtain an
estimate of the damping.

Measurement of frequencies & at which ⟹ tan 1

Therefore: 1 & 1 ⟹

1 2 0
⟹ ⟹
1 2 0

1 1 Ω Ω
⟹
2 2

The above method relies on the ability to measure the phase

angle, which may require sophisticated instrumentation.

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 Μέτρηση Δυναμικών Χαρακτηριστικών

If the response curve in the vicinity of resonance has been plotted, the frequencies NOTE: The ratio
at which the amplitude is ⁄ times that at the peak can be measured. As shown
in the above FIGURE there are two such frequencies, denoted & and the
corresponding ratios & . [The power (~ ) at , is half the power at ≅
, hence the name Half-Power Method.]
Μέθοδος Εύρους Ημιισχύος (Ζώνημα)
is referred to as the quality factor
, ⟹ and is a measure of the sharpness
of the response curve.
⟹ 2 1 2 1 8 1 0

⟹ 1 2 2 1

For small damping ⟹ ≅1 2 ∴ ≅ 1 2 ≅1

Therefore:
Ω Ω 1 1 Ω Ω
≅2 ⟹
2 2

The above equation is similar to the one obtained by the previous method. In fact,
for small damping & are very close to & , respectively.

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TRANSMITTED MOTION DUE TO SUPPORT MOVEMENT

Μετάδοση Κίνησης λόγω Εδαφικής Διέγερσης
A system mounted on a moving support will have some of the support motion
transmitted to it. Often the design of such a system requires that the transmitted
motion be minimized.

Let: sin Ω

Then:

(The superscript ‘ ’ stands for ‘total’; the subscript ‘ ’ stands for ‘ground’)

Equation of Motion: 0

⟹
Ω sin Ω

Steady-state Response: sin Ω

where:

tan

Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου
 Μόνωση Ταλαντώσεων
Total displacement : The rotating vector representation can also be used
quite effectively to obtain the total displacement (see
sin Ω 1 sin Ω 2 cos Ω FIGURE above):
1 2
1 2 sin Ω 2 cos Ω 2 cos
1 2
sin Ω 2 cos

where: 1
cos
1 2
1 2 2
& tan Phase angle between & is obtained by applying the
1 2 1 2 cosine identity to triangle :

The amplitude ratio ⁄ vs. is plotted above.

This leads to the same value of as the one derived

above.

Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου
 Μόνωση Ταλαντώσεων

TRANSMISSIBILITY AND VIBRATION ISOLATION We know that: &

Μετάδοση Δυνάμεων & Μόνωση Ταλαντώσεων

In practical design it is frequently required that the dynamic It follows that:

forces transmitted by a machine to its surroundings be
minimized. 1 2
1 2
(Force Isolation)
tan 2
Total transmitted force (assuming steady-state
response): Note that the force balance diagram can be utilized
effectively to obtain the transmitted force .

sin Ω Ω cos Ω
sin Ω

Ω
where: Ω
tan

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Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου Μόνωση Ταλαντώσεων

Transmission Ratio
or
Transmissibility (TR)
Μεταδοτικότης του Συστήματος

1 2
1 2

TR is a measure of the force transmitted to

the foundation

Note that the ratio ⁄ is the same as the ratio ⁄ that we derived for the ‘Transmitted motion
due to support movement’.

If the transmitted force is to be smaller than the applied force , the natural frequency
should be selected so that the frequency ratio ⁄ .

Also, for , the transmission ratio decreases with damping, so that theoretically, zero
damping will give the smallest transmitted force. In practice, however, some damping should
always be provided to ensure that during startup as the machine passes through the resonant frequency,
the response is kept within reasonable limits.
 Μετρητές Ταλαντώσεων

MEASUREMENT OF ACCELERATION – ACCELEROMETER For a satisfactory instrument design, ⁄ should not vary
Επιταχυνσιογράφος with .
Let: sin Ω
Equation of Motion: sin Ω For . , ⁄ stays approximately constant at a value of ,
Steady-state response: sin Ω provided that . .

The time shift for one harmonic is:

where:
tan 1 2 1 2
tan tan
Ω Ω 1 1
If the instrument is to be designed to measure an input
acceleration which may, in fact, have several harmonic components It is required that not vary with .
of different frequencies, the measured displacement should
be proportional to the input for all values of the input For . , ⁄ is practically constant, i.e., is a linear
frequency. function of and hence of (see attached FIGURE).
1 1
∙
1 2

Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου
Μετρητές Ταλαντώσεων

⁄ ⁄

. .

0 1.00 1.000 1.400

0.1 1.01 1.000 1.405
0.2 1.04 1.000 1.419
o.3 1.10 0.998 1.442
0.4 1.19 0.991 1.470
0.5 1.33 0.975 1.502
0.6 1.56 0.947 1.533

Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου
 Μετρητές Ταλαντώσεων

EXAMPLE: Ω
sin Ω → → sin Ω
2
Investigate the output of the accelerometer with damping
. when used to measure ground motion with the Ω
ground acceleration given by: sin Ω → → sin Ω
2
sin Ω sin Ω
sin Ω sin Ω
2
→ →
sin Ω
sin Ω
2

Because the time functions in both terms are equal to

, the shift of both components along the time axis is
equal. Thus, the instrument faithfully reproduces (within a
For . , ≅ (where is the natural multiplicative factor ) the ground acceleration .
circular frequency of the accelerometer), so that:

≅ & ≅

[The natural circular frequency of the instrument has been

selected so that ≫ , .]
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Απόστολος Σ. Παπαγεωργίου Μετρητές Ταλαντώσεων

MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT – Support Displacement:

DISPLACEMENT METER
Μετρητής Μετατοπίσεων sin Ω ⟹ Ω sin Ω
The transducer must be designed so that the spring is
so flexible or the mass so large, or both, that the mass Equation of Motion:
stays still while the support beneath it moves. Such
an instrument is unwieldy. 0 ⟹
⟹ Ω sin Ω

sin Ω → → sin Ω

where:

For ≫ (i.e., sufficiently large), ≅ (i.e.,

independent of ) and ≅ (for sufficiently small damping).
This implies that although the measured motion is
negative of the input motion, there is no shift along the
time axis and the output motion, comprised of any
number of harmonic components, will be reproduced
correctly.