Alternating current Most of the cheep ric PEWer. Genarocdeol ool . the word Gs in!’ the for 7 emodi we (A.C.)+ This +0 eee ™ of ot G ‘ teamecting Voltege. can easily and etticiert| Co) plete reat? “Gre value a other, by saan ox transformers § og Wi) The Alternating Current con be. tranamitedd & ) Th clushibut an Ge aly amd na! ng emf. (Eo) be rept od ° by ARNDWS calteal phasors: Gi) TAry are inclined 40 horitzontod axis of Lug ond ares wn the ondiclockusise, clrechun. The length ok the arrow represents He ray} WO vod of ae quantity. be. Le emd &,- Gi) The proyection oy the ameaw Em any aus yepresents UE Instantoneous value ob Pad. Guamss (iv) The shosor Aifperance bedeeen the tuo otter CuanTRes Gb Y. tw vectors pce by 7 angle behueen th (Cv) Im the ae and I. Cheuk ond voliage ane t Comferinirng R only , Curt Phose Cpe Be the same phase. tee. the 7 Cored Hien ugd R epee Phelan voltegeCireust Contoinin Inductance onl Let Soterce ofs @mm-f. | as Comnectedt | oe y crrendktt Covthaiming Q pune pocductoanea. L onlige Sa ppos the altered nq emf. su bbhied uy wen bs pen bye E, Simvst A E = & Smut Sifts 4b the wate of chomge ob Curent thyagh + 8h amy imstest, then mduced om the nductoy at Hie Same Imastemnt is- - -Laet @ = tr vc regotive Sign melicotes tho inducecl e-m.f- ppose he chemge ots oe Te ce teat ee on of Suanerch | in this YoUAt, fel voltoge must be “equol om site S the wntibesed voles. ee eC Lat) = Eo Sinet dt or ar = Ee Sinwt dt &y ide grading beth sides we get - Sor = £2 [sinwt ott 7 = = Eo Cost oe Eo (feat ) = oe Q z+ ~ Bp sin (H -wt) Or ‘ Je =; Es. Sin (wt -)TRe Current (EZ) will be maximum (Te), ohed Sin (WtE-M) = maximum = £ So To = Ge Ut Hence. T= Le sin (wot - Me) So we find thet jn on ae. Circuit Condaining Lomly 5 atternedi cunment To legs behind He oktes necting VolteGe E by a phowe an of 20. er we ca Say one pwr of A peribdl. Phaser Diagram - . Im the phosos lagsam of Cc. Civeut Conteuniong L Current Legs behins! the emf. by S30, So the phosor represerthing To Gs tomeo) cla&kiwise throngh 30° fom the cdivgcthom of feoe The projections of these Phators om y axis eve instantaneous val E omd I. ] ees wepedn end E=Epsin cot t 1=Ipsh (0-00), “ Herne lob repruents te effective rem stance eked: by Inductance. L. Thi 48 Called Inductance. reactonce. and us olenoleo bg Ac. ‘ d kam Orc, Sup)A.C. Civcurt Containing Capacitance Only Let ay Sowrce “ of- Obbernodhn em. $, 1 Comnnectest to G Cepacitor om ob citance. Suppose Pha attermeating emf. supp Mell cen E = Eo Smut TRe Ctoveent flowimg In the cireuit trons fer e to the plectes “ob the Capacitor. Tris prod & pent oy branes eb tee coal plates, Pes Cc E=€, sinat At ony Instont t, Suppose Y% La the Chous On the capacitor. So the poterted Aibterinee ac the plates of Capacitey Wu . ve tle At every instemt, the potertiol chifferme: vo musi be eg to the emf. appliecl so SS 2 = Es Smut ov qo = CE Sinrot eat ca i ret gt (Ce.smet) I= CEo(Coseot). to to: E Sa ifasce Sin (ot 12)Tre Curent toll] be maximum a Nt sin (Wt 4 2) = tweximam = Eo WYost ae ° we find that im an ac. cirewt Contomning ¢ only erating Coskent T Leads +he OMennactny em bu a phate omgle of; Bor 4 so dig * Phasor Dieg ram — The phasor Do is tuowe anticleckwise Amon 20" Pom Tae clivection of phosor Es: Tha Proechors on y-axis PA +Hhe inatomtonous, valus oF E amd I. 1= Ip sin (wr+90°) at atAg. A wc vepiesents efpective resistance vee, PY the Capacity. This 4 Calkol Capacitive Attend” onl uy ‘olunot eo) by Xe. Mae civrewt fs e Se “Xe =o Sea Capacitor all block Ac * sy unit ef Xe 4s ohm. (2) Near 7 -A.C. Civewit Containing Resistance , Incluctance and Capacitance in’ Series (RLC Circuit) Let Ry lb, C are Connected in sores 4t0% Source. o atternating emp So the Cwoent omy Instomt through “dhe three elermortt hor sarc amplitude ard phowe. Tm = Te Sinct But the voltage acyoss each element has a Aidpersnt phosey relecomahip coith the Cunt. UG) TRe maximum voltag & ciewsas QR VrRe= LR Im fi > Cubkent Phoser I, is representect olong OR. As Va 4S im Phose with Curent ,Se ut Ga vepresentecl by the vector oF, along ox: Yt t Vp te UW) The maximum voltage across L is Ve = Tox. As voltage acrois the Inductor leoods the Cuvent by 30°, So At Js represertesl by OE along oy, 26[aheod of Ie. Gif) The meudmum Volug across Cus Ve = Texe . As the Voltage across He Capacitor Logs behinol the cltermating Chu ant by go', So Abs represartes| by 0@ xotoded T clockwise, Hhrough a0 from the clirection Wf Lee GE sas odong. oyAS the voltage. across Land Cc have a Phose clifferoncee “of 180°, So net reactive voltoge Bs CVL= Ve, 7 Maduming thot Vir Ve, In Peere, VA Gs represented| by od’. The resuttant of OR omd Off Us the Hegenal Hence, the vector Sum_o Ve. Vi ome us phasor —% sesentesl bu oF yMaAkKing an “ts ? oth cumant phosor T.9 ¢ Sook = fot pe “ Ee = [vis Mv Eo = [Gee + ake- tx ow Eo te[Re+ (nm me The. sotal ective veaistance, of RLC Civewit Wy Codten| — sence. of the circuit, Tt is represented FSo mM an ac. civcut a RyLye , the Voltage. leads the cument by o phase angle d, vohore tom b = as <= oR! - Maeve = Tox. Ike tk ToR or [tne = SET = Xe So the = emf. in an RLO Cirewt I's yepresenteal eecere -ahee Tl be three Caseg - (7) woken XL = Xe y then tom b=o So pb =e Gi) When Xi > Ke , then tomd ~ podve. So pb ws Sour We . Hence voltage leads Current Oo phese angle a a ii) when xXL< Xe 4 then tomd Ww negetive. So ph 4s negative - Henw voltoges Lags behind the Current by a phase ongle gd.Electrical Resonance - Tae phenomenon of Tesonance is commori amend tems thed have “A tencleney to oserllode Sh poxtHenlor ancy. hes iy CobLiol Se neon feydndy of oseilledt Op Phd Syste, TE such a System ca driven by on entrg source , COhose. presen Ye -e5u0d “thee eek uaney of the System | then the omplitucle of oscillation, becomes large and resonance is sodd +o oct uk. Series Resonance Cirewt “A clreuit in which inductane Ly Capacitance C amd. resistance Ro are Conmectes|! in series, or | the Circtut admits maximum Cunent Corcesponding 40 a given fresuin Of AC.y5S Cables] seried resenance Circuit: ; L R | At vers low uancter . induechve reactente XL = WL J negligible but CapaciHve reactane Xe = Leoe As the wen of alternating emf. abplied do the eircunt Oy eth aed Gee te. eae ancl Xe goes om clecreosing + For @& Parteulor vole of C sey lor) AL = Xe ‘ - J PE coreAt this poatewlar preemencg fr A XL= Xe So ze [Pree eeny Ze fea = RR Cminmum) So Here impeclamce of RLO Circuit 3 Minimum | ama hence the cwwunt I, = Ee = Ge becomes MeKki mum. | This frequency os Cabs series vebonence Prewny R= 102 Cy R Decreases Q Increases ° @, @, 2 Xx So The voourkiim Circuit peak curxent wit the homage ey Of applies voltose dd G) T+ ws clearer thot her ovr Los thon tor the Vvalhen 3 Veaeengie. ras ae Jess thom the moeimum Value Vert psec c Gi) af bo = Wr the value of ae ten maximum Cire):Applications - Sues vesomonce Clrourt o i i a ee eae ee, ret 43 wel in radio The. amtenna of a rocllo/ tv. intercepts Stoctions . To ale fre) broadcast n ies ome Me IN wack! of stodion | rv. Channe}, we tune ovr aoa esa eet by eae Capacitance, S68 a capacitor in the preg Clreuk Cn oe Soe the cre eee of a to the wye- ae FOR -—© For Point Pr > byt he = +R —©® by adeling equation © and 5 we ger— (Hy +on)L - Wit*2 yd = 0 WW ov = + WW, te by subtracting equatim @ by@ we get - (Wr - WL + £(& > &,) = 2k (W.-W,)L + War 5 2R CHW ot92-00 : (2-w))L + “or = 2R Cc (W2-)xzb = TR Wz-wW, = BR c The olifperence of frequencies Corresponding to the halk power. pemts is called band uiolt A$, = xB = Band wet Q- Factor of Resonance Civeurt The CharactesisHe of A sorters resomart , areuit as ceteaminscl by the @ factor or Quality factor of the Creut - Tt olefires “Shaapreee of tuning ot resonant. _TRe Q-factor of a seried resonant cirait Js neo) Os the vodio of the voltage cevelopecl acros® the inductance oy “Copacitance at Yesonance do the impremest voltage » which us the volroge Gppliecl across R, a Voltage. across L or © ~ “applied voltege (=voltage across R)) a= oY A= Q= w& LD = wrl Gc | _ L 7 RL R Rr RC Cr baing Wr = ne ? Laing bor = ae ee @ = Ate = RJTC RcAverage Power in RLC Circuit bet the cud erm eting e@-m-f, Abptiec| cto an RLC Circuit Ws — E = Es Sinwt ry atternadting Cuwrsant clevelopeol behind the applied emf. by a Phore ome@e oy then - T= Te Sin (wt-4) Power at Instomt +, slit = EL ans Eo Sinwt x Tp Sin (wt -) = Eolo Sin tot (Sinw+t Cosh ~ Ceatat Sind) = Eole Sin*est Cosd — Eo To Sint Comst Sing = Eole Sin* cot Cosd — Eole sin art Sing _ So Ty His indtantomcousr power «4 curSumecl to remain Comstomt Qa sme time olt, then Smet amount Of work done in tha xime la - aw = (€or Sinest cos ge — Eats sin 200k sing Jett Toted work clone over a Complete cyte Ua — _ 7, . Wwe feote Sivfeat Cosh dt — fi Eels sin 20t Sing ct = ° e wW " =e Tt Eo Io cosp [ SirPoct ot = Be cing [Sin zat tt 6 2 a auc AS [ SiPootete = x oma} il Sinwt cl =o ° ° Wz Esl, Cosdx T 2 AY 2 power in te RLC Circuit over @& Complete eye Sse a a w SeSo P,= Eoto cosh . T > Zz Eo, te + Cos Py = Exms Inns Cosh Hence Average Power over a Complete cycle 17 an maduetive Sciveut 48 the oduct of Yim S. e. ms. amd ys. Cwrrart amd Cosine of tha phase angle between tre voltoge and . % The above relation su applicable. Fo. OU ac. cCivcuits - 4 he ev Coad amd Z Will have oP es EK dizersns cireuits. Bie ) Only R Circuit - Zr ond coame 1 Gid Only L cirewit - Ze Xe and Cazsp = O Gi) Only © cirenit - Zs Xe and Cusp = 0 Gv) In REC Grewit. Zz = [Ry (KL xe amd cosp = & tv) In RL Creuit - Zs [Rt xe ond cosh = & Wi) Im Re Crreut- zal Ree xe amd Cusp = Wi) In Le circuit- Z = [Ol— Kee = X_- Xe, Coa =O, and H = 90"Power Factor of an A-c. Cireuit- . We Know that the average pawerin RLC Crrout ws piven by - P= Ems rms Cosh Here Ps Cattecl rue power, (Enns Trms) Gs Collid apparent power or virtual power amd Cosh iid Caliic! power facior of the Cirewt. True Power (Pp) Power Factory (Cosh) app a ort ‘OW er From dliagyam - = WR Coad = Eo i a | et a z fe — Poet facter = Coad = R % » G) In a non- inductve Cireuit, “+ Power factor = Cosd = roa = p= 0 TWA 4A tha maximum vodue of power factor. (i) In a Pure incluctoy or an ideal capacitor p= 30° “* Power Factor = Cosh = Cosao = 0 So avasge power Consumed in & Pure inducty or ldleal capacttor P= Evyms Imm: Cos = 0 Tn actual practice we clo nat have ccleal inductor or ideal capacitor - Thureppre , Here cloes occur Some ssipation of enrgy-Trans former A teanstoemer Us an electricod oleic. wWheh ws usec pv charging the ac. Voltages. rs Hanspormo. which tmereases He ac. voltages Ls Catlecl Step up thruns ond a tranastormer edhidh decreases the ac. voltagés Us cablecl a step elovon ‘ranspemer. Prndple ~ A transformer Ja bares! om the principle of mutual Induction “é-e. Whenever the amount op megpdic fldx dinked with @ oil changes 5 an emf. 1s ivelt in the neighbouring, Coil. Construction — ee ee erg aeeearcceaacaeeraee A tronstormer Consiat ot a Sop iron Core mack of Laminoteo) sheets 5 well iauloted! pr each othr. Two coils PLP C Prim ang Coil) and S82 CSsecemet. Coil) ane wouncl on the Game cores but eke well” |marlotes! fem 2ach oth. Note that both the coils ake also ivigulated! from the Coxe. The Sourte of aterneding- ems. (do be danttormect ) Ys torinectec| to Gye primary coil RPL ane @ food resistance R is Connected to Seconickiry Coil 8,52, INPUT, a LAMINATED CORE Theory 4 Working - bet the alternating emf. supplied b Q.c- Source Comnectecl 73 oe nue a Ep= & SmutThe atemaling , ptm Cusrend induces an alterna magnetic. Hux bg i the & Cove. Because Hre Coxe oe theo a the june a Setonidany > Se the imeluces * extendas ar the ga ik So e gh secarideruy Accorcling to the Faradlouy's Law of ele; raf taductin , the Ynduetel ani Per TURN ( Essen) IS Soany fr both patty 4 Secondary wn ng: = =< a = & = €s oes ape “Ne “Ne Hert Np Ns represents He total number oh turmi in the Phim any omd Secondary Gilb Auspectvely. Es = Ns_ EP Ne As we assume thot no erwrgy us Lost culong the Wan, Conservation of entrgy “requives thot - Input Power = Output Power. e Ip = £ TpEp c I.E. oa ze = ete 2 Ns 2k Ep Is Ne Hoe Ke steams priration yatio Note - i Ns > Np thon Es > Ep than the transform da Cotled” sep UP hranefprmen, I Ns < Ne thon Es < Ep: then the. promappem 58 Cole a step down -trem&fornor.Efficiency of Transformer Tt Js clined as the ratio off ontput power to the input power. uw out Pp ut Power” y = OMT Pt Power ion % 2 Este xioo % Input Power EpIp Note - —— The transformer Cannot ark on AG A transformer chomges ac: voltages | curteents- It does mot ofpect the frequan of ac Yohen Qc. voltage ws Youse n times, the Ccorfesponding alternating. Curent yeduces to fn me,