GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATIONGenerel heat Brely ction _— if We hqVe a System Radkatien feel ee cherinody namics < ¢ Energy ep) dee 2G, 2 Dut > oars & iP 2Q,,>2Q 4 > Ai >be ik 2@, S2Qn_, yet d& es a Be dilferentil equ. CBee g BN Ca ith rsa SE 8 ape ASSame eee Uri Povin heal ton eouale xe a.@ GT ble i A 7 a 4a S ay ohn "Ta te 28643 z . Adanaty Syste i . déys “at PSS ot olen(Mt I. 7 ' Pad by Sbstiide in Phd. 20), gay, = DGp ~ 2; } ede SB dy ~ BE de aj dady de = 8 dndydes ot ss p2- kA, BE je - = Q, 1 Cae A Fy Q, Age oe Sipe Agedide —, Ay=dedy CARER IA oR af le G2) +g dey « sep sun al b ao («3t) 9 ay &H) 2G OF) age sep He Glut ep “eal lesion Gordinstes! wo, whee i at at ee ey aa is the enpealer sebent in the bheee ~ 3 is te be of temPretare Change af > pothole Onchat Nit). Cun be —— are he fen lav Fay woth eeyy es is uniforn het gen etio, Cd >?) gis system density. —_ Cp Vs Sys teoe sRafic hee€ Ce he solids) ; dimension $ atry Part in th Sy Stn .the +S Gon pe app el on 2. \- Theée dimen Sion § Cx, 4,2) 2. wriabh theymal Creducdity . 3. unifoiin heat qenefation Sererel assump tions 1 Un steady heat Fh 2 40.0 | E> Pecial G8es \- énsubbed Sides Lb ater YAP} old) Cp? alyp oH) AD 2833? WG a x (eas a soe a Re " — 2 tel 3. rey Lang ba itn Sey eteptan, he job bal 2 \0 CW at jon pcos etal VI a) pb jepe LSE or Wis bv azleu! hea ere » x L 20.0 ce5. bs Bith small thickness Cmprzed to abiy height Le<<< Ly, le * heat tam ¥ sides ts ls, cle) — SP AGA G Sy! L/P 40, 2a. a fe ste Ay “Se 5 4 ®fay a 4-90 Lmeniendl, V5 heal gen , un Steady KE is Variable. 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Bye OF © at 7 . tio Ss A)o\el (7 aiele oF ae \s otet noe - 1 te ex 4- >, 1 ast - Plane abl - ey a. Yeo : 2 nde hex > ets NF one Crditien Pol & Gritiok cy Ronda aun je bb tire 3 alo Ghee - Ps Y 2 fol x Gane 3 \F « “Leo fe 24 y é eatahion | 2eN SE 4 for t eeBoundary 3 pp bAve< pr vie Boag C N= given temParahures at prea —e TO)2 G a { od tel Ty eT, . x 2- Onstint hed phx boundary Gnd tion . ee 2 Ago cA pac KAP AMOS . CAE agp = gue Boolay time Grdudler lA pa ches Is Grdition j- ZNeu; 302 v Phx 2) CrdacttenSs & ot xe L—» @Q=0-0-» £* WW,» out Din D9 Yeo Grer3 Bw?» 33 os = insulated euthiee «fb Ft NH. CRerket insulation) dtl =0-0 xb eliee lo Yebs Ten, te Sy my ie Cte). at nebo At Heck ee? Sen S- Axi syne meet at (7 0.0» tus} 5 A a ao et bt Ax vel Walls 4 Suse lee C skin oykaderia? Po Ai} dr | = 9-0 (00 ewcule/ j bes Te aFY = Ve! er ans6 Grection RBeunday Ly, 3 y Beancary Cmdiction 7 wo Hage / pep? eS Gndckion = CiMeckien 4 kA di CZ = BY. aCe) — tooo —— x A 9 ge prsitile JL LH oid Whos p59 = Gnductin} We 7 _ Qneclin DP x De oe? Pst OF ee Liioe pier we Baas at vel_p_, di] : - —— if) Me) (FE @ xe —— ~— tebot oo => Chen) \pl,2 dy oe) ee x pone Ves alt oe ° Os JF pee et ae me). 50 Noe S10) AGI bee Gr CI Gilecti« daleg Bote a 0 By 3) po ie~ Oita 2 pote 2) — Crdition - , 1 - C0) Aoi yl A2)5 WO aid a Neti fo at dz on (ay 8 le Sxanfhe Fre thet op ag Hans bred by Qrdaction Ehragh wis CB), Steady Withont- heat gen. and anst wo Cwuls O. ny Tne - “ead Zhe Pine ae iv. steady, 9-0-0 and L= ost. Ga ? tie ao aye °° i A o fos & Gort TAT e+O dx l-t-| [anes Gorgration : Coe (Renae ee x ao Boundry anAtionS wh 66 Gaye 1+@ ae Axel» TWDFrom Sin 2 —> (a) 2 Cx 00 CG a 2 fram q brom@—» dt CoG 7 z feeb 2 2 fo Pwis+s Lil © =--kA 4 Sy y a on Gaal x L =kA aan iG a °e 7 < ih out Bed oe Ina - I: - Q; A af cob) Sua ead © oneal dash bution) ”Problems Formulation of governing heat conduction equations 2-4 From the three-dimensional heat conduction equations, obtain the one-dimensional, Sieady-sete heat conduction equetion with heat generation and constant thermal conductivity fo Rectangular coordinate in the x variable. be Cylindrical coordinate in the r variable. 2. Write the one dimensional steady-state heat conduction for time-dependent thermal conductivity and constant heat generation rate for: a Cylindrical coordinate in the r variabie b- Rectenguler coordinate in the x variable ¢- Spherical coordinate in the r variable 23 A copper ber of radius =R, which is heated by the passage of electric current, Jiseipates heat by convection 1o an ambient air at T. with a heat transfer coefficient h. Write the appropriate boundary condition at the outer surface r=R. 2-4 A plane wall of thickness L and with constant thermal properties is initially at a viriiorm temperature T, Attime {=0, the surface at x=0 is subjected to heating by the flow of hot gases at temperature T, while the other surface at x=L is subjected to cooling by a boiling water at Ts. The heat transfer coefficient between the hot tases and the surfece is he. Considering no heat generation within the plate, write the mathematical formulation of this transient heat conduction problem in order to tcemuine the one-dimensional. time-dependent temperature distribution T(x, t) within the plate during the transient process.‘Daapler Two ‘Tho Equations of Hoat Conductions. A solid bar of radius eR is initially at a miform temperature t, The bar is subjected to cgoling for times t-20, by convection from its surface at rR into the ambient air ot temperature T, with a heat transfer coefficient h,. Write the mathematical formulation of this conduction problem for the determination of one-dimensional, transient temperature distribution I(r, 1) within the rod, 2S Consider a hollow sphere of inside radius rr and outside radius r=r3. The sphere is filled with liquid at Tr that exchanges heat hy convection with the inside surface with a convection coefficient fy. The outer surface dissipates heat by convet and radiation to environment and surroundings at ,2. The emissivity of the outer surface is © and the convection heat transfer coefficient Write the mathematical formulation of this conduction problem for the determination of the one-dimensional, steady-state temperature distribution T(r) in the solid, Saetaation of Heat Transfer Quamities from Given Temperature Solution of Some Conduction Problems [£7 A method for determining the thermal conductivity k and the specific heat Cp of a material is illustrated below. Initially two identical samples of diameter D~100 mm and thickness L=10 mm and a thin heater are all at a uniform temperature of T=25 °C. The material body is surrounded by insulating powder, Suddenly, the heater is ~~ energized to supply a uniform heat Mux q,on cach of the sample interfaces, and the heat flux is maintained constant over a period! of time ty A short time after sudden heating is initiated, the temperature at this interface T, is related to the heat flux as t We apCpk For a particular test run, the electric heater dissipates 20.0 W for a period of 120 sand the temperature at the interfice is T4(30 s)-26.75 °C after 30 s of heating, A fong time after, t>>t,, the samples reach the uniform temperature of T,(o0) =35.5 °C. The density of the sample material, determined by mensurement of volume and mass is 073950 kg/m’, Determine the specific heat and thermal conductivity of the test material. By looking at values of Thermophysical properties in heat transfer tables, identify the test sample material. OE 2 A nuclear reactor fuel rod of $0-mm diameter and 2-m length generates a uniform heat generation of 5*10” W/m’. Under steady-state operation of the reactor, the temperature distribution is given in the form: T(r)=cy+e2 1° °C, where ¢1=800 °C and 2=-4.167*10° °C/m?. The properties of the fuel are: k=30 W/m.K, p=1100 kg/m’, 00 Wkg.K, Determine: a- The rate of heat transfer at r=0 (the centerline) and at r=25 mm (the surface). b- The initial time rate of temperature change at r=0 and r=25 mm when the reactor power level is subjected ton sudden increaser to 10° Wim’.Chapter Two ‘The Equations of Heat Conductions 2-9 A plane wall that i 4 3 insulated on one side (x=0) is initially at a uniform temperature T,. Suddenly at time t-0, the surface at x°L is raised to a temperature T, and S at this temperature during the heating process. a Verify that the following equation correctly characte Tix=T, wall S izes the variation of wall " Bat ox = Cyexpl- 2 cost T temperature within t where C) is « constant and a is be Obtain expressions for t thermal diffusivity. Max at xO and x=L. ic, and at the steady state condition (t =» us What is the effect of @ on the time it takes by the process to reach the steady state condition? j-transpareat material of thermal ct irgadiation is of the form a Bee A a Where A, 2, 8, and C are known constants. Fe in the material is manifested hy a distribu ex a+ Derive an expressior be Derive an expression for unit surface area. Express your results in terms of the known constants siated in the problem, Ais situation, radiation absorption J heat generation term Q,. Obtain rate at the front and rear surfaces. te of radiation absorbed in the entire material, perShet_shtien Groth onductjen 4 @ io | Steady Ste, 9. anst X k= tnd) @) Shodvial in te) 0.6 0-0 > 33.0 2 : CI Or) ed, eB. 26 glege sy A Og C LD oo Gtealy) ~ kd vy dT kdb Gr yy Vv ) TJ FOO bo Ve Celb yt Poe yy a, Wr 52) af SIE \ve\er wes ») Rec 5 nd) Crnetal_, F is a0 tad. £4) ,2 2 gh ‘S99 edt 2 tJ 79-0 oT ©) 3ph ine 40%°° =6.0 fhao ie cs), 4.© write ‘Benndary Grdition ot (ER) kez} at ye R Gndu clin = Gnvre clon (:) -Ex IY. bY (Te -2) eR o . dt] -1(@2 Ge) ao oe ee Ve MON Sip gl Zeer ol AP a at re nd ODO ED (22 Ora) Eo 3 1? A Us? a @ ke ersten | Unsteady , L-D Mb pr eo 2 Cnstd yu £( pF) ,2 "9y Ay GoW ° hectic Y a Bot. ar T %, ms os | Os? Sty 5p +] ST Lu & L Bandy Cad tins —— £200 > _ Bed, i a — Tope) 4 elo 2) hy Na Be i ) wel diin wt tro. om “beg? Ir BA© 1-D, wcteedy Me gen oo { —» 2 Cnditin ZV Dit t aol Borne end G ition. 1S ne ab feos ~Et / co. ax; Symmetric » Yoo wt 22 5 A Rg eB] = Ne (Reay a) Lriteh 0 Ondition © loos sphere SSL c ° ° 2S Boris ford‘Bownda! y Ontions of at (2% = ef hYC- Tens) Why , OG — -¥ q - MM o-@ ye Apes 24 | | /E | Q,. 100 pry | o IL helomer Ite de 9G a a Pp Cok P= 25% ? If = 25°C Ge $20 | Aiisefposiicnes br 12a Be ORT Geos" “ 1.Cosre) = 26-95 Leys F35S%— as A223? 52 Geese Cece Abe of peop yor dleplgos le ne — Creepy A9Phed by higle/ = Em Oi jin by ts daske —r Energy Aupphied 2 4 Kt, = 20¥120 = 2eo > rely Hind = 28 (vehone) op Ceo) 4 ") 2% 3950 #E 4 (ot) 0.01 ¥ Cg X25.5 ~ 25) « 6.515 Cp Tse Oye 2 é 9° Fos 368.4 T/hx vat C2 Bs 226.75% L z * 26.952 25 4 2¥20x(—22 ) TH 4309.4 wk [* ke = 0.0034 wns \ Be ®p 20 may , Le2m F Wyn Qureres ee Fach SORES Try) + Boo - Snes 230 Anke , Se oe 7 Spe Pooh Diée. )O at yro _ ye95 mm » oF) af Y=0 , Ye 25 mm fg jnchasad to G wn €=o0 ———e a) Q--KAa From the Ven 4d —m a, = 28 LEROY 28,53 9 OY oe aa 4] 2 -8. BY xl? #0 =0.0 10-0 ar q uA Meas to 2 B23yx #0005 =-2.08Y 40 20.025sat 120-0_.Q ara = 0-0 WA Yeo as 0-0 4 veeorsm, @ obs Ag az| Ye0-02: 1000, ° 2 L>>D 7 = Bok TI, #00542 #(2.05/y) (fa bad Ma = 196.9 10? Watt — iV cy bs 2.4 = Heat dissifeled aft Surface = Heat gen @... oo = 9 4V Lane 2 2540". *E po. oS x2 = - 19 ful” Walt SW bate b) antic ton) Chive ean be gue Lawes Genaed ga ybindertcal” Cootdbinakes . + Ber gt Cy ayes = SUT b jt = 3: oe 68 fn? iota . s itis oun “H 8 A aay ehe belots seit)po 3 42 (oere- 8.33440 *r) + jo® =< N00 #09 ; aT “/¢c0-0 C120. 28.c024(0 4?) + 2 Bylo 7 2-0 GQ ts setters esent fh] o aT t 6590 poo-o - 5661 Yue —@ gh heazhons S don’t de Pend on (r) ar | = 6.8 fe. eee® Ge o xt Gt) = 6 7 ae e BAF ee es( HX >) ay Is Nery Bis equ —e it muse ASSWVE the oy 4 7 Jel eat ent and 2 Boundary Gu. Ml. E:: £ = ke bof wy 5 >Grdretin W» BT 97 7 or AN Gt 7 ; S fe te D\— ' - bk GNen 4 ah lep 13 folewo «— Say CBr KOA t- ayy = a sin) — oO oy ry, Bet rT a le a Eee (eds € asd Ex) D T GC 2, -Hat i 7 ; She G-L Ge e © oscmx) meet 23s pol eee aoeCd cae) “insulttion : © Sub. in O Wat of ote aa z on bez oe iz iL a . oa Bi in (Ze. cue) =0-0 at cel __ Chg OL check Eg a . Kye) sg fe ce _ c ee ° a 1, [2 From @ ®) and @) th, ou het clay chit the bmp Siete ») Tie a a. eT Oo ae ? =~ ke CET) E Cave su ZX) 44 Xs0-6—p» x20 -6 qe 16 iF 20.6 “tnsulatien” x0 | pe xOn : * ae t = a ) at 20.9 teas G4s(E4)CG-T) + i ea Gas 5 AG C,4-Wel, BS 3 98> 2), 975) (eb fs. a) Nclas: X—+ Rduce Lime +, oe X= S Cp —2 of f+ kf K Coy St » ktdXt Le Je) owes los <9 WN jev 23 Ol F yo BI | ee an eS eyttae ve Ne ey PT : _ ae Jeb Well, a4 lee ae ti. or IIE ph toh oS gely Wed alaley mry <—a Ent zo-0 fo To) = _ 4 ae trent ka* at Ya Xel A zal Tu) = -5e +~BL+e ° Sg , Cod l... * Cay he AT 2 -kA, 5 de ly eo-0 | _ BA a ' -4 a} 2 C5 ee GQ (64 +BEA) - (4A it, BkA) + CHAS) palin Jaen = a, 16") -2 SI aX