MODULE I: INTRODUCTION

BY
Dr Shaik Fairooz
Professor
CSE-AIML
MREC
 INTRODUCTION
• The field of digital image processing is built on
the foundation of mathematical and
probabilistic formulation, but human intuition
and analysis play the main role to make the
selection between various techniques, and the
choice or selection is basically made on
subjective, visual judgments.
• In human visual perception, the eyes act as the
sensor or camera, neurons act as the connecting
cable and the brain acts as the processor
 Cont…
• The basic elements of visual perceptions are:
• 1. Structure of Eye
• 2. Image Formation in the Eye
• 3. Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
 Structure of Human Eye
• A simplified horizontal cross section of the human
eye.
• The eye is nearly a sphere, with an average
diameter of approximately 20 mm.
• Three membranes enclose the eye:
– the cornea and sclera outer cover
– the choroid
– the retina.
• The cornea is a tough, transparent tissue that
covers the anterior surface of the eye.
• Continuous with the cornea, the sclera is an
opaque membrane that encloses the remainder of
the optic globe.
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…
• The human eye is a slightly asymmetrical sphere
with an average diameter of the length of 20mm
to 25mm.
• It has a volume of about 6.5cc
• The eye is just like a camera
• Light enters the eye through a small hole called
the pupil, a black looking aperture having the
quality of contraction of eye when exposed to
bright light and is focused on the retina which is
like a camera film
 Cont…
• The lens, iris, and cornea are nourished by clear
fluid, know as anterior chamber
• The fluid flows from ciliary body to the pupil
and is absorbed through the channels in the
angle of the anterior chamber
• The delicate balance of aqueous production and
absorption controls pressure within the eye.
 Cont…
• Cones in eye number between 6 to 7 million which
are highly sensitive to colors
• Human visualizes the colored image in daylight due
to these cones.
• The cone vision is also called as photopic or bright-
light vision.
• Rods in the eye are much larger between 75 to 150
million and are distributed over the retinal surface.
• Rods are not involved in the color vision and are
sensitive to low levels of illumination
Cont…
 Cont…
• Cones are most dense in the center of the retina
(in the center area of the fovea).
• Note also that rods increase in density from the
center out to approximately 20° off axis and
then decrease in density out to the extreme
periphery of the retina
Cont…
Cont…
 Image Formation in the Eye
• When the lens of the eye focus an image of the
outside world onto a light-sensitive membrane
in the back of the eye, called retina the image is
formed.
• The lens of the eye focuses light on the
photoreceptive cells of the retina which detects
the photons of light and responds by producing
neural impulses.
Cont…
Cont…
• The distance between the lens and the retina is
about 17mm and the focal length is
approximately 14mm to 17mm
 Brightness Adaptation and
Discrimination
• Digital images are displayed as a discrete set of
intensities.
• The eyes ability to discriminate black and white
at different intensity levels is an important
consideration in presenting image processing
result.
Cont…
 Cont…
• The range of light intensity levels to which the
human visual system can adapt is of the order of
1010 from the scotopic threshold to the glare
limit.
• In a photopic vision, the range is about 106.
• Visual system cannot operate over such a range
simultaneously.
• Rather, it accomplishes this large variation by
changing its overall sensitivity, a phenomenon
known as brightness adaptation
 Cont…
• The total range of distinct intensity levels the
eye can discriminate simultaneously is rather
small when compared with the total adaptation
range.
• For any given set of conditions, the current
sensitivity level of the visual system is called the
brightness adaptation level, which may
correspond, for example, to brightness I
 Cont…
• This area typically is a diffuser,
such as opaque glass, that is
illuminated from behind by a
light source whose intensity, I,
can be varied.
• To this field is added an
increment of illumination, in
the form of a short-duration
flash that appears as a circle in
the center of the uniformly
illuminated field
 Cont…
• If is not bright enough, the subject says “no,”
indicating no perceivable change
• As gets stronger , the subject may give a positive
response of “yes,” indicating a perceived change.
• Finally, when is strong enough, the subject will
give a response of “yes” all the time.
 Cont…
• The quantity where is the increment of illumination
discriminable 50% of the time with background
illumination I, is called the Weber ratio
• A small value of means that a small percentage
change in intensity is discriminable.
• This represents “good” brightness discrimination.
• Conversely, a large value of means that a large
percentage change in intensity is required.
• This represents “poor” brightness discrimination
 VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA
• Data visualization is the graphical representation of
information and data.
• By using visual elements like charts, graphs, and
maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible
way to see and understand trends, outliers, and
patterns in data.
• Additionally, it provides an excellent way for
employees or business owners to present data to
non-technical audiences without confusion.
• In the world of Big Data, data visualization tools and
technologies are essential to analyze massive
amounts of information and make data-driven
decisions.
 GESTALT PRINCIPLES
• Gestalt Principles are principles/laws of human
perception that describe how humans group similar
elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex
images when we perceive objects.
• There are six individual principles commonly associated
with gestalt theory:
• Similarity
• Continuation
• Closure
• Proximity
• Figure/ground
• Symmetry & order
• Common Region
 Similarity
• It’s human nature to group like things together.
• In gestalt, similar elements are visually grouped, regardless of
their proximity(closeness) to each other.
• They can be grouped by color, shape, or size.
• Similarity can be used to tie together elements that might not
be right next to each other in a design.
• Using similarity makes it clear to your visitors which items are
alike.
• The law of similarity states that similar things tend to appear
grouped together.
• Grouping can occur in both visual and auditory stimuli.
• In the image at the top of this page, for example, you probably
see two separate groupings of colored circles as rows rather
than just a collection of dots.
Cont…
 Continuation
• The law of continuity posits that the human eye will
follow the smoothest path when viewing lines,
regardless of how the lines were actually drawn.
• This continuation can be a valuable tool when the
goal is to guide a visitor’s eye in a certain direction.
• The law of continuity holds that points that are
connected by straight or curving lines are seen in a
way that follows the smoothest path.
• In other words, elements in a line or curve seem
more related to one another than those positioned
randomly.
 Closure
• According to the law of closure, we perceive
elements as belonging to the same group if
they seem to complete some entity.
• Our brains often ignore contradictory
information and fill in gaps in information.
• The shape of a diamond because your brain fills
in the missing gaps in order to create a
meaningful image.
 Proximity
• Proximity refers to how close elements are to
one another.
• The strongest proximity relationships are those
between overlapping subjects, but just grouping
objects into a single area can also have a strong
proximity effect.
• The opposite is also true, of course.
• By putting space between elements, you can
add separation even when their other
characteristics are the same.
 Cont…
• According to the law of proximity, things that
are close together seem more related than
things that are spaced farther apart.
• In the image at the top of the page, the circles on
the left appear to be part of one grouping
while those on the right appear to be part of
another.
• Because the objects are close to each other, we
group them together.
 Figure/Ground
• The figure/ground principle is similar to the closure
principle in that it takes advantage of the way the
brain processes negative space.
• Examples of this principle floating around in
memes on social media, or as part of logos.
• The figure/ground principle can be very handy
when product designers want to highlight a focal
point, particularly when it is active or in use
• For example, when a modal window pops up and
the rest of the site fades into the background, or
when a search bar is clicked on and the contrast is
increased between it and the rest of the site.
 Symmetry and Order
• The law of symmetry and order is also known as
prägnanz, the German word for “good figure.”
• What this principle says is that your brain will
perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a
manner as possible.
• For example, a monochrome version of the
Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping
circles rather than a collection of curved lines.
 Common Region
• The Gestalt law of common region says that
when elements are located in the same closed
region, we perceive them as belonging to the
same group.
• The circles are right next to each other so that
the dot at the end of one circle is actually closer
to the dot at the end of the neighboring circle.
• But despite how close those two dots are, we see
the dots inside the circles as belonging together.
 INFORMATION OVERLOADS
• Information overload describes the excess of
information available to a person aiming to
complete a task or make a decision.
• This impedes( delay or prevents) the decision-
making process, resulting in a poor (or even no)
decision being made.
• When designing products (e.g., websites or
apps), designers should be especially careful to
ensure they prevent information overload from
affecting the users' experience.
 Causes of Information Overload
• Many causes of information overload as there are bits
of information available to us.
• However, the most common reasons behind modern
information overload include:
• Huge volumes of new information being constantly
created
• Pressure to create and compete in information
provision – leading to a quantity over quality effect in
many industries
• The simplicity of creating, duplicating and sharing of
information online
 Cont…
• The exponential increase in channels to receive
information by; radio, television, print media,
websites, e-mail, mobile telephony, RSS (Really
simple syndication) feeds, etc.
• The increasing weight of historical data available to
us
• High volumes of conflicting, contradictory and plain
old inaccurate information
• No simple methodologies for quickly processing,
comparing and evaluating information sources
• A lack of clear structure in groups of information
and poor clues as to the relationships between
those groups
 Avoiding Information Overload in
Designs
• Keep things simple: The less information you
present – the easier it is to understand.
• Keep it relevant: Information that actually meets
the user’s needs is less likely to overwhelm.
• Keep it clear : Simplicity and relevance are good
but information needs clarity to be effective.
• Provide supporting information: If a user needs
more information, make sure it’s easily accessible
for them
 Cont…
• Provide balanced information: You should
present both sides of the coin rather than just
one.
• Make it clear what is to be done with the
information: What action should the user take?
Why should they take it?
• Make it easy for the user to take action: If they
need to complete a task there and then make it
accessible and make it obvious.
 CREATING VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS
• Data visualization is the representation of data
and information which uses visual elements
such as graphs, charts, and maps.
• Visual representation helps us better understand
quantitative data by using visual elements such
as charts, graphs, colors, etc.
• This is because our brains can process visual
information more easily.
 Cont…
• Visualizing your website’s data allows you to
notice trends and patterns that are hard to
recognize using numerical data.
• It helps you figure out what changes and what
improvements you need to make more quickly.
• Graphical representation of data also enables
you to design more effective strategies and
make better decisions.
 Cont…
• Data visualization is beneficial if you have to deal
with a large amount of data, as analyzing it is
more time-consuming.
• Even if you can successfully gain insights from
your data without visualizing it, explaining them
to others wouldn’t be easy.
• Using visual representation methods is an
excellent way to communicate data analysis
more effectively.
 Cont…
• Some of the most common use cases for the visual
representation of information in different areas:
• Sales and Marketing
• According to the research conducted by the Magna
media agency, 50% of all worldwide advertising
budgets will be spent online by the end of 2022.
• Therefore, marketing teams must know their web
traffic sources and their web domains’ revenue.
• Thanks to the different methods of visual
representations of information, it’s simple to examine
the traffic they have gained over time via their
marketing activities
 Cont…
• Healthcare
• Choropleth maps are among the most important
tools in the healthcare industry.
• These maps show how a specific variable, such
as lung disease, distributes over different
territories.
• Therefore, they help scientists obtain the
needed information out of it.
 Cont…
• Finance
• When deciding whether to buy or sell an asset,
finance professionals must keep track of the
performance of their investment selections.
• Candlestick charts are trading tools that aid
finance professionals in analyzing price
movements over time by displaying crucial
information.
• Likewise, data analysts and finance experts can
spot trends by examining how prices have
changed over time.
 Cont…
• Politics
• Visual representations of information are used
frequently in politics.
• An example is a geographical map that shows
political parties where their votes come from.
 TYPES OF VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA
• There are many types of visual representation, and each can help
you differently.
• Here are some of the most popular data visualization
techniques.
 Cont…
• 1- Line Charts
• Line charts are one of the
most straightforward
types of data visualization.
• They display changes and
trends over time.
• For example, you can use a
line chart to present the
number of clicks your call
to action has received over
the past week or to show
your total sales in a year.
 Cont…
• 2- Bar Charts
• Bar charts show
information over time like
line charts.
• But they are more useful
when comparing different
variables across time.
• For example, a bar chart
can help you assess your
shopping cart’s
abandonment rate on
different devices
 Cont…
• 3- Heat Maps
• Heat maps are one of the most
powerful visualizations of a
website’s data.
• They provide marketers and
webmasters with valuable
information about user
behavior.
• Moreover, they are simple and
easy to understand.
• Heat maps visualize data using
colors, and they enable you to
track users’ activity, such as
clicks, taps, scrolling, etc.,
throughout your website.
 Cont…
• Heat mapping can help you in many ways, such
as:
• It gives you a comprehensive understanding of
your audience.
• You can understand your website’s issues more
quickly.
• The information helps you create a better user
experience.
• It’s an excellent tool for usability testing
Cont…
• 4- Scatter Plots
• Scatter plots present the value of two variables
with points.
• They help you find correlations between the two
variables and see how they are distributed.
• Scatter charts are used to identify trends.
• They are also convenient when it comes to
detecting outliers in your data.
• For example, you can use a scatter plots to show
the relationship between your shares on social
media channels and the visits directed from those
networks
Cont…
 Cont…
• 5- Bubble Charts
• Bubble charts are three-dimension scatter plots
in which bubbles are used instead of points.
• The bubbles have different sizes that present
the third variable on the chart.
• The critical thing about bubble charts is that
they can display different values in one chart.
• For example, you can use bubble charts to
represent the relationship of sales to
advertising.
Cont…
 Cont…
• 6- Pie Charts
• Pie charts are usually used for the visual
representation of numerical proportions and
percentages.
• However, this type of data visualization is not
suitable for comparing data.
• For example, you can use a pie chart to
demonstrate your website’s bounce rate on
different devices or your business budget
allocation
Cont…
 Cont…
• 7-Funnel Charts
• Funnel charts are a visual representation of the
steps in a process, usually the sales process.
• They are a great way to identify problems and
barriers and optimize the sales funnel.
• Each stage on the funnel shows a percentage.
 Cont…
• Generally, the first stage has the highest rate,
and each step gets smaller than the previous
one.
• So, the funnel chart helps you figure out at
which stage a significant data reduction
happens.
• Funnels are very easy to understand, and by
looking at the shape of the chart, you can
quickly know if the process is working well or
not.
 Cont…
• Here are some examples of the data that you can
visualize by funnel charts:
• Conversions
• Marketing campaign effectiveness
• Shopping cart performance Look at the chart
below as an example.
• You can use a funnel chart to demonstrate your
website conversions.
Cont…
 Visualization reference model
• The Information visualization reference
model is an example of a reference model
for information visualization , developed by Ed
Chi in 1999, under the name of the data state
model.
• Chi showed that the framework successfully
modeled a wide array of visualization
applications and later showed that the model
was functionally equivalent to the data flow
model used in existing graphics toolkits such
as VTK.
 Cont…
• According to Chi (2000), he and J.T. Reidl "in 1998
extends and proposes a new way to taxonomize
information visualization techniques by using
the Data State Model.
• Many of the techniques share similar operating
steps that can easily be reused.
• The Data State Model not only helps researchers
understand the space of design, but also helps
implementers understand how information
visualization techniques can be applied more
broadly
Cont…
 Cont…
• Visualization can be described as a mapping of data to visual
form that supports human interaction for making visual
sense
• Raw Data: idiosyncratic formats (that they are rather unusual)
• Data Tables: relations (cases by variables) + meta data
• Metadata is a set of data that provides information about
other data.
• Metadata contextualizes other data — providing information
such as when and how it was gathered — which makes the
data easier to find, understand, use, and manage
• Visual Structures: spatial substrates + marks + graphical
properties
• Views: graphical parameters (position, scaling, clipping, etc.)
 Visual Mapping – The Elements of Information
Visualization
• Information Visualization requires mapping data
in a visual or occasionally auditory format for
the user of the visualization.
• This can be challenging because while some data
has a spatial relationship built in (for example,
temperatures in cities around a country) many
data sets don’t have a traditional spatial
relationship (for example, salaries within an
organization).
 Cont…
• That means the information visualization
designer needs to think carefully about the way
they intend to represent their data and create
structures that support that representation in
order.
 Cont…
• There are three elements to define for an
information visualization according to Card,
Mackinlay and Sheniederman in their text
“Readings in Information Visualization: Using
Vision to Think”:
• The Spatial Substrate
• The Graphical Elements
• The Graphical Properties
 Cont…
• Here the spatial substrate is two dimensional,
the graphical elements are points and lines and
the properties are the size of points, length of
lines, the orientation of the lines and the
blue color.
Cont…
• Defining the three elements we will use within a
visual map provides a strong structure for the
overall information visualization.
• It can also help us, as information visualization
designers, to gain a better understanding of the
data we are trying to portray and how it might
be used to deliver value to our users.
 The Spatial Substrate
• The spatial substrate is the space in which we’re
going to create our visualization.
• The vast majority of information visualization
takes place in 2-dimension space – along x and y
axes.
• However, it is possible to create 3-dimensional
and even hyper-dimensional (more than 3-
dimensions) representations too.
 Cont…
• It’s important to consider which axes you will use
and what kind of data will map to each individual
axis.
• Data may be:
• Quantitative : E.g. it has a numerical measurement
of some quality of the data set.
• Ordinal e.g. is not associated with a number but still
offers some form of order – for example months in
a calendar year.
• Nominal e.g. the data is a collection of non-
numerical and non-ordered data (the names of the
members of parliament for example)
 The Graphical Elements
• Graphical elements are the
visual elements that will
appear in the spatial
substrate.
• There are four kinds of
visual elements:
• Points
• Lines
• Surfaces
• Volumes
Cont…
• Graphical elements should be chosen for their
clarity when conveying data.
• Unless, of course, the intention is to deliberately
confuse the user to persuade them of
something that the data does not represent.
• This is unethical but it would be naïve to
pretend it doesn’t happen.
• Both corporations and politicians can be
especially guilty of this behavior.
 The Graphical Properties
• Graphical properties are properties that can be
applied to the graphical elements which make
them more (or indeed less) noticeable to the
eye and/or valuable to the user of the
representation.
• There are many possible graphical properties that
can be applied to graphical elements but the most
commonly used are:
• Size – the size of a point, surface or volume can
convey information about significance or weight
• Orientation – the orientation of a line or volume in
space can help clarify the purpose of the line or
volume
• Color – color coding can be used to provide a visual
key to data or to provide a “call to attention” to the
eye
• Textures – textures can be used to provide visual
keys to data
• Shapes – hexagons, circles, triangles, etc. can be
used to provide a visual key to data
Cont…
 Cont…
• They offered (in order of 1 being most accurate
and 6 least accurate) the following list in terms of
properties and their accuracy:
• Position on the axis
• Length of line
• Orientation of line or object
• Area of shape
• Volume of shape
• Color and textural indicators
Cont…
Cont…
• To conduct visual mapping in order to create an
information visualization we must first define
the spacial substrate, we can then consider the
graphical elements we will use within that
substrate and finally which properties we will
use to assist these elements in conveying as
much meaning as possible to the user.
 Visual analytics
• Visual analytics is the use of sophisticated tools
and processes to analyze datasets using visual
representations of the data.
• Visualizing the data in graphs, charts, and maps
helps users identify patterns and thereby
develop actionable insights.
• These insights help organizations make better,
data-driven decisions.
 Definition
• Visual Analytics, according to Thomas, J., Cook, K
in his essay titled Illuminating the Path: Research
and Development Agenda for Visual
Analytics (2005) “is the science of analytical
reasoning supported by interactive visual
interfaces.”
• Visual analytic may be explained as a kind of
inquiry in which data that provides insight into
solving a problem is displayed in an interactive,
graphical manner.
Cont…
• Visual Analytics can be perceived as an integrated
approach that combines visualization, human
factors, and data analysis.
• Visual Analytics in the context of visualization
relates to the areas of Information Visualization
and Computer Graphics, and with respect to data
analysis
• It benefits largely from methodologies of
information retrieval, data management &
knowledge representation as well as data mining.
Cont…
• A Visual Analytic system often uses a specific
software dashboard to present analytics results
visually.
• For example, the dashboard screens might have
different types of engines involving visual graphs,
pie charts or infographics tools, where, after
computational algorithms work, the results are
displayed on the screen.
• The Visual Analytics interface makes it easy for a
human user to understand the results, and also
make changes simultaneously that further directs
the computer’s algorithmic process.
 Visual Analytics Tools & Methods
• For creating data visualizations, you will have
two options:
– Hiring a data visualization specialist/agency or
– Using data visualization software.
• Both methods are appropriate for different types
of visualization projects.
• If you have a project that is best served by data
visualization software, then you need to choose
the best data visualization tools for your project.
 (i) MicroStrategy Analytics Desktop
• MicroStrategy Analytics Desktop, one of the most
popular Visual Analytics tools, allows you to connect
any database you like, import Excel
spreadsheets/CSV files and even import data from
an online source.
• Moreover, you can blend multiple data sources and
types to gain the exact insights you need.
• The basic version of MicroStrategy Analytics Desktop
is free and allows for insightful, visualizations to be
created.
• You may use more advanced features, like Salesforce
Reporting, Enterprise Information Integration or
Mobile access for more complicated project
requirements.
 (ii) Domo
• Domo offers an online business intelligence tool
that has a sleek UI and is specifically designed to
allow users to build sophisticated dashboards with
no IT involvement.
• The Domo platform works best for users looking to
visualize data in existing cloud-based apps like
Salesforce.com.
• In addition to cloud-based apps, Domo can take
input from databases, spreadsheets, and even
social media platforms.
• The output is just as versatile – Domo created
dashboards are designed to be viewable on tablets
and mobile devices in addition to a traditional PC
interface.
 (iii) Tableau
• Tableau, another popular Visual Analytics tool,
offers a suite of tools that include an online,
desktop and server version.
• All of these versions provide an easy-to-use drag
and drop interface that can help you quickly turn
your data into business insights.
• The online and server versions allow your entire
team to build and work with the visualization tool.
• Tableau can also connect to local or remote data of
many different formats.
• Additionally, the Tableau engine can connect to live
data for up-to-date visualizations (at the sacrifice of
some speed) or warehoused data for many
smoother-moving visualizations.
 (iv) QlikView
• The QlikView business discovery platform is one of the
few Visual Analytic tools offered by Qlik. QlikView helps
you quickly analyze your data in multiple dimensions.
• Also, QlikView can work off of data in memory instead of
off your disk, allowing for real-time operational BI
environments (like monitoring financial transactions).
• QlikView is also capable of working with a wide variety of
data sources, including SAP, Oracle, Salesforce.com and
other legacy data files like Excel spreadsheets.
• What’s more, QlikView can combine these disparate data
sources into a single visualization or dashboard.
 Design of visualization applications.
• Data Visualization Dashboards designs and techniques are
used to display visual objects like charts and graphs.
• It is used to communicate the message and understand
patterns easily and frequently.
• It also helps to understand the relationship between the
data better.
• Nowadays, it is beneficial not only by data analysts but all
by journalism to convey messages within the data.
• It is essential to display data because if we show it in
excel sheets containing 50000 lines, it is difficult to read
if the same thing we represent using charts helps make
decisions faster and reach the goal.
Cont…
• The 8 Key Principles of Effective Data Visualization
are below listed:
• Balance the Design
• Proper Rhythm
• Illustrating Movement
• Smart Use of Patterns
• Emphasise the Key Areas
• Proportion
• Theme
• Variety
 How to design a Dashboard?
• "Dashboards act as a campfire around which we
assemble to tell stories."
• Data Visualization designs and dashboards are a
science and art that is not easy to establish as
they appear.
• There are three ways of defining its dashboard
containing:
– The rich understanding of user experience principles
behind good dashboard design.
– The utilization of Graphical Excellence.
– And obviously, the practice of it.
 Some Important Points that Need to
Take Care of it
• UX dashboard design follows some clear-cut principles
and the finest practices.
• Graphical excellence variously requires a much more
intensive definition indeed.
• Given below is the graphical excellence:
• Well constructed and adequate presentation of alluring
data.
• Broadcast ideas which are complicate with adaptability,
accuracy, and transparency.
• It provides the viewers with many ideas that require the
minimum amount of time, which is limited to minimal
space and the least amount of ink.
• Narrating the exact truth of data.
 What are the types of Dashboard?
• Napoleon's 1812 March
• Minard's visualization of Napoleon's 1812 march
is known as one of the "best statistical drawings
ever created": Making visualization of as much
detail as Minard has performed would have
been difficult if it was not for implementing
graphical perfection.
• This single visualization displays Napoleon's
troops by location, the troops' temperature,
and the troops' direction to Moscow.
 Cont…
• John Snow's Cholera Map
• John Snow's stacked bar reflects 13 public wells'
graphic location and 578 cholera deaths in
London.
• It's easy to explain, it helps expose the facts, and
it provides the consumer with all the details
they need to make the correct inference about
cholera's death.
 Cont…
• History of Rock Music
• Displaying just a certain amount of data, the graph
reflects a portion of more than 30 musical forms by
more than 700 musicians between 1955 and 1978.
• It is not ideal for showcasing artists and styles, but it
tends to reflect the number of goods produced, the
types used, and the overall productivity.
• There is no small feat to gain this form of graphic
representation.
 Cont…
• Where the Population of Europe Is Growing and
Declining?
• Top visualization illustrates how to deal with an
overwhelming volume of data in an
uncomplicated, well-designed, and honest
manner.
• There are also filters included with the
interactive edition that allows for still further
data discovery, such as birth rates.
 Why is Data Visualization Dashboard
important?
• The best dashboard considers to have the set of
given UX criteria:
• Clear and consistent naming conventions
• Priority is for the flow and layout of data.
• Margins are appropriate for readability.
• Neither hidden nor overload the data.
• Understandable and easy to read
Marketing KPI Dashboard
 Cont…
• This is an outstanding example of nuanced and easy-to-
understand business knowledge.
• The subtle color scheme is appealing, and different cards
are soft to the eyes.
• One of the reasons for this dashboard's outstanding
architecture is its data-ink ratio.
• The data and space are complementary to each other.
• Used different small tab cards instead of loading the
screen with more graphics.
• This is an ingenious way to keep sensitive knowledge
available (i.e., not to conceal it) while providing the user
with a simple and instructive way to access it on their
term.
Stripe Dashboard
Cont…
• In the dashboard-style, the stripe dashboard is
one of the better examples.
• It's simple and easy to answer various
questions and has ideal margins within each
graph.
Telemedicine Dashboard
 Cont…
• Telemedicine analytics dashboard aims to reflect
a lot of raw data.
• Displaying information in an elegant and ordered
dashboard is a challenging activity.
• This example uses best practices UX dashboard
architecture.
Stock Dashboard
 Cont…
• The stock dashboard is complicated to
summarise in a single dashboard since a variety
of criteria are available.
• This dashboard example reflects the clean and
decision-making look of all the complicated and
essential details.
Web Audience Dashboard
 Cont…
• Google Analytics does a fantastic job with their
dashboards, but it can take a lot of
customization to reach a target.
• This dashboard has brought analytics to a new
level by providing a quick, easy-to-understand,
easy-to-read, and helpful view without
increasing cognitive load.
Cont…
• Designing a dashboard is a means of summarising
all and showing relevant data from multiple
sources.
• The best advise is to design it at the last moment.
• While they are working on it, users need to upgrade
their dashboard templates.
• In decision making, dashboards have played a role.
• Try to make it attractive and easy.
• It wouldn't take any specific technical expertise to
build a dashboard.
 Cont…
• Consumers will need to have a clear knowledge
of data visualization dashboard designs and
techniques.
• Dashboards enable analysts to accomplish their
targets and help to learn about further
procedures as well.
• When we view knowledge in the form of a
dashboard, it encourages people to understand
it more often and comprehend complicated
items.