LESSON 1- HISTORY OD PROGRAMMING Grace Murray Hopper - It’s an often-repeated story

that computer pioneer and mathematician Grace

1842 - 1843
Murray Hopper (1906-1992) coined the term “bug” to
AUGUSTA ADA KING (Countess of Lovelace). – Was an refer to mysterious computer failures.
English mathematician and author known for her work
- COBOL – Common Business–Oriented
on Charles Babbage's proposed General-Purpose
Language - was created as part of the US
Mechanical computer, The ANALYTICAL ENGINE.
Department of Defense's effort to create a
- World’s First Computer Programmer portable programming language for data
processing.
1890
1970
Herman Hollerith - An American Businessman and
inventor Statistician Developed an Electromechanical Niklaus Wirth – Swiss Computer Scientist
Tabulating Machine for Punch Cards (which Helps to
- PASCAL and pioneered several classic
compress information and Keep records later).
topics in Software Engineering
- U.S. CENSUS DATA ON PUNCH CARDS
1972
1943 - 1945
Dennis Ritchie - American Computer Scientist
Konrad Zuse – Developed PLANKALKUL (PL) for
- Created the C Programming Language
German Z3
- Created the Unix Operating System and B
- PLANKALKUL – is an early high-level Programming Language with Ken
programming language to be designed for Thompson
a computer.
1983
1949
Bjarne Stroustrup – Danish Computer Scientist
John Mauchly – American Physicist who teamed up
- Created C++ Programming Language
with J. PRESPER ECKERT designed ENIAC.
Brad Cox and Tom Love – Co-creator of the Objective C
- ENIAC – First General-Purpose Electronic
Programming Language
Digital Computer.
- EDVAC, BINAC, UNIVACI, the First BRAD COX – American Computer Scientist and
Commercial Computer in the United System Architect who works in software engineering
States and Object-oriented Software Development.

1952 TOM LOVE – Businessman

Alick Glennie – British Computer Scientist 1987

- Known for developing AUTOCODE
(considered the first computer compiler)
- Worked with ALAN TURING
- The Manchester MARK 1
1957
John Backus – American Computer Scientist
- Fortran – Implemented and Invented by
the Team he led.
- Backus – Naur Form – The first widely
used High-Level Programming Language. A
widely used notation for defining Formal
Language Syntax.
1959
Larry Wall – American Computer Programmer and
Linguist
- First Released PERL 1.0 for Unix Operating
Systems.
- The first version is an intuitive and easily
coded language for Scanning, Extracting,
and Printing information from Text Files.
1991
Guido Van Rossum – Dutch Programmer, He was the
BENEVOLENT DICTATOR FOR LIFE.
- Created Python Programming Language
1993
Yukihiro Matsumoto – Japanese Computer Scientist - It has a Merits of very fast execution
and Software Programmer speed and efficient use of primary
memory.
- Chief Designer of the Ruby Programming
Language
- Matz’s Ruby Interpreter (Reference
Implementation)

1995

James Gosling – Canadian Computer Scientist,

Referred to as DR. Java. Has been with Sun
Microsystems since 1984 and is widely recognized as
the founder.

- Founder and Lead Developer of the JAVA

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Rasmus Lerdorf – Danish – Canadian Programmer

- Co-authored and inspired the PHP

Scripting Language (Open-Source
b) Assembly Language – designing a program
Program)
Brendan Eich – American Technician, Co-founded the
Mozilla Project and became the Chief Technical Officer
and Chief Executive Officer
- Creator of JavaScript Programming
Language
LESSON 2 – TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
programmer requires detailed knowledge of
hardware specifications.
- This language uses mnemonics code
(symbolic operation code like ‘ADD’ for
addition) in place of 0s and 1s. The
program is converted into machine code
by the assembler. The resulting program is
referred to as an object code.

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1. Low Level Language - a programming

language that provides little or no abstraction
to a computer's instruction set architecture -
language commands or functions closely
related to the processor's instructions.
- This language is the most understandable
language used by computers to perform
its operations.
a) Machine Language – consists of strings of
binary numbers and it is the only one
language.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) - Standard code for the exchange of
information between data processing systems, data
communication systems, and related devices in the
United States. The ASCII character set consists of
control characters and graphic characters.
2. High Level Language - Instructions in this
language are similar to human language or
English-like words.
 - Uses mathematical notations to perform
this task.
- High Level Language is easy to learn.
- Writing takes less time and bugs are easier
to maintain.
- Translation of different languages High
Level Language is converted into machine
language by one of the two different
languages translator programs: interpreter
or compiler.
a) Procedural-Oriented Language - Procedural
programming is a methodology for solving a
problem, determining the order of steps and
the order of those steps to achieve a specific
result or a specific program state.
- These languages are designed to convey
logic and problem-solving processes. This
includes languages like Pascal, Cobol, C,
Fortran, etc.
b) Problem-Oriented Language - A wide array of
problem-oriented languages has been
developed, some of the principal ones being
COBOL (Common Business-Oriented
Language), FORTRAN (Formula Translation),
BASIC (Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code), and Pascal.
Objectives:
 Increase the speed of developing programs.
 Minimize the user’s effort to obtain
information from computer.
 Reduce errors while writing programs.
c) Natural Language Programming (NLP)- is a
method of programming using oncology to
refer to sentences in a natural language such
as English.
- A structured document with contents,
sections, and subsections to interpret
sentences creates an NLP document,
which is actually a computer program.
LESSON 3 – PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS
Programming Paradigms
- is a paradigmatic style of programming
(compare with a methodology which is a
paradigmatic style of doing software
engineering).
- provides a programmer's perspective on
implementation. The relationship between
programming paradigms and programming
languages can be complex since a
programming language can support multiple
paradigms.
- paradigm is a basic style of computer
programming. Paradigms differ in the
concepts and methods used to represent the
 elements of a program (such as objects,
functions, variables, and constraints). The
steps include a calculation (such as
assignments, evaluation, suites, and data
flows).
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS
 IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
- Latin Imperare - command and the oldest
programming paradigm. Also, a clearly defined
sequence of instructions (step-by-step
instructions) to a computer.
- Represents computational processes as a set
of sequential steps.
- The source code is a set of commands that
indicate what and when the computer needs
to work to achieve the desired result.
- The results of the imperative programs detail
how are to be obtained. What does the
description of inputs and “how” the output is
generated.
DIFFERENT IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
1. Structures Programming Style - Structured
Programming Style - extends the basic
imperative principle with specific control
structures: sequences, selection, and
iteration. This approach is based on a desire to
limit or completely avoid jump statements
that make imperatively designed code
unnecessarily complicated.
2. Procedural Approach - divides the work that a
program is supposed to perform into smaller
sub-tasks that are described individually in the
code. This leads to programming modules that
can be used in other programs.
3. Modular Programming Model - goes a step
further, designing, developing, and testing
individual program components
independently of each other. Individual
modules are combined to create actual
software.
ADVANTAGES
1. Easy to read.
2. Relatively easy to learn.
3. Conceptual model (solution path) is very easy
for beginners to understand.
4. Characteristics of specific applications can be
taken into account.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Code quickly becomes very extensive and thus
Confusing.
2. Higher risk of errors when editing
3. Complex processes lead to "spaghetti code “
4. Optimization and extension are more difficult.
Types of Imperative Programming
1. Procedure programming – Procedural
programming works with a process in terms of
the machine model. This type has the ability
to recycle code.
2. Object-oriented programming - a computer
programming model that organizes software
design around data, or objects, rather than
functions and logic.
3. Parallel processing approach - This approach is
a method of concurrently processing
instructions. Parallel processing is useful when
running programs that perform complex
operations.
 DECLARATIVE PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
- Represents the logic of a computation.
- A style of building the structure and elements
of computer programs that expresses the logic
of a computation without describing its
control flow.
- focuses on what the program should
accomplish.
 - It often considers programs as theories of a
formal logic, and computations as deductions
in that logic space.
- “What” of the solution is described directly.
ADVANTAGES
1. Short, efficient code.
2. Can be implemented using methods not yet
known at the time of programming.
3. Easy optimization as implementation is
controlled by an algorithm.
4. Maintenance is possible independent of
application development.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Sometimes hard to understand for external
people.
2. Based on an unfamiliar conceptual model for
people (solution state).
3. Hard to take the characteristics of individual
applications into account during
programming.
Types of Declarative Programming
1. Logic programming is mostly based on formal
logic. This programming shows details and
rules about problems within a system of
mathematical reason.
2. Functional programming is a procedure of
building computer software by forming pure
responsibilities preventing shared state and
mutable data.
 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
- Represents the world as a system of
interacting objects.
- A paradigm in which real-world objects are
each viewed as separate entities having their
own state which is modified only by built-in
procedures, called methods.
- Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a
programming paradigm based on the concept
of "objects", which may contain data, in the
form of fields, often known as attributes; and
code, in the form of procedures, often known
as methods.
- There is significant diversity of OOP languages,
but the most popular ones are class-based,
meaning that objects are instances of classes,
which typically also determine their type.
ADVANTAGES
1. Reusable. -Since the object contains both data
and functions that act on the data, the object
can be thought of as a stand-alone "box". This
makes it easier to reuse code in new systems.
2. Maintainable. -Object-oriented paradigm
techniques make code more maintainable. It
becomes easy to identify the source of the
errors because the objects are self-contained.
3. Scalable. -Object-oriented applications are
more scalable than their structured
programming roots. Because the object
interface provides a schema for reusing
objects. It makes it easier to replace old and
inefficient code with faster algorithms.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Object Oriented Programs are much larger
than other programs.
2. Object Oriented Programs require a lot of
work to Create.
3. Object Oriented Programs are slower than
other programs, because of their size.
 FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
- Represents the world as mathematical
functions and a subset of declarative
programming.
- The process of creating software by
composing better functions, avoiding shared
format, variable data, and side effects.
ADVANTAGES
1. Algebraically representable calculations.
2. Provably correct algorithms.
3. Theoretical representations.
4. Stateless processes.
DISADVANTAGES
 1. Difficult to scale up.
2. Type safety often lacking.
3. Limited to mathematical abstractions.

 MULTI PARADIGM
- A multi-paradigm programming language is a
programming language that supports more
than one programming paradigm.
- The design goal of such languages is to allow
programmers to use the most suitable
programming style and associated language
constructs for a given job.
- Languages such as C++, Java, and Python are
multi-paradigm programming languages that
support object-oriented programming to a
greater or lesser degree, typically in
combination with imperative, procedural
programming.
 INTERPRETED LANGUAGES
- is a programming language that is typically
implemented using interpreters and doesn’t
compile source code directly into machine
code ahead of execution. is a programming
language that is typically implemented using
interpreters and doesn’t compile source code
directly into machine code ahead of
execution.
- The interpreter executes the program directly,
translating each statement into a sequence of
one or more subroutines, and then into
another language (often machine code).

LESSON 4 – COMPILED VS INTERPRETATIVE

LANGUAGES
 COMPILED LANGUAGES - A compiled
language is a programming language that is
typically implemented using compilers.
ADVANTAGES
1. Programs compiled into native code at
compile time usually tend to be faster than
those translated at run time, due to the
overhead of the translation process.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Additional time is needed to complete the
entire compilation step before testing.
2. Platform dependence of the generated binary
code.
“Scripting languages are written in one language and
interpreted within another program, for instance,
JavaScript has to be incorporated within HTML which
will then be interpreted by the Internet browser.
Thus, programming languages run independently of a
parent program, but scripting languages run inside
another program.”
ADVANTAGES
1. Flexibility. Smaller executable program
size.
2. Platform independence (Java's byte code)
3. Smaller executable program size.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Slower execution compared to direct native
machine code execution.
2. Susceptible to Code injection attacks.
JIT COMPILATION

- JIT –JUST IN TIME compilation (Dynamic

Translation or Run time compilations).
- The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler is a key
component of the OpenJ9 VM that improves
the performance of Java applications by
compiling platform-neutral Java bytecode into
native machine code at run time. Without the
JIT, the VM has to interpret the bytecodes
itself - a process that requires extra CPU and
memory.

How does JIT compilation works?

 Analyzing the code that is being executed

(usually bytecode).
 JIT making decisions which parts of the code
should be fully compiled to machine code
based on how often that piece of code is
being executed (and a few other factors).

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