+ Hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon. + These are typically the chief components in many types of fuels and products we use every day. — + They can come in the form of a gas, liquid, solid, or polymers. —*> * The exposure or injection of these substances can cause significant health risks. — . Toxicity i is dependent « on multiple variables including compound properties, viscosity, surface tension, volatility, and additives. pet . Hydrocarbons come in four structural c . Aromatic - contain a benzene ring (most torile) and are used in solvents and glues butalso in paint and paint remover, + Aliphatic - petroleum distillates found in polishes, lamp oils, and lighter fluid. ated, or brominated, and are used _for + Halogenated - fluorinated, chl refrigeration (freon) and as insecticides and herbicides. + Terpene - found in turpentine and pine oil. Some of these hydrocarbons may be found.in various mixed forms and used as an aerosol spray propellant. >* Wastes are generated from a variety of activities associated with Petrole nn, Production. These wastes fll into the general categories of produced wate, dig, Wastes, and associated wastes. * A'typical well can generate several bartels of fluid and cuttings per foot of hole drilled. * Produced water virtually always contains impurities, and if present in sutficien, concentrations, these impurities can adversely impact the environment, * These impurities ‘include dissolved salid’ (priniarlly salt and heavy Metals), Suspended aid dissolved organic materials, formation solids, hydrogen sulfide, ang carbon dioxide, and have a deficiency of oxygen “Produced water may also contain low levels of naturally occurring radioactive Materials, or NORM, * My addition to naturally occurring impurities, chemical additives like coagulant corrosion inhibitors, emulsion breakers, biocides, dispersants, paraffin control agents, and scale inhibitors are often added to alter the chemistry of produced water, * Water produced from waterflood projects may also contain acids, oxygen scavengers, Surfactants, friction reducers, and scale dissolvers that were initially injected into the formation: ing fluids. Water based drilling fluids may * Drilling wastes include formation cuttings and d barium sulfate, or contain viscosity control agents (eg, clays ), density control agents, (e barite), deflocculants, (eg, chrome-lignosulfonate or lignite), caustic (sodium hydroxide), corrosion inhibitors, biocides, lubricants, lost circulation materials, and formation compatibility agents. Ofl-based drilling fluids also contain a base hydrocarbon and chemicals to maintain its iJ emulston, water: + The most commonly used base hydrocarbon is diesel, followed by less toxic mineral and synthetic oils, + Drilling fluids typically contain heavy metals like barium, chrormtim, cadmium, mercury, and lead. ‘These metals can enter the system from materials added tothe uid or from naturally occugring minerals in the formations being drilledthrough.+ The primary measure of the wironmental impact of petroleum wastes is their toxicity to exposed organisms. + The toxicity of a Substance is most commonly reported as its concentration in water that results in the death of half of the exposed organistis within a given length of time. + Exposure times for toxicity tests are typically 96 hours, +/Common test organisms include mysid shrimp or sheepshead minnows for marine Waters and + Bathead minnows or rainbow trout fo wh waters, + The concentration that is lethal to half of the exposed population during the test is called LCs. + High values of LCs) mean that high concentrations of the substance are required for lethal effects to be observed, and this indicates a low toxicity, +A related measure of toxicity is the concentration at which half of the exposed organisms exhibit sublethal effects; this concentration is called ECs. + Another measure of toxicity is'the no, observable effect concentration (NOEC), the concentration below which no effects are observed. * The toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons is relatively high, while that of straight-chain paraffins is relatively low. + LCzp values for the most common aromatic hydrocarbons found in the petroleum industry (benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene) are on the order of 10 ppm. + Hydrocarbon concentrations of less than 1 mg/l in water have been shown.to,have.a, sublethal impacts on some marine organisms. igh molecular weight paraffins, on the other hand, are essentially nontoxic. * Other effects of hydrocarbons include stunted plant growth’ if the hydtoearbon concentration in contaminated soil is above about 1% by weight.infsms that may become exposed following apy thers for insulation can die of + Hydrocarbons can also fmpact higher oF accidental release, Marine animals that use hair oF fea hypothermia tf coated! with oll + Coated aniinals cin also ingestfatal quaitites, of hydrocarbons during washing ang grooming activities. « Typjesl alssoiodd salpsconséntrations tor produced wate rons” BORWeeH SY:PD0 ng 150,000 ppm, + By;comparison, the salt concentration in seawater Is about 35,000 ppm. « Dissolved salt affects the ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients from soll «= Water with dissolved salt concentrations below about 2,500 mg/! have minimal impact on most plants. + LCzp values for dissolved salt'concentrations for freshwater organisms aré on the order of 1.000 ppm. «Heavy metal concentrations allowed in drinking water vary for each metal, but are generally below about 0.01 mg/L. «One of the most important steps in waste treatment is to segregate or separate the wastes into their constituents, eg, solid, aqueous, and hydrocarbon wastes, «= ‘This isolates the most toxic component of the waste stream in a smaller volume and allows the less toxic components to'be disposed of in less costly ways, + Primary separation occurs with properly selected and operated equipment, €.8 shale shakers, separation tanks, and heater treaters. « separation’ can be improved by using, hydroeyclones, iter) presses, gus) tation systems, or decanting centrifuges. + tnarid areas evaporation and/or percolation canbe used to dewater some wastes*“-Anumbor of methods are available for treating hydrocarbon contaminated solids lke drill cuttings, produced solids, or soil ‘.gotldil’can be washed by agitation in a fet of high-velocity water, perhaps with amadded surfactant. such,as coal or activated carbon, + Solids cah also be nixed with an_oll-wet material ed fram the mare: defise: souds, by that absorbs the hydrocarbons and can be separat subsequent flotation. OA ctnvorping and promising technology for hydrocarbon removal from contaminated s6lids is bioremediation. YOther-treatment Methods inchide distillation, solvent extraction, incineration, and ceritical/supereritical fluid extraction. + Nonhydrocarbon aqueous wastes can be treated by a number of methods, including jon exchange, precipitation, reverse osmosis, evaporation/distillation, biological tA \cesses, neutralization, and solidification. + These processes can remove dissolved solids from water or encase them, imother reat solids to prevent subsequent leaching following disposal, i; +The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Subtitle C. regulates the storage, transport, treatment, and disposal of hazardous materials that are intended to be discarded, i.e, wastes. + The Safe-Drinking Water Act was passed to protect underground sources.of drinking water (USDW).!This‘act regulates activities that may contaminate USDWs, particularly ‘ba nite f injection wells for both oil recovery and water disposal, as well as the plugging of abandoned-wells, + The Clean Water Act prohibits the discharge of Wastes) particularly oil, into surface waters or drainage features that may lead to surface waters.* The Clean Air Act regulates the emissions of air pollutants, including exhaust from {internal combustion engines, fugitive emissions, and boiler emissions, Thi, act used, specifies the types of emissions control equipment that must be used. * The, Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) was enacted to identify existing sites where hazardous wastes may impact human health, Hydrocarbon’s ability to cause disease is dependent on three factors. Route of Exposure * Direct skin contact can happen, systemic disease, * Howeverprolonged exposure can lead to tissue breakdown and superficial, partial thickness chemical burns, * Severe, flllsthicknéss cher manifestations, * Ingestion and inhalation, signify disease and lead to ‘The Chemical Properties +The hydrocarbon's chemical properties, tension, affect the disease-causing potenti causing local skin irritation and, rarely, leading to 'mical burns can lead to absorption and acute toxic. systemic Vaspifation of hydrocarbons’ ean’ also, occur; which may systemic toxicity and morbidity and mortality. including its volatility, viscosity’ and! surface ial of the hydrocarbon, * Volatility refers to the rate at which the hydrocarbon can vaporize or exist as a gas. Chemicals with high volatility have an increased risk for pulmonary absorption and an lead to central nervous system (CNS) depression, Viscosity .refers to the ability to resist flow. Low viscosity allows for deeper Penetration into the lungs. The ability of the molecules to adhere’along a liquid suttice is surface tension, Low surface tension can allow compounds to spread easly over lange areas. = i Ae Amount of Exposure Hydrocarbon’ exposure, either/in a single. or, cumulative dose, can\ determine the “systemic CNS effects on the patient, #Hydrocarbon’ ability to cause disease is dependent on three factors. * Route of Exposure * Direct skin contact can happen, causing local skin irritation and, rarely, leading to systemic disease. + However prolonged expostire can lead to tissie breakdown ahd superficial, partial thickness chemical burns. + Severe, full-thickness chemi manifestations, I burns can lead to absorption and acute toxic systemic + Ingestion aiid inhalation/aspiration of hydrocarbons can also occur, which may signify disease and lead to systemic toxicity and morbidity and mortality. The Chemical Properties + The hydrocarbon's chemical properties, including its volatility, viscosity and surface tension, affect the disease-causing potential of the hydrocarbon. + Volatility refers to the rate at which the hydrocarbon can vaporize or exist as a gas. + Chemicals with high volatility have an increased risk for pulmonary absorption and can lead to central nervous system (CNS) depression, * Viscosity refers to the ability to resist flow. Low viscosity allows for deeper penetration into the lungs. + The ability of the molecules to adhere along a liquid surface is surface tension. Low surface tension can allow compounds to spread easily over large areas, Amount of Exposure + Hydrocarbon exposure, cither in a single or cumulative dose, can determine the systemic CNS effects on the patient.+ TWotypes of toxicity measurements are commonly used: dose and concentratign stance that has been absorbed into the + Phe dose is the Concentration of a substance thal Uissve o f the test specidsy + The concontrationis a measure of the amount of a substance Inthe environmen, the species lives it “Toxicity measurements using concobtrationalsa include a timesnterval oF exposyr, +The dose is the mass fraction of the substance In the animal thssue (milligram of substance pet gram of tissue, mg/g) when a particular effect has been observed, + A dose.that fs lethal to 50% of the animals is called LDgi, while the lowest dose that is lethal, ic, the dose resulting in the first death, is called LDLO. * The dose levels required for any particular effect also depend on how the anima) is eXposed—by injection, ingestion, or inhalation, * The concentration is the fraction of the substance in air or water that causes a Particular effect when the target animal is placed in that environment, * Tis normally given either as a mass fraction in parts per million (ppm) or as mass per unit volume in milligrams per liter ( mg/l). * A lethal concentration that kills 50% of the animals within a given, peridd,of time is called LCs, Similarly, the lowest Jethal concentration for the same period of time is called LCLO. * Concentration is the toxicity mezstire most commonly ‘ised for materials fisSéciated with the petroleum industry,+ Ufa material is highly toxic, then only a small concentration will be lethal and the numerical values of the lethal doses and concentrations — LDso, LDLO, LCS0, and LCLO—would be low. + Conversely, a high value of these parameters indicates low toxicity. + LCjp values on the order of 10 are normally considered highly toxic, while values on the ordevof 100,000 are considered nontoxic + The length of exposuire to a substance can be divided into descriptive types Exposure Types Exposure Type uation of Exposure ae ‘Lew than 24 hours Subacute Less than 1 month Subetronic 1-3 months Chionie More than 3 smonths O The problem with measuring mutagenic or carcinogenic activity with bioassays is that such activity takes time to appear and be identified. CAMaiiy substances, called mutagens, can alter the structure of DNA molecules in individual cells. Most tiutations result in the death of the individual, cells affected, with no reproduction of the mutation. Qf mutated cell survives and results in future birth defects, the substanceris called teratogenic. ifthe mutation results in cancer; the substance is dalled |carcinogenic. jogens are also mutagens, but not all mutagens are GAs a rule;-nearly all cai carcinogens. + Avariety of human health and safety guidelines have been developed. + Human safety guidelines include threshold limit values—time weighted average (TLV- TWA), Ibis the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers can be chronically exposed without | adverse effects. | + Threshold’ limit values—short-term exposure (TLV-STEL), it is the highest short-term exposure to which a worker can be exposed without the worker experiencing irritation, chronic’or irteversible tissue change, or narcosis at a level that impairs judgment or work efficiency. + Threshold limit value—ceilings (TLV-C), and reference dose (RID). + The TLY-C is the concentration that should not be exceeded during the work day.Toxicity Hydrocarbon PLY namin! ———__ caries = cana ore ‘Afkanes Aten olefins) ane fanyne Attynes (acetylene) sive f lopropane Cyt AMaes (napene. Cyroge Benzene “Toluene yer Naphbelene . e je Tetratin Methanol as Ethanol a ‘Acetic acid ‘Amines * The toxicity of hydrocarbons has been found to vary considerably and generalization, cannot be easily made. 4 Bastors that affoct toxicity include molecular weight, hydrocarbon family; the organigg | exposed to the hydrocarbon, and life-cycle stage of the organism exposed . | + For Rydrocarbons of a similar type (the same family), the toxicity tends tg ‘increase with decreasing molecular weight, ‘ a * Smaller molecules tend to be more toxic than large molecules. 5") | * Light crude oils and refined products tend to be more toxic than those of heay (Pils, because heavy crude oils have a higher average molecular weight. | For simitar molecular weight hydrocarbons, the toxicity varies with far. + The/ toxicity’ of hydfocarbon families generally! increases. in the followihs Order: alicanes, alkeries, cycloparatfins, aromatics, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Inpactor cride Olea NareARINA “Behavioral changes from exposure to hydrocarbons are primarily those involving ‘motility, while in higher organisms, changes affect avoidance, burrowing, feeding, and Teproductive activities. * Behavioral changes in feeding have been observed at hydrocarbon concentrations as lowasa few micro gm/l. nie fn * The most common impact of crude oil on birds is by direct contact, | i mM i y/Oil coats their feathers, causing them to lose their water-repellance and. thendil 4 f insulation. The birds then sink and drown or die of hypothermia, rong Ad | BT BLY Oil can“also be ingested by the birds during preening of oiled plumage. < a |“The impact of hydrocarbons on human health depends somewhat on whether exposure was from Ingestion, inhalation, or dermal (skin ) contact and on whether the ‘exposufe was acute (Bhort-term J or chronic (long-term), «The acute effects of ingestion may Include irritation to the mouth, eegat and stomach and digestive disorders and /or damage small amoutits of hydrocarbons can be drawn into the lungs, either from swallowing or vomiting, and may® cause respitiitory impact’ such as ‘pulmonary edema or bronchopnevimonia, + The chronic effects of ingestion may include kidney, liver, or gastointestinal tract damage, or abnormal heart rhythms. + Prolonged and/or repeated exposure to aromatics like benzene may cause damage to the blood-producing system and serious blood disorders, including leukemia. ~-Thesetabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons after ingestion can result in the creation ‘of mutagenic of carcinogenic derivatives, even if the original hydrocarbon is relatively nontoxic. L + The acute symptoms of hydrocarbon exposure occur at air concentrations of 0.5 mg/l or 30: minutes, Wa eee + Chronic effects of inhalation exposure to hydrocarbons can be weight loss from los: oflappetite, muscular weakness ancl cramps, and possible liver and real damage, ‘Suggested standards for huinan exposiire! to petroleum’ hydrocarbons ranges between 25 and 430 ppm + Salt (sodium chloride) in low concentrations is essential to the health of plants and animals. At concentrations different from the naturally occurring levels found in a given ecosystem, however, salt can cause an adverse impact. + Growth of nonmarine plants is impaired at total dissolved salt concentrations between aboitt 1,500 and 2,500 mg/|. += The electrical conductivity (EC) of a solution is a measure of the total.amountofcations and anions dissolved in water, , +The electrical conductivity is related to the total dissolved solids (TDS ) concentration in the water + The TDS is the weight of residue after all of the water has been evaporated. + The TDS has units of mass/volume of solution.+ The relationship between EC and TDS is given as follows: + TDS = AYEC fer ‘Ais an empirical constant equal to about 640. The units of the Constant ary sm-mg/mmho/liter Eftect of Electrical Conductivity (EC) on Crops EC Range (mmhos/om) _ . 02 Neg! 4 Yield of very sensitive crops impacted 48 Yield of many crops impacted S16 Only tolerant erops still produce Only very few tolerant crops still produce >16 ———— tis of two types 1, Biological Oxygen Demand- is the measure of the amount of dissolved yp, required to break down the organic material ina given volume of water through aera iological activity, 2, Itis expressed in mg of oxygew consumed/litre of sample, 3. Expressed by using a, Dilution Method b. Manometric Method 1 BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during S days of incubation at 20°C. 4, Chemical Oxygen Demand: Ie measutes the equivalent amount of oxygen required chemically oxidize the organic compounds in water. ‘The water effluent of API separator contained chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of 270 and 3450 mgl.~!, respectively. + The primary impacts of air pollutant from production activities comes from chronic exposure. + For materials, the impact includes soiling or chemical deterioration of surfaces. * For) plants, the impact. includes damage to chlorophyl and a disruption of photosynthesis. * Sulfur dioxide can also accumulate in soils, lowering the pH and modifying the soll nutrient balance. * The impact of air pollutants on humans and aniinals|iicudeb'fritation abe atoge respiratory’ systems. + Sulfur dioxide concentrations on the order of 1 ppm can cause constriction of airways" the respiratory travts of humans.EES Gin the upstream petroleum industry, there are two major operations that can potentially impact the environment: drilling and production. Both operations generate signifieant volume of wastes. The wastes generated during:drilling, afe the rock removed to make the hole (as cuttings), the utd used to lift the cuttings, and various materials added to the fluid to change its properties to make it more suitable for use and to condition the hole, (Water is often produced with hydrocarbons and contains a variety of contaminants. ‘These contaminants include dissolved and suspended hydrotarbons and other organic imaterials, a8 well aslissolved and suspended solids. A variety of chemicals are also ‘used during production to ensuite efficient operations. «+ During both drilling and production activities, a variety of air pollutants are emitted. “The primary source of air pollutants are the emissions from Internal combustion engines) with lesser amounts from other operations, fugitive emissions, and site ‘remédiation activities. DRILLING Many ofthe additives tsed in drilling fluids can be toxic and are now regulated. ‘These rtew additives have a lower toxicity than those traditionally used, thus lowering the potential for environmental impact. | I + Atypical elemental composition of common constituents of water-based drilling muds a. _Samentat Compostion of ting Feld Conattvents (wots) ____ — cane “oa e400 oor “st ce syaseo oa "om 0 Sciniem 00001 ° coo an % Coons ‘Cobalt 0.0002 38 ‘c.o00s3 |) ceo 6 ‘39 m4 a 980 oe te ove ‘ss oe Nigam sono ‘ Mey ower bs 00 Nene” Boos ‘ oe fea s&s — Fi 20 sa a "ou Senta __o07 ‘so sonana+ Disposing of water based mud is of less problem + OBM disposal in offshore is a major concern + OBM affects benthic community: Flora and fauna present on the sea bed. + OBM cuts of the oxygen Where as th prodétign the produced water contains Dissolved Salts, eavy ma, hydrocarbon and creates oxygen deficiency Seawater contains 35 parts per thousand of the salts H/Olimicis ofthe order 29 mg/l a8.a monthly average Abi! 42 g/l asa dally, maximym + Produced water is)Iieavier than sea Water It settles and fori a layer" at seq bea affecting the flora and fauna. + Sources of Nuclear radiation lie in 3 categories 1, Logging tools: gamma ray and neutron log but have negligible effects 2 Radioactive tracers: Used in the liquid phase measurement: like antimony-124, iridium 192, lodine-131 Vapor phase tracer includes Krypton-95 3-NORM (Naturally oecurring Radioactive material: Radidim and Uraniuin and lead Radu 222 sin the orm of gas produced in water and natural gas gulls ft Be levels are théasufe th pico curie/ *% rere evel in produced water range from 1-2500 Pico cure Tesshpuld be tess than 1 pico curie/l for safe drinking water | Discharge standard for open water s 30 pico curie/t rans ’ Effects of Radioactive Decay * Itproduces alpha, beta and gamma rays responsible for the impacts + Alpha cannot penetrate skin and are least dangerous + Beta-Penetrates skin + Gamma- penetrates whole body and are most’dangerous Ae +) They-can affect the whole body of certain cells causing mutations + HOH + OH xi + Olt! + 01-110, disfupts celulas chemistry and laues aeeratatin DNA SACRE L«+ Risk assessment provides a numerical estimate of the probability of potentially adverse health effects from human exposure to environmental hazards. « Risi¢ agsessment consists of four steps: hazard identification, dose response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Hazard Identification determines the nature and —amotint’ of toxte pollutants that could potentially be emitted. It identifies the potential didvorse health effects associated with those pollutants + Dose-Response Assessment detetinines the relationship between the friagnitude of an ‘exposure toa substance and the bccurrence of specific health effects. ft involves determining the actual toxicity of each substance identified in the hazard identification. + Exposure Assessment determines the extent of potential human exposure to any emitted substances. Its goal is to accurately estimate both the dose that reaches the person (the administered dose) and the dose that reaches the target tissue within the body (the target dose). + Risk , Characterization describes the nature, magnitude, and uncertainty, the combination “of the health risks associated with each pollutant. It i: 4of the dose-response assessment and the exposure assessment.» | ||| Hy) + H,S or sour gas is often found in oil and gas formations. It is a colorless gas that is highly toxic and extremely flammable. + Ibis heavier than air and may travel along the ground or accumulate in low-lying areas. + Atlow‘concentrations, it smells like "rotten eggs," but at higher concentrations it does not have a noticeable odor: * At higher concentrations it can quickly - almost immediately - ové¥come unprotected workers, including rescue workers. This swift unconsciousness is often referred to as "knockdown." + Many wells where H,S gas is found have been identified, but pockets of the gas can occur anywhere and at any time. + Sweet wells (containing no H,S) have been known to turn sour overnight. + Also, hydrochloric acid treatments, when in contact with iron sulfide corrosion products, can react to create HS gas in the well bore or in rig tanks.Oe + Exposure by breathing (inhalation of) H1,S is a primary concern. HS fires and explosions ‘occur at much higher concentrations than exposure limits (J.e., death can result from H,S inhalation exposures of 700-1000 ppm, while fire and explosion hazards are at levels above 40,000 ppm. ‘The OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) to HS for general industry is 20 ppm, which is not to be exceeded at any time during an B-hour shift, except that an éxpésuire OF 50 pbm H;S is allowed for up to 10 minutes per B-hour period as long as no other measurable exposure occurs during that 8-hour time period. Mealth effects begin with protonged exposures as low as 2 to:5. ppm ~"potentially resulting in nausea) tearing of the eyes, headaches, and loss of sleep. + R,S Is very flammable and will ignite at concentrations in the air between 4.0% and 46.0% HS. + A byproduct of combustion of H,S is toxic $02 gas. + S02 gaswill mostjlikely be present when there has been a fire or explosion involving, HAS. + Wear proper PPE when responding to a fire or explosion incident, ficluditig proper respiratory protection. ' + Notall H,Sis burned off at the flare. +“Therefore, both HS and SO2 emissions re\possible, aid até fo be avotdedlat fare ‘discharges. Gas detection system. Fire detection and suppression systems. PETROGATE Academy if}Whats fire? «4 Fire is continuous oxidation of combustible material in an exothermic chain reaction between fuel and_oxygen or oxidiser or air as catalyst when exposed to sufficient amount of heat or ignition source: giving out smoke, heat, light energy in the form of electromagnetic spectrum and other by products Such as sound and pressure. ¢Fire produices different colours of flame depending on type of fuel sonsumed, } ' Pee BP } The name gas comes from the word chaos. “SGas is a swarm of molecules moving randomly and chaotially, constantly colliding with each other and / anything elsearound it. a Gases fill any available volume and due to the very’ high speed at which they move will mix. rapidly. into any atmosphere in which they are released. ‘P VAPOUR-A gaseous form of a substance that is, liquid or solid at normal temperatures and pressures | “ FUME-airborne dispersion consisting of | minute particles that-come from heating a solid (often/an ‘oxide resulting from a chemical reaction between the particles and oxygen. “Fire & Gas detection is mainly used to monitor areas where hazardous levels of gas or flammable substance that are not present at normal operation. “They are designed to give early warning of the build up of gas or fire before it becomes a hazard to people, infrastructure and environment. “Various national and international laws exist that demand the-use of gas. or fire detection to protect people and plant Many local codes of practice also exist that ensure health and safety policies are employed “Insurance companies may not provide cover to businesses that cannot prove that they have taken appropriate safety measures to detect hazardous gases and detection of flame, smoke, heat, or fireThere are three main types of gas hazard Flammable Riskof fire and or explosion, eg. Methane, Butane, Propane Aa rae poisoning, eg. Carbon Monorlde, Hydrogen Sulfide, Chlorine ay . i lan a he CT We. WU Mane 8 Cifier ant Ss sith og. Oxygen deficency, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide ip! + Fire Triangle Three | factors are always needed to cay 4 combustion: i 4. Asource of ignition ‘*+Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid’ can form an ignitable mixture in air near the surface of the liquid, ‘The lower the flash point, the easier itisto ignite the material, [gasivapour [FP(oG) _|AIT(oc) Ji [methane _[<-20 595 Kerosine [38 210 , ~ [bitumin 270 310 ‘The minimum temperature at which a substance will continue to burn without additional application of external heat. Also called kindling pointPETRW TE Academy gether we wil make adifforence le explosive limit (LFL/LEL): ‘centration of agas or vapor mixed in air that will burn. centration the mixture will tot burn (*t00 l coment C Aeademy rium concentration of agasor yor mised HUE Ee ‘concentration the mixture will not centage of the gasin alrLD low concentrations * Saite gases are poisonous and can be dangerous to life at very rotten eggs smell of HS * Satie taxic gases have strong smefie tke the distinctive ‘rotten eae 1 million batts + Others ate completely odourtess ite Carbon Monoxide * The measurement mast often \ised for the concentration of toxic gases is parts fer millioh (pypin). * Por example tppm Would be equivalent to a room filled With 4 (otal oF yuition: balls and | of those balls beg red ‘The fed baht would represent 1 ppm, 4 red bait ‘There are four elasses Of fire extinguishers 4 A,B, C and,D.—and each class can put ota different type of fire, f 1, Class A extinguishers will Put out fires in ordinary combustibles Such as Wood ang Paper 2 Class B extinguishers are for use on flamiabi liquids like grease) gasoline and di 3, Class C/E- extinguishers are suitable for use only on electrically energized fires 4-Class D extinguishers are designed for use on flammable metals Fire Extinguisher Rating Guide Cin Breer Ree corm ves ves No No ves no. xo vesoth general. gas detection is divided into combustible gas detection and toxte gas detection There are different types of hard hal Some hats are designed to protect only against bumps (low overhead hazards), while others afford protection against falling objects. Metal. hard hats should not be worn when there is a Potential for'contact with anything electrical. $ Hard hats must conform with the requirements of ANS] 289,1-1986. Check the™label (on the hat for compliance with this standard, ‘Types of Head Protection > CLASS “A and G" HELMETS; For impact, penetration, and electrical protection from low-voltage conductors (tested to 2,200 volts). CLASS “B and E" HELMETS: For impact, penetration, and electrical protection from high-voltage conductors (tested to 20,000 volts). * CLASS “C’ HELMETS: For impact and penetration hazards hazards only. Usually’ made of aluminum, which conducts electricity, and should not be worn around electrical hazards,Foot protection ¥ ford a lovel of pratection for the feet ad a footwear can aflor f gp proper < sechtoed! boots or shoes protect (ves ayanat the crushing, toes: § arate of fling oblects, such Involved with pipe moving oF nara ean material hang, Rubber boots pote the feet againet uoicl Haga Fop chemical bazar, howl with your MSDS: 4 fbrvde shoul alge selected based an protection from the walking/working. stitface, Colstrtet}ort witag with natld) or quire shoes or boots . rough terrain {ncluding sharp rocks will {with stu, punchure-resistant soles, Hazardous Conditions Requiring Foot Protection wr heavy tools IMPACT. Carrying or handling materials such as packages, objects, parts or heavy which could be dropped. rts, + COMPRESSION: Work activities involving, ‘skid trucks (manual material handling ca around bulk rolls, around heavy pipes: 4 PUNCTURE; Sharp object hazards such as nalls, wire, tacks, screws, large staples, scrap metal, etc. 4 CHEMICAL; Check with MSDS for proper protection. # ostih recommends that employers and employees choose gloves based on the employee's job duties, work environment and the performance and construction characteristics of glove materials. Leather canvas and fabric gloves can protect hands from dirt, splinters, abrasions, cuts and heat, but they can’t fully protect against liquids or strong chemicals. Neoprene, nitrile, vinyl and rubber gloves can protect against liquidvand chemical hazards, but each material is only rated to protect against certain types of chemicals. Many of these types of gloves are only intended for a single use and are vulnerable to teats, Specialty gloves can be worn to protect against crushing injuries, heavy vibrations, and situations where multiple hazards are present. ae amlHand Protection ® Gloves should be selected according to the hazard Handini{ hot materials usually requires leather gloves. \ SReiy Kotton glove usually afford ample protection against scratcf and abrasfte hazaiits S Rubber gloves are usually necessary for electri¢al and Pheriiteal hazards. F Tiere ire ploves designed tw prtect against cut hazatds, as, io the meatindustyy Check with yout MSDS’ and/or your glove supplier for More information. Other Protection Other PPE maybe required to protect against “chemicals, cuts, abrasions, heat, etc. Respiratory and hearing protection, if required, will be covered separately. + Before wearing a respirator, all employees must undergo a medical examination and fit test to ensure that they can safely use a respirator. = Finally, all employees must receive extensive training on their respirator, ineluding how to.maintain and inspectit, before using it in the workplace. = Air-purifying respirators have cartridges designed to filter airborne particles and/or chemicals, such as organic vapors or acid gases. In circumstances where the air. cannot, be made Safe through filtering, such as. in oxygen-deficient atmospheres, atmosphere-supplying respirators can provide clean breathing air from a tank or generator:jagare designed 0" eqgual hazards 1 Jow quantity and va when the wearer IF uncomfortable wearing glasses wn) z side shicls rust be woe uncer a full face shield. (v/N) axa iy what type ofeye protection is needed? ‘A. satety Bass w/sideshtelds Fgworn over saety Blasses w/side shields B sete el 1, Tinted safety glasses wyside shields ge Forheavy Kugheres morethaione PE a Which of the follow! pa alee hazard to consider when selecting footwear? B. Slipping ©. Flexibility ‘D, Puncture > Whi ich i7pe of bard hat should NOT ype worn around electrical hazards? ‘A. Metal, aluminum B. Plastic C. sRubber: Thank You> Si sses with sid Safety glasses W iiketiood. (V/N) Jo shiclds are designed for casual hazards in low quantity and Hnjeld is mostly used when the wearer Is uncomfortable wearing glasses. ge A fall fae Aa mus ce shield. (Y/N 4 Safety tosses w/side shields must be wor under a full face shield. (Y/N) 4 For heavy grinding, what type of eye protection Is needed? ‘A safety glasses w/side shields te ull face shield worn over safety glasses w/side shields ©. Tinted safety glasses w/side shields ‘p-thereis more thai One type of hard hat. (Y/N) 44 Which ofthe following is NOT a hazard to consider when selecting footwear? ‘A. Impact or compression B, Slipping C. Flexibility D, Puncture “ Which type of hard hat should. NOT, be worn around electrical hazards? A, Metal, aluminum hi B, Plastic ‘ . Rubber w ea, & sf Thank Yo