Uncountable Nouns A-B

A-B definition example sentence

Only a few people
access the right to see or use something have access to this
information.
Does the company
provide
accommodation a place to live in or stay at
accommodation for
the workers?
You'll have more
freedom in
adulthood the period of time when you're an adult
adulthood, but more
responsibilities too.
A lot of creative
advertising the business of making companies and products well-known people work in
advertising.
If you're not sure
advice suggestions about what someone should do what to do, ask your
friends for advice.
If he needs an outlet
aggression the urge to attack or to fight for his aggression, he
could try boxing.
Should rich countries
aid money or help given to those who need it give more aid to poor
countries?
If there's not enough
air the mixture of gases surrounding the earth air in the room, open
a window.
Whiskey contains
alcohol substance in drinks that makes people feel drunk much more alcohol
than beer.
Why was someone
with so much anger
anger a strong feeling we can get if we think we're being treated badly
allowed to own a
gun?
After the concert, the
applause the sound of clapping after a performance or a speech applause went on for
at least five minutes.
I wanted to work in a
bank because I was
arithmetic simple mathematics like adding, multiplying, etc.
always good at
arithmetic.
If you want to learn
art paintings, sculpture, drawings, etc. about art, visit the
national gallery.
After calling 911 for
assistance help given to someone assistance, we waited
for an ambulance.
Jenny's very good at
athletics, and she's
athletics track and field events, such as running and jumping
even won some
medals.
 A-B definition example sentence
The teacher found it
attention focus of awareness on something or someone difficult to get her
students' attention.
Would you like some
bacon smoked or salted meat from a pig bacon with your
scrambled eggs?
The customs officer
baggage bags and suitcases used while travelling at the airport checked
all my baggage.
My dad loved ballet,
ballet a style of dancing that tells a story and he even took us
to see Swan Lake.
Many poets have
beauty the quality that makes people or things beautiful been inspired by the
beauty of nature.
I don't eat beef or
beef meat from a cow pork, but I like fish
and seafood.
It was a good party,
beer an alcoholic drink made with malt and hops but I think we drank
too much beer.
If you study biology,
biology the study of plants, animals and other living things you'll learn how
amazing life really is.
Blood carries oxygen
blood the red liquid inside our bodies from the lungs to all
the body's cells.
When I studied
botany, we often
botany the study of plants
collected plants from
forests.
I sliced a loaf of
bread a common food that's made from wheat or other grains bread and then made
some sandwiches.
Before going into
business, ask your
business any money-making venture or activity
father for some
advice.
Would you like some
butter a dairy food that's made from cream
butter on your toast?

Uncountable Nouns C-D

C-D definition example sentence
Climate change occurs when
carbon a chemical element that's in all living things (symbol C) there's too much carbon in
the air.
We could get cardboard for
cardboard very thick paper that's used to make boxes our signs by cutting up old
boxes.
cash money in the form of notes and coins If you need some cash, go to
 C-D definition example sentence
an ATM machine.
Don't forget to take some
chalk material that's used for writing on blackboards
chalk to your class.
There was chaos after the fire
chaos a situation that's out of control started, with people running
in all directions.
Do you want some extra
cheese a solid dairy food
cheese on your pizza?
Do you feel like having a
chess a popular board game
game of chess?
For most of my childhood,
childhood the period of life when you're a child
our family lived in London.
We were poor, but we always
clothing things you wear, like shirts, socks, etc. had enough food and
clothing.
My grandmother used to
coal black substance that's dug up and burned cook on a stove that burned
coal.
How many cups of coffee do
coffee a drink made with ground, roasted seeds
you drink every day?
Some historians say
commerce the buying and selling of goods and services commerce began about
10,000 years ago.
The Buddha taught us to feel
compassion strong sympathy for others compassion for all living
things.
Sayoko's comprehension of
comprehension the ability to understand something
written English is excellent.
This website's content is
content the material in a file or on a website
great, and so is the design.
All this corruption has made
corruption dishonest or illegal activity by public officials
many politicians very rich.
American farmers used
cotton a type of cloth made from plant fibres African people as slaves to
pick cotton.
The protesters showed so
courage the ability to act despite danger or fear much courage, knowing they
could be shot at any moment.
How much local currency
currency the type of money used in a country will I need to get a taxi from
the airport?
We couldn't believe how
damage harm caused to something or someone much damage the storm had
caused.
My legs are sore after so
dancing bodily movements made to music much dancing in the club last
night.
Before the hunter could
danger the possibility of something very bad happening shoot, the deer sensed the
danger and ran off.
How much data can your
data statistical or digital information
computer's hard drive store?
 C-D definition example sentence
We took great delight in
delight great happiness or pleasure watching our kids act in the
play.
Would you like some ice
dessert sweet food eaten at the end of a meal
cream for dessert?
He accepted his defeat with
dignity calm and mature self-respect dignity, and waved to the
crowd.
My brother's face was
dirt soil, or anything that makes something dirty covered in dirt and his hair
was a mess.
Marketing ebooks is difficult,
distribution a system for getting things to those who want them
but distribution is easy.
All the furniture in the empty
dust tiny particles in the air or on surfaces
house was covered in dust.
Uncountable Nouns E-F

Uncountable Nouns E-F

E-F definition example sentence
One of our
daughters wants to
economics the study of the production and distribution of goods and services
study economics at
university.
To get on in this
education the systematic teaching of children or adults world, you need a
good education.
Electricity is
dangerous, so don't
electricity the power that runs lights, computers, etc.
try to fix the wires
yourself.
She graduated from
university two
years ago, but she
employment work given to someone for money
still hasn't found
full-time
employment.
Using clean energy
like wind and solar
energy the power to do things, or the power that makes things work
power is better than
burning coal or oil.
If she likes learning
about machines,
engineering the design and building of roads, machines, etc.
she should study
engineering.
I never thought I'd
get so much
enjoyment the pleasure you get from something
enjoyment from
reading a book.
entertainment films, TV shows, etc. that we watch for enjoyment Television is one of
the cheapest forms
 E-F definition example sentence
of entertainment.
You should have
seen the envy on
Harry's face when
envy the feeling of wanting what someone else has
he saw his
neighbour's new
car.
My gym costs more
than hers, but it's
equipment all the things needed to do a job or activity
got much better
equipment.
If schools taught
ethics as a core
ethics the study of the principles of right and wrong subject, the world
would be a much
better place.
There's a lot of
evidence proving
evidence information used to show that something is true he was there, like
fingerprints and
DNA.
Some people still
don't believe in
evolution from
evolution gradual change or development over time
natural selection,
despite all the
scientific evidence.
Sometimes we
learn more from
failure lack of success in doing something
failure than we do
from success.
I have faith in Mark
because he always
faith strong belief or trust
does what he says
he'll do.
Lots of people
dream of fame and
fame being known about or recognized by many people
fortune, but very
few achieve it.
Alan's favourite
fiction books that tell imagined stories work of fiction is
Lord of the Rings.
If you're going
flour powder from grinding grains such as wheat shopping, could
you get some flour?
I've had the flu all
week, and I can't
flu an illness that feels like a very bad cold
stop coughing and
sneezing.
If you want to live
food the things people or animals eat a long and healthy
life, eat good food.
freedom the ability, or the right, to do what you choose to do If you still don't
 E-F definition example sentence
have freedom, you
should be fighting
for it!
Fruit is delicious,
fruit foods like apples, oranges, bananas, etc. and it's also really
good for you.
The pump stopped
fuel anything that can be burned for heat or energy working because
it'd run out of fuel.
Our kids had lots of
fun enjoyment from playful activities fun at the beach
today.
My wife always
furniture tables, chairs, beds, etc. wants to buy more
furniture.

Uncountable Nouns G-H

G-H definition example sentence
garbage things that you throw away Did you remember to take out the garbage?
People say garlic makes breath smell bad, but I can't
garlic a vegetable similar to an onion
smell it.
a household fuel for heating and
gas We didn't used that much gas last month, did we?
cooking
People who breed animals usually know a lot about
genetics the study of genes and heredity
genetics.
the material windows and bottles are Bottles made of glass are better for recycling than
glass
made of plastic ones.
European invaders stole a lot of gold from South
gold a precious metal (symbol Au)
America.
a game played with clubs and small Why don't we have a game of golf on Sunday
golf
white balls afternoon?
the sharing of stories about other I can't believe how much gossip I heard at Doreen's
gossip
people's private lives dinner party.
We need activities that make learning grammar more
grammar the rules of a language
interesting.
a plant that's grown to cover ground in The grass in the back yard's getting too long, so I'd
grass
parks and gardens better cut it.
Ricardo expressed his gratitude to all those who'd
gratitude the feeling of being thankful
helped him.
grief a feeling of great sadness Maria was overcome with grief when her sister died.
We lay with our backs on the ground and looked at the
ground the surface of the earth
stars.
a feeling of shame for doing something Do politicians feel any guilt when they start a war to
guilt
wrong boost their popularity?
I really enjoyed watching the gymnastics at the
gymnastics a sport involving physical exercises
Olympics.
Harry's hair was long and blond when he was a
hair the thin strands that grow on your head
teenager, but now it's short and gray.
happiness the feeling of being joyful or happy They enjoyed many years of happiness together.
hardware the solid parts of a computer system Your hardware is fine, but you need to get some new
 software.
harm damage or injury Luckily the storm didn't do any harm to our fruit tress.
Their eyes were full of hate as they beat and kicked
hate strong dislike of someone or something
their victim.
hatred strong dislike of someone or something Why do they feel so much hatred towards gay people?
health the state of your body and mind His health improved a lot after he started exercising.
heat high temperature The heat from the fire kept us warm all night.
height how tall something or someone is My brother and I are around the same height.
help assistance given to someone in need How much help did you get with your homework?
homework schoolwork done at home I did all my homework myself!
the quality of being honest, or of
honesty Are you speaking with complete honesty about this?
telling the truth
honey a sweet food found in beehives Would you like some honey on your toast?
We were amazed by the hospitality of the people in the
hospitality welcoming behaviour towards visitors
village.
cleaning, washing and cooking done at
housework Does your husband do much of the housework?
home
Even though it was a serious movie, it had moments of
humour the quality that makes something funny
humour.
the feeling you get when your body By 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I was feeling pangs of
hunger
needs food hunger.
a gas that can't be seen or smelled
hydrogen Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.
(symbol H)
Uncountable Nouns I-J

ncountable Nouns I-J

I-J definition example sentence
ice frozen water Would you like some ice in your drink?
If I eat too much ice cream, I start to put on
ice cream a frozen dessert food
weight.
The research shows the importance of regular
importance the degree to which something is important
exercise.
Inflation has made everything more expensive
inflation rising prices
than before.
Do you think the information on this website is
information facts about something or someone
accurate?
Nelson Mandela spent most of his life fighting
injustice unfair treatment
injustice.
Despite their innocence, many good people were
innocence the fact of not being guilty of a crime
sent to jail.
Do you think IQ tests really measure
intelligence the ability to think about complex ideas
intelligence?
In ancient Rome, knives and spear tips were
iron a strong metal (symbol Fe)
made of iron.
humour in which someone says the As we stood in the rain, Julie said, with much
irony
opposite of what they really mean irony, "Lovely weather, isn't it?"
sweet food made from fruit and spread on Can I have some strawberry jam on my toast,
jam
bread please?
jealousy a bad feeling experienced if we think If she even looks at another guy, her boyfriend
I-J definition example sentence
someone we love wants someone else goes crazy with jealousy.
jelly
a dessert made with gelatine Mum made some red jelly for dessert.
(British)
sweet food made from fruit and spread on Can I have one of your peanut butter and jelly
jelly (USA)
bread sandwiches?
When I held our first baby, tears of joy ran down
joy a feeling of great happiness
my cheeks.
judo a martial art that employs throws and holds Did you know that judo is an Olympic sport now?
Every morning I have a glass of freshly-squeezed
juice any liquid that's squeezed from fruit
orange juice.
Those boys who were jailed for a crime they
justice the fair treatment of people
didn't commit are still waiting for justice.

Uncountable Nouns K-L

K-L definition example sentence
a martial art that employs kicks and
karate My brother has a black belt in karate, so don't bully me!
punches
the quality of being kind to other If you speak and act with kindness, everyone will like
kindness
living things you.
facts and information known by We all need the knowledge and skills that an education
knowledge
someone provides.
labour work, especially physical work Does this price include the cost of labour?
lack a shortage of something The lack of English-speaking workers is a problem.
land an area of ground How much of this land can be used for farming?
laughter the act or the sound of laughing There's always a lot of laughter in Maria's classes.
Look at all that lava coming down the side of the
lava hot, molten rock
volcano!
animal skin used for making clothes,
leather If you're going to ride a motorbike, wear a leather jacket.
bags, etc.
free time, or things you do in your Her favourite leisure activities are reading and playing
leisure
free time tennis.
flashes of light in the sky during a
lightning Did you see all the lightning during the storm last night?
storm
If you study linguistics, you'll learn all about language
linguistics the study of language
and how it works.
literature novels, short stories, poetry, etc. English literature was my favourite subject at school.
litter rubbish dropped in public places People who leave their litter behind are lazy and selfish.
livestock animals that are kept on a farm Are you sure the livestock on this farm is well-treated?
logic reasoned thought Can you explain the logic behind your decision?
She lives by herself, but she doesn't suffer from
loneliness unhappiness caused by being alone
loneliness.
love a very strong feeling of affection How many different kinds of love can you think of?
luck good fortune Kim never seems to have much luck when she gambles.
bags and suitcases used while
luggage Can I leave my luggage here while I go to the bathroom?
travelling

Uncountable Nouns M-N

 M-N definition example sentence
We'll have to buy a lot of new machinery for the
machinery several machines, esp. large ones
factory.
a mysterious power, or a magician's You don't really believe in the power of magic, do
magic
tricks you?
mail letters and parcels sent by post Who collects your mail while you're away?
the job of running an organisation or Without good management, a company won't last
management
business long.
He says mankind's biggest challenge is global
mankind all the people in the world
warming.
marble a type of stone used for building Is this floor really made of Italian marble?
If you want to be an engineer, you'll have to study
mathematics the study of numbers and shapes
mathematics.
Do you want some mayonnaise on your salad
mayonnaise a thick white sauce eaten with salads
sandwich?
His body was covered in red spots, so we thought
measles a type of disease
he had measles.
meat animal or bird flesh eaten as food Did you buy this meat from our local butcher?
Bicycle frames are usually made of light-weight
metal a hard substance, like iron or gold
metal.
methane a colourless gas that's used as a fuel Is it possible to run a car on methane?
the liquid that baby mammals get from
milk How many litres of milk do you drink every day?
their mothers
what you earn from work, and then spend
money I'm trying to save enough money to buy a car.
or save
mud soft, wet earth I fell over and got mud all over my clothes.
music organised sound made for enjoyment What sort of music do you like?
all living things and the habitats that The beauty of nature has inspired many artists and
nature
sustain them poets.
news information about recent events My dad watches the news on TV every night.
one of the gases in our atmosphere
nitrogen Did you know that you can't see or smell nitrogen?
(symbol N)
You don't believe all that nonsense about ghosts, do
nonsense anything that isn't true or sensible
you?
the care given to a growing person or Parents are responsible for the nurture of their
nurture
animal young.
If we eat for nutrition instead of taste, we'll all be
nutrition food the body needs for health
healthier.

Uncountable Nouns O-P

O-P definition example sentence
Military commanders expect obedience
obedience doing what someone tells you to do
from their troops.
Diseases caused by obesity kill millions of
obesity the condition of being too fat
people every year.
Saudi Arabia makes a lot of money from
oil a dark liquid from under the ground
selling oil.
When you breathe in, your body gets
oxygen a chemical element in air and water (symbol O)
oxygen from the air.
paper material used for writing on or wrapping How many sheets of paper do you need?
 O-P definition example sentence
People on both sides of the debate spoke
passion a very strong feeling
with passion.
Spaghetti, ravioli and lasagna are different
pasta an Italian food made from flour and water
types of pasta.
After waiting an hour to see a doctor, I ran
patience the ability to wait without getting angry or upset
out of patience and left.
You'll need permission from the boss if
permission the right to do something you can't normally do
you want to leave early.
These new theories in physics are difficult
physics the scientific study of matter and energy
to understand.
Have you ever read the poetry of Walt
poetry literature in the form of poems and verses
Whitman?
Most air pollution comes from cars and
pollution waste products that damage the environment
factories.
Millions of people are still living in
poverty the state of being very poor
poverty.
The police have the power to arrest and
power the ability to control people or things
charge people.
the feeling you have when you, or someone close We watched with pride as our son was
pride
to you, does something special awarded his medal.
production the process of making or growing things Rice production has increased this year.
I hope you're making progress in your
progress improvement or development
English.
Your pronunciation of English is
pronunciation the sounds made when speaking a language
excellent.
psychology the study of the mind My sister wants to study psychology.
attention given to something in newspapers, TV, The royal wedding got a lot of publicity in
publicity
etc. the media.
small marks used when writing, like commas and Good punctuation will make your writing
punctuation
question marks easier to read.

Uncountable Nouns Q-R

Q definition example sentence
Good quality shoes last longer than shoes of poor
quality the standard of something, or how good it is
quality.
the amount of something, or the number of The police found a large quantity of stolen goods
quantity
things in the house.
Quartz is often used in high-quality watches and
quartz a very hard rock
clocks.
the belief that some races of people are better Racism is still a problem in many parts of the
racism
than others world.
rain water that falls from clouds in the sky All the farmers in our village are praying for rain.
Our students want less homework and more time
recreation the things you do for fun or pleasure
for recreation.
Meditation is one of the best techniques for
relaxation a state of rest or low stress
relaxation.
The main selling points for this car are its safety
reliability the quality of being unlikely to fail
and reliability.
research work done to find or discover knowledge Before writing his book, he put a lot of time into
 Q definition example sentence
research.
Children in Asia have a lot of respect for their
respect admiration for someone
teachers.
acts done to punish someone who has hurt The kids got together and planned their revenge
revenge
you on the bully.
How much rice do you think we need to cook for
rice a type of grain
the stir-fry?
Do you think there's enough room for a piano in
room the space needed for something
here?
rubbish things you don't need and throw away Put any rubbish in that bin over there.
rum a type of alcoholic drink Pirates like Blackbeard loved to drink rum.

Uncountable Nouns: S
S definition example sentence
safety the lack of danger My grandma always worries about safety in airplanes.
mix of raw vegetables like lettuce,
salad Would you like some salad with your meal?
tomato, etc.
salt a white substance often added to food Could you pass the salt and pepper, please?
material found at beaches and in the
sand We went to the beach and built a castle out of sand.
desert
humour used to criticize someone or
satire A lot of political cartoonists use satire in their work.
something
scenery views of mountains, lakes, valleys, etc. The scenery in the mountains was magnificent.
seafood food from the sea, like fish, crabs, etc. My wife loves seafood, especially lobster and prawns.
seaside an area near the sea Every year we spend our vacation at the seaside.
the bad feeling you get after doing I'll never forget the shame I felt when I was caught
shame
something wrong stealing.
the activity of going to shops and buying Can't you think of anything better to do in your free
shopping
things time than shopping?
silence complete quiet, with no sound at all After a moment of silence, we started talking again.
a natural state of unconsciousness and
sleep All animals need periods of sleep, even fish and frogs.
rest
clouds that rise from something that's
smoke We could see the smoke, so we knew there was a fire.
burning
the act of enjoying cigarettes, pipes, Some politicians want to ban smoking in all public
smoking
cigars, etc. places.
soft flakes that fall from the sky in cold
snow Does it ever snow in Brazil, or is it too hot?
weather
There's a new bar of soap in the cupboard in the
soap a substance that makes cleaning easier
bathroom.
computer programs and operating We used to buy software on discs, but now we
software
systems download it.
The soil would be healthier if we added manure and
soil dirt or earth in which plants can grow
compost to it.
Can you imagine how much sorrow his mother must
sorrow a feeling of great sadness
have felt?
There's a tin of tomato soup in the cupboard if you
soup a liquid food usually served in a bowl
want it.
speed how fast something moves I wonder what the new Ferrari's top speed is.
 S definition example sentence
spelling forming written words with letters If you read more books, your spelling will improve.
competitive activities like football, golf, Do you think Uncle Bill watches too much sport on
sport
tennis, etc. TV?
steam hot gas that rises from boiling water Trains and ships used to be powered by steam.
strength physical power Lifting that heavy sofa took all my strength.
stuff undefined material or things What's this brown stuff on the bottom of my shoe?
stupidity lack of thought or intelligence We're all capable of stupidity from time to time.
Success is great, but you can learn a lot from failure
success the achievement of a goal
too.
How many teaspoons of sugar would you like in your
sugar sweet crystals put in tea and coffee
tea?
We need a few minutes of sunshine every day to stay
sunshine light from the sun
healthy.
The more symmetry there is in a face, the more
symmetry perfect balance in design or form
beautiful it is.

Uncountable Nouns T-V

T definition example sentence
a drink made by adding boiling water
tea Would you like a cup of peppermint tea?
to dried plant parts
game played on a court with racquets My grandma is too old for tennis, but she still plays
tennis
and balls golf.
the feeling you get when your body No matter how bad your thirst gets, don't drink sea
thirst
needs water water!
There was a flash of lightning, and then a crack of
thunder a loud sound heard during a storm
thunder.
wood for building and for making The frame is made of timber, but the walls are made
timber
furniture of brick.
How much time do you spend at your computer
time duration as measured by clocks
every day?
slices of bread that have been cooked
toast Would you prefer jam or honey on your toast?
in a toaster
the ability to accept beliefs and Parents and teachers should encourage tolerance
tolerance
behaviour that differ from our own among children.
the buying and selling of goods and How much is our trade with African countries
trade
services worth?
all the cars and other vehicles using a The traffic on Main Street is always bad in the
traffic
road morning.
the moving of goods and people from Don't forget the cost of transportation from the
transportation
place to place airport.
going to other places, esp. distant
travel How much travel will the job require?
places
A company that betrays a customer's trust won't last
trust the belief that someone is honest
long.
U definition example sentence
knowledge about something or The classes will improve your understanding of
understanding
someone grammar.
underwear clothing worn under other clothes Don't forget to take plenty of underwear on the trip.
 T definition example sentence
Unemployment is a serious problem in many
unemployment the lack of paid work
countries.
College initiation rituals are meant to create unity in
unity the state of forming one unit
the group.
usage how, or how much, something is used Internet usage in China has increased a lot this year.
V definition example sentence
the state of being acceptable, legally The officials checked the validity of everyone's
validity
or logically passport.
After petting a young calf, my son said he wouldn't
veal meat from a calf
eat veal any more.
Elephants can eat many different kinds of
vegetation plants and trees
vegetation.
the practice of only eating plant-based My doctor explained all the health benefits of
vegetarianism
foods vegetarianism.
the act of punishing somebody who These two families have been carrying out acts of
vengeance
has hurt you vengeance on each other for fifty years.
Both families want to end the violence, but they
violence actions meant to hurt or kill
don't know how to.
vision the ability to see The injury to his eye limited his vision.
In their performance, all the dancers showed great
vitality energy and enthusiasm
vitality.

Uncountable Nouns W-Z

W definition
warmth the state, or the feeling, of mild heat
water a clear liquid that we have to drink
wealth money and other valuable things
local conditions, incl. temperature and
weather
rainfall
weight how heavy a person or an object is
the health and well-being of people or
welfare
animals
wheat a grain that's used for making bread
whiskey a strong alcoholic drink
width the distance from one side to the other
animals and other living things in their
wildlife
natural habitats
wine an alcoholic drink made from grapes
knowledge of life that's gained from
wisdom
experience
wood the hard material in trees
wool thick hair that grows on sheep
a job done for money, or any productive
work
activity
example sentence
We lay on the sand feeling the warmth of the sun on
our bodies.
Is the water here safe to drink?
His only goal in life was to accumulate more and
more wealth.
The weather here is always beautiful in spring.
If I eat too much, I'll start putting on weight.
A government's main responsibility is the welfare of
its people.
Every year we export millions of tons of wheat.
How many glasses of whiskey did you drink?
The pool's length is 100 metres, and the width is 20
metres.
Do you think shooting wildlife should be called a
sport?
Shall we have a bottle of wine with our meal?
There was a lot of wisdom in what our grandmother
said.
Is Jenny's new dining table made of wood?
How much wool grows on a sheep in one year?
Try to find work doing something you love doing.
 W definition example sentence
If you don't add yeast to the dough, the bread won't
yeast a fungus used to make bread, wine and beer
rise.
a system of techniques for body and mind Yoga has been practised in India for thousands of
yoga
control years.
Is it better to spend one's youth travelling or
youth the time, or the state, of being young
studying?
Zinc is an important trace element, especially for
zinc a chemical element (symbol Zn)
men.
Zoology is one of the most interesting branches of
zoology the scientific study of animals
biology.