Comparative Analysis of Crack Propagatio

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN

VIBRATING CANTILEVER BEAMS OF BRASS AND ALUMINIUM
JN Mahto1, S C Roy2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad (Jharkhand)
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad (Jharkhand)
Abstract
In present investigation, attempt has been made to find out the propagation of crack growth rate of vibrating cantilever beams of
brass and aluminium from free end to fixed end. The values of V, B, F, and D were observed and calculated at different frequency
of 60 Hz,80 Hz,100 Hz and 120 Hz. Fixing length of specimens of both the materials were kept constant at a value of 400 mm and
350 mm during experimental work. Cracks of size 2 mm x 2 mm were artificially generated at 155 mm and 123 mm from free end.
A mathematical model was developed using dimensional analysis to find out the value of crack growth rate along the vibrating
cantilever beam. Calculated values of G were plotted to observe crack growth rate along the beam for different specimens of
brass and aluminium at different crack location. Plots were compared and analysed to find out the effect of Crack location at
different frequency.
Keywords: Accelerometer, Cantilever Beam, Crack Growth Rate, Fixing Length, Frequency, Velocity of Vibration
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION 3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL

Engineering structures are designed to withstand the loads In the present work, the vibration characteristics of uniform
they are expected to be subject to while in service. There is a cantilever beam were investigated for different specimens of
continuous demand of energy, due to technological brass and aluminium. The variables considered for the
development, which is being fulfilled by various analysis were velocity of vibration(V), force per cross-
conventional and non-conventional energy resources. There sectional area (W), distance of crack from fixed end (B),
are many critical components that cannot be just spared, frequency of the force per fixing length (F), distance of
therefore, it is very important to know the effect of crack accelerometer from free end (D). Here, the total number of
position on the life of a machine components in its working variables = 6, number of fundamental units = 3, number of
condition. Crack is one of the most common faults that if dimensionless group = 3, functional relationship, Φ(V, D,
F,B,G)=0. Using Buckingham Pi Theorem the value of G is
develops, may cause catastrophic damages in structures. The �
input vibration at different frequency affects crack growth obtained as = (10−14 ) �3 2
. The values of G
�
rate at different position from free end towards fixed end. were calculated for fixing length of 400 mm and at
frequency of 60Hz, 80Hz, 100Hz and 120Hz for both the
2. LITERATURE REVIEW materials. Graphs were plotted for the specimens under
forced vibration and were observed to compare and
It has been observed that both crack location and crack
characterize the behaviour of the specimens.
depth has noticeable effect on the modal parameters of the
cracked beam[1]. The effect of vibration is evident in the 4. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
work of researchers for the applications of Wavelet
Transformation to detect crack-like damage in structures Specimens were positioned as a cantilever beam as shown in
[2,3]. Crack propagation simulated with previously obtained Fig-1.Two specimens of each material were prepared and a
experimental data may be more preferable in that under this crack was artificially generated on two specimens of each
situation, the fatigue tests are inexpensive, fast and non- material. Cracks with cross section 2 mm x 2 mm, across the
width of specimen were ground using horizontal grinding
complex in nature. It has proven to be a powerful and
machine on a 500 mm long rectangular bar of cross section
versatile soft-computing method which is quite efficient in
50 mm x 12 mm. The location of crack was artificially
modelling complicated linear and nonlinear relationships
generated at 155 mm and 123 mm from free end in all the
based on of experimental data in a number of engineering
specimens of each material. Experiment were conducted to
fields[4]. It is important to note that even in bone injury record the observe values of velocity of vibration at different
crack growth rate plays a vital role. Gibson worked with values of B, F and D. Observations were made for fixing
bone to characterize fatigue life of bone and suggested that length of 400 mm and 350 mm of the beam at different
crack growth rate in different cortical regions is different frequency of 60 Hz,80 Hz, 100 Hz and120 Hz.
[5].
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 10 | Oct-2016, Available @ http://ijret.esatjournals.org 185
80 Hz_ G_Brass
Crack Growth Rate, G(micro-

80 Hz_G_ Al
100
eter/hr)
10
1
0 100 200 300
0.1
Fig-1: Block diagram of forced vibration Experimental
setup 0.01
Distance of Accelerometer from Free
End, D(in mm)
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Fig-3: Variation of crack growth rate of brass and Al at 80
The values of crack growth rate were calculated using Hz with fixing length 400 mm
function, G/(D2.F) = f(B/D,V/D2.F). Calculated values of
crack growth rate at fixing length of 400 mm of vibrating 100 Hz_G_Brass
cantilever beam, at different frequency of 60 Hz, 80 Hz, 100
100 Hz_G_ Al
Hz and 120 Hz were plotted in fig- 2 to fig- 5 to compare 10000
the results. Variation of crack growth rate were shown in
Crack Growth Rate , G(in
fig-6 to fig- 9 for fixing length 350 mm of vibrating 1000

cantilever beam at frequencies of 60 Hz, 80 Hz, 100 Hz and
micrometer/ hr)
120 Hz. Variation of crack growth rate for brass and 100
aluminium were shown in fig-10 to fig-13 at fixing length of
10
400 mm and 350 mm at different frequency as mentioned.
1
0 100 200 300
60 Hz_ G_Brass 0.1
Crack Growth Rate, G(micro-meter/hr)
60 Hz_ G_ Al 0.01
Distance of Accelereometer From Free
End, D( in mm)
100 Fig-4: Variation of crack growth rate of brass and Al at 100
Hz with fixing length 400 mm
10
120 Hz_ G_Brass
1 120 Hz_G_Al
0 100 200 300 100000

0.1 10000
micrometer/hr)
1000
100
0.01
10
Distance of Accelerometer from Free 1
End, D(in mm) 0.1 0 100 200 300
0.01
End, D( in mm)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
60 Hz_G_Brass 120 Hz_G_brass

60_Hz_G_Al 120 Hz_G_Al

100000
micrometer/ hr)
10000
micrometer/ hr)
10
1000
1 100
0 100 200 300 10
0.1
1
0.01 0.1 0 100 200 300
0.001 0.01
Distance of Accelereometer From Free Distance of Accelereometer From Free
End, D( in mm) End, D( in mm)
60 _G_D
80 _G_D
100 _G_D
80 Hz_G_brass
Crack Growth Rate , G (micro- 120 _G_D
100000
80 Hz_G_Al
10000
1000
meter/hour)
100 100
micrometer/ hr)
10
10
1
1 0.1 0 100 200 300
0 100 200 300 0.01
0.1 0.001
Distance of Accelerometer From Free
End, D (in mm)
0.01
Fig- 10: Determination of crack growth rate for
End, D( in mm)
accelerometer moving from free end for brass with fixing
Fig-7: Variation of crack growth rate of brass and Al at 80 length 400 mm.
100 Hz_G_brass
60_G_D
100 Hz_G_Al 80 _G_D
10000 100 _G_D

Crack Growth Rate, G(micro-
120 _G_D
micrometer/ hr)
1000 10000
100 1000
meter/hour)
10 100
1 10
0.1 0 100 200 300
1
0.01
Distance of Accelereometer From Free 0.1 0 100 200 300
End, D( in mm) 0.01

Fig-8: Variation of crack growth rate of brass and Al at 100 Distance of Accelerometer From Free
Hz with fixing length 350 mm End, D(in mm)
Fig-11:Determination of crack growth rate for accelerometer
moving from free end for aluminium with fixing length 400
mm.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
60 _G_D NOMENCLATURE
80 _G_D V Velocity of vibration (m/s)
W force per cross-sectional area (N/m2)
100 _G_D B Distance of crack from free end (m)
Crack Growth Rate , G (micro-meter/hour)
120 _G_D F Frequency of the force per fixing length(m)

D Distance of the accelerometer from free end (m)
100000 G Crack growth rate ( micrometer/hr)
10000
REFERENCES
1000 [1]. Batabyal AK, Sankar P, Paul TK, Crack Detection in
Cantilever Beam using Vibration Response, Vibration
100 Problems ICOVP-2007, Springer Netherlands, ISBN: 978-1-
4020-9091-2 (print), Oct. 09, 2008, pp 27-33.
10 [2]. Ovanesova AV and Suarez LE, "Applications of
Wavelet Transforms to Damage Detection in Frame
1 Structure," Engineering Structure, vol. 26, pp. 39-49, 2004.
0 100 200 300 [3]. Hansang K and Hani M, "Damage Detection of
0.1 Structures by Wavelet Analysis," Engineering Structure, ol.
26, pp. 347-362, 2004.
0.01
[4]. Al-Nashash H, Al-Assaf HY, and Mansoor BW, "Laser
speckle for materials classification utilizing wavelets and
0.001
Distance of Accelerometer From Free neural networks image processing techniques," Journal
End, D (in mm) Materials Evaluation, vol. 59, pp. 1072-1078, 2001.
Fig- 12: Determination of crack growth rate for [5]. G. Pantazopoulos, A review of defects and failures in
accelerometer moving from free end for brass with fixing brass rods and related components, Practical Failure
length 350 mm Analysis, 3 (4) (2003), pp. 14–22.
60 _ Hz
BIOGRAPHIES
80 _Hz
Mr Jitendra Nath Mahto is Assistant Professor,
100 _ Hz Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri,
Crack Growth Rate , G (micro-
120 _Hz Jharkhnad, India. He has done his B.E. in Mechainacal

10000 Engineering from BIT Mesra, Ranchi and M.Tech. from
BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand. At present doing Ph. D.
1000 from BIT Sindri, Dhanbad and thesis has been submitted in
meter/hour)
Binoba Bhave University, Hazaribag. He has five years

100 industrial experience and 10 years teaching experience. His
10 field of specialization is Design. Mr. J. N. Mahto has
published several papers in various national, international
1 conferences and journals. He has guided students for their
M. Tech. work.
0 100 200 300
0.1
Dr. S.C.Roy is working as a Professor & Head in
0.01 Mechanical Engineering Department, BIT, Sindri,
Jharkhand, India. He has done his Ph.D. from Jadavpur
0.001 University. He has engaged in teaching and research
Distance of Accelerometer From Free
End, D (in mm) activities since the last 35 years. He has published several
Fig- 13 : Determination of crack growth rate for papers on various research areas, in national and
accelerometer moving from free end for aluminium with international journals.
fixing length 350 mm
6. CONCLUSION
From fig- 2 to fig- 9, it was found that crack growth rate of
brass is more than aluminium. This difference in crack
growth rate was due to density difference, as the density of
brass has 8500 kg/m3 and that of aluminium has 2700 kg/m3.
Fig- 10 to fig- 13 show that crack growth rate increases with
increase in frequency of vibration.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CRACK PROPAGATION IN

1. INTRODUCTION 3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL

Crack Growth Rate, G(micro-

fig-6 to fig- 9 for fixing length 350 mm of vibrating 1000

0 100 200 300 100000

60 Hz_G_Brass 120 Hz_G_brass

Crack Growth Rate , G(in

10000 100 _G_D

End, D( in mm) 0.01

120 _G_D F Frequency of the force per fixing length(m)

120 _Hz Jharkhnad, India. He has done his B.E. in Mechainacal

Binoba Bhave University, Hazaribag. He has five years

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