GROUP 4:

EMOTIONS AND
EMOTIONAL
STATES
AGANAP, ACOSTA, BALASE, TAN, VIAJAR
 Introduction
Individuals' reactions to events or circumstances, or their
feelings, are known as emotions. The situation that causes a
reaction determines the kind of emotion that individual will
feel. For instance, when someone hears excellent news, they
are happy. When someone is in danger, they become afraid.
What Are Emotions?

According to the American

Psychological Association (APA),
emotion is defined as “a complex
reaction pattern, involving
experiential, behavioral and
physiological elements.”
Definitions of Emotion

Paul Ekman
In 1972, psychologist Paul
Ekman suggested that there are
six basic emotions that are
universal throughout human
cultures: fear, disgust, anger,
surprise, happiness, and
sadness.
Definitions of Emotion

Robert Plutchik
In the 1980s, Robert Plutchik introduced
another emotion classification system
known as the "wheel of emotions." This
model demonstrated how different
emotions can be combined or mixed
together, much the way an artist mixes
primary colors to create other colors.
3 Key Elements of Emotions
Subjective Physiological Behavioral
Experience Response Response
While academics The autonomic nerve Our ability to accurately
contend that a handful of system regulates the understand these
fundamental, universal body's automatic expressions is tied to
feelings are shared by functions, including what psychologists call
people from all digestion and blood flow. emotional intelligence,
backgrounds and Control of the body's and these expressions
cultures, they also fight-or-flight responses play a major part in our
contend that emotion is the responsibility of overall body language.
experience can be the sympathetic nervous
incredibly subjective. system.
Theories of Emotion

Charles Darwin
The evolutionary theory of emotion, put out by Charles Darwin,
contends that feelings are environment-adaptive and increase our
chances of surviving. For instance, because they encourage mating
and reproduction, feelings like love are adaptive. Fear is one emotion
that protects us from predators. (LeDoux, 2012)
Theories of Emotion

The James-Lange theory

asserts that emotion is a result of our
bodies' physical reactions. Your heart
rate goes up, for instance, if someone
approaches you silently and yells. You
sense terror because your heartbeat
quickens.
The James-Lange idea is expanded upon by
the facial-feedback theory. It implies that
physical activity affects emotion; for
example, forcing a smile would make you feel
happier than not forcing one at all. (Davis,
Senghas, & Ochsner, 2009)
Theories of Emotion

The Cannon-Bard Theory

refutes the James-Lange theory, asserting that
people experience emotional and physical
responses at the same time (Friedman, 2010).
Theories of Emotion

The Schachter-Singer theory

is a cognitive theory of emotion that contends that emotions are
really the result of our thinking. The cognitive appraisal theory is
comparable to this theory. It makes the argument that one must
first think before feeling anything. For instance, if your brain
interprets a circumstance as dangerous, you will feel terror.
Types of Emotions
Happiness Sadness Fear
Fear can speed up the pulse
rate, send thoughts racing, or
Since happiness is a All of us occasionally feel start the fight-or-flight
pleasant emotion that is depressed. Someone reaction. It might be a
accompanied by a sense may cry, keep silent, or response to real or imagined
of well-being and retreat from others to threats. Some people
satisfaction, many convey their unhappiness engage in activities like
individuals pursue it. (Danese, et al., 2016). viewing scary movies, going
Smiling or using a cheery Sadness can take various on roller coasters, or
voice are frequent ways forms, such as grief, skydiving to experience the
to convey happiness. hopelessness, and adrenaline rush that comes
disappointment. with dread (Carrive, et al.,
2015).
 Types of Emotions
Disgust Anger Surprise

Physical experiences like Grumbling, shouting, or Surprises can either be

seeing or smelling blood, engaging in aggressive enjoyable or unpleasant.
decaying food, or action are all ways that When you are startled,
uncleanliness can all cause people express their you could open your
disgust. When someone anger. Finding a healthy mouth or gasp (Liu, et al.,
observes another person outlet for your anger will 2019). The fight-or-flight
acting in a way they feel prevent it from hurting response can be
objectionable or unethical, you or other people, yet triggered by surprise just
moral revulsion may develop anger can inspire you to like by fear.
(Butko, et al., 2018). make changes in your life
(Martin, 2019).
Emotions, Feelings, and Moods

The words emotions, feelings, and

moods are frequently used
interchangeably in ordinary speech,
although they actually have
diverse meanings.
 Feelings are what we experience as a result
of emotions, which are responses to stimuli.
The way we perceive a situation affects how
we feel, which is why different people who
are experiencing the same emotion may feel
completely different things (Cookson, 2015).
Emotions, Feelings, and Moods
Consider the scenario of arguing with a friend. Both of you might
leave the conversation having felt the emotion of fury.

Because you believe your friend never pays attention to you

when you speak, your dissatisfaction may come out as hostility.
On the other hand, your friend's rage can come off as jealousy
because they think you know a lot more than they do about the
subject. Although you are both experiencing the same
experience, due to your differing perceptions, your feelings are
different.
Emotions, Feelings, and Moods

Temporary emotional states are referred to as moods.

Sometimes, moods are brought on by blatant factors. For

example, you might be in a good mood this week because you
feel like everything is going your way. However, it can frequently
be challenging to pinpoint the precise reason for a mood. For
instance, you might discover that you've been depressed for a
few days without knowing why.
Emotions, Feelings, and Moods

Emotions Feelings Moods

feelings are what we A mood can be described as

Emotions are reactions
experience as a result of a temporary emotional
to stimuli
emotions state.
References
APA Dictionary of Psychology. Emotion. American Psychological Association.

Hockenbury D. Hockenbury SE. Discovering Psychology. Worth Publishers.

Ekman P. Basic emotions. In: Dalgliesh T, Power MJ, eds. Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd;
2005:45-60. doi:10.1002/0470013494.ch3

Plutchik R. In search of the basic emotions. Contemp Psychol J Rev. 1984;29(6):511-513. doi:10.1037/022979

LeDoux JE. Evolution of human emotion: a view through fear. Prog Brain Res. 2012;195:431-442.
doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53860-4.00021-0

James W. What is an emotion?. Mind. 1884;9(34):188-205. doi:10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188

Schachter S, Singer J. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev. 1962;69(5):379-399.
doi:10.1037/h0046234
The End
AGANAP, ACOSTA, BALASE, TAN, VIAJAR
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