Reader

1
s e c o n d
ed i t i on

Hilda Curwen
Susana Pontón
 Reader
Hilda Curwen
Susana Pontón

1
Publisher The trademark University of Dayton
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Editors
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Sánchez exclusive licensee of the University of
Dayton Publishing brand.
Authors
Hilda Curwen, Susana Pontón University of Dayton
Additional material by Mark Eccles 300 College Park
Dayton, OH 45469
Proofreading
Jessica Melfi Crossover 1
Reader
Series Design First edition, 2012
Rafael Tapia First reprint of the first edition, 2013
Second reprint of the first edition, 2014
Cover Design
Third reprint of the first edition, 2015
Rafael Tapia
Fourth reprint of the first edition, 2016
Design Coordination Fifth reprint of the first edition, 2016
Daniela Ibarra Sixth reprint of the first edition, 2016
Second edition, 2018
Layout and DTP D.R. © U.D. Publishing, S.A. de C.V., 2011
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Printed in Mexico/Impreso en México

Crossover 1
Reader
Este libro se terminó de imprimir en abril
de 2018, en xxxxx
Contents

Teens Volunteering ........................... 5

A Trip to the Moon ............................ 17
Rest and Relaxation .......................... 29
A Travel Brochure ............................. 41
The Legend of King Arthur ............... 51
Our Future World ............................... 61
Summer Camp ................................... 77
Using a Bilingual Dictionary ............ 93
The Human Body ............................... 105
Social Groups .................................... 117

3
 Dear Student,

Welcome to your Reader!

In this book there are ten interesting and entertaining

texts for you to read. They will help you both increase
your knowledge and expand your vocabulary, and
you will learn English in a fun, informative, and
entertaining way.

The title page of each text contains prediction

questions to activate your knowledge and ideas. The
last page contains comprehension questions for you
to check your understanding, review vocabulary, and
discuss the interesting topics.

In addition, you will find many

of the words from the text
included in the Glossary in
your Activity Book.

We are sure you will enjoy

using your Reader. Good
luck!

4
 Teens
Volunteering

t! es?
Predic app e n i n g in t h e pictur
hav e in c ommo
n?
ting?
at is h p ictures nteres
a. Wh me do
t h e
is m o r e i
What the y o u think
. o
b ture d
W h i ch pic
c.

5
 A recent survey shows that today more teens volunteer
in comparison to previous generations. Many teens like
to help out and get experience at the same time.
Teenagers decide what they want to do, how, and where
to help out the most. What is more, these teens work for
free and do not expect any reward.

6
In the US, a recent survey of over
22,000 students concludes that 30%
of teens volunteer at least once a
month. It reports that 22% of students
visit sick children in hospitals and
54% belong to an organization
that requires volunteer work. Also,
22% say they might continue to
volunteer throughout their
life, 32% of volunteers like
the new experiences they
have, and 83% say they
do not feel pressure to
do volunteer work.

https://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files
/cd/2003/fs0323.pdf (accessed March 6, 2018)

7
 Most teenagers think that volunteering is more
fun if you do it with friends. It is also better if you
choose activities of your interest: work for an animal
rescue foundation if you love animals; volunteer at
a senior citizen home if you like to help the elderly;
help pick up trash in your area if you care about the
environment. You can help in any number of ways.

fun n diversión
8
Here is what some teenagers said:

“I love volunteering. The children

I work with are good fun, and they
make me laugh! That’s important!
It gives me a good
feeling.” James, 15

“I think everybody should volunteer.

You make new friends and experience
new situations. Some people who
volunteer with me on the
weekends are now
my best friends.”
Amanda, 14

laugh
la
aug
gh n risa,
riisa
s , v reír
reír
9
 “Volunteering is interesting. It gives me the opportunity to
learn new things. All my friends volunteer, and we always
go together. It is totally my decision to volunteer. It’s a big
responsibility, and I love it!”
Raul, 15

“I like to help others. It helps

me appreciate the good things
in life and be more responsible.
I know I don’t have to do it;
it’s my choice! You shouldn’t
volunteer to do something if you
don’t like it.”
Louisa, 15

behave v comportarse
10
Volunteering is a personal choice that can make a
difference to communities and help people in need.
For many teens, it is an enjoyable and rewarding way
to spend their free time. In the twenty-first century,
organized volunteer work is a big part of everyday life.

choice n opción
11
 Teen Volunteering Questionnaire
What do you think about volunteering? Analyze the
text and answer the questions.

1. How much do you volunteer?

a. Fewer than twenty hours
b. Twenty to thirty-nine hours
c. More than forty hours

2. Why do you volunteer?

a. I want to volunteer to get experience.
b. I want to try all kinds of volunteering.
c. I don’t want to volunteer. It’s a waste of time.

12
3. Should schools put pressure on students
to volunteer?
a. Should put pressure on students to volunteer
b. Shouldn’t put pressure on
students to volunteer

4. What do you think is the

best age to volunteer?
a. Ten years of age
b. Fifteen years of age
c. Eighteen years of age

pressure n presión
13
 5. What volunteer job would you prefer?
a. Visit sick children in hospitals
b. Help feed the homeless
c. Visit old people in a nursing home
d. Do sponsored walks, runs, or bike rides

6. What is the main purpose of volunteering?

a. Offer people new experiences
b. Respond to a social need
c. Make you feel good

14
7. How would you describe volunteer work?
a. Highly rewarding
b. Rewarding
c. Somewhat rewarding
d. Unrewarding

8. What are your reasons for not volunteering?

a. I’m too busy with other activities.
b. I need more opportunities to volunteer.
c. I don’t want to volunteer.

highly adv muy

rewarding adj gratificante
15
 Comprehension Check
1 Label the sentences T (true) or F (false).
a. More teenagers volunteer now than before.
b. Less than half of the people surveyed do volunteer
work.
c. Most volunteers don’t feel pressure to do it.
d. Teens can get experience with volunteer work.
e. Most people receive money for volunteer work.

2 Match the words to their meanings.

a. Rewarding an eldery or aged person
b. Sponsor a person who gives support to or
c. Rescue makes a commitment on
d. Senior citizen behalf of another
e. Choice satisfying, worth doing
the right or power to decide
to save from violence or danger

3 In pairs, discuss the questions.

a. What different types of volunteer work can
people do?
b. What reasons do the teenagers in the report give
for volunteering?
c. Do people volunteer in your community? What
do they do?

16
 4

Georges Méliès

Predict!
a. Look at the movie poster. What do you
think the movie is about?
b. What do you know about this movie?
c. What movies do you know about trips
to outer space?
17
 Scene 1: In the Astronomy Club 4
The astronomers arrive at their club. The
meeting starts when the president of the club,
Professor Barbenfouillis, stands in front of
the astronomers and starts explaining his
plan. Everyone is paying attention. Professor
Barbenfouillis proposes an expedition to the
moon. The members of the club laugh. Then
they worry about his idea.
Barbenfouillis: Let us make a ship and travel
to the moon.

propose v sugerir
18
Scene 2: In the hall
There is strong disagreement. Some members
of the club think that the idea is dangerous
and impossible. However, five brave
astronomers—Nostradamus, Alcofrisbas, Omega,
Micromegas, and Parafaragaramus—agree to
the plan. They get ready.

disagreement n desacuerdo
strong adj fuerte
19
 Scene 3: In the workshop
People are working on the capsule. The
astronomers are supervising the work. The
spaceship is in the shape of a bullet. An enormous
cannon is going to shoot it into space.
The astronomers pack. Everyone takes a blanket
and a lamp.
Omega: It could be dark and cold up there.
Micromegas: Yes. We might not be able to see and
we might be very cold.

shoot v disparar

20
Scene 4: In the launching room
There is a big ceremony to celebrate the launch.
The astronomers happily get into the ship.
Marines help to set the capsule into place. To the
sound of trumpets, the captain gives the order to
fire the capsule from the cannon. Everyone claps
and waves the ship good-bye.

launch n lanzamiento
fire v disparar
21
 Scene 5: Arrival at the moon
The ship is cruising through space toward the
moon. The Man in the Moon is watching the
capsule as it approaches. It hits him in the eye.

cruise v viajar
approach v aproximar
hit v golpear
22
Scene 6: On the moon
After landing safely on the moon, the astronomers get
out of the capsule. Very soon, they see Earth rising
in the distance. All the astronomers are amazed.
They are exhausted from their journey. They
carefully unroll their blankets and sleep under the
stars. As they are sleeping, a comet passes by in
outer space.
They wake up when space dust starts to fall
over them. They pick up their things and begin
their journey.

rise v levantar
dust n polvo
23
 Scene 7: On the moon. Mushroom place.
The astronomers are exploring the moon. They
arrive at a forest of mushrooms. They start to
analyze them.
Suddenly, an alien species—a Selenite—appears.
The astronomer Nostradamus discovers that if
someone hits the creatures, they explode. But many
more Selenites appear, and the astronomers are
quickly surrounded and overwhelmed.

surrounded adj rodeado/da

overwhelmed adj agobiado/da, abrumado/da
24
Scene 8: At the king’s palace
The Selenites capture the astronomers and tie
their hands. They take the astronomers to their
king’s palace.
One of the astronomers unties his hands and runs
to the king. He quickly lifts the Selenite off his
throne and throws him to the ground, causing him
to explode. The astronomers run, as the Selenites
chase after them.

tie v amarrar
25
 Scene 9: In the capsule
The astronomers are running back to their capsule,
but the Selenites aren’t letting them escape.
Barbenfouillis uses a rope to tip the capsule over
a ledge on the moon and into space. He hangs onto
the rope and the spaceship falls into space.

ledge n orilla
26
Scene 10: In the ocean
One Selenite isn’t giving up. It tries to seize the
capsule at the last minute. The astronomers,
capsule, and Selenite fall through space and land in
an ocean on Earth. A ship rescues the astronomers
and the Selenite and takes them to port.

Scene 11: In the port

Everyone claps and celebrates the astronomers’
arrival. The astronomers receive medals and
crowns. The marines take the Selenite to the
laboratory. Finally, they all dance around the statue
that people of the town built for them.

27
 Comprehension Check
1 Answer the questions.
a. How do you know this is a silent movie script?

b. How is the text divided?

c. What does the title of each section describe?

2 Choose the correct options.

a. The astronomers decided to go to the moon after
which astronomer convinced them?
1) Nostradamus 2) Barbenfouillis
b. The space capsule was built in the shape
of what?
1) A bullet 2) A dart
c. What happens to the Selenites when someone
hits them?
1) They explode. 2) They cry.
d. After the king explodes, what do the
astronomers do?
1) They run back 2) They hide.
to the ship.

3 In groups, discuss the questions.

a. Do you think the astronomers were clever men?
b. How did the astronomers feel looking at Earth
from the moon?
c. Was it necessary for the astronomers to kill the
king? Why or why not?

28
P r e d ic t !
e boy doing?
a. What is th nd relax?
d o y o u n g people rest a
b. Ho w
think are
ivities do you
c. Which act
r?
most popula
29
 Radio presenter: What do you like doing in your free
time? Everybody needs time to rest and relax. Rest and
relaxation are important for our health, and free time
gives us a chance to do the activities we enjoy.
health n salud
30
However, it is important to use the time we have in
constructive ways. Here is Dr. Sanders, an expert on
teen development, to give us some facts. Dr. Sanders,
what can you tell us?
Dr. Sanders: Most young people enjoy a variety of free
time activities: indoor, outdoor, active, or sedentary. In
the United States, current research shows that young
people enjoy doing outdoor activities. In fact, 61 percent
of young people between the ages of six and nineteen
spend at least two hours every weekday outdoors.

outdoor adj al aire libre

research n investigación
spend v dedicar (tiempo) 31
 Radio presenter: Which outdoor activities are
popular among young people in the United States?
Dr. Sanders: These are the top five:
1. Just playing or hanging out
2. Going biking, jogging, walking, skateboarding,
rollerblading, etc.
3. Listening to music or playing on a tablet, cell
phone, or computer
4. Playing or practicing a team sport (soccer,
basketball, etc.)
5. Reading or studying while sitting outdoors

go jogging v ir a correr
32
 Free-time activities
for 11- to 13-year-olds
(weekly participation)

95.2% 84% 54% 49.5% 48.9%

Hanging out Biking, jogging, Playing or Reading, Other sports,

skateboarding, practicing studying e.g., tennis,
walking, etc. team sports while sitting golf
outdoors

Let me explain. In the eleven-to-thirteen-year-old age

group, hanging out is easily the most popular outdoor
activity. Biking, jogging, walking, skateboarding, and
rollerblading are also popular, with 84 percent of this
age group enjoying these activities each week, which is
a nice surprise. Meanwhile, 54 percent prefer practicing
team sports—the third most popular activity.

33
 The survey found that a number of other sports are also
popular. For example, many twelve- to thirteen-year-olds
play basketball or American football. Teens play these
sports very often, and they are good at them! Young
people also enjoy going on field trips, camping, bird
and wildlife watching, doing karate or gymnastics, and
aquatic sports such as swimming, diving, and snorkeling.
This is very positive for their development.

wildlife n flora y fauna

34
On the other hand, many youngsters spend a lot of their
free time indoors. In fact, some health professionals are
worried about the amount of time young people spend
doing sedentary activities. These include playing video
games, watching television or going to the movies, and
using computers for non-homework activities.

youngster n joven
35
 Studies show that playing video games and using
computers are extremely popular among young people.
Children under twelve buy one-quarter of all the video
games that stores sell. In the United States, three-
quarters of all twelve-year-olds play video games, while
81 percent of the same age group uses computers for
non-homework related activities.

among prep entre

36
In the United Kingdom, one quarter of eight-to-
twelve-year-old Internet users have profiles on social
networking sites. Fortunately, these young web users are
Internet savvy and 83 percent have profiles that only
their friends can access. This is very good! In spite of this,
there is still a lot of concern about online safety. This is
due to the fact that 48 percent of twelve- to fifteen-year-
olds use blogs and information sites.

savvy adj hábil

37
 However, watching television is still by far the most
popular activity among young people. In the US, the
average eight- to eleven-year-old spends twenty-eight
hours per week in front of a TV screen and four hours
per week on homework. There is concern that watching
television is an unproductive activity and that young
people waste their free time doing too much of it.

concern n preocupación
38
Radio presenter: That was impressive. What is clear
from these studies is that young people from different
cultures share similar interests.
Dr. Sanders: The difference is how much free time
they have. In some countries, young people claim not
to have enough free time, while in others they have
too much.
Radio presenter: What do you think? Please
comment through our social media. Thank you for
your time, Dr. Sanders.

claim v asegurar
39
 Comprehension Check
1 Read the statements and mark them T (true)
or F (false).
a. Most young people in the US spend less than two
hours a day outdoors.
b. Basketball and American football are popular
among twelve- to thirteen-year-olds.
c. Nearly 25 percent of worldwide video game sales
are to children under twelve.
d. One-quarter of twelve- to fifteen-year-olds in
the UK use blogs and information sites.
e. Young people around the world have similar
amounts of free time.

2 Complete the chart with free-time activities.

Sedentary Active

3 In groups, answer the questions.

a. Do young people have a lot of leisure time
in your country? How much?
b. How do young people in your country spend
their free time?
c. Do you think young people in your area
spend their free time in a positive way?

40
A Travel Brochure

Predict! y on vacati
on?
a r e th e
a. Where ti v ities can
people
type o f a c
b. What
do?
expect to ld like a
d o f p e rson wou
kin
c. What
like this?
vacation

41
 First Off henson invites
you to
ist Kar en Step
activ e in Canada.
Environmental td oo r adventure her
sc in atin g ou long
experience a fa w hile en joying an intensive
ival skill s
Learn basic surv
onquin Park.
weekend at Alg
traordinary.
es e va ca ti on getaways are ex
Th e
visitors a uniqu
They offer our
ce. Disconnect
natural experien
fe and return
from modern li
and with
home relaxed
ledge
valuable know
.
and experience first off adv antes que nada
survival n sobrevivencia
getaway n escapada
42
 How do
you f eel abo
• learnin ut…
g how to
water, co collect a
nstruct s n d purify
and gath helters, s
er and h t art a fire
land? Le arvest fo ,
arn how od from
to live a the
in the w nd surviv
ild! e
• this ye
ar’s new
kayakin activitie
g, and sh s: trackin
a m g,
with nat a nism. Re
ure! Allo c o nnect
guide yo w our in
u and m structors
ake you to
feel safe
.

gather v recoger
harvest v cosechar
43
 Safety First
No doubt about it! Let’s start your vacation being safe.
You will be outdoors for long periods of time, trekking,
collecting food and water, and finding survival
materials. Therefore, a good level of fitness
is the first step, don’t you think?
Your meals will consist of tasty organic
food, which you will harvest yourselves.
However, please inform us of any
diet restrictions or allergies because
your health is very important, that’s
for sure.

fitness n condición física

44
According to Our Guests
Store manager Alice Colmes visited us
last year. She said that it was the best
vacation ever.
“This is a great way to reconnect with
nature,” Alice said. “My sister came
here last year. She told me the trip
was an opportunity to relax and
reconsider what was really important
in life, and she promised I would
enjoy it. She’s right—I’m having
a great time!”

45
 Other visitors are
surprised at how
simple some survival
skills are. Student Sue
Williams said that the
first time she rubbed
sticks together to make
a fire she could not believe how easy it was.
She told us that she felt confident of herself in the wild.
“Now I will be able to take care of myself if I ever get
lost in the wilderness,” she said. “I love
adventure vacations!”
Sue and her friends said that they were thinking
of visiting again next year.
rub v frotar
stick n vara
confident adj seguro/ra
46
If you are coming in the winter…
There are great activities waiting for you. Dog sledding
is one of them. After a simple orientation, lead your
sled dogs across frozen lakes and deep snow in a
full-day adventure.
Additionally, you can ski in the beautiful mountains
that surround our complex. Learn the basics of skiing
from certified personnel and stay safe during your
journey. Enjoy a meal in our century-old log cabin,
and meet and share with new friends.

century n siglo
47
 d Rest
For a Goo ly re tr e a t that uses so
lar
nd cabins to
ur eco-frie variety of
Relax in o in c lu d e a
from the
e facilities mp away
energy. Th y o u w il l c a
but
fr o m . R emember k e th e c a noe trips,
choo se tivities, li
d u ri n g some ac ree?
retr e a t
e fu n , d o n’t you ag
of th
that’s part il it ie s are avail
able
d washroo
m fa c ry day.
e rs a n a b le a ll day, eve
Sh o w av a il chen.
u e st s. H ot water is a re a a n d shared kit
for all g l dining
is a ls o a communa
There

share v compartir
48
 How to G
e
and Cont t There
act Deta
The natu ils
re retreat is
visitors co easy to ge
me by car, t to. Many
public tran but we ask
sportation you to tak
if possible e
A map an .
d further d
website: w etails are a
ww.surviv vailable a
alvacation t our
place on th s. com. Rese
e next cou rve your
call 1(800 rse at the
) 953-3344 same addre
for more d ss or
will not re etails. I’m
gret it! sure you

regret n lamentar, arrepentirse de

49
 Comprehension Check
1 Match the sections of the brochure to the ideas.
a. According to Good level of fitness
Our Guests An unusual vacation
b. For a Good Rest Lots of new skills
c. Safety First Satisfied customers
d. First Off Accommodations
e. How do you feel Dog sledding
about…
f. If you’re coming
in the winter…

2 Read the phrases and mark them EA (expressing

agreement) or AO (asking for an opinion).
a. I’m sure…
b. Don’t you agree?
c. That’s for sure.
d. Don’t you think?
e. No doubt about it.

3 In groups, discuss the questions.

a. What useful skills can you learn on this
vacation?
b. How does this vacation protect the environment?
c. Would you like to go on a vacation like this?
Why or why not?

50
 The Legend
13

of King Arthur

Predict!
a. Who are the people in the pictures?
b. What are they doing?
c. What do you think the story is about?

51
 Many years ago, there was a king of England named
Uther. When Uther was a young man, he met a
princess called Igraine. She was so beautiful that he
fell in love with her immediately. He loved her so
much that he wanted to marry her. He asked Merlin,
a powerful wizard, for help. Merlin agreed, but on one
condition. He demanded that Uther give him his first
born son in return for his help.

wizard n mago
52
A lot of things happened in the following months.
First, Uther and Igraine got married and were very
happy together. Then they had a son named Arthur.
They kept their promise and gave the child to Merlin.
Igraine cried when Merlin took the baby away. People
believed the baby was dead, but Uther and Igraine
knew the truth. Merlin sent Arthur to live in a distant
castle with the good knight Ector and his son Kay.

married adj casado/da

53
 Uther and Igraine did not have any more children.
When Uther died, there was a problem. Who would
become king? All the knights fought with each other
because they all wanted to be king. There were many
long battles, and only the bravest knights survived.

54
While Arthur was growing up, he became good friends
with Kay. Kay was slightly older than Arthur, and he
was training to be a knight. Arthur watched Kay do
his training because he dreamed that one day he too
would become a strong knight. Eventually, when Kay
became a knight, Arthur worked as his squire.

train v entrenar
squire n escudero
55
 One day, there was a tournament for knights. The winner of
the tournament would become the king of England. When
Kay heard the news, he became very excited. He wanted
to go, and he wanted to take Arthur with him. He started
preparing everything for the tournament. He did not want
to forget a single thing. On the day of the tournament, Kay
and Arthur set off early in the morning.

56
They traveled all day and arrived at the tournament
in the evening. But the next day, while Kay was
putting on his armor, he asked Arthur for his sword.
Arthur realized he did not
have it. As he was riding
home to get Kay’s sword,
he saw a sword in the
center of a stone. Arthur
pulled the sword out
and returned to the
tournament. He gave
the sword to Kay.
While Kay was preparing for the
fight, he noticed a message on the
sword: “Whoever pulls this sword
from the stone will be the next
king of England.” Nobody could
believe that Arthur was king.
Everyone was amazed.

stone n piedra
57
 Arthur was soon crowned king of England. Some knights
were not happy. They thought that he was just a boy.
The warrior knight Pellinore was Arthur’s greatest enemy.
When Pellinore killed one of Arthur’s most loyal knights,
Arthur decided to fight him.
He rode out on his horse to meet Pellinore with his sword
in hand. Arthur was not an experienced fighter, and soon
he was lying on the ground badly hurt. His sword was
broken. As Pellinore lifted his sword to kill the young king,
Merlin appeared.

kill v matar
58
Merlin quickly put Pellinore into a deep sleep. Although
Merlin was a very powerful wizard, he did not have
the power to cure Arthur. So he took Arthur into the
forest to see an old hermit. The hermit used herbs,
leaves, and plants to make a magical medicine.
“Please help him,” asked Merlin. “He is Arthur, king of
England, and the country needs him.”

hermit n ermitaño/ña
59
 Comprehension Check
1 Write the name of the characters from the legend.
a. He asked Merlin to help him marry.
b. He was a powerful wizard.
c. She was Arthur’s mother.
d. He had a son called Kay.
e. He was friends with Arthur when they were
children.

2 Match the words to their meanings.

a. Wizard a fight or conflict between
b. Knight two forces
c. Throne the seat occupied by
d. Battle a king or queen
e. Sword large home for nobles or
f. Castle kings and queens
a person who practices
magic
a long, sharp weapon
a noble, honorable soldier

3 In pairs, discuss the questions.

a. Why did Uther go to Merlin?
b. How did Igraine feel when Merlin took the baby
Arthur away?
c. What happened in England after Uther died?
d. What do you think happens next?
e. What did you like about the story?

60
 Our Future World

Predict!
a. How is the world different now from fifty years ago?
b. How do you think it will change in the next fifty years?
c. What problems will the planet have?
61
 A Changing Planet
Think about how much the world has changed over
the past few decades. Here are some things that did
not exist thirty years ago: MP3 players, social media,
GPS systems, cell phones, personal emails, and the
Internet at home. It’s incredible! Can you imagine
a world without these things today? The way people
live, study, work, communicate, and spend their free
time is very different from the past.

62
With all these transformations over recent years, it is
difficult to make predictions for the future. Will there
be more technological advances that revolutionize
the way we live? What will happen if the population
continues to expand? What will the planet look like in
fifty, one hundred, or one thousand years’ time?
The future is going to bring many challenges for
society. This article takes a look at some of them and
suggests some possible solutions.

challenge n reto
63
 Room to Live
In one weeks’ time, nearly 1.5 million more people
will live on Earth. Imagine that! Then remember that
the same increase happens every week. This extreme
and rapid population growth means there will be one
billion more people on Earth in twelve or thirteen
years time. One billion is a very large number. Think
about how we can provide all of these people with
food, water, jobs, and somewhere to live.

billion n mil millones

64
Work it out!
How many students are there in your class? Divide
1.5 million by that number. What number do you
get? Now imagine that every class is the same size
as yours. That number is how many new classrooms
we will need to build each week!
For example: 1.5 million ÷ 30 = 50,000 new
classrooms!
(Source: www.populationinstitute.org)

In fact, the global population was less than

three billion in 1950. In 2050, it will reach
nine billion. Will there be enough resources
for all these people?
65
 The Future of Food
To feed nine billion people, we will need to drastically
increase the amount of food we produce. We will also
need to use more land for animals and crops to feed
them. This will have an impact on the environment,
and food prices will rise. In fact, some people predict
that meat will be so expensive that most people won’t
eat it. That is, it will become a luxury item. As a result,
scientists and nutritionists are working on a number of
possible solutions. Here are three predictions.

crops n cosechas
66 luxury adj lujoso
1. Insects will become a
major part of our diet.
Insects, like meat, are a
great source of protein.
Insect burgers and
sausages will look exactly
the same as their meat
equivalents.

2. We will eat
sonic-enhanced
food. Research shows
that adding sounds to
an eating experience
can make the food
taste better. Food
companies can then
remove unhealthy or
wasteful ingredients
without us noticing!

3. We will grow meat in

laboratories. Scientists
have worked on lab-grown
meat for years. If we eat
lab-grown meat, we will
help reduce greenhouse
gases and energy and
water use.

wasteful adj desperdicio

lab-grown adj desarrollado en un laboratorio
67
 Water Resources
How can water shortage be possible when over 70
percent of Earth’s surface is water? One problem is that
97.5 percent of this water is seawater, which we cannot
consume. Another is that the increasing population is
putting pressure on the freshwater resources we have.
Agriculture already uses 70 percent of freshwater, and
as we have seen, food production will need to grow to
meet population demands. What can we do to meet
this challenge? Here are some ideas.

shortage n escasez
68 surface n superficie
1. We will use water-
efficient showers. New
designs of showers include
systems that catch the
water at the beginning of a
shower and recycle it back
into the system.

2. We will take
baths without
water. Scientists and
inventors are making
a variety of oils and
lotions that we can
use on our bodies to
keep clean without
water.

3. We will make
rain with lasers. The
World Meteorological
Organization has
debated the future
use of this technology.
We could use lasers to
produce rain in times
of drought.

lotion n loción
drought n sequía
69
 Jobs of the Future
Over the centuries, jobs have disappeared and new
jobs have taken their place. In the past, people swept
chimneys or lit lamps on streets. This is no longer
necessary, and as technology advances, new jobs will
continue to replace old ones. In fact, many of the jobs
that will be important in 2030, 2040, or 2050 do not
even exist yet! What kinds of jobs will be necessary in the
world of the future? The following page has a list of jobs
that maybe you should prepare for. Which one are you
going to do?

chimney n chimenea
70
 Five Jobs That Don’t Exist Yet
1. Drone manager More and more
companies will use drones to make deliveries
or perform other tasks.
2. Self-driving car mechanic They might
not need a driver, but these cars will still need
someone to fix them!
3. Personal medical interpreter Advances
in genetics will help “doctors” provide
individualized treatment.
4. Trash designer This job involves turning
trash into useful products.
5. Robot counselor As robots do cleaning jobs
in people’s
e s homes, a counselor will suggest
the right robot for you.

drone n dron
treatment n tratamiento
counselor n consejero, asesor
71
 What are you going to do?
These are just some of the challenges we will face in the
future as the world becomes more and more crowded.
But what can we do personally to start making a
difference? We asked readers about their plans.

I am going to become vegetarian. There is not enough room in

the world to feed all the cattle we need for meat. It is also bad
for the environment because we cut down trees to grow crops.
Emma, 13

We have a farm club at school. We are going to grow our

own vegetables and take them home to eat. It’s healthy and
it’s fun! Steve, 14

cattle n ganado
72
I’m going to save water when I have a shower. I can put a
bucket in the shower and use the water for the plants or to
wash the floor.
Andy, 12

In our school, we are going to have a water conservation

awareness campaign. I’m going to make a poster and tell
people about ways to save water.
Susan, 13

We have a rainwater tank at our school. It collects the rain.

They are going to connect the tank to the toilets and reuse
the water.
Daniel, 13

bucket n bote, cubeta

awareness n conciencia
73
 I’m going to take extra computer programming classes after
school. I think more and more jobs in the future will require
knowledge of technology. It will be really useful!
Diana, 13

In our art class, we are already reusing old trash to make

things. I’m going to save the ideas because I think I can use
some of them at home.
Sam, 12

I’m going to study robotics at university. If I study hard at

math, I’ll get a place.
Jenny, 14

robotics n robótica
74
Reasons to Prepare Today
Technology has changed our world and will continue
to do so in the future. We need to use this technology
to help us survive. Everybody needs basic resources,
but we all want more than the basics. As a result,
every individual has a unique impact on the planet.
When we multiply our wants and needs by nine
billion, we can see how they can affect every aspect of
life. Let’s make individual and community plans today
to ensure a happy and healthy future!

wants n deseos
needs n necesidades
75
 Comprehension Check
1 Answer the questions.
a. What things did not exist thirty years ago?

b. How much does the population grow per week?

c. What is one solution for the food shortage?

d. Why is there a water shortage?

e. Why is it difficult to predict what job you will do?

f. What does one boy do at home to save water?

2 Complete the sentences with the phrases in the box.

water shortage grow crops
population growth make a difference
a. We have to cut down trees to make room to
.
b. is putting pressure
on resources like food and water.
c. Everybody can
by doing simple things like saving water.
d. One reason for the
is that we cannot consume most of the world’s water.

3 In groups, discuss the questions.

a. Do you agree with the predictions for the future?
What solutions do you think are most effective?
b. What can you do to prepare for the future?

76
77
78
so far so good idiom por ahora, todo bien
79
80
81
82
83
 back to basics idiom volver a los orígenes
84
get by phrasal verb arreglárselas
85
86
pride n orgullo
87
 you can say that again idiom vaya que sí
88
89
90
time flies idiom el tiempo pasa volando
91
 Comprehension Check
1 Match the comic elements to the descriptions.
a. Panel what a character thinks
b. Caption sound effects
c. Speech bubble one complete drawing
d. Thought bubble in a frame
e. Action bubble description of time, place,
or extra information
what a character says

2 Mark the statements T (true) or F (false).

a. The camp is a place where the students learn
a new language.
b. The director is a person that runs the camp.
c. The lake is a place where you catch trout.
d. The students that attend the camp know
how to fish.
e. The teachers sleep outdoors every night.
f. The students experience a different culture.

3 In groups, discuss the questions.

a. How does the attitude of the students change?
b. Why do you think they have so much fun without
technology?

92
 Using a Bilingual
Dictionary

Predict! u s e a diction
ary for?
y o u
a. What
do tionary?
y o u fi n d in a dic
can
b. What onary?
o y o u u se a dicti
c. How d

93
 A bilingual dictionary is a
reference book. It is important for
anyone who needs to communicate
in two languages, like language
learners, translators and interpreters,
business people, and even tourists.
Many people learning a language find that a
bilingual dictionary is their best friend. If we are
not sure of something, a bilingual dictionary will
help us.

94
A bilingual dictionary usually has two sections. One
section contains the entries in one language and a
translation in the other—for example, Spanish entries
to English translations. We use this section when we
want to find out how to say something in English. The
other section is the other way around—for example,
English entries and Spanish translations. We use this
section to look up unfamiliar words that we come
across in a text or in conversation.

translation n traducción
95
 Do the words big and small come
before or after this page?

Find a word
Any dictionary has a list of words in alphabetical order.
We call these entries, or headwords, and they usually
appear in bold. Proper nouns begin with capital letters;
all other words begin with lowercase letters.
We can use the words at the top of the pages to help
us find the word we are looking for. The word at the
top of each page on the left is always the first word
on the page; the word at the top of the page on the
right is always the last word on the page. This makes
it easy to know if the word we are looking for is on
the page or not.

96
 What part of
speech is along?

Find out what kind of word it is

Dictionaries always tell us what part of speech each
entry is. Sometimes, there are abbreviations for this.
A section at the beginning of the dictionary lists the
abbreviations that are used in the dictionary and
tells us what they mean. These are some common
abbreviations:

n noun (man, Tuesday)

v verb (eat, go)
pron pronoun (he, she, it)
adj adjective (pretty, small)
adv adverb (quickly, slowly)
prep preposition (in, on, at)
conj conjunction (or, because) 97
 Find out how to say a word
Most dictionaries show us how to pronounce a word.
This usually comes between two diagonal lines and
in phonemic script—for example, hat /hæt/. We use
a different alphabet to show how the letters in a word
sound and which syllables to stress. Some of the letters
are the same as the normal alphabet and some are
different. Each symbol represents a specific sound and
the accents mark the stressed syllables. We can use this
part of the dictionary to check the pronunciation of
new words. Many dictionaries will show both American
(AmE) and British (BrE) pronunciation and spelling.

I say
/təmetəʊ/.
I say /təma:təʊ/.

But we both
say /pətetəʊ/.
98
Find out other forms of words
Entries also include different forms of a word. For
example, they provide the past and the past participle
of verbs (give, gave, given). They provide the plural
forms of nouns (child, children). They also provide
the comparative and superlative forms of adjectives
and adverbs (funny, -ier, -iest). Some dictionaries also
include other parts of speech that come from a specific
base word—for example, possible adj–possibility n.
We can use this section to expand our vocabulary or
to find the correct way to use prefixes (re-, un-) and
suffixes (-ment, -tion).

99
 Main entry: little
Part of speech: adjective
'H¿QLWLRQ small in size or amount
Synonyms: babyish, brief, cramped, diminutive,
GLQN\HO¿QÀHHWLQJ, hardly any, hasty,
immature, imperceptible, inappreciable,
inconsiderable, infant, LQVXI¿FLHQW, junior,
OLJKW, limited, PHDJHU, microscopic, mini,
miniature, minuteQRWELJQRWODUJHSHDQXW
petite, scant, short, short-lived, shriveled,
VOLJKW, sparse, stubby, stunted, teeny, tiny,
toy, undersized, undeveloped, wee, \RXQJ

Find words that

mean the same
Some dictionaries also include a synonym for the entry.
A synonym is a word that has the same meaning as the
entry. Small and little are synonyms. We use synonyms
when we write so we do not repeat the same words over
and over again. Sometimes words mean the same but
have a different connotation, which means we do not
use them in the same way or in the same situation. For
example, we say a small business, but a little time.

mean v querer decir, significar

100
 Find phrasal verbs
Some verbs change their meaning when we use them
with specific prepositions. We call these phrasal verbs.
Sometimes the same combination of words can have
different meanings depending on the context. For
example, She takes off (removes) her jacket is different
from A plane takes off (leaves the ground) every hour.
Many dictionaries include common phrasal verbs with
their different translations.

take off

101
 Find idiomatic expressions
Some bilingual dictionaries also include the meanings
of common idiomatic expressions. There are times
when the idiomatic expression is useful and necessary
to explain something. It is quicker and more informal
to say I’ll take a rain check than I can’t go out today, but
maybe some other time. It is important to understand
idiomatic expressions and to use them correctly.

idiom n modismo
102
A bilingual dictionary is a specialized dictionary.
We use it for translating words or phrases from one
language into another, and it is a great tool for
language learners. It helps non-native speakers check
spelling, parts of speech, word forms, phrasal verbs,
expressions, and grammar references. A bilingual
dictionary also helps us understand language
in different situations. It is a must-have for any
language learner.

103
 Comprehension Check
1 Answer the questions.
a. Who uses bilingual dictionaries?

b. Why do they use them?

c. What are the words at the top of the page for?

2 Label the dictionary entry.

a. entry b. pronunciation c. sample of use

d. translation e. part of speech

translationWU QVࣨOHࡨ६ࡧQ n
WUDGXFFLyQWKLVLVDQH[FHOOHQW
WUDQVODWLRQRI&HUYDQWHV

3 In pairs, discuss the questions.

a. Do you use a bilingual dictionary? Why or
why not?
b. When do you use a dictionary?
c. How could you use the dictionary better?

104
 22
The Human Body

Predict!
text is about?
a. What do you think the
ing?
b. What are the people do
you know about?
c. What body systems do
What are their functions?

105
 Nutrition
The function of nutrition is essential to life.
Nutrients give the cells all the energy they need in
the body. The function of nutrition is carried out
by the digestive system, the respiratory system, the
circulatory system, and the excretory system.
When you eat food, the nutrients are not in a form
that the body can use. Digestion is the process by
which food and drink are broken down so that the
body can use them.

The Food
Pyramid

Dairy group

Vegetable
group

Grain
group

break down v descomponer en sustancias más simples

nutrient n sustancia nutritiva
106
 Digestion
ion

When you eat food, it is mixed with digestive

juices. It moves through the digestive tract,
breaking down large molecules of food into
smaller molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth,
when you chew and swallow, and is completed
in the large intestine. All food goes through the
digestive tract. Chemicals are released by salivary
glands into the digestive tract to help with
digestion.

juice n jugo
release v liberar
107
 The Digestive System
The digestive system transforms food into nutrients.
It has two parts, the digestive tract and the
digestive glands. The organs that make up the
digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and large intestine (formed by the
cecum, colon, rectum, and anus).

1 The mouth 2 The salivary

has teeth that glands produce
chew food and a saliva that helps
tongue that mixes break down food
chewed food with in the mouth.
saliva to form a
ball of food.
4 The stomach is
where the food
3 The esophagus mixes with gastric
transports the juices.
food to the
stomach.

6 The pancreas
5 The liver makes helps in the
bile to help digestion of
absorb fat into proteins and fats.
the blood.

The large
8 intestine absorbs
7 The small intestine water, which
is the longest part of passes to the
the digestive tract. blood. Undigested
Nutrients pass into substances are
the blood through expelled through
its walls. the anus.

expel v expulsar
blood n sangre
chew v masticar
108
 Breathing

Breathing supplies
upplies the body with over
99% of its oxygen.
xygen. Optimal breathing
gives you moreore vitality and a better
quality of life.
e.
Breathing is the process by which oxygen
in the air is brought into the lungs and
into close contact
ntact with the
blood. The blood
lood absorbs the
oxygen and carries it to all
parts of the body. At the
same time, thehe blood gets
rid of carbonn dioxide,
which is carried
ried out of
the lungs withth the air
hed out.
that is breathed

supply v proporcionar
lung n pulmón
109
 The Respiratory System
The respiratory system controls breathing.
Breathing requires two movements. First, we
inhale air and it goes into the lungs. Then we
exhale air, sending it out of the lungs.

1 The nostrils are

two openings in 2 The pharynx
the nose. They connects the
filter the air that larynx, the
we breathe. esophagus, and
the trachea.

3 The larynx 4 The trachea is a

contains the vocal tube that takes air
cords. They into the bronchi.
produce sound.

6
The lungs are
spongy organs
5 The bronchi are made up of small
two branches of sacs called
the trachea. alveoli.
They take air to
the lungs.
8 When we breathe,
the oxygen in the
air goes to the
blood through the
7 The diaphragm alveoli. Then
is the muscle that carbon dioxide
creates the from the blood is
movements released outside
involved in the body.
breathing.

spongy adj esponjoso/sa

110
 The Excretory System
The excretory system filters waste substances,
like carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea, and uric
acid from the blood. It removes them from the
body through excretion. Parts of the excretory
system include
• sweat glands in the skin that produce sweat.

skin

sweat
gland
Hair follicle

remove v eliminar
111
 The Urinary System
The urinary system is part of the excretory system.
Its principal function is to maintain the normal
volume and composition of fluids in the body.
The urinary system is formed by the kidneys, the
ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. These organs
control how much water and salts are absorbed by
the blood and what is taken out as waste.

1 The kidneys are

on either sides
of the spinal
column. They 2 The ureters
remove waste take urine from
substances from the kidneys to
the blood and the bladder.
they make urine.

4 The urethra
3 The bladder connects the
stores the urine. bladder to
the outside.

waste n desecho
store v almacenar
112
 The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is formed by the
heart, blood, and blood vessels. Blood
vessels are divided into arteries, veins,
and capillaries. Blood is a red 1 The heart is a
liquid tissue made up of muscular organ
that pumps blood
cells. There are three types
around the body.
of blood cells: red blood
cells, white blood cells, and
platelets.
2 The arteries
carry blood
Red blood cells from the heart
carry oxygen, to the rest
of the body.
white blood cells
remove bacteria
and viruses
from the blood,
and platelets
are small
fragments 3 The veins
carry blood
of cells from all
that form over the
blood clots when a body back
to the heart.
blood vessel breaks.

red
blood
cells 4
The capillaries
are very thin
white vessels that reach
blood all the cells of
cells the body.
platelets
pump v bombear
reach v alcanzar
113
 The Heart
The heart uses rhythmic movements
to pump blood around the body.
The systole is the stage of the heart’s
rhythm when it contracts. The diastole
is the relaxation stage.
Blood enters the atriums through the
veins and passes to the ventricles.
Between the atriums and ventricles
there are valves that prevent blood
from flowing back to the atriums.
Blood comes out of the ventricles
through the arteries and travels all
over the body.

artery

vein valve

atriums

ventricles

The heart is
divided into four
cavities, two atria,
heart
and two ventricles.
septum

114
 Circulation
Blood circulates through the body following
two routes. In pulmonary circulation, first the
blood with carbon dioxide comes out of the
pulmonary artery. Then, in the alveoli, the
carbon dioxide is replaced by oxygen. Finally, the
blood with oxygen reaches the heart through the
pulmonary veins.
In systemic circulation, first the blood with oxygen
leaves the heart through the aorta. Then blood
distributes oxygen to the entire body and
collects carbon dioxide.
Finally, the blood
with carbon
dioxide returns
to the heart.

pulmonary
artery

vein
cava

pulmonary
aorta vein

blood
capillaries

115
 Comprehension Check
1 Write the parts of the respiratory system
described.
a. These filter the air that we breathe.

b. This tube takes air into the bronchi.

c. These are spongy organs made up of alveoli.

d. This contains the vocal cords.

2 Label the parts of the urinary system.

urethra ureter kidney bladder

a.
c.

b. d.

3 In groups, discuss the questions.

a. Do different body systems interact with
each other?
b. What is the difference between veins
and arteries?
c. Is what we inhale different from what we exhale?

116
 26
Social Groups

Contents
Aborigines p. 118
Cherokee Indians p. 121
Huichol p. 125

P r e d ic t ! is about?
h a t do you think the text
a. W k the
o f in form ation do you thin
b. What type ch indigenous
group?
ave a b ou t ea
entries h u expect
a rities a nd d ifferences do yo
c. What simil
the groups?
to find among

117
 ABORIGINES

The Aborigines of
Australia have the
longest cultural
history in the world.
They originated in
the Ice Age. When
Europeans arrived in the eighteenth century, there
were around 750,000 natives, grouped in around
500 tribes.
About 700 dialects and more than 200 languages1
were spoken by the Aborigines. Each territory had a
different language or dialect. However, they shared
cultural features, so most Aborigines were bilingual
or multilingual.

1. See a list of the Aboriginal languages at

https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AU/languages.

118
Aboriginal
tribes hunted
kangaroos,
snakes, and
emus. They
also gathered fruit, roots, honey, and seeds. They
walked long distances, and they often did not wear
clothes. In winter, they would wear protective coats of
kangaroo fur.
British colonizers were the first to settle in Australia.
They took the land from the Aborigine people. Many
Aborigines were killed or put onto reservations. At the
beginning of the twentieth century, there were just
61,000 survivors. The natives did not have rights
until 1993.

settle v colonizar
119
 Today, Aborigines have adapted
to Australian culture. The modern
world has transformed their
lifestyles. They use technology,
and most of them speak English.
However, some family groups live
in remote areas and try to maintain
traditional hunting, food gathering,
and ceremonial practices.
They try to preserve their
culture by teaching the
new generations their
language and traditions.

120
 CHEROKEE INDIANS

Cherokee Indians have lived in North

America for 14,000 years. Today,
there are 300,000 Cherokee people
in the United States. It is
the largest Native American
group in the country. Most of
them live today in northeastern
Oklahoma State.
The idea of balance and
harmony is very important
for Cherokee traditions and
beliefs. They see the world as
pairs of opposites: male and
female, summer and winter,
earth and sky.

balance adj equilibrio

121
 Cherokees were agrarian
people. They planted a wide
variety of beans, pumpkins,
and corn. Women looked
after the crops while men
hunted deer, bear, buffalo,
and elk for meat. Their
traditional clothing was
made of deerskin.
They practiced ceremonies
at different times of the year,
with traditional costumes,
songs, and dances.

crop n cultivo
122
The Cherokees’ first experience with the Spaniards was
in 1540. Later, they met with English colonial traders,
around 1673. In 1775, the Cherokees were forced to sign
treaties giving land to the United States government. This
caused wars and conflicts over rights of land in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

123
 Cherokees today are very similar to other Americans
in their customs, dress, habits, and beliefs. A small
number of them speak Tsalagi, an Iroquoian
language. They have a writing system called a
syllabary. It was developed in 1821 by a Cherokee
man named Sequoyah.
The Cherokee Nation is one of over 300 American
Indian tribes in the United States. Many live in
isolated areas and poor conditions, and often
do not have electricity or running water.

124
 HUICHOL

The Huichol 2 people have managed to maintain their

culture, language, and spiritual way of life for centuries.
Their number is estimated at around 48,000, and their
homeland is in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Nayarit.
Descendants of the Aztecs, they have successfully
adapted to their harsh, mountainous environment.
The Huichol language is called Wixarika. It is not a
written language, so beliefs and traditions are passed
on orally. However, most of them also speak Spanish
or have some knowledge of it.

2. Also known as Wixaritari.

125
 Nature is extremely important
to the Huichol people, and their
colorful artwork reflects a close
relationship with their environment.
Maize is a symbol of life in the
Huichol culture. Other important
symbols are those of deer and peyote
(a type of cactus). The marakame,
or shaman priest, plays a central role
in everyday life. The Huichol people are
known to be very protective of their spiritual
beliefs and ceremonies. In the past, they
often resisted attempts at assimilation by
governments and religious organizations.
In some areas of the Huichol homeland,
these old traditions are still strong.

deer n venado
126
Many Huichol were and are farmers. They often
spend time working in tobacco fields, where the use
of pesticides has been bad for their health. In tourist
locations on the coast, some Huichol people are able to
sell their arts and crafts. Others live on their farms and
make cheese from the milk of their cattle.
Unfortunately, the twenty-first century is threatening the
Huichol way of life. Many people have migrated to cities,
such as Guadalajara. Those that stay in the homeland
often suffer poverty, land invasion, or illness.

Bibliography:
Coates, J. M. World Book Student. “Cherokee Indians,”
www.worldbookonline.com (accessed December 6, 2017)
Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas. “Catálogo de Lenguas
Indígenas Nacionales,” https://site.inali.gob.mx/pdf/catalogo
_lenguas_indigenas.pdf (accessed December 6, 2017)
Neurath, J. “Huicholes. Pueblos Indígenas de México,”
www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/11223/huicholes.pdf
(accessed December 6, 2017)
Rose, D. B. World Book Student. “Aboriginal people of Australia,”
www.worldbookonline.com (accessed December 6 2017)
127
 Comprehension Check
1 Match the numbers in the box to the sentences.
300,000 48,000 1821 750,000 1540

a. The number of Aborigines in Australia when the

Europeans arrived
b. The number of Cherokee Indians in the United
States today
c. The year of the Cherokees’ first experience with
the Spaniards
d. The year Sequoyah developed a writing system

e. The number of Huichols in Mexico today

2 Complete the chart below with the words in the box.

fruit seeds deer corn bears emus buffalo
milk roots cactus beans pumpkins snakes
tobacco honey kangaroos

Animals Crops Other

3 In pairs, discuss the questions.

a. What are the positive and negative aspects of
indigenous peoples adapting to modern society?
b. What can people do to help protect traditional
culture and language?
c. Why is language important in a social group?

128
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