International Relations

INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
For Mains 2022

INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD- RELATIONS ........................................................................................................ 1
1. INDIA- SRI LANKA ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
A. Sri-Lankan Crisis - Dwindling economy with political upheaval and ongoing food crisis .................................. 3
2. INDIA- NEPAL TIES (75 YEARS OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS) .............................................................................................. 4
3. INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 6
4. INDO-BANGLADESH RELATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 6
5. INDIAN OCEAN REGION (IOR) ..................................................................................................................................... 7
BILATERAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUPINGS AND AGREEMENTS INVOLVING INDIA AND/OR AFFECTING
INDIA’S INTERESTS ............................................................................................................................................... 9
1. I2-U2 [INDIA::ISRAEL::USA::UAE] ............................................................................................................................ 11
2. INDO-US RELATIONS (IN LIGHT OF 75 YEARS, IPEF, CAATSA, PARTNERS IN BLUE PACIFIC INITIATIVE) ................................. 11
A. 75 Years of Indo-US ties .................................................................................................................................. 11
B. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) ........................................................................................................ 13
C. US-led Partners in the Blue Pacific Initiative ................................................................................................... 14
3. CHINA’S GROWING FOOTPRINT IN AFRICA- “CLAIMING THEIR SECOND CONTINENT” .......................................................... 14
4. INDIA-ISRAEL .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
5. INDIA-UAE RELATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 17
6. INDIA-JAPAN & SHINZO ABE...................................................................................................................................... 17
7. MULTILATERALISM ................................................................................................................................................... 18
EFFECT OF POLICIES AND POLITICS OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON INDIA’S INTERESTS & INDIAN
DIASPORA.......................................................................................................................................................... 20
1. TALIBAN: INDIA’S APPROACH..................................................................................................................................... 22
2. RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR: INDIA’S STAND ....................................................................................................................... 23
3. SOFT POWER DIPLOMACY ......................................................................................................................................... 23
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, AGENCIES AND FORA- THEIR STRUCTURE & MANDATE .................. 25
1. 25 YEARS OF BIMSTEC ........................................................................................................................................... 27
2. BRICS (BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA, CHINA AND SOUTH AFRICA) ........................................................................................... 28
3. 12TH WTO MINISTERIAL MEETING- “GENEVA PACKAGE”............................................................................................... 28
4. DRAFTING OF A PANDEMIC TREATY BY WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY .................................................................................. 29
5. G20 SUMMIT ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
6. G7 SUMMIT ........................................................................................................................................................... 31
7. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO) ...................................................................................................... 32
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INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD- RELATIONS
Syllabus 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Insights Developments Predictions
India and its The With respect Project Evaluate the ‘China is using One question India's "Sri-Lankan Crises, Indo-
neighborhood- proposed to the South ‘Mausam’ is economic its economic each from Neighbourhood Nepal, India-Bangladesh,
withdrawal China sea, considered and relations and 2013-2017. No First Policy, India-Maldives, Indian
relations of maritime a unique strategic positive trade question since SAGAR intitiatve, Ocean Region (IOR)”
International territorial foreign dimensions surplus as 2018. Likely to Maldives bans
Security disputes and policy of India’s tools to be asked. 'India-Out'
Assistance rising initiative of Look East develop Campaign
Force (ISAF) tension Indian Policy in the potential
from affirm the government context of military power
Afghanistan need for to improve the post- status in Asia’,
in 2014 is safeguarding relationship Cold War In the light of
fraught with maritime with its international this
major security to neighbours. scenario. statement,
security ensure Does the discuss its
implications freedom of project impact on
for the navigation have a India as her
countries of and over strategic neighbour.
the region. flight dimension?
Examine in throughout Discuss
light of the the region.
fact that In this
India is context,
faced with a discuss the
plethora of bilateral
challenges issues
and needs to between
safeguard its India and
own China.
strategic
interests.

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In respect of Terrorist
India-Sri activities
Lanka and mutual
relations, distrust
discuss how have
domestic clouded
factors India –
influence Pakistan
foreign relations. To
policy. what extent
the use of
soft power
like sports
and cultural
exchange
could help
generate
goodwill
between
the two
countries.
Discuss with
suitable
examples.
What is
meant by
Gujral
doctrine?
Does it have
any
relevance
today?
Discuss.

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1. India- Sri Lanka
Introduction:
• In recent years, the relationship has been marked by close contacts at the highest political level, growing
trade and investment, cooperation in the fields of development, education, culture and defence, as well
as a broad understanding on major issues of international interest.
Recent developments:
• Trade- India is one of the largest investors in Sri Lanka with cumulative investments of around USD 1.239
billion.
• Developmental projects- India’s Adani Group has signed a deal for two renewable energy power projects
in Sri Lanka’s Northern Province, six months after it bagged a strategic port terminal project in Colombo.
• India has been offered a lease on the Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport, 220 kilometres from
Colombo.
• With focus on new areas such as waste-water technologies, biotech, sustainable agriculture, India and Sri
Lanka extended the existing science and technology cooperation for three more years.
• India and Sri Lanka have also signed an agreement to jointly redevelop the strategic World War II-era oil
tank farm in Trincomalee.
Areas of divergence:
• Arrest of Indian fishermen on the Sri Lankan side of the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) in
the Palk Straits and the Gulf of Mannar
o The Indian fishermen have been using mechanised trawlers which have deprived Sri Lankans of
their catch and damaged their fishing boats
• Smuggling and trafficking, given the porous nature of our border with Lanka
• Pro-China policies- China is developing Colombo Port City and the Hambantota port, which are slated to
play an important role in the BRI.
Areas of convergence:
• Sri Lanka is a member of regional groupings like BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Technical and Economic Cooperation) and SAARC in which India plays a leading role.
• Sri Lanka is India’s second largest trading partner in SAARC and India is its largest trading partner globally.
• With its geo-strategic location, Sri Lanks has a lot to offer to the Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA.
o India and Sri Lanka conduct joint Military and Naval exercise, Mitra Shakti and SLINEX.
• Buddhism and democracy remain at the heart of our bilateral ties with Sri Lanka
A. Sri-Lankan Crisis - Dwindling economy with political upheaval and ongoing food crisis
In news:
• India handed over additional 21000 tonnes of fertiliser to the crisis-ridden neighbour Sri-Lanka: totalling
aid about 4 billion in 2022. It will contribute to food security and support the farmers of Sri Lanka.
Reasons behind the crisis:
• Foreign currency reserves have virtually run dry

o As of February, the country was left with only $2.31 billion in its reserves but faces debt repayments
of around $4 billion in 2022
• Debt Trap Diplomacy of China
• Drastic fall in Tourism due to the pandemic

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• Economic mismanagement by successive governments that created and sustained a twin deficit - a budget
shortfall alongside a current account deficit.
• Agriculture crises - ban of chemical fertilisers in 2020
• Russo-Ukrainian conflict: Russia is also the second biggest market to Sri Lanka when it comes to tea
exports.
Role of India in Sri-Lanka crisis:
• Aid in the form of fertilisers, pharmaceuticals and other essential items - “Adding to the fragrance of
friendship and cooperation”
• Currency swaps + credit lines have been extended
• Countering China on a global front with the combination of Infrastructure creation. Example: the Indian
Government has provided USD 45 million in financial assistance to develop the Kankesanthurai (KKS)
Harbour in Jaffna.
• A free-Floating Dock Facility and a Dornier Reconnaissance Aircraft to Sri Lanka
(Focusing on the fact that how India can play its role in alleviating and averting a regional issue.)
Impact of the crisis on India:
• Regional Distress
• Relation deterioration with India impacting Lankan Tourism and Investment
• Economic suspension harming the bilateral trade-
• Trans-shipment nature of the Lankan ports- 60% of India’s trans-shipment cargo is handled by the Colombo
port
• Refugee crisis
Way forward:
• India is helping Srilanka in the best way possible emphasising the objectives of SAGAR (security and growth
in all region) doctrine and its neighbourhood first policy.
• Ties can be strengthened by promoting religious links, resolving fishermen’s issues and deepening people
to people contact.
• India’s current efforts demonstrate trust and goodwill between two nations and India has approached the
situation in Sri Lanka in a very humanistic way. [Dr. Jaishankar]
2. India- Nepal Ties (75 Years of Diplomatic Relations)
In news:
• As a result of the recent political engagements between the prime ministers of Nepal and India, some gains
are visible in the relations between the two countries.
• Talks have now begun at the bureaucratic level around issues like power, trade, commerce, remittance,
food security, and border management and upgrading of infrastructure along the open border, among
others.
• India’s National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC) will be taking over the West-Seti Hydropower Project in
Nepal, after China withdrew from it, ending a six-year engagement between 2012 and 2018.
o Nepal PM Deuba declared that since India was Nepal’s power market, therefore, the project would
be given to India.
• With Bhutan continuing to sit out the MVA, the other three nations of the BBIN grouping (Bangladesh-
Bhutan-India-Nepal) held a meeting and finalised an enabling MoU for implementing the BBIN Motor
Vehicles Agreement (MVA).

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Setting up of a Joint Working Group to resolve issues like:

• Misuse of the open border for drug and human trafficking,
• smuggling of goods and small arms,
• fake currency note rackets, and
• illegal entry of third-country citizens
• For the first time, India has recognised Nepal as an important partner in the power sector. Nepal has
started exporting the total approved 364MW of electricity to India through its power exchange market.
• The EXIM bank of India is financing big projects in Nepal, such as the construction of buildings, bridges,
roads, etc, through its line of credit.
• India is also willing to supply much-needed fertiliser to Nepal to meet demand under the government-to-
government modality.
• Operationalisation of cross border rail link and building of Buddhist Vihara in Lumbini.
• Recently, Nepal ratified the agreement with the U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). China
claimed that it was part of the U.S.’s Indo-Pacific strategy to contain China. Therefore, it will provide
welcome synergy between India and Nepal.
• Nepal’s close proximity to Pakistan and China still hinders maximum mutual trust between India and Nepal
- the continuance of the “Anti-India rhetoric.”
• China’s growing role:
o In 2016, Nepal and China concluded a protocol. It allowed Nepal to have access to four seaports
and three land ports of China.
o China has overtaken India as the largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Nepal.
o China has hiked its annual development assistance to Nepal and has also engaged with airport
expansion projects at Pokhara and Lumbini in Nepal.
• Despite India being Nepal’s largest trade partner, the trade deficit is more than 10 billion USD.
• Distrust towards India as a result of India’s “big brother” attitude.
• Bilateral Trade is over USD 7 Billion.
• India is Nepal’s largest trade partner and the largest source of foreign investments.
• India’s exports to Nepal have grown over 8 times in the past 10 years.
• Connectivity projects like Raxaul-Kathmandu Railway Project, BBIN etc.
• Hydroelectricity projects in Solu Corridor.
• Military exercise - Surya Kiran to boost defence cooperation and interoperability.
• Nepal has been inducted to the International Solar Alliance.
• Both sides have signed the Mahakali Treaty (1996).
Way forward:
• Substantial growth in power trade may help Nepal reduce the massive trade deficit with India, which
accounts for 60% of the total deficit facing the country. The power sector is expected to be a “game-
changer” in Indo-Nepal ties.
• Revision of the existing “Transit Treaty” to accommodate new changes like ICPs, allotment of
Visakhapatnam Port to Nepal etc.
• Reviving talks of an Extradition Treaty or an alternative Mutual Legal Agreement Treaty.
• Boosting Track II diplomacy with Nepal.
Marking 75 years of diplomatic relations with Nepal, India must strive forward to transform the narrative of ‘Roti-
Beti’ (bread and blood) into ‘Roji-Roti’ (employment and bread).

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3. India-Maldives Relations
As part of the government’s “Neighbourhood First” strategy, the Maldives are strategically significant to India
because of their location in the Indian Ocean. Thus, perfectly complimenting each other in strategic interests.
Developments:
• Upgrading strategic partnership between two nations, India and Maldives signed six agreements including
cooperation in the area of cyber security, disaster management, social housing etc. to maintain stability in
the Indian Ocean Region.
• In July 2022, the cabinet approved the signing of an MoU for Judicial Cooperation between India and
Maldives which will accelerate court digitisation and boost prospects for IT companies and start-ups in
both countries.
• Four MoUs in the areas of Developmental Projects, Youth affairs etc had been signed in 2020.
• Greater Male Connectivity Project - The largest civilian infrastructure project in the Maldives. The project
will connect the Maldives’ capital Male with three islands: Villingili, Gulhifalhu and Thilafushi. India also
announced a fresh 100 million USD line of credit for the project.
• High Impact Community Development Projects Scheme which include Maldives Institute of Technical
Education, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital etc
• To help the Maldives cope with the economic slowdown post-COVID-19 pandemic; India committed a 500
million US Dollar package. The package includes air, sea, intra-island and telecommunications.
• Medical Tourism, cultural exchange, Type II diplomacy etc.
• Geostrategic Positioning of Maldives forms a major component of India’s Neighbourhood First policy and
SAGAR - Security and Growth of All in the Region.
• Radicalisation: Over the past ten years or more, more Maldivians have become attracted to terrorist
organisations like the Islamic State (IS), Pakistan-based madrassas, and jihadist groups.
• Previous political turmoil was a major relationship stressor which includes the “India Out” Campaign.
• China’s strategic presence has grown in the area surrounding India. A significant “pearl” in China’s “String
of Pearls” strategy in South Asia has emerged as the Maldives. There are speculations that China may be
attempting to establish strategic outposts in the archipelago due to its strategic location in the Indian
Ocean.
• Concerns of expatriate workers, particularly the unskilled ones, in Maldives.
Way forward:
• The recently concluded Colombo Security Conclave (CSC) highlighted the deepening security cooperation
between the two nations. India continues to be a dedicated development partner for a secure, prosperous,
and peaceful Maldives. However, Maldives should also continue with its “India First” policy for the sake of
maintaining a strategic level of comfort in relations.
4. Indo-Bangladesh Relations
In news:
• 7th round of India-Bangladesh Joint Consultative Commission was held recently.
• Two years after they were stopped due to the onset of the pandemic, passenger train services between
India and Bangladesh resumed with the Bandhan Express setting off from Kolkata for Khulna and the
Maitree Express starting its run from Dhaka for Kolkata.
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• Five rail links have so far been rebooted between India and Bangladesh: Petrapole (India)-Benapole
(Bangladesh), Gede (India)- Darshana (Bangladesh), Singhabad (India)-Rohanpur (Bangladesh),
Radhikapur (India)-Birol (Bangladesh) and the Haldibari-Chilahati link.
• India extended its assistance in management of the annual flood in Bangladesh.
• India stated its wish to work with Bangladesh on Artificial Intelligence, start-ups, Fintech and
cybersecurity.
• Both countries jointly inaugurated the newly restored railway link between Haldibari (India) and Chilahati
(Bangladesh).
• With Bhutan continuing to sit out the MVA, the other three nations of the BBIN grouping (Bangladesh-
Bhutan-India-Nepal) held a meeting and finalised an enabling MoU for implementing the BBIN Motor
Vehicles Agreement (MVA).
Note- India was one of the first countries to recognize Bangladesh and establish diplomatic relations immediately
after its independence in December 1971.
• Bilateral Trade between the two nations stands at 10.8 billion USD.
• Bangladesh is the largest trading partner of India in South Asia.
• Bangladesh is the biggest beneficiary of India’s Line of Credit policy.
• Military Exercises such as MILAN and SAMPRITI etc.
• Members of major regional organisations like South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
• The use of the Chattogram and Mongla ports in Bangladesh for movement of goods to and from India,
particularly from Northeastern India.
• Teesta River Dispute and disagreement and opposition to the proposed Tipaimukh Dam on Barak river.
• Illegal immigrants and controversial NRC.
• Bangladesh is an active partner of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that India has not signed up to.
• Rising radicalisation due to ill treatment of minorities. Example: HUJI fundamentalist group.
Way forward:
• The early resolution of river water disputes like Teesta by regular meetings of JRC is the best way to boost
India-Bangladesh relations.
• Involvement of joint forces to reduce border issues such as illegal trading, trafficking, cattle smuggling, etc
• Adhering to timelines of Developmental projects, example: Maitree super thermal power project.
Conclusion:
• Good relations between India and Bangladesh are essential for the development of the North-east region,
exploring the Indo-Pacific region and for greater connectivity to South Asian countries.
5. Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
Context:
• India’s constant vigil in securing the region’s interest in the Indian Ocean has gained appreciation from the
President and various world leaders. The strategic importance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is ever
increasing to the world order in general and Indian sub-continent in particular.

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About:
• The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) comprises the Indian Ocean and the countries bordering it- Australia, India,
Indonesia, Bangladesh, Madagascar, Somalia, Tanzania, South Africa, the United Arab Emirates, and
Yemen.
Importance:
• The region is plentiful in energy resources and minerals including gold, tin, uranium, cobalt, nickel,
aluminium and cadmium. Around 55% of the oil reserves and 40% of the gas reserves are in this region.
• Fishing and aquaculture industries are a major source of export as well as providing employment to more
than 14 million people.
• Almost 95% of India’s trade by volume and 68 per cent of trade by value are routed via the Indian Ocean.
• Militarily, the presence of a long coastline makes India vulnerable to potential threats emerging from the
sea. One of the worst terrorist attacks in Mumbai was perpetrated by terrorists arriving by sea. India’s
nuclear installations, coastal cities are at continuous threat from state and non-state actors.
• The presence of non-traditional threats like piracy, smuggling, illegal fishing and human trafficking also
present major challenges and hence, a secure Indian Ocean is key to securing regional interests.
The concept of India being the Net Security Provider in the region:
By addressing common concerns and forwarding mutual interests, India had donned upon the role of being the
Net Security Provider in the IOR.
The concept revolves around four different activities:
• Capacity Building via training of forces.
• Military Diplomacy
• Military Assistance and
• Direct deployment of troops on the ground.
Coupled with traditional concerns, growing incidents of piracy, IUU fishing, smuggling and terror attacks and
emerging issues like disaster aversion, Pandemic evacuation etc, the role of Net Security Provider has never been
more pertinent.
• India’s policy of SAGAR - Security and Growth for All in the Region prioritises regained focus on
connectivity, resilient infrastructure, stronger and higher impact community projects with building greater
trust and responsibility.
• Geostrategic Positioning and optimising the major maritime chokepoints and SLOCs (sea lines of
communication).
• IONS, conceived in 2018 is a forum to seek cooperation and develop capacities for an unpredicted disaster
- natural or man-made.
Impediments remain in India achieving its objective fully:

• China Factor: The IOR comprises Nations which are actively part of China’s String of Pearls policy.
• Resources being at disposal and adhering to timelines of Development Assistance Programmes has not
been India’s strongest pursuit.
• India’s NAM ideology prevents direct military confrontation, let alone putting troops on the ground.
• Engaging and lobbying with the member-nations may not always be eye-to-eye.
Way Forward:
• It is clear that, if India wants to become a (serious) Indo-Pacific player, it has to prioritise implementation
of the SAGAR initiative. It is important for India to look beyond the Quad to partner with smaller littoral
states and provide alternatives to China’s investment strategies. India could start by expanding the ambit
of AMPHEX exercise, where it invites IOR nations to participate fully thus taking a step towards building
mutual capacities.

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BILATERAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUPINGS AND AGREEMENTS INVOLVING INDIA

AND/OR AFFECTING INDIA’S INTERESTS
Bilateral, What do you “Increasing The “India’s ‘The time has Quadrilateral “If the last High 4th India- US '2+2' I2U2, Indo-US
regional understand by cross-border question of relations come for India Security few Frequency dialogue, India- (75 years,
‘The String of terrorist India’s with Israel and Japan to Dialogue is decades topic- two UAE signed CEPA, IPEF, CAATSA
and global Pearls’? How attacks in India Energy have, of build a strong transforming were of questions Indo-Pacific exemption,
groupings does it impact and growing Security late, contemporary itself into a Asia’s per year. In Economic PBP), Indo-
and India? Briefly interference in constitutes acquired a relationship, trade block growth light of Framework, UAE, Indo-
agreements outline the the internal the most depth and one involving from the story, the rapidly India-Isreal (30 Israel, Indo-
steps taken by affairs of important diversity, global and military next few changing years of full Japan, China's
involving India to member-states part of which strategic alliance, in are dynamics in diplomatic ties), growing
India counter this. by Pakistan are India’s cannot be partnership present expected the assassination of footprint in
and/or not conducive economic rolled that will have times. to be of international PM Shinzo Abe Africa,
affecting for the future progress. back.” a great Discuss Africa’s.” order. Multilateralism
India’s of SAARC Analyze Discuss. significance In the light (Current
(South Asian India’s for Asia and of this Affairs
Association for energy the world as a statement, context)
interests Regional policy whole.’ examine
Cooperation).” cooperation Comment.(10) India’s
Explain with with West influence in
suitable Asian Africa in
examples. Countries. recent
years.
Discuss the A number of “The long- What is the “The USA
political outside sustained significance is facing an
developments powers image of India of Indo-US existential
in Maldives in have as a leader of deals over threat in
the last two entrenched the oppressed Indo-Russian the form of
years. Should themselves and defence a China,
they be of any in Central marginalised deals? that is
cause of Asia, which Nations has Discuss with much more
concern to is a zone of disappeared reference to challenging
India? interest to on account of stability in than the
India. its new found the Indo- erstwhile
Discuss the role in the Soviet

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implications, emerging Pacific Union.”

in this global order” region Explain.
context, of Elaborate
India’s
joining the
Ashgabat
Agreement,
2018.
Economic ties Critically
between India examine
and Japan the aims
while growing and
in the recent objectives
years are still of SCO.
far below what
their importance
potential. does it
Elucidate the hold for
policy India.
constraints
which are
inhibiting this
growth.

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1. I2-U2 [India::Israel::USA::UAE]
In news:
• India along with the United States, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates set up a new joint working group
“I2-U2”, to enhance cooperation and partnerships. The first virtual summit was held in July 2022.
Recent advancements:
• The United Arab Emirates (UAE) announced to invest USD 2 billion in India to develop Food Parks across
the country.
• Grouping declared to support "hybrid renewable energy project" in Gujarat, consisting of 300 megawatts
(MW) of wind and solar capacity.
Importance // Objective:
• It marks growing convergence between Indian and U.S. interests in Asia and a fundamental and
consolidated shift in India’s foreign policy in the Middle East.
• I2U2 is aimed to encourage joint investments in six mutually identified areas such as water, energy,
transportation, space, health, and food security.
• It intends to mobilise private sector capital and expertise to help modernise the infrastructure, low carbon
development pathways for our industries, improve public health, and promote the development of critical
emerging and green technologies.
• These projects can serve as a model for economic cooperation and offer opportunities for our
businesspersons and workers.
Significance to India:
• The benefit of the Abraham Accords to deepen engagement with Israel without offending relations with
Middle Eastern Players.
• It highlights India’s growing connections in West Asia.
• Just like Quad became a central feature of the Indo-Pacific, I2U2 could be the central feature in the Middle
Eastern region.
• India is a massive consumer market and an immense producer of high-tech and highly sought-after goods
as well. This could potentially lead to a rise in market opportunities.
Highlights of the I2U2 virtual summit:

• Focused on clean energy and food security
• India’s interest to join the Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate initiative (AIM for Climate) was
welcomed.
• India specific-
o UAE will invest $2-billion programme to develop a series of integrated food parks across India.
o I2U2 will invest in a hybrid renewable energy project in Gujarat.
Conclusion:
• It is perceived as an Upcoming “Western Asian Quad”, as said by the Ambassador of the UAE to India.
2. Indo-US Relations (In Light of 75 Years, IPEF, CAATSA, Partners in Blue Pacific
Initiative)
A. 75 Years of Indo-US ties
Introduction-
• The US-India relationship has been dubbed the most important strategic partnership of the 21st century

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• Our shared objectives lie in securing a free, open, and prosperous Indo-Pacific, adhering to a rules-based
international order, and maintaining international security while upholding freedom of navigation.
• The countries enjoy a comprehensive global strategic partnership driven by shared democratic values.
Recent developments-
• A ‘2+2’ dialogue (Foreign and Defence Ministers) was held in April 2022. Outcomes-
o Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed- on space awareness, in outer space and
cyberspace. They also agreed to undertake an inaugural Defence Artificial Intelligence Dialogue,
while expanding joint cyber training and exercises.
o The Indo-Pacific and the defence partnership between India and the US was emphasised on and
reiterated.
o The US also mentioned that China was constructing “dual-use infrastructure” along the border
with India and that it would “continue to stand alongside” India to defend its sovereign interest.
• US exempts India from CAATSA for its purchase of S-400 missile weapons system from Russia.
o The Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is a law that came into
effect in the US in 2017 meant to punish countries having deep engagements with Russia, North K
orea, and Iran using economic sanctions.
o Reason- It impacted our bilateral relations with the USA. It also marks an acceptance of our
sovereignty.
• India and US sign project agreement for Airlaunched Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (ALUAV).
o The project has been signed as part of the Joint Working System of the Defence Technology Trade
Initiative (DTTI).
• Recently, in September 2021, Revamped U.S.-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP) was
launched.
o Launched per the U.S.-India Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030.
o A new India-U.S. task force on Biofuels was announced.
Facts (Commercial relations):

• USA is India’s largest merchandise export destination
• USA is among the largest source of FDI for India (FY 2020-21)
• Bilateral trade stands at 119 billion USD
• High level visits from either side
• The leaders consult at international forums and multilateral summits- QUAD, G20 etc.
• High level dialogue mechanisms- 2+2 dialogues, India-US strategic Energy Partnership
• Defence-
o India conducts more bilateral exercises with the U.S. than with any other country- Tiger Triumph,
Vajra Prahar, Yudh Abhyas etc.
o The two countries now have four agreements that cover areas of Military Information, Logistics
exchange, compatibility, and security between them- GSOMIA, LEMOA, COMCASA, BECA
• Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region
• US has been critical of India’s tariff and non-tariff barriers
• Intellectual Property Rights in India have been a US concern- India remained on the “Special 301” report
• The tricky issue of data localisation or capping prices of medicines and medical devices has
remained a point of contention
• Contradictory responses to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict

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Way forward:
• We can push the areas where the bilateral partnership has the potential of evolving most positively- health,
education and science and technology.
• Managing differences without hindering the others’ principle of sovereignty
• Focus on common shared democratic values and long-term interests
B. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)

In news:
• India joined the IPEF - 14-nation initiative led by the US.
• The initiative is touted as a substantial step by the U.S. as part of its decade-old “pivot to Asia”, and an
attempt at putting some “economic heft” into its Indo-Pacific presence that has been on the decline after
its decision to quit the Trans Pacific Free Trade Agreement, the CPTPP, in 2017.
What is IPEF?
• The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) aims to reassert U.S. economic engagement
and to provide a U.S.-led alternative to China’s economic statecraft in the region.
• They together account for 40% of the world’s GDP.
Features of IPEF-
• US officials made it
clear that the IPEF
would not be a “free
trade agreement”, nor
are countries expected
to discuss reducing
tariffs or increasing
market access.
• The IPEF will not
include market access
commitments such as
lowering tariff barriers
• In that sense, the IPEF
would not seek to
replace the 11-nation
CPTPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) that the US quit in 2017, or the RCEP, which China, and all of the other
IPEF countries (minus the US) are a part of.
• Three ASEAN countries considered closer to China — Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos — are not members
of the IPEF.
• The negotiations will be along four main pillars.
o Trade
o Supply chain resiliency
o Clean energy and decarbonisation
o Tax and anti-corruption
India and the IPEF-

• India is committed to a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region and believes that deepening economic
engagement among partners is crucial for continued growth, peace, and prosperity.
• India is keen to collaborate with partner countries under the IPEF and work towards advancing regional
economic connectivity, integration and boosting trade and investment within the region.
• India (Lothal, the world’s oldest commercial port) has been a major centre in the trade flows of the Indo-
Pacific region for centuries.

14
• India’s main concern is on the issue of data localization for which a Bill that envisages a framework for
localising Indian data and the establishment of a Data Protection Authority has been introduced.
Significance:
• Forging better economic partnerships
• Rule-based Indo-Pacific Order
• Resilient supply chains
• Heading to a more globalised world
Despite all its geographical advantages, IPEF bears further scrutiny (challenges):
• Inclusivity of the process
• U.S. officials have made it clear that it is not a free trade agreement; nor will it discuss tariff reductions or
increasing market access, raising questions about its utility.
• Generic pillars and lacking clarity
• The U.S.’s statement that the IPEF is essentially focused on “American workers” also raises questions on
whether increasingly protectionist global trends will change.
• IPEF faces credibility challenges, seeing the past initiatives of the US [Blue Dot initiative etc] being not
much of a hit.
Conclusion:
• Negotiators will need to move with both caution and clarity before making any big promises on its benefits
for the region. Thus, invoking 3Ts - Trust, Transparent and Timeliness for a better partnership.
3. US-led Partners in the Blue Pacific Initiative

In news:
• Amid China’s aggressive push to increase its Pacific sphere of influence, the US and its allies — Australia,
New Zealand, Japan and the United Kingdom — have launched a new initiative called ‘Partners in the Blue
Pacific’ for “effective and efficient cooperation” with the region’s small island nations.
• Reason- The geostrategic competition in the region has intensified of late after China made the projected
scope of its growing footprint clear by pushing for a sweeping, common cooperation agreement with 10
Pacific nations.
• Apart from PBP, US & its allies have launched the IPEF and PGII (G7 announcement) to counter China.
Objective:
• It is a five-nation “informal mechanism” to support Pacific islands and to boost diplomatic, economic ties
in the region.
• The initiative members have also declared that they will “elevate Pacific regionalism”, and forge stronger
ties with the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
o PIF is an intergovernmental organisation that aims to enhance cooperation between countries and
territories of Oceania.
• The areas where PBP aims to enhance cooperation include “climate crisis, connectivity and transportation,
maritime security and protection, health, prosperity, and education”.
4. China’s Growing Footprint in Africa- “Claiming their Second Continent”
• Influence of China in other domains in Africa has been growing substantially.

• Port building, connectivity projects etc are furthering the goal of its Debt Trap Diplomacy, trying to
overshadow India’s Developmental Diplomacy.

15
In news:
• China recently held the first China-Horn of Africa Peace, Governance and Development Conference.
• The conference held in Ethiopia witnessed the participation of foreign ministries from the following
countries of the Horn: Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, and Uganda.
China’s projects in Africa:
• The four major areas of China’s interest are natural resources, maritime interest, financial assistance and
infrastructural projects and infrastructure investment.
• China is also funding $200 million for the construction of the African Union’s headquarters in Addis Ababa.
• It has also made a significant investment in railway building, the Addis-Djibouti railway line connecting the
land-locked country with Eritrean ports in the Red Sea.
• China’s interest in Africa is due to the presence of natural resources like oil and coal. It has invested $400
million in the Mombasa oil terminal.
• China is also interested in metallic minerals such as gold, iron ore, and precious stone along with chemicals,
oil and natural gas in Ethiopia.
• In maritime interest, China has its military base in Djibouti and is also willing to develop the Eritrea coast
which would connect to China’s investment in landlocked Ethiopia.
Why is Africa claimed as the “second continent”?
• China’s policy of “Going Out”encouraged State owned companies to venture abroad, but fine tuning this
policy had led the private companies to gain access to natural resources and continue with the agenda of
debt trap diplomacy.
• China’s first military base outside its mainland is in Djibouti.
• China is Africa’s biggest bilateral trade partner - 62% of African bilateral debt is owed to Chinese creditors.
This is a worrisome issue for India:
• Chinese economic engagement with Africa is not limited to resources. Although trade in resources such as
crude oil and copper account for the bulk of trade between China and Africa, China has sanctioned
infrastructure for resource loans worth billions of dollars. Example: Nairobi Expressway.
• Demand for African exports was one of the most direct channels through which China penetrated Africa.
India prefers to focus on India’s long-term commitment to African development, development
cooperation initiatives like Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and Lines of Credit (LoCs) as
well as the need for African votes for a permanent seat in the United Nations.
Conclusion:
• In a nutshell, potential gains from closer economic ties between India and Africa have not been realised
fully. To revive its manufacturing sector and create jobs for the youth, India needs a more active strategy
to expand its manufacturing sector.
• India’s ailing manufacturing sector really can’t afford to ignore Africa's growing middle class. Secondly,
given that India can’t match China’s deep pockets, its development cooperation must be more strategic.
India needs to focus on a few niche areas like solar power, physical and digital infrastructure etc. and
ensure better implementation.

16
5. India-Israel
Context:
• To mark the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between
the two countries, India and Israel launched a commemorative logo.
• The logo features the Star of David and the Ashoka Chakrathe two symbols
that adorn the national flags of both countries- and forms the numeral 30
depicting the 30th anniversary of bilateral relations.
• Though India had recognised Israel on September 17, 1950, full-fledged
diplomatic relations between the countries were established on January 29,
1992.
Trade negotiations:
• The latest effort for an FTA with Israel comes on the back of the government’s recent drive to resume a
number of trade negotiations
• The government has so far committed to resuming talks with the U.K., Australia and the European Union
• Expressing the hope, they would also be concluded in 2022
• It will open the Israeli market for Indian businesses in a more favourable way
• The recently concluded virtual summit of I2-U2 marks the building of political and diplomatic capital for
each other with partner nations.
• Aiming to bolster the mutual defence relationship, Indian Defence Minister and Defence Minister of Israel
exchanged the ‘Letter of Intent’ and adopted a ‘Vision Statement’. The two countries have several joint
development projects in the pipeline, including the Long-Range Surface to Air Missile (Barak-8) for the
Indian Navy’s warships.
• India has benefitted from Israeli expertise and technologies in several sectors like Agriculture which
includes post harvest, micro-irrigation etc.
• Free Trade Agreement Talks have been shelved
• India’s recent move to de-hyphenate relations between Israel and Palestine
• Israel’s growing closeness to China
Way forward:
• Expedite talks on FTA- The two sides must expedite talks on trade and investment in an effort to take
bilateral ties to the next level.
• Enhancing Global Impact - It will also bring greater partnership in new R&D projects in India in areas like
digital healthcare, agriculture and water.
• Shifting gears into a new phase- Benjamin Netanyahu, previous PM of Israel, termed Israel’s relations with
India as a "marriage made in heaven but consecrated here on earth".
Marking 30 years of full diplomatic relations in 2022, India-Israel partnership should diversify into new sectors such
as satellites, space exploration, semiconductor manufacturing etc.

17
6. India-UAE Relations
In news-
• Indian Prime Minister recently visited the UAE for the fourth time. India is engaging with the UAE well
beyond the confines of diplomatic protocols.
Significance of ties:
• Indian Diaspora in UAE: Around 3 million Indians are living harmoniously in the UAE.
• UAE – A willing partner: As India seeks to enhance economic engagement and deepen security cooperation
with the Gulf, it finds a willing partner in the UAE.
• India being a natural partner: UAE’s ‘Look East’ find partners for its economic growth and with security
concerns emanating from turmoil in West Asia and growing threat from terrorism.
• Investments: UAE has a special place due to its business-friendly atmosphere, willingness to invest in the
Indian economy.
• India’s West Asia policy: The UAE occupies a key place in India’s West Asia policy. The high-level visit from
both sides has given a new impetus to this partnership.
What are the recent developments in India and UAE relationships?

• During the virtual summit in February 2022, both sides signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA). The deal was negotiated and finalised in just 88 days and promises to increase bilateral
trade from $60 billion to $100 billion in five years. It came into force on May 1 and has already ushered in
preferential market access for 97% of tariff lines accounting for 99% of Indian exports to the UAE.
• Indian PM Modi has bestowed the Order of Zayed, the UAE’s highest civilian award.
• Recently, India and UAE also issued a Joint Vision Statement titled, “Advancing the India and UAE
Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: New Frontiers, New Milestones”.
• Dubai-based DP World and India’s National Skills Development Council signed an agreement to set up a
Skill India Centre in Varanasi. The Centre aims to train local youth in logistics, port operations and allied
areas so that they can pursue overseas employment.
With the conceiving of I2U2, India and UAE should look forward to install a 2+2 dialogue framework to optimise
gains from geostrategic posturing. Their future discourse should be guided by the rules of international law and
focus on making the world a better place to live keeping in mind their respective national interest.
7. India-Japan & Shinzo Abe
• Abe, one of the most consequential leaders of Japan in its post-war history - was the country's longest
serving PM. During his time in office, Abe was a great friend of India, and a relationship that he invested
personally in. He had a special rapport with PM Modi, which came out on multiple occasions.
Personal visits:
• Abe visited India thrice - in January 2014, December 2015, and September 2017
• No other Prime Minister of Japan has made so many visits to India
• He was the first Japanese PM to be Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade in 2014
Bilateral talks:
• The foundation for "Global Partnership between Japan and India" was laid in 2001, and annual bilateral
summits were agreed in 2005.
• Abe accelerated the pace of ties since 2012
• In 2007, he delivered the famous "Confluence of the Two Seas" speech, laying the foundation for his
concept of Indo-Pacific.

18
Nuclear deal:
• In September 2014, Modi and Abe agreed to upgrade the bilateral relationship to "Special Strategic and
Global Partnership".
• The relationship grew and encompassed issues from civilian nuclear energy to maritime security, bullet
trains to quality infrastructure, Act East policy to Indo-Pacific strategy.
Defence cooperation:
• While the security agreement was in place since 2008, under Abe the two sides decided to have Foreign
and Defence Ministers' Meeting (2+2)
Indo-Pacific narrative:
• Abe's Japan revived the Quad (India, Japan, China, and the United States) in October 2017 as Chinese
aggression grew in the Pacific, Indian Ocean, and India's borders in Doklam
• During Abe's tenure, India and Japan came closer in the Indo- Pacific architecture
Development cooperation:
• During Abe's visit in 2015, India decided to introduce the Shinkansen System (bullet train).
• India and Japan also formed the Act East Forum and are engaged in projects in the Northeast, closely
watched by China.
• The two countries also planned joint projects in Maldives and Sri Lanka
Stand against China:

• Since 2013, Indian and Chinese soldiers have had four publicly known border-stand-offs
• April 2013, September 2014, June-August 2017, and the ongoing one since May 2020. Abe’s Japan has stood
with India through each of them.
Conclusion: A leader India always missed

• Abe was a valuable G-7 leader for India, focused on strategic, economic, and political deliverables, and not
getting distracted by India's domestic developments
8. Multilateralism
Definition:
• It is a diplomatic practice based on cooperation between several States, often referred to as multilateral
diplomacy. In theoretical terms, it is a key concept on which the architecture of the contemporary
international system is based and is therefore an essential element in the study of international relations.
• In particular, multilateralism is based on founding principles such as consultation, inclusion and solidarity.
Its operation is determined by collectively developed rules that ensure sustainable and effective
cooperation.
• Finally, multilateralism is also a dynamic historical process, which cannot be dissociated from the context
in which it takes shape.
• Examples include NATO, the United Nations, and the World Trade Organisation. The United Nations is an
intergovernmental institute that primarily maintains international peace and security. Thus, the institution
acts as a centre for harmonising the actions of various nations.
Advantages:
• Since there may be occasions when individual countries can pursue their own self interest, an international
economic regime underpinning and enforcing multilateralism in international interventions is vital
• Multilateral trade agreements strengthen the global economy by making developing countries
competitive
19
• They standardise import and export procedures, giving economic benefits to all member nations
• Their complexity helps those that can take advantage of globalisation, while those who cannot often face
hardships
However, when the world contends with unprecedented problems, the various intergovernmental organisations
and groupings may not be ideal places to build peace.
Uncertainties or perils of multilateralism (disadvantages):

• The UN and its manifold agencies have been losing their lustre, criticised for their lack of efficiency,
institutional sclerosis and ideological infighting. It has been most recently visible in the face of the Russia-
Ukraine conflict.
• As the current COVID crisis is illustrating, while existing multilateral mechanisms such as the WHO have
excruciatingly shown their limits and shortcomings, to address the global repercussions of the pandemic.
• The United States has long been a hegemon championing the multilateral system and Western
universalism through soft power and military intervention
• Multilateral trade agreements- drawbacks:
o Negotiations can be lengthy, risk breaking down
o Removing trade borders affects businesses
o Benefits large corporations but not small businesses
Conclusion- The question remains whether the more inclusive, dynamic and patchwork type of multilateralism that
is currently emerging will prove sustainable in the face of a marked return of power politics, nationalism, and trade
wars.
We might need to rethink multilateralism and the solution must have all stakeholders engaged for it to work, a
global compact that goes beyond governments. It is especially necessary to capture the voice of those who have
historically been “voiceless”.

20
EFFECT OF POLICIES AND POLITICS OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON

INDIA’S INTERESTS & INDIAN DIASPORA
Effect of The protests Some of the Increasing Indian In what ways “What “Indian Medium India-Gulf "Taliban (India's
policies in Shahbag International interest of Diaspora would the introduces diaspora has Frequency relations, Taliban, approach & One
Square in funding India in has an ongoing US- friction into a decisive Topic - India's stand in year of Taliban
and Dhaka in agencies have Africa has important Iran Nuclear the ties role to play one the Russo- Rule), Russia -
politics of Bangladesh special terms its pro and role to play Pact between in the question Ukrainian war Ukraine war
developed reveal a for economic cons. in South- Controversy India and the politics and per year since Feb 2022 (Emphasis on
and fundamental participation Critically East Asian affect the United States economy of Strategic
split in society stipulating a Examine. countries’ national is that America and Autonomy and its
developing
between the substantial economy interest of Washington European five pillars), Soft
countries nationalists. component of and India? How is still unable Countries”. power
on India’s and Islamic the aid to be society. should India to find for Comment diplomacy”
interests, forces. What used for Appraise respond to its India a with
Indian is its sourcing the role of situation? position in its examples.
significance equipment Indian global
Diaspora for India? from the\ Diaspora in strategy,
leading South- East which would
countries. Asia in this satisfy India’s
Discuss on context National self-
merits of such esteem and
terms and if ambitions”
there exists a Explain with
strong case suitable
not to accept examples.
such
conditions in
the India
context.
The aim of
Information
Technology
Agreements
(ITAs) is to
lawer all taxes
21
and tariffs on
information
technology
products by
signatories to
zero. What
impact would
such
agreements
have on
India’s
interests?

22
1. Taliban: India’s Approach
• Afghanistan today, under Taliban Rule has bounced back to its 2001 reality - which had immense
restrictions on its people, especially girls and women. Taliban has imposed its oppressive brand of
governance- acquiescence to a fundamentalist, backward way of life that cannot be defied.
Current situation:
• Collapse of the economy,
• Political disagreements and
• Starvation and acute malnutrition.
• According to the UN, the decision has affected an estimated 1.1 million people and has provoked
widespread international criticism.
• Data-
➢ According to the World Bank, women's participation in the labour force of Afghanistan has
dropped since the Taliban takeover, decreased to 15 per cent from 22 per cent.
➢ An Amnesty report in July said that the Taliban had "decimated the rights of women and children."
Effect on India’s efforts:

• India spent nearly 3 Billion dollars for Afghanistan in the construction of Parliament, Dams, Highway
Projects, Hospitals, Education, Training etc
• Indian companies operating in Afghanistan, their Indian employees in project sites, can be victims.
• Taliban can support Terror organizations to work against India from Kashmir to Bangalore and Kolkata to
North East etc.
• Furthering of China in the region and support for them via Taliban groups is harming the existing efforts
and future interest of India
• Regional instability - export of terrorism
Radicalization and terrorism landscapes have evolved dynamically in Southeast Asia as the region constitutes an
“enabling environment”.
India’s recent engagement with Afghanistan:

• Recently, the MEA announced that a team led by Joint Secretary (PAI) “is currently on a visit to Kabul to
oversee the delivery operations of our humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan”.
• The MEA clearly implied that this engagement should be seen only in the limited context of assistance to
the Afghan people.
• The continuance of humanitarian assistance can be only one, though an important, segment of interaction;
other aspects, especially security issues and later, connectivity and investments, as Afghanistan stabilises,
have to be part of the dialogue with the Taliban.
So, what should be India’s approach toward the Taliban?

• India cannot argue that the diplomatic door must be kept open for Pakistan (despite Pak sponsoring
terror), because it’s a neighbour; while it can be shut on the Taliban- because Afghanistan directly impacts
Indian security.
• Engagement with Taliban: An engagement with the Taliban would at least give an opportunity to convey
Indian concerns directly and encourage those elements within the group who wish to open up its
diplomatic choices.
• Exploit contradiction: Far from being a monolith, the Taliban has significant tribal and regional
contradictions.
• Therefore, India should not leave the Afghan arena entirely to Pakistan and China because of the social
manifestation of Taliban theology.

23
• The Taliban is here to stay and for India, there is no alternative but to deal with it even while repeating, if
it wishes, the mantra of inclusive government.
• India should also maintain contacts with the leaders of the ousted Republic, especially as the Taliban itself
wants them to return to the country.
2. Russia-Ukraine War: India’s Stand
In news:
• Russia and Ukraine agreed to resume grain exports from Black Sea ports (Odessa, Chernomorsk and
Yuzhny) as part of a deal negotiated by the United Nations and Turkey. The deal makes provisions for the
safe passage of ships and is significant to ease global food insecurity and facilitates Russia’s export of
fertilisers essential for ensuring future high yields on crops and bringing down food prices.
• The war has been ongoing for more than 100 days.
India’s response:
• India abstained from voting in all resolutions except at UNSC. This is the first time that India has taken a
stand against Russia in any kind of vote being taken on the issue of Ukraine since Russian Military Action
began in February 2022.
• Providing humanitarian relief and assistance. Example: 90 tonnes of aid to Ukraine
• Emphasis on Strategic Autonomy and its five pillars-
o Thought - Mindfulness
o Multipolar centric
o International force multiplier
o Global welfare at present
o Reflection of Global Good in the future
Concerns for India:

• Maintaining diplomatic balance between Russia and Ukraine
• Brings Russia- China closer
• Security investments in Russia including arms trade
• Global Geopolitical changes in the area
• Socio-economic impact of the war - induced inflation, weakening currency etc
India has repeatedly reiterated its stand against the Russian and Ukrainian sides to return to the path of diplomacy
and dialogue. Going forward, India should seek to de-hyphenate diplomatic relations to come to a more
substantial solution.
3. Soft Power Diplomacy
In news:
• India has been ranked 36th in Global Soft Power Index 2021.
Soft power- definition:

• Soft power is the ability to co-opt rather than coerce. In other words, soft power involves shaping the
preferences of others through appeal and attraction. A defining feature of soft power is that it is non-
coercive; the currency of soft power includes culture, political values, and foreign policies. In 2012, Joseph
Nye of Harvard University explained that with soft power, "the best propaganda is not propaganda"

24
• Soft power resources are the assets that produce attraction, which often leads to acquiescence.
• India's spiritualism, yoga, movies and television, classical and popular dance and music, its principles of
non-violence, democratic institutions, plural society, and cuisine have all attracted people across the world.
Indian diaspora as a soft power tool:

• India has the largest transnational population in the world. It has the most migrants abroad at 18 million:
UN-DESA
o The United Arab Emirates, the US and Saudi Arabia host the largest numbers of these migrants
• Remittance inflows to India amounted to $87 billion in 2021, also the largest in the world.
➢ According to a study by RBI, the US overtakes UAE to become the top remittance source for
India accounting for 23% of total remittances in 2020-21.
Significance Challenges
• Global labour source • Indian emigrants face employment and

• At influential positions and contributing wage related issues
to the world • Political issues, leading to locals getting
• Accelerate technological development more jobs. Eg-H1B visa issue
and enhance investment • Some of them are caught in conflict
• Always there for humanitarian zones
assistance • Rising xenophobia across the world
• Stimulate the Indian economy
Way forward:
• The Indian diaspora is the bridge between their nation and India where they can grow simultaneously for
the betterment of their citizens.
• Deepening links with the existing diaspora
• Making them a part of the developmental process.
Other dimensions such as religion, sports, culture etc should be explored and hence taken forth to advance Track
IV diplomacy to its core.

25
IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, AGENCIES AND FORA- THEIR STRUCTURE

& MANDATE
Syllabus 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Insights Development Prediction
s s
Important The World WTO is an Discuss the “The What are What are ‘Too little Critically The newly Medium- China, Russia, G7 (meeting-
Internationa Bank and the important impediment broader the main the key cash, too examine tri-nation High Pakistan to PGII), G20
IMF, international s India is aims and functions of areas of much the role partnership frequenc attend SCO-RATS (India will be
l collectively institution facing in its objectives of the United reform if politics, of WHO AUKUS is y topic- Anti-terror meet hosting for
institutions, known as the where pursuit of a WTO are to Nations the WTO leaves in aimed at one in Delhi; Five first time in
agencies Bretton decisions permanent manage and Economic has to UNESCO providing countering definite Eyes Alliance, 2023),
and fora- Woods taken affect seat in promote and Social survive fighting global China’s question Summits- G7, BIMSTEC (25
Institutions, countries in a UNSC. international Council in the for life.’ health ambitions in per year. G20, NATO, WTO years), BRICS
their are the two profound trade in the (ECOSOC)? present Discuss security the Indo- WTO Ministerial (20 years),
structure, inter- manner. era of Explain context the during Pacific (alternat Conference etc. WTO
mandate. governmental What is the globalization different of ‘Trade statement the region. Is it e years- (Ministerial
pillars mandate of . But the functional War’, in the light COVID-19 going to 2014, meet-
supporting WTO and Doha round commission especiall of US’ Pandemi supersede 2016, Geneva
the structure how binding of s attached y withdrawa c the existing 2018). package),
of the world’s are their negotiations to it. keeping l and its partnership Regional WHA
economic and decisions? seem in mind accusation s in the grouping (Pandemic
financial Critically doomed due the of the region? asked treaty),
order. analyse to interest cultural Discuss the recently. NATO
Superficially, India’s stand differences of India? body as strenght Summit
the World on the latest between the being and impact
Bank and the round of developed ‘anti-Israel of AUKUS
IMF exhibit talks on Food and the bias’. in the
many security. developing present
common countries.” scenario.
characteristics Discuss in
, yet their role, the Indian
functions and perspective.
mandate are
distinctly
different.
Elucidate.

26
India has What are the

recently aims and
signed to objectives of
become the McBride
founding Commission
member of of the
New UNESCO?
Developmen What is
t Bank (NDB) India’s
and also the position on
Asian these?
Infrastructur
e Bank
(AIIB). How
will the role
of the two
Banks be
different?
Discuss the
strategic
significance
of these two
Banks for
India.

27
1. 25 Years of BIMSTEC
Context:
• June 6 marked the completion of 25 years since the 1997 Bangkok Declaration launched a modest grouping
with the acronym, BIST-EC.
• The fifth summit of the regional grouping, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), was held virtually in Colombo.
Key outcomes:
• Adoption and signing of the BIMSTEC Charter presents BIMSTEC as “an inter-governmental organisation”
with “legal personality.”
• To re-constitute and reduce the number of sectors of cooperation from 14 to a more realistic seven.
• Master Plan for Transport Connectivity
• Three New agreements:
o Mutual Legal Assistance
o Diplomatic Training
o Technology transfer Facility
About BIMSTEC:
• A multilateral regional organisation established with the aim of accelerating shared growth and
cooperation between littoral and adjacent countries in the Bay of Bengal region.
• Members- Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand.
• Founded as BIST-EC, in June 1997, with the adoption of the Bangkok Declaration, with Bangladesh, India,
Sri Lanka and Thailand as members.
• The BIMSTEC region hosts 22% of the world population and the member states have a combined GDP of
US$3.697 trillion/per year.
Key achievements:
• Creation of a BIMSTEC Charter, which secures a legality.
• It has prioritised the sectors of cooperation (7 sectors) with each member-state serving as the lead country
for the assigned sector.
• It has survived despite regional tensions. For example, the Rohingyas issue or the Myanmar coup.
• It has continued hosting meetings and summits, unlike SAARC and IORA.
Significance for India:

• Strategic - Indian Ocean Region
• Economic - Integrating regional economies
• Regional Security Cooperation
• Political- It is in alignment with India’s ‘Act East’ Policy.
• To counter China’s BRI influence
Challenges:
• Still hasn’t been able to produce a Free Trade agreement
• Regional geopolitics
• Stalled projects due to lack of infrastructure
• Aggravated Security Challenges & connectivity issues which would bring people closer

28
Conclusion and way forward:

• Infusion of additional solidarity and cooperation between member countries will push forth the agenda of
prosperity and security in the region.
• New synergy can be created between IPEF and BIMSTEC.
2. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)
In news:
• It was recently held virtually under the chairmanship of the Chinese President.
• BRICS 2022 theme: XIV BRICS Summit was held under the theme “Foster High-quality BRICS Partnership,
Usher in a New Era for Global Development”.
BRICS Summit 2022 Outcome- Beijing Declaration:

• On Russia-Ukraine Crisis: BRICS Beijing declaration supported resolution of Russia-Ukraine Conflict through
peaceful diplomatic mechanisms.
o In this context, BRICS showed its willingness to support the United Nations and the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)’s efforts to deliver humanitarian assistance to Ukraine.
• On Afghanistan Issue: BRICS countries showed their concerns about the deteriorating situation in the
Taliban-led Afghanistan.
• On Terrorism: BRICS countries condemned any form of terrorism and reiterated that only UN Security
Council has the authority for imposing sanctions of any organization.
Facts- BRICS comprises of:

• 41% of the world population,
• having 24% of the world GDP and
• over 16% share in the world trade
Areas of cooperation- Economic Corporation, People To People Exchange, Political And Cooperation, and
Cooperation Mechanism.
Significance:
• It offers great bargaining space to solve regional disputes
• The New Development Bank can help India to avail resources
• Brings the developing countries into the ambit of global governance
3. 12th WTO Ministerial Meeting- “Geneva Package”
In news:
• The G33, African Group and the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) group including India submitted a joint
proposal to the WTO to reform the methodology on Food Subsidy calculation. They also proposed th.at
exports of food grain from public stocks be allowed for international food aid and humanitarian purposes
for the needy countries.
• The 12th WTO Ministerial Conference 2022 concluded in Geneva where a number of deals relating to
many issues including the waiver of COVID 19 vaccines, food security, was signed.

29
Key outcomes:
• Curbing fishery subsidies- WTO passed a multilateral agreement that is aimed at curbing ‘harmful’ subsidies
on illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing for the next four years.
o Objective: Better protection of global fish stocks.
o India successfully lobbied with other like-minded nations to remove a section of the proposal that
would threaten some subsidies which would assist small-scale artisanal fishing.
o Artisanal and traditional farmers would not face any restrictions under this agreement.
• Member nations have agreed to a legally binding agreement to exempt food purchased by the UN’s World
Food Programme (WFP) for humanitarian purposes, from any export restrictions.
o However, countries would be allowed to restrict food supplies to ensure domestic food security
needs.
• E-commerce: All member nations agreed to continue the moratorium on custom duties on e-commerce
transmissions until the subsequent Ministerial Conference.
o India has asked the WTO to review the extension of the moratorium on custom duties on e-
commerce transactions as developing countries faced the brunt of the financial consequences of
such a moratorium.
• Covid-19 vaccine production- WTO members agreed to temporarily waive intellectual property patents on
Covid-19 vaccines without the consent of the patent holder for 5 years.
o Objective: To ease the manufacture of the vaccines domestically.
About:
• Founded in 1995, with 164 members.
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• WTO is the only international organisation that deals with the rules of trade between countries.
• Aim: promote free trade
• The Ministerial conference is the top decision-making body, which generally meets every two years
Obstacles in the WTO:

• Ineffective against nations like China, Russia etc
• Dysfunctional WTO appellate body
• Prolonged decision making process
• Lack of inclusiveness and consistency
WTO and India: unresolved issues:

• Agricultural subsidies- The MSP is viewed as a trade distorting measure and therefore, placed under the
Amber box provisions. India has challenged it to ensure food security of the nation.
• The current trading arrangement does not recognize the GI tags, which reduces the marketability of
products.
• India has been urging towards standardisation of non-tariff barriers.
• The current IP waiver for vaccines is a watered down version of the one proposed by South Africa and India
in 2020. WTO as a whole should explore options to include tests and treatments in its next review to ensure
an eased flow of logistics in pandemic times.
4. Drafting of a Pandemic Treaty by World Health Assembly
In news:
• In December 2021, the World Health Assembly (WHA) agreed to start a global process to draft the
pandemic treaty.

30
Objective:
• Foster an all-of government and all-of society approach
• Expected to cover dimensions like data sharing and genome sequencing and fair distribution of vaccines
• Ban on wildlife markets
Need:
• Strengthen capacities on a global front
• Necessary collective action
• Hopefully ensure long term political will on global health
• Act as a model for future pandemics
• Promote the ‘One Health’ approach
• Help in early detection and resolution
Nations should work together towards strengthening the existing WHO’s mechanisms for handling a pandemic
and also a global discussion on the need for a pandemic treaty to reinforce global health security, in particular on
preparedness and response to health emergencies, in light of lessons learnt from the pandemic.
5. G20 Summit
Context:
• Postponement of the G20 Summit to 2023 in India. In the spirit of Amrit Mahostsav, India will be hosting
the G20 summit for the first time. The idea was to re-propagate Gandhian Ideology in the current times.
About:
• The G20 is an annual meeting of leaders from the countries with the largest and fastest-growing
economies.
• The G20 Summit is formally known as the “Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy”.
• The G20 is an informal organisation comprising 19 countries and the European Union, as well as officials
from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
• The G20 membership is made up of a mix of industrialised and emerging economies, representing over
two-thirds of the worldwide population, 85% of global GDP, 80% of global investment, and over 75% of
global commerce.
India's Priorities in G20 Summits:
• Investigating tax evasion to fight corruption.

• Choking terror funds.
• Cutting the Remittances Cost.
• Market access for key drugs.
• Reforms in the World Trade Organisation to enhance its functioning.
• The Paris Agreement's "full implementation"
Achievements Challenges
• Flexible and adaptive to changing circumstances • No enforcement mechanism

• Inclusive in nature • No legal binding
• Coordinated and continuous action • Only advisory in nature
• Monitors financial institutions and promotes reforms
Conclusion- Through its contributions to tackling these global concerns, the G20 has aimed to create a more
inclusive and sustainable world.

31
6. G7 Summit
In news:
• PM Modi went to Germany to attend the G7 Summit.
• Germany held the G7 presidency for the seventh time this year with the overarching theme of ‘Progress
towards an equitable world'.
• This goal is to guide the work of the G7 based on five areas of action
• Sustainable planet
• Economic stability and transformation
• Healthy lives
• Investment in a better future
• Stronger together
Major outcomes of the summit:
• Defending the principles and are resolved to:

o Protecting the freedom of expression and opinion online and offline
o Ensuring an open, free, global, interoperable, reliable and secure internet.
o Increasing the cyber resilience of digital infrastructure
o Countering hybrid threats, in particular information manipulation and interference, including
disinformation.
o Cooperating to counter information manipulation, promote accurate information, and advocate
for our shared democratic values worldwide.
o Promoting affordable access to diverse sources of reliable and trustworthy information and data,
online and offline, including through a multi-stakeholder approach
o Enhancing transparency about the actions of online platforms to combat violent, extremist and
inciting content online.
• Ban on imports of Russian gold:
o The leaders agreed on a ban on imports of Russian gold and to step up aid to countries hit with
food shortages by the blockade on Ukraine grain shipments through the Black Sea.
• Blocking Russian oil imports:
o The U.S. has already blocked Russian oil imports, which were small in any case.
o The EU has decided to impose a ban on the 90% of Russian oil that comes by sea, but that does not
take effect until the end of the year.
• Climate club:
o Group also pledged to create a new climate club for nations that want to take more ambitious
action to tackle global warming.
o Countries that join the club agree on tougher measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with
the aim of keeping global temperatures from rising more than 1.5 Celsius this century compared
with pre-industrial times.
• Build Back Better World initiative:
o G-7 leaders announced a revival of the Build Back Better World initiative, a program aimed at
countering China’s infrastructure investments through its Belt and Road Initiative.
• Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII):
o G7 announced the collective mobilisation of 600 billion dollars by 2027 under Partnership for Global
Infrastructure and Investment (PGII) to deliver “game-changing” and “transparent” infrastructure
projects to developing and middle-income countries.
• LiFE Campaign:
o The Indian Prime Minister highlighted the Global Initiative for LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)
campaign.
o The goal of this campaign is to encourage an eco-friendly lifestyle.

32
7. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
In news:
• NATO Summit was held recently in Madrid (Spain) amid Russia-Ukraine War.
Key outcomes:
• Identified Russia as a key threat to the alliance and addressed China for the first time
• Support shall be extended to Ukraine and other partners at risk
• Adapting to emerging challenges and technologies-
o The members agreed to launch a NATO Innovation Fund. It is a multi-sovereign venture capital fund
that will invest 1 billion euros ($1.05 billion) in startups and other funds that develop emerging
technologies for both civilian and military use.
o Agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions by NATO as an organisation by at least 45 per cent by
2030, down to net zero by 2050
• Leaders agreed to strengthen the alliance’s forward defences, enhance the bloc’s battlegroups and
increase the number of high readiness forces to more than 300,000.
• NATO’s closest partners Finland and Sweden were invited to join the Alliance.
About:
• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is a military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty
(also called the Washington Treaty) of April, 1949, by the United States, Canada, and several Western
European nations to provide collective security against the erstwhile Soviet Union.
• There are currently 30 member states.
• Headquarters- Brussels, Belgium
• Purpose: The organisation acts as a collective security alliance with the aim of providing mutual defence
through military and political means if a member state is threatened by an external country.
• Alliances of NATO:
o Istanbul cooperation initiative
o Mediterranean Dialogue
o Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
Relevance of NATO in contemporary times:

• Important for the international security ambit- Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the changing security
environment worldwide
• NATO is committed to combatting terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
• It is the longest surviving inter-governmental security organisation of the world and its membership has
increased over the period of time.
India-NATO engagement:
• India held its first political dialogue with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in Brussels on
December 12, 2019, with the aim to assess cooperation on regional and global issues of mutual interest.
Significance:
• Given that NATO has been engaging both China and Pakistan in bilateral dialogue.
• Convergence in the perspectives of both India and NATO on China, terrorism, and Afghanistan, including
Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan.

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INTERNATIONAL

For Mains 2022

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INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD- RELATIONS

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1. India- Sri Lanka

Reasons behind the crisis:

• Foreign currency reserves have virtually run dry

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Role of India in Sri-Lanka crisis:

Impact of the crisis on India:

2. India- Nepal Ties (75 Years of Diplomatic Relations)

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Setting up of a Joint Working Group to resolve issues like:

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5. Indian Ocean Region (IOR)

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Impediments remain in India achieving its objective fully:

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BILATERAL, REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUPINGS AND AGREEMENTS INVOLVING INDIA

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implications, emerging Pacific Union.”

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Highlights of the I2U2 virtual summit:

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Facts (Commercial relations):

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B. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)

India and the IPEF-

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3. US-led Partners in the Blue Pacific Initiative

4. China’s Growing Footprint in Africa- “Claiming their Second Continent”

• Influence of China in other domains in Africa has been growing substantially.

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China’s projects in Africa:

Why is Africa claimed as the “second continent”?

This is a worrisome issue for India:

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What are the recent developments in India and UAE relationships?

7. India-Japan & Shinzo Abe

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Stand against China:

Conclusion: A leader India always missed

Uncertainties or perils of multilateralism (disadvantages):

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EFFECT OF POLICIES AND POLITICS OF DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ON

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1. Taliban: India’s Approach

Effect on India’s efforts:

India’s recent engagement with Afghanistan:

So, what should be India’s approach toward the Taliban?

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2. Russia-Ukraine War: India’s Stand

Concerns for India:

3. Soft Power Diplomacy

Soft power- definition:

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Indian diaspora as a soft power tool:

• Global labour source • Indian emigrants face employment and

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IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, AGENCIES AND FORA- THEIR STRUCTURE

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