2017 International Conference on Electrical, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering (ICEICE2017)
Demand Side Management in Smart Grid
Using Load Shifting Technique
P. Balakumar
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Anna University Regional Campus
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Email: bala8757@gmail.com
Abstract- Smart Grid represents a vision of the
future power systems integrating advanced smart
grid technologies, transmission and distribution
levels in order to supply electricity in smart way.
Power system operators having the task of
maintaining the balance between the demand and
generation of electric power. Naturally more power
is required when the load is at its peak value. An
important function of a smart grid is the demand side
management which helps the energy providers
reduce the peak load demand and allows the
customer to reduce the operational cost, aiming to
operate the system with increased sustainability. The
objective of this project is to present the load shifting
technique for demand side management of smart
grids which handles a large number of controllable
devices. The demand side management is modelled
as an optimization problem whose solution is
obtained by using an Evolutionary Algorithm.
Keywords — Demand side management,
distributed energy resource, generation
scheduling, load shifting, smart grid.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID
Smart Grid (SG) is a concept still in
development and that is starting to turn into reality
in the world’s electric scenario. It represents the
union of computation, automation and
communication technologies applied on the
monitoring, control and maintenance of electric
network in a way that turns possible the supply of
electricity with major quality, sustainability, safety
and reliability. However, turning this concept into
something practical requires modifications in the
current network, as for example, the installation of
sensors, real-time communication devices, data
processing centrals and also changes in the energy
commercialization process.
S. Sathiya
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Dr. Mahalingam College of Engg. & Tech
Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Email: sathiyashanmugavel@gmail.com
Some of the important characteristics
of a smart grid are consumer friendliness, hack
proof, self-healing resistance against physical and
cybernetic attacks, ability to accommodate all
types of generation and storage options, electricity
market based energy efficient operation and high
power quality and the main functions of Smart
Grids are motivate customers participation, supply
major quality energy, integrate different types of
power generation and storage as well as offering a
major involvement of the market. Reliability, cost
savings and energy independence are the many
benefits smart grid.
1.2 MOTIVATION FOR THE RESEARCH
With the increased growing demand
for energy, utilities tend to develop their
generation capacities according to peak loads
rather than average power in order to meet the
customer’s demands. Unfortunately renders power
systems highly under-utilized and customer’s
consumption patterns increasingly irresponsible.
Also it has driven utilities to make huge long-term
investments in new generation plants which are
maximum and typically based on conventional
energy sources, such plants – in addition to being
capital intensive – lead to increase the amount of
Greenhouse Gases(GHG) emissions that majorly
affect the earth’s temperature, producing in turn
changes in weather conditions.
In order to divert from under-utilized
systems and make the best use of the available
generated power without needing to erect new
plants, generated capacities need to be used more
efficiently and great care must be taken to
optimally allocate available resources. The easiest,
cleanest and safest way to improve the match
between demand and supply is to deploy demand
side management practices on various level of
loads, either by reducing the demand or reshaping
the load profile. This can be done with the help of
demand side management.
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering (ICEICE2017)
1.3 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
Demand Side Management is an
important function in energy management of the
smart grid, which provides support towards smart
grid functionalities in various areas such as
electricity market control and management,
infrastructure constructions and management of
decentralized energy resources.
The objective of the proposed project
is to develop a Demand Side Management (DSM)
algorithm which reduces the peak electricity
consumption in consumer’s side and managing the
operation of their appliances according to utility
controls and consumers preferences, that
improving demand load profile.
Demand side management alters
customer’s power consumption patterns to
produce the desired changes in the load shapes of
power distribution systems. Demand side
management focuses on utilizing power saving
technology, electricity tariffs, monetary
incentives, and government policies to mitigate the
peak load demand instead of enlarging the
generation capacity or reinforcing the transmission
and distribution network.
1.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF DEMAND SIDE
MANAGEMENT
There are various reasons behind for which
the DSM must be promoted. Some of them as
follow:
x Cost Reduction
x Reliability and Network Issues
1.3.2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
TECHNIQUES
x Peak Clipping
x Strategic Growth
x Valley Filling
x Flexible Load Shape
x Load Shifting
x Strategic Conservation
X-axis=Time (Hours) Y-axis=Power (kWh)
Figure 1.1 Techniques of DSM
1.4 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
x To develop a load shifting model
x To improve system efficiency by reducing
the following factors
™ Peak Load Demand
™ Operational Costs
2. LOAD MANAGEMNT OPTIMIZATION
USING LOAD SHIFTING
2.1. LOAD SHIFTING
Load Shifting is a technique that shift the
demands in the peak hours to the off peak hours. It
can be reduce peak demand at specific periods,
reduce the need for installing additional power
plants and the operation costs of power stations. It is
a Technique with Direct control on equipment or
through tariff. Load shifting is one of the most
traditional means for load management.
2.2. DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY
This paper presents the generalized day-
ahead demand side management (DSM) strategy for
the future smart grid. It uses load shifting as the
primary technique that can be utilized by the central
system controller of the smart grid. Objective of the
demand side management could be maximizing the
use of renewable energy resources and economic
benefit also minimizing the peak load demand.
According to the proposed
architecture, the demand side system receives the
objective load curve as an input and calculates the
required load control actions in order to fulfil the
desired load consumption. The demand side
management is carried out the beginning of a
predefined control period which is typically a day.
Then, the control actions are executed in real time
based on the results. Figure 2.1 illustrates the
proposed architecture for the day-ahead demand side
management strategy. It shows the exchange of
information between the demand side management
controller and each appliance during the real-time
operation. This takes advantage of the
communication capability of the smart grid.
When a customer presses ON button of an
appliance, the connection request is sent to the
smart grid controller. The smart grid controller
replies based on the results of demand side
management technique that was carried out in
advance. The reply is may be the connection
permitted or a new connection time.
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering (ICEICE2017)

correspondingly for device type of k, and j is the

DSM Controller total duration of consumption for device type k

Each Facility

Each shift-able load in

Figure 2.1. Proposed Architecture for DSM

3. PROBLEM ESTABLISHMENT

The considered demand side management

sets up the connection moments of each shift-able
device in the system such that it brings the load
consumption curve as close as to the objective load
consumption curve. Proposed load shifting
Technique is mathematically formulated as shown in
Equation (3.1).
.
Figure 3.1. illustrates Connect (t), where Load A
( ( )− ( ) ) is shifted from tA to (t-1), and Load B is shifted
from tB to t.

(3.1) Similarly, Disconnect (t) also has two parts:

the decrement in the load because of delay in
Where Objective (t) is the value of the connection times of devices that were supposed to
objective in curve at time t, and Pload (t) is the actual start their consumption at time step t, and the
consumption at time t. The Pload (t) is given by the decrement in the load due to delay in connection
Equation (3.2). times of devices that were expected to start their
consumption at time steps that precede t. The
Pload (t) =Forecast(t)+Connect(t)-Disconnect(t) Disconnect (t) is given by the Equation (3.4).
(3.2)
( )
Where Forecast (t) is the forecasted consumption at
time t, and Connect (t) and Disconnect (t) are the = .
measures of loads coupled and uncoupled at time t
respectively during the load shifting.
+ ( ) ( ) ( . )
Connect (t) is of two parts: the increment in
the load at time t, due to the connection times of
devices shifted to time t, and the increment in the
load at time t due to the device connections
scheduled for times that precede. The Connect (t) is
given by Equation (3.3).

( )

= .

+ ( ) ( ) ( . )

Where Xkit is the number of devices of

type k that are shifted from time step i to t, is the
number of device types, P1k and P(1+l)k are the Figure 3.2 illustrates Disconnect (t), where
power usage at time steps 1 and (1+l) Load b is shifted from t to B, and Load B is
shifted from t to tB.
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering (ICEICE2017)

Where, Xktq is the number of devices of type

k that are deferred from time step t to q, m is the Hourly Forecasted
Time Price
maximum allowable delay. Load (kwh)
8hrs-9hrs 12 729.4
9hrs-10hrs 9.19 713.5
The following constraints are taken into 10hrs-11hrs 12.23 713.9
consideration for this minimization problem. The 11hrs-12hrs 20.61 808.2
number of devices shifted cannot be a negative 12hrs-13hrs 26.82 824.5
value that is shown in Equation (3.5). 13hrs-14hrs 27.35 761.1
0 ∀, , ( . ) 14hrs-15hrs 13.81 745.2
15hrs-16hrs 17.31 681.8
16hrs-17hrs 16.42 666
17hrs-18hrs 9.83 951.4
The number of devices shifted away from a
18hrs-19hrs 8.63 1220.9
time step cannot be more than the number of devices
available for control at the time step that is shown in 19hrs-20hrs 8.87 1331.9
Equation (3.6) 20hrs-21hrs 8.35 1363.6
21hrs-22hrs 16.44 1252.6
22hrs-23hrs 16.19 1046.5
() ( . ) 23hrs-24hrs 8.87 761.1
24hrs-1hrs 8.69 475.1
1hrs-2hrs 8.13 412.8
2hrs-3hrs 8.25 364.7
Where, ctrlable (i) is the number of devices of type 3hrs-4hrs 8.5 348.3
k available for control at time step i. 4hrs-5hrs 8.12 269.2
5hrs-6hrs 8.13 269.6
6hrs-7hrs 8.34 412.3
3.1. FORECASTED DATA SHEET FOR DSM 7hrs-8hrs 9.35 539.1

The main intention is to lessen the utility Table 3.1 Forecasted Load Demand and
bills of consumers in those areas. The same market Wholesale Energy Prices
rates which are inversely proportional to the chosen
objective load curve were applied to all areas in the
smart grid. Simulations were carried out with a
maximum allowable delay of 12 hours.

It is apparent that longer the delay, the

better will be the performance of demand side
management algorithm since the possible number of
loads subjected to load shifting rises, resulting in
improved results. Forecasted time wholesale
electricity prices and forecasted hourly load
consumption of each area of the smart grid are given
in the Table 3.1.
Figure 3.3 Forecasted Load Curve in Residential
The maximum load demand of residential Area
area in this study is 1.5MW. On a normal day, valley
of the load consumption curve will be before the 3.2. RESIDENTIAL AREA
peak hours. If load shifting window is from 0 to 24,
The control devices in the residential area
the peak load cannot be shifted to valley hours. To
will possess small power consumption ratings and
avoid this situation, the control period is changed
short durations of operation. Table 3.2 shows the 14
from 8th hour of current day to eighth hour of the
types of device with 2600 controllable components
next day. It helps in better understanding of the
that are administered to load control and their
aftermath of load shifting. Each area of the smart
consumption patterns.
grid has various types of controllable equipments,
the details of components which are given as
follows.
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering (ICEICE2017)

The controllable devices of 14 different types of The forecasted load curve in Figure 3.3
instruments in the peopled area are shown in Table should be brought as near to the objective load
3.2. curve.

Device First Second Third No. Of

Type Hour Hour Hour Devices Objective load Curve
Hand
1.0 - - 189 1500
Dryer
Dish
1.2 - - 288 1000
Washer
Washing
0.6 0.5 - 268
Machine 500
Micro
2.1 - - 279
Oven
0
Iron Box 0.85 - - 340
Vacuum 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
0.3 - - 158
Cleaner
Ceiling Figure 4.1 Objective Load Curve for DSM
0.5 0.4 - 288
Fan
Kettle 1.2 - - 406 Figure 4.1 explains how the load demands
Toaster 0.8 - - 48 in the peak hours have to be shifted to the off-peak
Pressure hours so that our Objective of reducing the utility
0.8 - - 59 bills and peak loads will be achieved. This curve
Cooker
Hair shows a smoother load curve than the forecasted
1.8 - - 58 load curve.
Dryer
Blender 0.4 - - 66
4.1.2 FORECASTED LOAD CURVE AND
Fry Pan 1.0 - - 101
OBJECTIVE CURVE
Coffee
1.0 - - 56
Maker The objective load curve is shown along
Total - - - 2604 with the forecasted load curve in Figure 4.2. Here we
have shown two plots in a single graph so that it will
be easy for us to compare those two graphs and
Fig.3.2 Data of Controllable Devices in the understand in which time the loads have to be
Residential Area shifted.
These controllable devices can be shifted
from peak hours to off-peak hours using proposed
load shifting method in order to reduce the peak
load and utility bills.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Demand Side Management policy has

driven to bring the final power utilization load curve
close to the objective load curve in residentiary area.
The proposed technique has efficiently handled the
large number of controllable devices of different
types and adopts all heiuristics in the smart grid.
Here, Load Shifting model is developed using Mat
lab.

4.1 SIMULATION RESULTS Figure 4.2 Load Curve and Objective

Curve for Residential Area
4.1.1 OBJECTIVE LOAD CURVE
Figure 4.2 shows forecasted load curve
An objective load curve has been drawn with peak load of 1400kWh where s our Objective
according to our blueprint of reducing utility bills curve shows a peak load of 1300kWh.
and peak load which is shown in figure 4.1. The
forecasted load demand in Residential area is
graphically represented previously in Figure 3.5.
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering (ICEICE2017)
4.1.3 DSM RESULTS OF RESIDENTIAL
AREA
The final load curve after load shifting is
shown in Figure 4.3. This load curve is obtained by
developing a load shifting Model using Matlab. The
final load curve is shown in Figure 2.5.
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 5 10 15 20 25
Figure 4.3 Final Load Curve of Residential Area
Figure 4.3 shows that peak load of
Residential area is less than 1300kWh. It is reduced
than the peak load of forecasted load curve and more
close to the Objective curve.
Cost Cost Reduction
Area Excluding Including Percentage
DSM ($) DSM ($) (%)
Residential 2045.203 1949.504 9.55
Table 4.1 Cost Analysis with and without DSM
Here, the DSM results of Residential area
are shown in Figure 4.3. This is the result obtained
after Load Shifting by Matlab simulation.
5. CONCLUSION
Demand Side Management has the
capability to provide many assets, especially at the
distribution network level. The proposed DSM is a
technique based on a day-ahead load shifting frame.
In our proposal the load shifting is mathematically
formulated as a minimization problem. Simulations
are carried through in a smart grid which has
customers from residential area with profuse amount
of controllable loads of assorted types. Simulation
results shows that proposed DSM has achieved
considerable savings to the customers and reduces
the peak load demand of smart grid.
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