BIOINDIKATOR

RADIOAKTIVITAS LINGKUNGAN

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 FAKTOR BIOAKUMULASI
• Lingkungan dianggap terbuat dari
sejumlah fase-fase yang berbeda, seperti
air, udara, tanah, dan biota.

• Pada saat suatu bahan kimia dilepaskan,

ia tersebar di antara fase-fase yang
berbeda menurut sifat-sifat kimia dan
fasenya

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• Pada kesetimbangan, kepekatan-kepekatan
dalam setiap pasangan fase dicirikan oleh
koefisien partisi K.
• Koefisien partisi K merupakan angka banding
kepekatan dalam sebuah fase terhadap fase
lainnya, harganya tetap.
• K= Faktor Bioakumulasi/biokonsentrasi/
kepekatan
• KB untuk biota air bisa sampai di atas satu juta
(L/kg)

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 Bioaccumulation of Mercury
www.anr.state.vt.us/.../environ/bioaccum.htm

• Once in a lake or river, mercury is converted to

methylmercury by bacteria and other processes.
• Fish absorb methylmercury from their food and
from water as it passes over their gills. Mercury
is tightly bound to proteins in all fish tissue,
including muscle.
• There is no method of cooking or cleaning fish
that will reduce the amount of mercury in a meal.

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 Methylmercury accumulates
as you move up the food chain:

1. Methylmercury in the water and

sediment is taken up by tiny animals
and plants known as plankton.
2. Small fishes eat large quantities of
plankton over time.
3. Large predatory fish consume many
smaller fish, accumulating
methylmercury in their tissues. The
older and larger the fish, the greater
the potential for high mercury levels in
their bodies.
4. Fish are caught and eaten by humans
and animals, causing methylmercury
to accumulate in their tissues.
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Proses
Bioakumulasi

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KB = CB/CW1/n

dimana CB = konsentrasi di biota

CW = konsentrasi di air

Untuk CW rendah:
KB = CB/CW

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KINETIKA BIOKONSENTRASI
Laju Biokonsentrasi
= laju pengambilan – laju pelepasan

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• dCB/dt = k1CW – k2CB

• Setimbang dCB/dt = 0, sehingga

k1CW = k2CB

CB/CW = k1/k2
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Indikator Biologis
• Adalah petunjuk ada tidaknya kenaikkan
radioaktivitas lingkungan melalui analisis
kandungan radioisotop yang terdapat pada
hewan dan tanaman, atau suatu hasil yang
berasal dari hewan maupun tanaman.
• Satu jenis zra mempunyai indikator biologis
tertentu. Jika satu indikator biologis dimiliki oleh
lebih dari satu zra, kepekaannya untuk
menangkap zra yang lainnya berbeda.

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• Indikator biologis dapat ditentukan dari
hewan/tanaman yang terletak pada daur
pencemaran zra.

• Indikator paling baik 131I adalah susu

hewan pemakan rumput,
– jika tidak ada: rumput.
– Jika dalam susu tidak terdeteksi: kelenjar
gondok hewan.

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• Di India: 1 g kelenjar gondok kambing 131I
kandungannya:
– 13,5 kali dlm 1 l susu sapi,
– 8 kali dari 1 kg rumput.

• Di Portugal: kelenjar biri-biri lebih peka dari

hewan lain.
• Jika binatang ternak susah diperoleh dapat
dipakai binatang liar.
Di Jerman rusa bertanduk dipakai sebagai indikator
biologis 131I, juga rusa merah dan rusa fallow.

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https://miningawareness.wordpress.com/2015/12/21/rudolph-the-red-nosed-radiation-
bioindicator-radioactive-cesium-radioactive-carbon-radioactive-water-and-more-lethal-
gifts-left-by-the-nuclear-industry/

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Penentuan indikator biologis 131I
A. Dari susu segar:
1. Susu sapi perah
2. Susu kambing, domba, biri-biri.

B. Dari tanaman segar:

1. Sayuran segar.
2. Tanaman dan buahnya.
3. Rumput dan sejenisnya.
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C. Dari kelenjar gondok hewan
peliharaan:
1. Sapi, kerbau.
2. kambing, biri-biri, domba.

D. Dari kelenjar gondok binatang liar:

1. Rusa bertanduk, kerbau.
2. Kelinci, marmut.

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• Jika daur pencemaran melalui air,
indikator biologis diambil hewan atau
tanaman yang tumbuh di air, antara lain:
1. Phytoplankton
2. Zooplankton
3. Mollusca
4. Crustaceae
5. Ikan

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 Beberapa radionuklida yang pernah
dijumpai sebagai pencemar melalui
indikator biologis adalah:

1. Phytoplankton:
3H, 14C, 90Sr, 90Y, 137Cs, 239Pu, 55Fe,
57Co, 60Co, 63Ni, 95Zr, 95Nb, 125Sb, 147Pm,
155Eu.

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2. Zooplankton:
3H, 14C, 90Sr, 90Y, 137Cs, 239Pu, 54Mn, 55Fe,
57Co, 60Co, 63Ni, 95Zr, 95Nb, 125Sb, 147Pm, 155Eu.

3. Mollusca:
3H, 14C, 90Sr, 90Y, 137Cs, 239Pu, 55Fe, 57Co,
60Co, 63Ni, 65Zn, 95Zr, 95Nb, 125Sb.

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4. Crustaceae:
3H, 14C, 90Sr, 90Y, 137Cs, 239Pu, 54Mn,
60Co, 65Zn.

5. Ikan:
3H, 14C, 90Sr, 90Y, 137Cs, 239Pu, 54Mn,
55Fe, 60Co, 65Zn, 95Zr, 95Nb.

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contoh2

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The Application of
Fucus Vesiculosus as a Bioindicator
of 60Co Concentrations
in the Danish Straits

Boelskiffe, S., 1985, Riso National Laboratory, Denmark.

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• Fucus vesiculosus (brown alga) is useful
as a bioindicator through its ability to
accumulate different radionuclides and it is
used as a tool to derive dispersion models
for the danish Straits.

• The occurrence of 60Co in the danish

Straits is investigated by applying the
seaweed Fucus vesiculosus as a
bioindicator
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• The concentration of 60Co in water is
too low for direct detection exept close
to the power plant, whereas Fucus is
convenient to use because it
accumulate 60Co to approximately 104
times to concentration in water (on a
dry weight basis)

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Material & Methods:
• Each sample: 5-20 plants (3 kg)
• The samples were dried at 100oC→dry
weight. The samples were then
incenerated at 400oC and then ready for
Ge(Li) -spectroscopy.

CF =
Activity in fucus (Bq 60Co/kg dry weight)
Activity in water (Bq 60Co/L)

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Radioactive accumulation in alga samples
from Romanian Black Sea coast

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2006

S. A. Mihai1, Ch. Hurtgen2 and I. I. Georgescu1

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 Abstract
The natural and artificial radioactivity of the
brown alga Cystoseira barbata samples
collected on the Romanian Black Sea coast in
1996 is reported.

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Detection method
• 137Cs

• 90Sr

• 226Ra

• U, Th, Pu and Am

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The results on:
• 137Cs were obtained through gamma-
spectrometry
• 90Srby beta-counting of the 90Y oxalate
precipitated after strontium separation
• 226Ra by the emanation method,
• while the concentrations of U, Th, Pu and Am
isotopes were obtained through radiochemical
separations using tracers followed by alpha-
spectrometry counting of the stainless steel
discs after electrodeposition.
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These results add further evidence that
Cystoseira barbata may be used as a
bioindicator for radioactive contamination
of the coastal waters.

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Abstract
Large-scale environmental monitoring programs rely on sampling many
media -- air, water, food, et cetera -- from a large network of sampling
stations. For describing the total region possibly impacted by
contaminants, the most efficient sampler would be one that covered a
large region and simultaneously sampled many different media, such
as water, air, soil, and vegetation. Honeybees have been shown to be
useful monitors of the environment in this context for detecting both
radionuclides and heavy metals. ……

https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6702610

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https://phys.org/news/2017-07-fungi-biomonitors-radioactivity-environment.html

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phytoremediator

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Sunflower is now being employed in phytoremediation – the process of using
plants to extract metals and toxins from soil. Sunflower was most notably used
after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986) to remove cesium and strontium
(radioactive elements) from the soil and ponds surrounding the disaster
site. Seeing the success of the sunflowers in Chernobyl, this same technique was
used in Fukushima, Japan after the recent nuclear meltdown. Unfortunately, the
results of the Fukushima phytoremediation project were deemed a failure. This
failure highlights the importance of genotype specific traits (such as cesium and
strontium uptake) as well as genotype specific environmental interactions that may
have been overlooked in these phytoremediation projects. Genetic differences
between the sunflower genotypes used in the Ukraine and Japan could account
for the success and failure of phytoremediation projects in these countries.
--Josh Vandenbrink
https://nature.berkeley.edu/blackmanlab/Blackman_Lab/Lab_News/Entries/2013/2/18_Bloo
m_of_the_Week_-_Phytoremediation_with_Sunflower.html
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https://www.abmi.ca/home/data-
analytics/biobrowser-home/species-
profile?tsn=99001983

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