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Jonathan M. Chase
Department of Biology and Tyson Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. E-mail:
jchase@wustl.edu
Net primary productivity is a principal driver of purely stochastic processes including ecological drift,
biodiversity; large-scale regions with higher productivity dispersal limitation, and differential colonization/extinction
generally have more species. This pattern emerges dynamics across localities; or (iii) the interaction between
because β-diversity (compositional variation across local stochastic and deterministic processes when stochastic
sites) increases with productivity, but the mechanisms variation in the history of colonization leads to more
underlying this phenomenon are unknown. Using data deterministic priority effects that vary across localities (16).
from a long-term experiment in replicate ponds, I show To account for the generally observed pattern of increasing β-
that higher β-diversity at higher productivity resulted diversity with increasing productivity (6–12), one or more of
from a stronger role for stochastic relative to these mechanisms must increase in its relative importance
deterministic assembly processes with increasing with increasing productivity. Deterministic processes could
productivity. This shift in the relative importance of lead to increased β-diversity with productivity if the
stochasticity was most consistent with the hypothesis of magnitude of variation in productivity among localities
more intense priority effects leading to multiple stable generally increases as the mean productivity of a region
equilibria at higher productivity. Thus, shifts in increases. However, studies that have specifically examined
community assembly mechanisms across a productivity correlations between the magnitude of among-site
gradient may underlie one of the most prominent heterogeneity and average productivity in a given region, and
biodiversity gradients on the planet. how that might influence β-diversity, have found no such
relationships (6, 8, 17). As a result, it is often more likely that
Variation in the net primary productivity of a given
variation in the importance of stochastic processes, or in the
ecosystem (e.g., the rate of carbon fixation through
interaction between stochastic and deterministic processes,
photosynthesis per unit area) plays a fundamental role in
leads to the observed increase of β-diversity with
driving variation in biodiversity of both plants and animals
productivity.
across regions; more productive regions typically have higher
There are two distinct mechanisms by which the relative
levels of biodiversity (1–4). This positive productivity-
importance of stochasticity in community assembly, leading
biodiversity relationship typically manifests when
to high β-diversity, can increase with productivity. First,
biodiversity is measured at relatively large spatial scales;
stochastic variation in colonization or extinction among
when biodiversity is measured at smaller spatial scales, the
localities can result in ecological drift and dispersal limitation
pattern is weaker and more variable (4, 5). The discrepancy
(18), or temporally variable metacommunities with locally
between productivity’s effect on biodiversity at smaller and
unstable dynamics (19), both of which can create high β-
larger spatial scales can be resolved by recognizing that site-
diversity among localities. This spatiotemporal variability in
to-site variability in species composition, known as β-
community structure (β-diversity) may increase in frequency
diversity, often increases with increasing productivity (6–12).
with increasing productivity if rates of colonizations or
However, the mechanisms leading to the increase in β-
extinctions increase, or if interspecific interactions leading to
diversity with increasing productivity remain largely
unstable dynamics increase, with productivity (20). Second,
unknown; most studies to date have been correlational. The
stochasticity in colonization history can lead to priority
factors that cause variation in β-diversity represent one of the
effects, which can then deterministically create multiple
most important, but poorly understood, influences on global
stable equilibria of community structure in different localities,
variation in biodiversity (13–15).
leading to high β-diversity [e.g., (16)]. There are at least two
β-diversity can arise from community assembly
related theoretical reasons as to why priority effects leading
mechanisms involving (i) purely deterministic processes
to multiple stable equilibria might be more frequent in higher-
when habitat heterogeneity creates different niches across
productivity regions: (i) If a smaller proportion of the species
localities to which different groups of species are favored; (ii)
in the species pool can persist in lower productivity, and if
Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity
Jaccard’s Dissimilarity
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
B Animals
1.0 1.0
Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity
Jaccard’s Dissimilarity
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.25 0.25
0.15
Coordinate 2
0.15
Coordinate 2
0.05 0.05
-0.05 -0.05
-0.15 -0.15