Java

The development of each programming language is based on a
fact: there is a need to solve a problem that was not resolved by

previous programming languages.
For example, Fortran could have been used to write efficient

programs for scientific problems, but it was not good for system
code.
Similarly, Basic was easy to understand but was not robust to write
big programs;
While the assembly language was powerful for writing efficient

programs, but it was not easy to remember and execution.
Java and its Evolution
 Programming languages such as Cobol, Fortran do not
have structural principles. They use the Goto statement to
control the flow of the program.
 Therefore, ’C’ was invented in 1970, to replace the assembly

language and to create a structured, effective and high-level
language
 C++ came with object-oriented programming features. C++

is the extension of C language which has been used
extensively. It is a powerful modern language that includes
the power and simplicity of C and the characteristics of
OOP.
History of java
 James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Mike
Sheridan and Ed Frank initiated the Java language
project in June 1991.
 The idea was to develop a language which was
platform-independent and which could create
embedded software for consumer electronic devices,
 It took 18 months to develop and had an initial name
as Oak,
 Renamed to Java in 1995, due to copyright issues.
 Java originally developed by James Gosling at Sun
Microsystems and released in 1995.
Versions of java
• 1995 version 1.0:
– The Java development kit was released for free by the sun
– 8-Packages 212-Classes
– Microsoft and other companies licensed Java
• 1997 version 1.1:
– 23 -Packages 504-Classes
– Improvement include better event handling inner classes ,
improved JVM.
– Microsoft developed its own 1.1 compatible Java Virtual
Machine for Internet Explorer
– Many browsers in use are still compatible only with 1.1
Versions of java…
1999 version 1.2:
-It is also called as the Java 2 platform
-59 Packages -1520 Classes
-Code & tools distributed as the SDK
-A Java foundation class based on swings for improved
graphics and user interfaces
-Collection API included list sets and hash map
Versions of java…
. 2000 VERSION 1.3:
- 76 Packages - 1842 Classes
- Java Sound (API for Digital & MIDI Sound)
•2002 VERSION 1.4:
- 135 Packages - 2991 Classes
- Improved XML support etc..,
•2004 VERSION 5.0 (1.5):
- 165 Packages - over 3000 Classes
- Faster startup metadata formatted Output
- Generic to operate on objects of various types
Versions of java…
2006 Java SE 6:
– Scripting language support
2011 Java SE 7:
– JVM Support for dynamic language
– String in switch
– Allowing underscores in numeric literals
2014 Java SE 8:
– for Each() method in Iterable interface.
- default and static methods in Interfaces.
- Functional Interfaces and Lambda Expressions.
Versions of java…
2017 Java SE 9:
-Stream API Improvements
-Multi-Resolution Image API
FUTURE EXPECTED UPDATES:
– Application Data-Class Sharing: ...
– Garbage Collector Interface
Java Attributes
• Familiar, Simple, Small
• Compiled and Interpreted
• Platform-Independent and Portable
• Object-Oriented
• Robust and Secure
• Distributed
• Multithreaded and Interactive
• High Performance
• Dynamic and Extensible
Java is Compiled and Interpreted
Hardware and
Programmer
Operating System
Source Code Byte Code
Text Editor Compiler Interpreter

.java file .class file
Notepad, javac java
emacs, vi appletviewer
netscape
Java is both compiled and an interpreted lang. First the java compiler
translates source code into the byte code instructions. In the next stage the
java interpreter converts the byte code instructions to Machine Code.
Architecture Neutral & Portable
 Java Compiler - Java source code (file with
extension .java) to bytecode (file with
extension .class)
 Bytecode - an intermediate form, closer to
machine representation
 A interpreter (virtual machine) on any
target platform interprets the bytecode.
 Porting the java system to any new platform
involves writing an interpreter.
 The interpreter will figure out what the
equivalent machine dependent code to run
Rich Class Environment
 Core Classes
language
Utilities
Input/Output
Low-Level Networking
Abstract Graphical User Interface
 Internet Classes
TCP/IP Networking
WWW and HTML
Distributed Programs
Java
 A programming language specifies the words and
symbols that we can use to write a program
 A programming language employs a set of rules that

dictate how the words and symbols can be put
together to form valid program statements
 The Java programming language was created by Sun

Microsystems, Inc.
 It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has grown

quickly since
© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
All rights reserved 1-13
Java Program Structure
 In the Java programming language:
 A program is made up of one or more classes
 A class contains one or more methods
 A method contains program statements
 These terms will be explored in detail throughout the

course
 A Java application always contains a method called

main

Lincoln.java
public class Lincoln
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a presidential quote.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println ("A quote by Abraham Lincoln:");
System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");

}
}
// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
class header
class body
Comments can be placed almost anywhere

}

// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
// comments about the method

{
method header
method body
}

Comments
 Comments in a program are called inline
documentation
 They should be included to explain the purpose of
the program and describe processing steps
 They do not affect how a program works
 Java comments can take three forms:
// this comment runs to the end of the line
/* this comment runs to the terminating

symbol, even across line breaks */
/** this is a javadoc comment */

Identifiers
 Identifiers are the words a programmer uses in a
program
 An identifier can be made up of letters, digits, the
underscore character ( _ ), and the dollar sign
 Identifiers cannot begin with a digit
 Java is case sensitive - Total, total, and TOTAL
are different identifiers
 By convention, programmers use different case styles
for different types of identifiers, such as
 title case for class names - Lincoln
 upper case for constants - MAXIMUM
Reserved Words
 The Java reserved words:
abstract else interface switch
assert enum long synchronized
boolean extends native this
break false new throw
byte final null throws
case finally package transient
catch float private true
char for protected try
class goto public void
const if return volatile
continue implements short while
default import static
do instanceof strictfp
double int super

White Space
 Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are called white space
 White space is used to separate words and symbols in
a program
 Extra white space is ignored
 A valid Java program can be formatted many ways
 Programs should be formatted to enhance
readability, using consistent indentation

Lincoln2.java
public class Lincoln2{public static void
main(String[]args){
System.out.println("A quote by Abraham Lincoln:");
System.out.println("Whatever you are, be a good
one.");}}

Program Development
 The mechanics of developing a program include
several activities
 writing the program in a specific programming language
(such as Java)
 translating the program into a form that the computer

can execute
 investigating and fixing various types of errors that can

occur
 Software tools can be used to help with all parts of this

process
Programming Languages
 Each type of CPU executes only a particular machine
language
 A program must be translated into machine

language before it can be executed
 A compiler is a software tool which translates source

code into a specific target language
 Often, that target language is the machine language

for a particular CPU type
 The Java approach is somewhat different

Java Translation
 The Java compiler translates Java source code into a
special representation called bytecode
 Java bytecode is not the machine language for any

traditional CPU
 Another software tool, called an interpreter, translates

bytecode into machine language and executes it
 Therefore the Java compiler is not tied to any

particular machine
 Java is considered to be architecture-neutral

Java Translation
Java source
code Java
bytecode
Java
compiler
Bytecode Bytecode
interpreter compiler
Machine
code

Development Environments
 There are many programs that support the
development of Java software, including:
 Sun Java Development Kit (JDK)
 Sun NetBeans
 IBM Eclipse
 Borland JBuilder
 MetroWerks CodeWarrior
 BlueJ
 jGRASP
 Though the details of these environments differ,

the basic compilation and execution process is
essentially
All rights reserved 1-27 the same
Syntax and Semantics
 The syntax rules of a language define how we can put
together symbols, reserved words, and identifiers to
make a valid program
 The semantics of a program statement define what

that statement means (its purpose or role in a
program)
 A program that is syntactically correct is not

necessarily logically (semantically) correct
 A program will always do what we tell it to do, not

what we meant to tell it to do
Errors
 A program can have three types of errors
 The compiler will find syntax errors and other basic

problems (compile-time errors)
 If compile-time errors exist, an executable version of the
program is not created
 A problem can occur during program execution, such

as trying to divide by zero, which causes a program to
terminate abnormally (run-time errors)
 A program may run, but produce incorrect results,

perhaps using an incorrect formula (logical errors)
Basic Program Development
Edit and
save program
errors
errors
Compile program
Execute program and

evaluate results

Problem Solving
 The purpose of writing a program is to solve a problem
 Solving a problem consists of multiple activities:
 Understand the problem

 Design a solution
 Consider alternatives and refine the solution
 Implement the solution
 Test the solution
 These activities are not purely linear – they overlap and

interact
Problem Solving
 The key to designing a solution is breaking it down
into manageable pieces
 When writing software, we design separate pieces that

are responsible for certain parts of the solution
 An object-oriented approach lends itself to this kind of

solution decomposition
 We will dissect our solutions into pieces called objects

and classes
Object-Oriented Programming
 Java is an object-oriented programming language
 As the term implies, an object is a fundamental entity

in a Java program
 Objects can be used effectively to represent real-world

entities
 For instance, an object might represent a particular

employee in a company
 Each employee object handles the processing and data

management related to that employee
Objects
 An object has:
 state - descriptive characteristics
 behaviors - what it can do (or what can be done to it)
 The state of a bank account includes its account

number and its current balance
 The behaviors associated with a bank account include

the ability to make deposits and withdrawals
 Note that the behavior of an object might change its

state
Classes
 An object is defined by a class
 A class is the blueprint of an object
 The class uses methods to define the behaviors of the

object
 The class that contains the main method of a Java
program represents the entire program
 A class represents a concept, and an object represents
the embodiment of that concept
 Multiple objects can be created from the same class
Chapter 2:
Data and Expressions

Character Strings
 A string of characters can be represented as a string
literal by putting double quotes around the text:
 Examples:
"This is a string literal."
"123 Main Street"
"X"
 Every character string is an object in Java, defined by
the String class
 Every string literal represents a String object
The
 Inprintln
the LincolnMethod
program from Chapter 1, we
invoked the println method to print a character
string
 The System.out object represents a destination
(the monitor screen) to which we can send output
System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");
object method
information provided to the method
name
(parameters)

The print Method
 The System.out object provides another service as
well
 The print method is similar to the println

method, except that it does not advance to the next
line
 Therefore anything printed after a print statement

will appear on the same line

Countdown.java
public class Countdown
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints two lines of output representing a rocket countdown.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
{
System.out.print ("Three... ");
System.out.print ("Two... ");
System.out.print ("One... ");
System.out.print ("Zero... ");
System.out.println ("Liftoff!"); // appears on first output line
System.out.println ("Houston, we have a problem.");

}
©}2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.
String Concatenation
 The string concatenation operator (+) is used to
append one string to the end of another
"Peanut butter " + "and jelly"
 It can also be used to append a number to a string
 A string literal cannot be broken across two lines in a
program

Facts.java
public class Facts
{
{
// Strings can be concatenated into one long string
System.out.println ("We present the following facts for your "
+ "extracurricular edification:");
System.out.println ();
// A string can contain numeric digits
System.out.println ("Letters in the Hawaiian alphabet: 12");
// A numeric value can be concatenated to a string

System.out.println ("Dialing code for Antarctica: " + 672);
System.out.println ("Year in which Leonardo da Vinci invented "
+ "the parachute: " + 1515);
System.out.println ("Speed of ketchup: " + 40 + " km per year");
}
}
String Concatenation
 The + operator is also used for arithmetic addition
 The function that it performs depends on the type of

the information on which it operates
 If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and
one is a number, it performs string concatenation
 If both operands are numeric, it adds them
 The + operator is evaluated left to right, but

parentheses can be used to force the order
Addition.java
public class Addition
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Concatenates and adds two numbers and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
{
System.out.println ("24 and 45 concatenated: " + 24 + 45);
System.out.println ("24 and 45 added: " + (24 + 45));

}
}
Escape Sequences
 What if we wanted to print a the quote character?
 The following line would confuse the compiler because
it would interpret the second quote as the end of the
string
System.out.println ("I said "Hello" to you.");
 An escape sequence is a series of characters that

represents a special character
 An escape sequence begins with a backslash character
(\)
System.out.println ("I said \"Hello\" to you.");
Escape Sequences
 Some Java escape sequences:
Escape Sequence Meaning

\b backspace
\t tab
\n newline
\r carriage return
\" double quote
\' single quote
\\ backslash

Roses.java
public class Roses
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a poem (of sorts) on multiple lines.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
{
System.out.println ("Roses are red,\n\tViolets are blue,\n" +
"Sugar is sweet,\n\tBut I have \"commitment issues\",\n\t" +
"So I'd rather just be friends\n\tAt this point in our " +
"relationship.");
}
}
Variables
 A variable is a name for a location in memory
 A variable must be declared by specifying the

variable's name and the type of information that it
will hold
data type variable name
int total;
int count, temp, result;
Multiple variables can be created in one declaration

Variable Initialization
 A variable can be given an initial value in the
declaration
int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;
• When a variable is referenced in a program, its

current value is used

PianoKeys.java
public class PianoKeys
{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of keys on a piano.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
{
int keys = 88;
System.out.println ("A piano has " + keys + " keys.");

}
}
Assignment
 An assignment statement changes the value of a
variable
 The assignment operator is the = sign
total = 55;
• The expression on the right is evaluated and the

result is stored in the variable on the left
• The value that was in total is overwritten
• You can only assign a value to a variable that is
consistent with the variable's declared type

Geometry.java
public class Geometry
{
{
int sides = 7; // declaration with initialization
System.out.println ("A heptagon has " + sides + " sides.");
sides = 10; // assignment statement

System.out.println ("A decagon has " + sides + " sides.");
sides = 12;
System.out.println ("A dodecagon has " + sides + " sides.");
}
}
Constants
 A constant is an identifier that is similar to a variable
except that it holds the same value during its entire
existence
 As the name implies, it is constant, not variable
 The compiler will issue an error if you try to change

the value of a constant
 In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a
constant
final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;
Constants
 Constants are useful for three important reasons
 First, they give meaning to otherwise unclear literal values
 For example, MAX_LOAD means more than the literal

250
 Second, they facilitate program maintenance
 If a constant is used in multiple places, its value need

only be updated in one place
 Third, they formally establish that a value should not

change, avoiding inadvertent errors by other programmers
Thanking you
Have patience for more about Java.

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The development of each programming language is based on a

fact: there is a need to solve a problem that was not resolved by

For example, Fortran could have been used to write efficient

While the assembly language was powerful for writing efficient

 Therefore, ’C’ was invented in 1970, to replace the assembly

 C++ came with object-oriented programming features. C++

Source Code Byte Code

Text Editor Compiler Interpreter

 A programming language employs a set of rules that

 The Java programming language was created by Sun

 It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has grown

 These terms will be explored in detail throughout the

 A Java application always contains a method called

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

System.out.println ("Whatever you are, be a good one.");

Comments can be placed almost anywhere

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

// comments about the method

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

/* this comment runs to the terminating

/** this is a javadoc comment */

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

 translating the program into a form that the computer

 investigating and fixing various types of errors that can

 Software tools can be used to help with all parts of this

 A program must be translated into machine

 A compiler is a software tool which translates source

 Often, that target language is the machine language

 The Java approach is somewhat different

 Java bytecode is not the machine language for any

 Another software tool, called an interpreter, translates

 Therefore the Java compiler is not tied to any

 Java is considered to be architecture-neutral

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

 Though the details of these environments differ,

 The semantics of a program statement define what

 A program that is syntactically correct is not

 A program will always do what we tell it to do, not

 The compiler will find syntax errors and other basic

 A problem can occur during program execution, such

 A program may run, but produce incorrect results,

Execute program and

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

 Solving a problem consists of multiple activities:

 Understand the problem

 These activities are not purely linear – they overlap and

 When writing software, we design separate pieces that

 An object-oriented approach lends itself to this kind of

 We will dissect our solutions into pieces called objects

 As the term implies, an object is a fundamental entity

 Objects can be used effectively to represent real-world

 For instance, an object might represent a particular

 Each employee object handles the processing and data

 state - descriptive characteristics

 behaviors - what it can do (or what can be done to it)

 The state of a bank account includes its account

 The behaviors associated with a bank account include

 Note that the behavior of an object might change its

 A class is the blueprint of an object

 The class uses methods to define the behaviors of the

© 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley.