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3 s2.0 B9780123849052000297 Main
3 s2.0 B9780123849052000297 Main
645
646 Index
receptor signaling, 125 root response to deficiency, 198–200 Magnesium/proton exchanger, 166
structure, 121 toxicity, 200 Manganese
synthesis, 120–122 acid mineral soils
Global warming, see Climate change J tolerance, 429–430
Globoid crystal, composition, 221 JA, see Jasmonic acid toxicity, 424
GLR, see Glutamate receptor Jasmonic acid (JA) alkaline soil
Glucosinolates, 155 structure, 121 behavior and deficiency, 447, 449–451
Glutamate dehydrogenase, 383–384 synthesis, 122–123 efficiency, 454–455
Glutamate receptor (GLR), solute transport, 14 cell division and extension role, 203–204
Glutamate synthase, 145–146 L deficiency and yield effects, 114
Glutamine synthetase, 145–146, 383–384 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 436 enzymes
Glutathione LAD, see Leaf area duration activation, 201–202
functions, 154 LAI, see Leaf area index catalysis, 200–201
synthesis, 153–154 Lanthanium, beneficial effects, 268 lignin biosynthesis role, 203
Glycine betaine, 470 LDH, see Lactate dehydrogenase lipid metabolism, 203
Glycolysis, 106 Leaching, elements from leaves, 82–83 photosynthesis role, 202
Growth response curve, nutrient supply, 299–300 solute uptake and leaching leaves, 83–84 requirements and deficiency, 204–205
foliar spraying of nutrients rhizosphere mobilization, 360
H irrigation methods, 81–82 root uptake dependence on supply, 26
Harvest index, 85 practical application saline soil effects, 462
Heme proteins, 192–193 bio-fortification, 81 toxicity, 205
Humidity, leaf solute uptake effects, 78 calcium deficiency, 81 MATE transporter, see Multidrug and toxin
Hydrogen sulphide, stomata exchange, 73–74 dry topsoil, 79–80 extrusion transporter
grain protein content response, 80–81 Membrane
I reproductive stage and decreased root boron function, 237–238
IAA, see Auxin activity, 80 composition, 10–13
Indoleacetic acid, see Auxin soil nutrient availability, 79 lipid structures, 12
Iodine, beneficial effects, 268 leaching of elements, 82–83 proteins, 11
Ion uptake nutrient remobilization before leaf drop in reflection coefficients for non-electrolyte
accumulation, 8 perennials, 70 solutes, 10
algae, 7 photosynthesis, see Photosynthesis solute transport
genotype dependence, 8 cuticle energy demand, 17
root influx nutrient uptake, 75–76 kinetics in root, 17–20
apoplasm, 8–10 structure, 74–75 thermodynamics, 13–17
axial uptake, 39–41 factors affecting zinc function, 218–219
cytoplasm, 10 adjuvants, 78 Metal tolerance protein (MTP), 223
cytoplasm, 10 environmental effects during Methane
factors affecting ontogenesis, 76–77 microbial emission, 474
external ion concentration, 31–33 humidity effects, 77–78 organic soil amendment effects on emission,
metabolic activity, 23–24 stomata penetration, 76 475
nutritional status, 33–38 stomata, see Stomata Molybdenum
pH, 21–23 xylem unloading, 53–55 deficiency, 230–232, 241–242
radial transport, 41–43 Leaf area duration (LAD), 104–105 enzymes
rhizosphere–ion interactions Leaf area index (LAI), 104–105 aldehyde oxidase, 230
cation–anion relationships, 28–31 Leaf blotch, nitrogen supply relationship, nitrate reductase, 228–229
competition, 25–28 284 nitrogenase, 227
extracellular calcium effects, 28 Livestock sulphite oxidase, 230
selectivity, 7–8 nutrient flux mediation, 478–481 xanthine dehydrogenase, 229–230
xylem ion release species-specific relationship between feed functions
factors affecting, 44–47 intake and excreta quality, 476–478 cell wall structure, 235–236
Iron Low Oxygen Escape Syndrome (LOES), 439–440 integrative assessment, 240
alkaline soil Low Oxygen Quiescence Syndrome (LOQS), membrane function, 237–238
behavior and deficiency, 446–449 439–440 metabolism, 236–237
efficiency and chlorosis resistance, Lsi transporters, 258 reproductive growth and development,
451–453 238–239
chloroplast development and photosynthesis M root elongation, 239–240
role, 195–197 Magnesium shoot growth, 239–240
deficiency response strategies, 36–38, 194, 411 chlorophyll synthesis, 166 nitrogen fixation effects, 401–402
enzyme catalysis, 194–195 compartmentation, 165–166 tolerance, 243
heme proteins, 192–193 deficiency and carbohydrate partitioning, toxicity, 232–233, 243
iron–sulphur proteins, 193–194 169–170 transporters, 227
localization, 197–198 enzyme activation, 167–169 MOT1, 227
phytate binding, 198 plant composition, 170–171 MTP, see Metal tolerance protein
requirements and deficiency, 200 protein synthesis role, 166 Mucigel, root exudates, 362–363
rhizosphere mobilization, 360 requirements, 170–171 Mucilage, root exudates, 362–363
648 Index
Multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) organisms effects on nutrient uptake, 359
transporter, 15, 368, 425–426 associative organisms, 407–408 nitrogen supply source effects, 353–356
Mycorrhiza free-living organisms, 407–408 nutritional status effects, 357–359
aluminum resistance role, 428–429 symbiotic systems root
arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant nutrition, classification, 392 growth and development effects, 338
378–381 legume–rhizobia symbiosis ion uptake effects, 21–23
classification and structure, 373–375 environmental effects, 404–405 Phenol oxidases, copper dependence, 208–209
ectomycorrhiza and plant nutrition, 381–384 host range, 392–393 Phloem
heavy metal tolerance role, 384–385 mineral nitrogen effects, 403–404 assimilate transport
hormonal effects and plant water relations, nodule formation and function, loading, 108–110
386–387 396–399 mechanism, 109–110
mycorrhizal responsiveness, 385–386 nutrition effects, 399–402 sectors, 107–108
pathogen suppression, 387–388 root infection, 393–396 unloading, 111–113
photosynthate demand, 376–377 transfer of nitrogen to other plants in mixed long-distance transport
plant growth effects, 377 strands, 405–407 anatomy, 58–59
practical implications, 388 Nitrogen oxides loading and composition of sap, 59–60
root colonization, 375–376 microbial emission, 474–475 mobility
stomata exchange, 73 high-mobility nutrients, 62–63
N Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), 151 low-mobility nutrients, 63–64
Nickel Nod genes, 393–394 principles, 60–61
enzymes, 223–224 Nodulation receptor kinase (NORK), 395 principles, 58–59
nitrogen fixation effects, 402 NORK, see Nodulation receptor kinase re-translocation and cycling of nutrients,
nitrogen metabolism role, 224–225 NTR, see Nitrate transporters 64–66
Nicotianamine, iron binding, 199 NUE, see Nitrogen use efficiency remobilization
Nitrate reductase Nutrient classification, plants, 4 pre-leaf drop in perennials, 70
boron effects, 239 Nutritional disorders reproductive stage, 67–69
molybdenum dependence, 228–229 biochemical analysis, 311 seed germination, 67
nitrogen assimilation, 142–143 histochemical analysis, 310–311 vegetative stage, 67
Nitrate plant analysis specific mass transfer equation, 62
ammonium nutrition synergy, 148 developmental stage and age of leaves, transfer between xylem and phloem, 61–62
deficiency, 149 303–306 potassium role in transport, 187
intracellular transport, 139 environmental factors, 308 Phosphate transporter-1 (Pht1), 54, 98
reduction and assimilation, 142–145 growth rate versus nutrient concentration, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC),
root 302–303 357, 426
architectural response, 149 nutrient efficiency, 309 Phosphorus
uptake, 136–137 nutrient interactions and ratios, 306, 308 alkaline soil, 447
efflux, 137–138 plant species differences, 306–307 axial uptake in root, 40
radial transport, 138–139 soil analysis comparison, 311–312 compartmentation and regulatory role,
shoot transport, 139–140 total analysis versus fractionated 160–161
storage proteins, 149–151 extraction, 309–310 diffusion in soil
xylem loading, 138–139 visual symptoms in diagnosis, 300–301 equation, 320
Nitrate transporters, 54, 60, 136–139 plant factors, 322–324
Nitrogen O soil factors, 320–322
assimilation, 142–148 Orchid mycorrhiza, 373–374 energy transfer functions, 159–160
concentration in plants, 225 Osmotic potential, 457 fractions and phytate binding, 161–164
deficiency, 225–226 Outer rhizosphere, 349 fungal infection resistance, 289–290
flux modelling, 482 Oxygen tension nitrogen fixation effects, 399–400
fungal infection resistance, 288–289 root ion uptake effects, 23 plant composition, 165
macronutrients, see Amino acids; xylem exudation effects, 46 requirements, 164–165
Ammonium; Nitrate; Urea structural functions, 158–159
microbial emission of gas, 474–475 P uptake dependence on supply, 20, 35–36
nickel role in metabolism, 224–225 Parasites, see Pests yield response curve, 86
phytohormone concentration dependence, PDC, see Pyruvate decarboxylase zinc interactions, 219–220
127–129 PEPC, see Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase Photosynthesis
rhizosphere pH effects, 353–356 Peroxidase, iron dependence, 192–193 assimilate transport, see Phloem
toxicity, 225–226 Pests C4 pathway, 92–95
yield response curve, 86 fertilizer effects, 297–298 carbon dioxide assimilation and
Nitrogenase nutrition and susceptibility, 295–297 photorespiration, 90–92
boron effects, 239 root growth and development effects, 341 chlorine role, 244
molybdenum dependence, 227 PGPR, see Plant growth-promoting rhizosphere copper role, 209
nitrogen fixation, 390–392 microorganisms energy flow and photophosphorylation, 87–88
Nitrogen fixation pH feedback regulation by sink demand for
ecosystem input of nitrogen, 389 matter turnover effects, 475–476 carbohydrates, 99–100
nitrogenase reaction, 390–392 rhizosphere iron role, 195–197
Index 649
Root see also Rhizosphere (Continued) Silicon water content and nitrogen fixation effects,
movement of nutrients to root surface, see beneficial effects, 259–261 404
Soil concentration and distribution in plants, Soil analysis
nitrate transport 257–258 chemical analysis, 315–316
efflux, 137–138 fungal infection resistance, 287–288 extraction, 328–329
radial transport, 138–139 metabolism role, 258 intensity/quantity ratio, 328
uptake, 136–137 overview, 257 plant analysis comparison, 311–312
nitrogen response, 149 pest protection, 296 plant factors, 329
root/shoot ratio, 345–346 pest susceptibility effects, 296 Source activity, see Photosynthesis
solute transport kinetics, 17–20 uptake, 257–258 Stomata
transpiration rate effect on xylem ion uptake Sinks chlorine regulation, 245
and translocation, 55–57 activity, 117–120 gas exchange, 71
Rubisco, 91–92, 145 flower initiation, 113–114 potassium regulation of movement, 184–186
phytohormone actions, 129–131 solute penetration, 76
S pollination and seed development, 114–116 volatile compound exchange
Salicylic acid, synthesis, 122–123 vegetative sink organ formation, 116–117 volatile nitrogen compounds, 71–73
Saline soil yield limitations, 131–133 volatile sulphur compounds, 73–74
adaptation SOD, see Superoxide dismutase Stress, potassium role in resistance, 187–188
osmotic adjustment, 468–469 Sodium, see also Saline soil absorption ratio Sulphate
reactive oxygen species detoxification, 471 (SAR) 456 assimilation, 152–153
salt distribution in shoot tissue, 467–468 C4 plant role, 250–252 deficiency, 156–157
salt exclusion versus inclusion, 466–467 essentiality, 250 plant composition, 156–158
salt excretion, 471–472 fertilizer effects on plant concentration, 53 reduction, 152–153, 432
vacuolar compartmentation and compatible fertilizers, 256–257 requirements, 156–158
solutes, 469–471 growth stimulation, 254–256 uptake, 152
characteristics and classification, 456–457 overview, 249–250 Sulphate transporters, 52, 54, 60
distribution, 455 potassium substitution, 252–254 Sulphite oxidase, molybdenum dependence,
growth response Sodium/proton transporter, 469 230
genotypic differences, 457–458 high input versus low-input approach to soil Sulphur
major constraints, 458 fertility problems metabolic function, 153–156
ion imbalances, 461–463 genetic basis of mineral nutrition, 411 nitrogen fixation effects, 400
nitrogen fixation effects, 404 nutrient efficiency, 412–416 Sulphur dioxide, stomata exchange, 73
photosynthesis and respiration, 463–464 Adverse soil conditions SULTR, see Sulphate transporters
phytohormone response, 465–466 resistance to excessive supply of elements, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), metal
prospects for study, 472 416–417 dependence, 201, 206–207, 211, 215
protein synthesis, 464 Movement of nutrients to root surface Symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK), 395
sodium and chloride uptake and toxicity, calculation principles, 316–317 SYMRK, see Symbiosis receptor-like kinase
460–461 diffusion
water availability, 459–460 equation, 320 T
Salt tolerance, see Saline soil plant factors, 322–324 Temperature
SAR, see Sodium absorption ratio soil factors, 320–322 matter turnover effects, 475–476
Seed mass flow, 318–320 nitrogen fixation effects, 404–405
development as sink, 114–116 nutrient concentration in soil solution, root growth and development effects,
nutrient remobilization in germination, 67 317–318 344–345
Selenium root density, 324–325 root ion uptake effects, 24–25
assimilation, 264–266 natural vegetation adaptation to soil xylem exudation effects, 45–46
beneficial effects, 266 conditions, 409–410 Thioredoxin, 154
biofortification, 267–268 nutrient availability and distribution of water, Thylakoid membrane, composition, 11
metabolism, 264–266 325–326 Toxicity, see Nutritional disorders; specific
overview, 263 root growth and development, factors elements
uptake, 263–264 affecting Tryptophan, zinc in synthesis, 218
Shoot nutrient supply, 334–337
ammonium transport, 141 aeration, 339–340 U
boron calcium/total cation ratio, 338–339 Uptake efficiency, 412
composition dependence on supply, 18 low-molecular-weight organic solutes, 340 Urea
growth function, 239–240 mechanical impedance, 342–343 biosynthesis pathways, 226
mineral composition required for growth, 5 nematodes and earthworms, 342 uptake and metabolism, 141–142
nitrate transport, 139–140 pathogens and pests, 341 Urease, nickel dependence, 223–224
root/shoot ratio, 345–346 pH, 338 Urine, see Excreta
transpiration rate effect on xylem ion uptake plant growth-promoting rhizosphere Utilization efficiency, 412
and translocation, 57–58 microorganisms, 341–342
SHST1, 227 temperature, 344–345 V
Sieve element–companion cell complex, water content, 343–344 Vanadate, beneficial effects, 268–269
108–109 structure and nutrient availability, 326–328 Vegetative storage proteins (VSPs), 149–150
Index 651