ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2020

SUGGESTED MARKING GUIDE

PURE MATHEMATICS 6042/2

PAPER 2

Prepared by Tarakino Nyasha Patrick (Trockers)

0772978155/0717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com

NB: If a numerical answer cannot be given exactly, and the accuracy required is not specified
in the question, then in the case of an angle it should be given to the nearest degree, and
in other cases it should be given correct to 𝟐 significant figures.

Section A (40 marks)

Answer all questions in this section
1) a) 𝑈𝑛 = 1 + (−1)𝑛
(i) 𝑈1 = 1 + (−1)1 = 1 − 1 = 0

𝑈2 = 1 + (−1)2 = 1 + 1 = 2

𝑈3 = 1 + (−1)3 = 1 − 1 = 0

𝑈4 = 1 + (−1)4 = 1 + 1 = 2

(ii) Periodic and Oscillating

b) 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(3𝑛 + 2)
𝑆1 = 𝑇1
⇒ 𝑎 = 1[3(1) + 2]
= 1(5) = 5
 𝑆2 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 𝑎 + (𝑎 + 𝑑)
⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑑 = 2[3(2) + 2]
⇒ 𝑑 = 16 − 2(5)
⇒𝑑=6

2) 𝑍1 = −1 − √3𝑖 and 𝑍2 = 3 + 4𝑖
a) Expressing in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏,
(i) 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 = −1 − √3𝑖 + 3 + 4𝑖
= 2 + (4 − √3)𝑖
𝑍1 𝑍1
(ii) =
𝑍2 𝑍2

−1 − √3𝑖
=
3 + 4𝑖

(−1 − √3𝑖)(3 − 4𝑖)

=
(3 + 4𝑖)(3 − 4𝑖)

−3 + 4𝑖 − 3√3𝑖 + 4√3𝑖 2
=
32 + 42

−3 + 4𝑖 − 3√3𝑖 − 4√3
=
25

−3 − 4√3 4𝑖 − 3√3𝑖
= +
25 25

3 + 4√3 4 − 3√3
= −( )+( )𝑖
25 25

b) Calculating
(i) |𝑍2 | = √32 + 42
= √25
=5
 (ii) 𝑍1 = −1 − √3𝑖

𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
−1

√3

√3
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑍1 ) = − [𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )]
1
𝜋
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑍1 ) = − (𝜋 − )
3
2
=− 𝜋
3

3) Proving that
𝑛
1 𝑛
∑ =
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 𝑛 + 1
𝑟=1

LHS
𝑛 1
1 1
∑ ≡∑
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)
𝑟=1 𝑟=1
1 1
= =
1(1 + 1) 1(2)
1
=
2
RHS
𝑛 1 1
= =
𝑛+1 1+1 2
Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 ∴ the statement is true for 𝑛 = 1.

Assuming true for 𝑛 = 𝑘:

𝑘
1 𝑘
∑ =
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 𝑘 + 1
𝑟=1
Then for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1:
𝑘+1
1 𝑘+1
∑ =
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 𝑘 + 1 + 1
𝑟=1

Proof
𝑘+1
1 𝑘+1
∑ =
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 𝑘 + 2
𝑟=1

LHS:
𝑘+1 𝑘
1 1
∑ =∑ + (𝑘 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑟(𝑟 + 1) 𝑟(𝑟 + 1)
𝑟=1 𝑟=1

𝑘 1
= +
𝑘 + 1 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 1 + 1)
𝑘 1
= +
𝑘 + 1 (𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
𝑘(𝑘 + 2) + 1
=
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
𝑘 2 + 2𝑘 + 1
=
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
(𝑘 + 1)2
=
(𝑘 + 1)(𝑘 + 2)
(𝑘 + 1)
= (which is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1)
(𝑘 + 2)
∴ The statement holds for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

Since the statement holds for 𝑛 = 1; 𝑛 = 𝑘 and 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 then by induction the

statement is true for all 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .
 2 1 1 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (2) , 𝑂𝐵
4) 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (4) , 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (3) and 𝑂𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (0)
1 2 1 𝜆
a) Find the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,
(i) unit vector in the direction 𝑂𝐴

̂ = 𝑂𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
|𝑂𝐴
̂
2𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂ + 𝒌
=
√22 + 22 + 12
̂
2𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂ + 𝒌
=
√9
̂
2𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂ + 𝒌
=
3

(ii) position vector of the midpoint of 𝐴 and 𝐵,

Let the midpoint be 𝑀.

𝑀 𝐵
𝐴

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑀
1
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐴𝐵
2
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + (𝑂𝐵
= 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
2
1 1
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 2
1 2 1 1
= (2) + (4)
2 2
1 2
1 1
1
= (1) + (2)
2
2 1
 3
2 3 3
= 3 or 𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 𝒌.
3 2 2
(2)

(iii)position vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐸 given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐸 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
4𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐸
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4(𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐸 − 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴)

⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑂𝐸 = 4(𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴) + 𝑂𝐶
1 2 1
= 4 [(4) − (2)] + (3)
2 1 1
−3
= ( 11 )
5

b) Given that the angle between ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is 90°, find the value of 𝜆.
𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
Aside:
2 2 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐴 = (0) − (2) = ( −2 )
𝜆 1 𝜆−1
1 1 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (3) − (4) = (−1)
1 2 −1
0 0
⇒ ( −2 ) . (−1) = 0
𝜆−1 −1
⇒0+2−𝜆+1= 0
⇒3−𝜆 =0
∴𝜆=3
5) The outcome table shows the entries of the numbers modulo 4 under the operation of
addition
∗ 0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 1 2 3 0
2 2 3 0 1
3 3 𝑎 1 𝑏

4
(i) 3 ∗ 1 = 4 = 1𝑟0

∴𝑎=0

6
3∗3= = 1𝑟2
4
∴𝑏=2

(ii) The identity element is 0

b) Finding

∫ 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥

⇒ ∫ 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1. 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3) ⇒ = and = 1 ⇒ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
⇒ ∫ 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3) − ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3
Aside:
𝑥 𝑥+3−3 𝑥+3 3 3
= = − = 1−
𝑥+3 𝑥+3 𝑥+3 𝑥+3 𝑥+3

3
⇒ ∫ 𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3) − ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3
= 𝑥𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3) − [𝑥 − 3𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3)] + 𝑐
= 𝑥𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3) + 3𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3) − 𝑥 + 𝑐
 Section B (80 marks)
Answer any five questions from this section. Each question carries 16 marks.

6) (a) (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

= 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

= −2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

= 2𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

Now
𝑓(0) = −𝑒 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 0

𝑓 ′ (0) = 𝑒 0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛0) = 1

𝑓 ′′(0) = −2𝑒 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = −2

𝑓 ′′′ 0 = 2𝑒 0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛0) = 2

𝑓′′(0) 2 𝑓′′′(0) 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0)𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥
2! 3!
(−2) 2 (2)
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = (0) + (1)𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥3
2×1 3×2×1
1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3
3

1
(ii) 𝑓(0.4) = 0.4 − 0.42 + (0.4)3
3
= 0.261333333333
= 0.261 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 3 𝑑. 𝑝. )
b) (i) 𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥

𝑦 = 𝐼𝑛𝑥

𝑦 =2−𝑥

0 𝑥
1 2

(ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑓(1) = 𝐼𝑛1 + 1 − 2 = −1
𝑓(2) = 𝐼𝑛2 + 2 − 2 = 0.693147180560
Since there is a change of sign ∴ there is a root in the interval 1 < 𝑥 < 2.

(ii)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
1
𝑓′(𝑥) = +1
𝑥
Now
𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑛 )
𝐼𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
1
𝑥+1

𝑥0 = 1.8

𝐼𝑛𝑥0 + 𝑥0 − 2
𝑥1 = 𝑥0+1 = 𝑥0 −
1
𝑥0 + 1
𝐼𝑛1.8 + 1.8 − 2
= 1.8 −
1
1.8 + 1
= 1.550708573
𝑥2 = 𝑥1+1 = 1.557140376
𝑥3 = 𝑥2+1 = 1.557145599

∴ The root is 1.557 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 3 𝑑. 𝑝. )

7) (a) (i) Let 𝑍 = 3 − 3√3𝑖
𝐼𝑚(𝑧)

𝑅𝑒(𝑧)
3
−3√3

2
|𝑍| = √32 + (3√3)

= √9 + 27
= √36
=6

3√3
𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑍) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
3

= − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3)

𝜋
=−
3

𝜋
∴ 𝑍 = 6𝑒 − 3 𝑖

(ii) 𝑍 4 − 3 + 3√3𝑖 = 0
⇒ 𝑍 4 = 3 − 3√3𝑖
𝜋
⇒ 𝑍 4 = 6𝑒 − 3 𝑖
𝜋
(− 𝑖+2𝑘𝜋)
4 3
⇒𝑍= √6𝑒 4 , 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, and 4
𝜋
(− 𝑖+2𝑘𝜋)
3
⇒𝑍= 1.56508458𝑒 4 , 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, and 4
 Now
𝜋
𝑍𝑘=0 = 1.57𝑒 −12𝑖 = 1.57𝑒 −0.262𝑖

5𝜋
𝑍𝑘=1 = 1.57𝑒 12 𝑖 = 1.57𝑒 1.31𝑖

11𝜋
𝑍𝑘=2 = 1.57𝑒 12 𝑖 = 1.57𝑒 2.88𝑖

17𝜋 7𝜋
𝑍𝑘=3 = 1.57𝑒 12 𝑖 = 1.57𝑒 4.45𝑖 𝑜𝑟 (1.57𝑒 − 12 𝑖 = 1.57𝑒 −1.83𝑖 )

NB 17𝜋
12

7𝜋
12

The principal argument lies within the interval −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋

(b) Using the DeMoivre’s theorem to show that

5𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝜃
,
1 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 5𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛5𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃
Now
(𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃) ≡ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)5

Expanding (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)5

Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠

15(4) 3 5(4)(3) 2
(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑠)5 = 𝑐 5 + 5𝑐 4 (𝑖𝑠) + 𝑐 (𝑖𝑠)2 + 𝑐 (𝑖𝑠)3 + ⋯
2! 3!
5(4)(3)(2) 5(4)(3)(2)(1) 0
…+ 𝑐(𝑖𝑠)4 + 𝑐 (𝑖𝑠)5
4! 5!
 (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑠)5 = 𝑐 5 + 5𝑖𝑐 4 𝑠 − 10𝑐 3 𝑠 2 − 10𝑖𝑐 2 𝑠 3 + 5𝑐𝑠 4 + 𝑖𝑠 5

Now
𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 and
𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃

So

𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝜃 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃

=
𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃

( − + )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
( 5 − + )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃

5𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝜃

= (𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
1 − 10𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 5𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃

8) (a) (i) a reflection in the 𝑦- 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:

−1 0
( )
0 1
5
(ii) a stretch by a factor parallel to the 𝑥-𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠:
2
5
(2 0 )
0 1

1 1 1
(b) | 𝑦 𝑦 + 1 𝑦 − 1| = 0
𝑦−1 2𝑦 𝑦+1
𝑦+1 𝑦−1 𝑦 𝑦−1 𝑦 𝑦+1
⇒ 1| | − 1| | + 1| |=0
2𝑦 𝑦+1 𝑦−1 𝑦+1 𝑦−1 2𝑦

⇒ [(𝑦 + 1)2 − 2𝑦(𝑦 − 1)] − [𝑦(𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 − 1)2 ] + [𝑦(2𝑦) − (𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 + 1)] = 0

⇒ (𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) − [𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − (𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1)] + [2𝑦 2 − (𝑦 2 − 1)] = 0

⇒ (−𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 1) + (2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 + 1) = 0
 ⇒ −𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 1 − 3𝑦 + 1 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 + 1 = 0

⇒𝑦+3=0
∴ 𝑦 = −3

2 −3 4
c) (i) 𝐴 = (3 2 −1)
1 1 1

Method 1

Steps

o Transpose the original matrix

o Copy over the two columns on the right
o Copy over the two rows below
o Draw a box around all but eliminate the first row and column
o Find the determinants between 2 × 2 blocks of entries
o Copy out these determinants to produce the Adjoint matrix
o Use any method to find the determinant
o Write down the Inverse matrix

𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
−𝟑 2 1 −3 2
𝟒 −1 1 4 −1
𝟐 3 1 2 3
(−𝟑 2 1 −3 2)

2 1 1 −3 −3 2
| | | | | |
−1 1 1 4 4 −1
−1 1 1 4 4 −1
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = | | | | | |
3 1 1 2 2 3
3 1 1 2 2 3
( |2 1
| |
1 −3
| | |
−3 2 )

3 7 −5
= (−4 −2 14 )
1 −5 13
Method 2

Steps

We find the following in sequential order:

(i) Minors of matrix 𝐴

(ii) Cofactors of matrix 𝐴
(iii) Adjoint
(iv) 𝐴−1

2 −3 4
𝐴 = (3 2 −1)
1 1 1

The Matrix of Minors

• For each of every element of matrix 𝐴 , 𝑎𝑖𝑗 ,we define the minor, 𝑀𝑖𝑗 of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , to be the
determinant of the 2 × 2 matrix which remains when the row and the column containing
𝑎𝑖𝑗 is deleted from 𝐴.
• ′𝑖′ represent the row in which the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is found and ′𝑗′ represent the column in
which the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is found
𝑀11 𝑀12 𝑀13
• 𝑀 = (𝑀21 𝑀22 𝑀23 )
𝑀31 𝑀32 𝑀33

2 −1
𝑀11 = | | = (2 × 1) − (−1 × 1) = 2 + 1 = 3
1 1

3 −1
𝑀12 = | | = (3 × 1) − (−1 × 1) = 3 + 1 = 4
1 1

3 2
𝑀13 = | | = (3 × 1) − (1 × 2) = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1

−3 4
𝑀21 = | | = (−3 × 1) − (4 × 1) = −3 − 4 = −7
1 1

2 4
𝑀22 = | | = (2 × 1) − (4 × 1) = 2 − 4 = −2
1 1
 2 −3
𝑀23 = | | = (2 × 1) − (−3 × 1) = 2 + 3 = 5
1 1

−3 4
𝑀31 = | | = (−3 × −1) − (4 × 2) = 3 − 8 = −5
2 −1

2 4
𝑀32 = | | = (2 × −1) − (4 × 3) = −2 − 12 = −14
3 −1

2 −3
𝑀33 = | | = (2 × 2) − (−3 × 3) = 4 + 9 = 13
3 2

3 4 1
∴ 𝑀 = (−7 −2 5)
−5 −14 13

The Matrix of Cofactors

• We define the cofactors of 𝐴 as follows:

a) 𝐶𝑖𝑗 = 𝑀𝑖𝑗 if 𝑖 + 𝑗 is even.
b) 𝐶𝑖𝑗 = −𝑀𝑖𝑗 if 𝑖 + 𝑗 is odd.
+ − +
• Hence the following pattern of signs is produced: (− + −)
+ − +
• Now 𝐶 is the matrix of cofactors of matrix 𝐴 and it differs from matrix 𝑀 by the above
pattern of signs

+(3) −(4) +(1) 3 −4 1

𝐶 = [−(−7) +(−2) −(5) ] = ( 7 −2 −5)
+(−5) −(−14) +(13) −5 14 13

The Adjoint

• The Adjoint of 𝐴 is 𝐶 ′ or 𝐶 𝑇 , which is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of 𝐴.

3 7 −5
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (−4 −2 14 )
1 −5 13
Finding the determinant (Best Method):

2 −3 4 3 7 −5
𝐴 × 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (3 2 −1) (−4 −2 14 )
1 1 1 1 −5 13

6 + 12 + 4 14 + 6 − 20 −10 − 42 + 52
=( 9−8−1 21 − 4 + 5 −15 + 28 − 13)
3−4+1 7−2−5 −5 + 14 + 13

22 0 0
=(0 22 0)
0 0 22

NB: 𝐴 × 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) × 𝐴 = det (𝐴) × 𝐼𝑛

Hence,

22 0 0 1 0 0
(0 22 0 ) = 22 × (0 1 0) = 22 × 𝐼𝑛 .
0 0 22 0 0 1

∴ 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 22

Now:

1
𝐴−1 = × 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴)

1 3 7 −5
= (−4 −2 14 )
22
1 −5 13

ii) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 22

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 10

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 14

The equations can be written in matrix form as follows:

2 −3 4 𝑥 22
(3 2 −1) (𝑦) = (10)
1 1 1 𝑧 14
 Pre-multiplying both sides by this inverse:

1 3 7 −5 2 −3 4 𝑥 1 3 7 −5 22
⇒ (−4 −2 14 ) (3 2 −1) (𝑦) = (−4 −2 14 ) (10)
22 𝑧 22
1 −5 13 1 1 1 1 −5 13 14

𝑥 1 3 7 −5 22
⇒ 𝐼3 (𝑦) = (−4 −2 14 ) (10)
𝑧 22
1 −5 13 14

𝑥 (3 × 22) + (7 × 10) + (−5 × 14)

1
⇒ (𝑦 ) = [(−4 × 22) + (−2 × 10) + (14 × 14)]
𝑧 22
(1 × 22) + (−5 × 10) + (13 × 14)

𝑥 1 66 + 70 − 70
⇒ (𝑦 ) = (−88 − 20 + 196)
𝑧 22
22 − 50 + 182

𝑥 1 66
⇒ (𝑦 ) = ( 88 )
𝑧 22
154

66
( )
22
𝑥
88
⇒ (𝑦 ) = ( )
𝑧 22
154
( )
[ 22 ]

𝑥 3
⇒ (𝑦) = (4)
𝑧 7

∴ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑧 = 7

1
9) 𝑦 = 3𝑥+7 = (3𝑥 + 7)−1
𝑑𝑦
a) = −1(3𝑥 + 7)−2 × 3 = −3(3𝑥 + 7)−2
𝑑𝑥

−3
=
(3𝑥 + 7)2

(−3)1 1!
=
(3𝑥 + 7)1+1
 𝑑2𝑦
= −3(−2)(3𝑥 + 7)−3 × 3 = (−3)(−3)(3𝑥 + 7)−3 × 2
𝑑𝑥 2

(−3)(−3)(2)
=
(3𝑥 + 7)3

(−3)2 2!
=
(3𝑥 + 7)2+1

𝑑3𝑦
= −3(−3)(−3)(3𝑥 + 7)−4 × 2 × 3 = (−3)(−3)(−3)(3𝑥 + 7)−4 × 3 × 2
𝑑𝑥 3

(−3)(−3)(−3) × 3 × 2
=
(3𝑥 + 7)4

(−3)3 3!
=
(3𝑥 + 7)3+1

𝑑𝑛 𝑦 (−3)𝑛 𝑛!
b) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 (3𝑥+7)𝑛+1

When 𝑛 = 1:
LHS
1
𝑦= = (3𝑥 + 7)−1
3𝑥 + 7
𝑑𝑦 −3
=
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 + 7)2

RHS
(−3)𝑛 𝑛! (−3)1 1! −3
= =
(3𝑥 + 7)𝑛+1 (3𝑥 + 7)1+1 (3𝑥 + 7)2

Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 ∴ the statement is true for 𝑛 = 1

Assuming true for 𝑛 = 𝑘

𝑑𝑘 𝑦 (−3)𝑘 𝑘!
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑘 (3𝑥 + 7)𝑘+1
 Then for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑑𝑘+1 𝑦 (−3)𝑘+1 (𝑘 + 1)!
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1 (3𝑥 + 7)𝑘+1+1

Proof
𝑑 𝑘+1 𝑦 (−3)𝑘+1 (𝑘 + 1)!
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1 (3𝑥 + 7)𝑘+2

LHS:
𝑑 𝑘+1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑘 𝑦 𝑑 (−3)𝑘 𝑘!
= ( )= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 + 7)𝑘+1

𝑑
= [(−3)𝑘 𝑘! (3𝑥 + 7)−(𝑘+1) ]
𝑑𝑥

= −(𝑘 + 1)(−3)𝑘 𝑘! (3𝑥 + 7)−(𝑘+1)−1 × 3

= (−3)(−3)𝑘 (𝑘 + 1)𝑘! (3𝑥 + 7)−(𝑘+2)

= (−3)𝑘+1 (𝑘 + 1)! (3𝑥 + 7)−(𝑘+2)

(−3)𝑘+1 (𝑘 + 1)!
= (which is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1)
(3𝑥 + 7)𝑘+2
∴ The statement is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

Since the statement is true for 𝑛 = 1, 𝑛 = 𝑘, 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 ∴ by mathematical

induction the statement is also true for 𝑛 ∈ ℤ+ .

1 2 1 1 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
10) 𝑂𝐴 = (2) ; 𝑂𝐵 = (−1); 𝑂𝐶 = ( 3 ) ; 𝑙: 𝒓 = (2) + 𝜆 (2) and
3 5 −1 3 1
2 1
𝑚: 𝒓 = (−1) + 𝑡 (−1)
5 1
 2 1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
a) 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−1) − (2) = (−3)
5 3 2
Now
4 1 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 . (2) = (−3) . (2) = 4 − 6 + 2 = 0.
1 2 1
4
Since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 . (2) = 0 ∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 is perpendicular to 𝑙.
1

1 4 2 1
b) (2) + 𝜆 (2) = (−1) + 𝑡 (−1)
3 1 5 1

1 + 4𝜆 2+𝑡
⇒ (2 + 2𝜆) = (−1 − 𝑡)
3+𝜆 5+𝑡

⇒ 1 + 4𝜆 = 2 + 𝑡 (i)
2 + 2𝜆 = −1 − 𝑡 (ii)
3+𝜆 =5+𝑡 (iii)

Equation (i) + equation (ii):

3 + 6𝜆 = 1
⇒ 6𝜆 = −2
2
⇒𝜆=−
6
1
∴𝜆=−
3

1 + 4𝜆 = 2 + 𝑡 (i)
1
⇒ 1 + 4 (− ) = 2 + 𝑡
3
4
⇒1− =2+𝑡
3
1
⇒− =2+𝑡
3
1
⇒− −2=𝑡
3
 7
∴𝑡=−
3

Now:
3+𝜆 =5+𝑡 (iii)
LHS:
1 1 8
3 + 𝜆 = 3 + (− ) = 3 − =
3 3 3

RHS:
7 7 8
5 + 𝑡 = 5 + (− ) = 5 − =
3 3 3

∴ The lines intersect.

2+𝑡
𝒓 = (−1 − 𝑡)
5+𝑡
7 1
2− −
3 3
7 4
⇒ 𝒓 = −1 + =
3 3
7 8
( 5 −
3) ( 3 )
1 4 8
∴ The point of intersection is (− ; ; )
3 3 3

𝒅 .𝒅
c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝟐
| 𝟏 || 𝟐 |

4 1
(2) . (−1)
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1 1
√(4) + 2 + 1 √12 + (−1)2 + 12
2 2 2

4−2+1
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√21√3
3
⇒ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√21√3
= 67.7923457°
∴ 𝜃 = 68° (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒)
d)

𝐴
𝑛⃗
𝐶

1 2 −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 = 𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵 = (2) − (−1) = ( 3 )
3 5 −2
1 2 −1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 3 ) − (−1) = ( 4 )
−1 5 −6
Now:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛⃗ = 𝐵𝐴 × 𝐵𝐶 = |−1 3 −2|
−1 4 −6
3 −2 −1 −2 −1 3
= 𝑖| |−𝑗| |+𝑘| |
4 −6 −1 −6 −1 4
= −10𝒊 − 4𝒋 − 𝒌 or (+10𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 𝒌)
−10
∴ 𝑛⃗ = ( −4 )
−1

Now the equation of the plane given by:

𝑟. 𝑛⃗ = 𝑎. 𝑛⃗
For ‘𝑎’ we choose 𝐵(2, −1, 5).

−10 2 −10
⇒ 𝒓. ( −4 ) = (−1) . ( −4 )
−1 5 −1
−10
𝒓. ( −4 ) = −20 + 4 − 5
−1
−10 10
𝒓. ( −4 ) = −21 or 𝒓. ( 4 ) = 21
−1 1
11) (a) Finding

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛|(𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
∴∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

b) Finding
2
2𝑥 + 4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3
0

Aside:
2
𝑥+3 2𝑥 + 4
−2𝑥 + 6
−2
2𝑥 + 4 2
∴ = 2−
𝑥+3 𝑥+3

2 2
2𝑥 + 4 2
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+3 𝑥+3
0 0
2
= [2𝑥 − 2𝐼𝑛(𝑥 + 3)]
0
= [4 − 2𝐼𝑛(5)] − [0 − 2𝐼𝑛(3)]
= 4 + 2𝐼𝑛3 − 2𝐼𝑛5
3
= 4 + 2𝐼𝑛 ( )
5
9
= 4 + 𝐼𝑛 ( )
25
c) Evaluating

𝜋
3

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
6
𝜋
3

Let 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
6

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= −3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Now
𝜋
3

𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
6

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Also
𝜋
3

𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
[ 6 ]
𝜋
3

⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 9 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
6

𝜋
3
⇒ 𝐼 = (𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 9𝐼)𝜋
6
𝜋
3
⇒ 𝐼 + 9𝐼 = (𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝜋
6
 𝜋
3
⇒ 10𝐼 = (𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝜋
6
𝜋
1 𝑥 3
⇒𝐼= (𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝜋
10
6
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⇒𝐼= [𝑒 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 ( ) + 3𝑒 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ( )] − [𝑒 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 ( ) + 3𝑒 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 ( )]
10 3 3 10 6 6
1 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋
⇒𝐼= [𝑒 3 (−1) + 3𝑒 3 (0)] − [𝑒 6 (0) + 3𝑒 6 (1)]
10 10

1 𝜋 3 𝜋
⇒𝐼=− 𝑒3 − 𝑒6
10 10
𝜋
3
1 𝜋 3 𝜋
∴ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ( 𝑒 3 + 𝑒6)
10 10
𝜋
6
𝜋
3
1 𝜋 3 𝜋 1 𝜋 3 𝜋
𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |− ( 𝑒 3 + 𝑒6) | = 𝑒3 + 𝑒6
10 10 10 10
𝜋
6

12) a) (i) 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 ≡ 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃 + 𝛼)

= 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

Now:

3
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 3 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = (i)
𝑅

1
𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 1 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = (ii)
𝑅
 𝑅

𝛼
3

From the triangle:

1
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
3

1
⇒ 𝛼 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
3

∴ 𝛼 = 18.434948823°

Using the Pythagoras’ theorem

⇒ 𝑅 2 = 12 + 32

⇒ 𝑅 = √1 + 9

⇒ 𝑅 = √10

∴ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 ≡ √10𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃 + 18.4°)

(ii) 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = 2

√10𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃 + 18.4°) = 2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃 + 18.4°) =
√10
2
2𝜃 + 18.4° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
√10
⇒ 2𝜃 + 18.4 = 50.768480°; 309.231520°; 360° + 50.76848°;
360° + 309.231520°

⇒ 2𝜃 + 18.4° = 50.768480°; 309.231520°; 410.76848°; 669.231520°

⇒ 2𝜃 = 50.768480° − 18.4°; 309.231520° − 18.4°; 410.76848° − 18.4°;

669.231520° − 18.4°

⇒ 2𝜃 = 32.36848°; 290.83152°; 392.36848°; 650.83152°

 ⇒ 𝜃 = 16.18424°; 145.41576°; 196.18424°; 325.41576°

⇒ 𝜃 = 16.18424°; 145.41576°; 196.18424°; 325.41576°

∴ 𝜃 = 16°; 145°; 196°; 325°

b) Proving that 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

Now:

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥 + 𝑥)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)

= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥

= 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 (𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)

c) Solving 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

Now:

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

⇒ 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

⇒ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3) = 0

⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0 or 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3 = 0

Now:

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0)

⇒ 𝑥 = 0; 𝜋; 2𝜋

Also

4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3 = 0

⇒ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) − 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1) = 0

⇒ (4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) = 0

⇒ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 3 = 0 or 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 = 0

⇒ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 3 or 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −1

3
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = or 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −1
4

3
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) or 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1)
4

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = 0.848062079; 2.293530575 or 𝑥 = − ; 𝜋 − (− ) ; 2𝜋 + (− )
2 2 2

𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = 0.848062079; 2.293530575 or 𝑥 = − ; ;
2 2 2

3𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 = 0.848062079; 2.293530575 or 𝑥 =
2

3𝜋
∴ 𝑥 = 0; 0.85𝑟𝑎𝑑; 2.3𝑟𝑎𝑑; 𝜋; ; 2𝜋
2
 Tarakino N.P. (Trockers)

Exodus 14:13 – The Egyptians you see today, you will never see again

CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.

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Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

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