- Resembles flowing concrete

GEOLOGICAL - extremely rapid movement

HAZARD
rock fall (rocks)
- free falling movement of massive rocks
- gradual or sudden natural earth from a cliff
- extremely rapid movement
process that can harm the
vulnerable population SINKHOLE
- caused by the exposure to water,
LANDSLIDE
erosion, ground movement
- massive outward and downward
- topographic depression created when
movement of geo materials
groundwater dissolves limestone
- triggered by geological
bedrock
conditions/hazards (earthquakes,
Characteristics:
volcanic activity)
1) Occurs where soil is made of soft
- Human actions (construction, mining,
minerals/rocks (limestones, salt
deforestation) can negatively affect land
beds, acidic rocks)
surface
2) Depth ranges from meters to
miles
3 MAJOR CAUSES OF LANDSLIDE
1. geology
CAUSES
- materials of the soil or rock in the area
natural sinkhole
- can be the layers of the earth that have
- Erosion or underground water
weakened
- the erosion of soil caused by
2. morphology
underground water
- structure of the land
manmade sinkhole
- Usually weakened soil, increased land
- When city development compromises
mass weight
the structural integrity of underlying rock
3. human activity
- Irrigation, deforestation, and excavation
TYPES OF SINKHOLE
can weaken land.
cover subsidence sinkhole (sunken land)
- develops gradually where the covering
TYPES OF LANDSLIDE
sediments are permeable and contain
soil creep
sand (large particles)
- very slow to slow movement
cover-collapse sinkhole (big hole)
- hard to notice (almost no damage)
- advances abruptly and cause
slump
catastrophic damages.
- Downslope movement of land as a unit
- occurs on the covering sediments that
- Scarp (abrupt drop-off at top of
contains significant amount of clay (fine
landslide)
particles)
- rapid to very rapid movement
dissolution sinkhole (may water)
- Can result to terracing
- occurs when there is little soil or
debris slide (ice/water)
vegetation over the soluble rock
- chaotic movement of materials mixed
- takes place where flow is focused in pre-
with water/ice
existing openings (bedding planes,
- rocks, soil, water
fractures, joints)
- extremely rapid movement
- Develops gradually
debris flow/ mudslide (water)
KARST TERRAIN
- happens when the slope becomes
saturated with water
 - type of topography formed by dissolution
Human - urban - can be
of bedrock in areas underlain by activity development avoided by
limestone, dolostone or, as in some can cause proper
western states, gypsum (composed of landslides engineering
calcium carbonate) - changing
- has underground drainage system drainage
(sinkholes, springs, disappearing patterns,
destabilizing
streams, caves) slopes,
- sinkholes are well defined depressions removing
in the karst landscape vegetation can
- Chocolate hills, bohol / puerto princesa cause
subterranean river / el nido, palawan / landslides
callao cave, cagayan
- calbiga cave, samar (biggest karst in Ph SIGNS OF IMPENDING GEO HAZARDS -
ang one of in asia) LANDSLIDES
1) Bulging ground appearing at the base of
LANDSLIDE TRIGGERING MECHANISMS slope/retaining wall
LTM occurence effect 2) Water breaks through ground surface in
new loc
water - slope - causes 3) Tilting of fences, retaining walls,
saturation by flooding posts/trees
water (primary
4) Cracks on slope
cause of
landslides) 5) Water pipes break
- solid - causes 6) Cracks on the ground, foundation of
landslide tsunamis bldgs
debris creates (seiches), 7) Jammed/stuck doors/windows (1st time)
flood reduction of 8) Water at the base of slope
conditions/local capacity of 9) Slowly widening cracks on the ground
ized erosion resevoirs
10) Land movement/debris downslope
(adds volume
and density to 11) Outside walls/stairs being pulled away
streamflow) from the bldg

Volcanic - lava melts - volcanic SIGNS OF IMPENDING GEO HAZARDS -

activity snow rapidly structures are SINKHOLES
(forms flood of weak, can
1) Cracks on bldgs
rock, soil, ash, collapse and
water) lead to 2) Cracks in interior walls
landslides 3) Cracks on the ground
- volcanic - islands of 4) Depressions in the ground
debris flows volcanic 5) trees/posts tilt/fall
can cause origins 6) doors/windows become hard to
great damages experience manipulate
periodic
7) Rapid appearance of a hole in the
failure of their
perimeter ground
areas
- causes sub- GROUND MOVEMENT
marine - can cause underground pipes to break
landslides - Can cause bldgs to break
that results to
- results in tilting and differential
tsunamis
settlements in structure (can result to
 doors being hard to manipulate) (can - loss of electricity & transportation
cause auxiliary structures to separate - Damage of agriculture
from main structure) - Floods (results to epidemic) & landslides

GEO HAZARDS MITIGATION THUNDERSTORM

Revegetate plants w/ deep roots - localized storm cloud that produces
- stabilizes the potential failure plane lightning and thunder w/ heavy rain
Terracing shower/hair & gusty winds
- redistributes mass along a slope - Forms when cold air (in the sky) collides
- Reduces slope angle with warm air (close to the ground)
Retaining walls - huge, dark, anvil shaped clouds for that
- Catches debris brings lightning, thunder, and heavy rain.
- Stabilize regolith (layer of lose rocky - Cumulonimbus incus/Anvil cloud (type of
material above bedrock) cloud)
EFFECTS

HYDROMETEOROL - electrocution
- damage to bldgs

OGICAL HAZARDS - Lightning sparks may cause forest fire

- Flood cause of rain
- Atmospheric & oceanographic
phenomenon of nature that may cause FLOOD
disaster/s - overflow of a normally dry area caused
- Climate & water related hazards (typhoon, by rising water in an existing waterway
floods, heavy rains and drought) - Caused by heavy rainfall, dam breaking,
ocean waves coming to the shore
TYPHOONS EFFECTS
- extremely large powerful destructive - loss of life (drowning)
storm - destruction of crops
- hundreds of km or miles in diameter - deterioration of health due to water-
- From Ph and China Sea borne diseases
- winds are spiraling around a region of
low atmospheric pressure FLASH FLOOD
- Sustained winds - ave. wind speed - Heavy rainfall in a short period of time
(less than 6 hrs)
CLASSIFICATION ACC. TO WIND - Raging torrents after heavy rains that
SPEED/STRENGTH tear through riverbeds, urban streets
tropical depression (td) and mountain canyons sweeping
- topical cyclone everything before them
- 62 kph EFFECTS
Tropical storm (ts) - Loss of lices (drowning)
- 62 - 88 kph - Damage of property
severe tropical storm (sts) - Destruction of crops
- 87 - 117 kph - deterioration of health due to
typhoon (ty) contamination of ground water
- 118 - 184 kph
Super typhoon (sty) STORM SURGE
- 185 kph and above - sudden rise of sea level above the
EFFECTS normal level on the coast
- collapse of bldgs
 - occurs when winds from the tropical
cyclone blow on shore as wind blow
onshore
- as wind spirals around the eye of the
storm, it blows on the ocean surface and
creates a vertical circulation
EFFECTS
- Deluge due to extreme rise in water
level & strong winds
- Damage to property
- Beach & costal erosion
EL NINO
- large-scale oceanic-atmospheric climate
interaction results to warming of sea
surface temps (central/east-central
equatorial pacific region)
- Caused by unusually warm water in the
pacific ocean
- Name was chosen based on the time of
year (December - time for warm water
events)
EFFECTS
- Drought
- Affects livelihood (for ppl dependent on
water)
- Malnutrition (dying crops)
- Heat stress
LA NIÑA
- “Cold event/episode”
- Unusually cold ocean temp in the
equatorial pacific region
- Causes more tropical storms in the
pacific ocean
EFFECTS
- More rain
- Cooler temp
- Moderate - strong tropical typhoons
- Flooding which can contaminate water
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD MAPS
- visual representation of the specific
landscapes which indicates vulnerable
areas
- Maps are used to inform ppl abt the
risks if exposed to disasters
PROJECT NOAH
- DOST launched the Nationwide
Operational Assessment Hazard
(NOAH)
- Tasked to create a detailed map on
hazards at a brgy level
- Maps the ph landscape showing specific
hazards affecting the country
TOOLS FOR MONITORING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
1) 8-inch rain gauge
- measures the precipitating rain in
a given amount of time per unit
area
- Transparent cylinder with
markings
- consists of a collection container
placed in an open area
- Measured in ml
2) Wind vane/weathervane
- Tells wind direction
- May n,w,s,e
3) anemometer
- tells direction
- measures wind speed (kph) &
pressure
- May cups
- Important for studying weather
patterns
- Increase in wind speed are
manifestations of a stormy
weather
4) barometer/barometric pressure
- Measures changes in
atmospheric pressure
- Used in weather forecasting
- Predicts short-term changes in
the weather
5) thermometer
- Measures temp
(hotness/coldness)
- Increase in temp is an indicator
to measure drought
6) river water level gauges or sensors
- Permanently in the river
- Expressed in meters
- Measures the rise of water levels
- Serves as early warning devices
for flood
FIRE HAZARDS
Fire
- combustion or burning
- When chemically combined with oxygen,
they go boom
- give out bright light, heat, and smoke.
- Made up of 3 components (dili ug single
object)
Fire can be considered a hazard when:
- results from lightning, earthquake, and
volcanic eruption
- when there is drought and the
temperature is very high
- Man-made activities, chemicals, electrical
shi kemekeme
Fire Triangle
- Also known as the “combustion triangle.”
- demonstrates the chemical reaction that
must occur to create fire.
- Kelangan gyud ni sila, periodt

three elements:
Heat Classification of Fire
- must be present for ignition to take place Class A
- Is responsible for spreading and - Materials that are ordinary combustibles
maintaining fire - Examples are paper, wood, plastic, etc
- removes the moisture from the fuel, thus - Anything that leaves ash -dinaga 2023
warming the surrounding area. Class B
Fuel - Flammable and Combustible liquids
- material to burn (Combustibles - material - Examples are petroleum oil, gasoline,
that is capable of burning) paints etc
- characterized by its moisture content, - Also ano flammable gases like propane,
size, shape, and quantity butane, lpg kumbaga (hambal liquid tas
may gas sangkagaga /hj)
Examples are: Class C
- Paper, oils, woods, gases, fabrics, liquids, - Electrical Components
plastics, and rubber etc - Examples are motors, transformers, and
Oxygen appliances
- to add in combustion - Eliktrekal, amen
- Serves as a catalyst Class D
- Combustible Metals
Causes of Fire - Examples are aluminum, sodium,
- natural hazard potassium, titanium, and magnesium
- human-made Class K
- Mismanagement (of what?? Tf mam - Ambot ano ni tawag saila (oils siguro)
dinaga) - Examples are cooking oil, vegetable oil,
Ex. gng pabay-an ang kandila greases such as animal fat
- Hays
 - organize/participate in bucket relay
c. Stop, drop, roll :))
d. Treat burns accordingly

Burns
1st degree
- “Cool a burn”
- Place burn area under running cool tap
water
2nd degree
- Red and blustery skin
3rd degree
- Can’t feel any pain (destroys pain-sensing
cells)
- Skin is gray and dry

Fire drills, emergency & Evacuation plans
Phase 1: Alarm Fire. Alarms are sounded.
Phase 2: Response. All will have to be alert for
fire and smoke.
Phase 3: Evacuation. Occupants of the building
shall evacuate, following identified routes to the
evacuation areas.
Phase 4: Assembly. At the assigned evacuation
area, all are grouped
Phase 5: Head Count. The teacher/leader
accounts for all participants.
Phase 6: Evaluation. Conducted to identify
problems during the drill and how these be
corrected
Basic response procedures
a. If inside burning area
- Find nearest exit (if fire is large
and rapidly spreading)
- Touch doors danay if warm (don’t
if warm)
- Use stairs :))
- Close doors & windows
- Stay low (if may smoke) & cover
nose
- Move away from exits and
assemble to safe area
b. If outside burning area
- Don’t go inside
- Contact fire ppl and 911
- Listen and follow the emergency
response teams
Survival kit
- school/work/home/car
1) Water - no water 3 days = dead
2) Food - no food 1 week = dead
3) Tools
a) Personal effects and hygiene
b) money/documents
c) First aid kit
Survival kit maintenance
- Canned food in cool, dry place
- Boxed food in air tight containers
- Throw expired items
DISASTER READINESS
RISK REDUCTION
Disaster risk reduction
- Reducing and preventing disaster risks
- Hazards are inevitable but its effects
avoidable
- DRR actions can political, technical,
social, economic
Leads to:
- Reduced exposure to hazards
- Lessening of vulnerability
- Effective management of land and envi.
- Improved preparedness for disasters
Concepts of DR
- Disaster: impact of hazard on society
- Risk: possibility of event and its negative
consequences = HV/C
- Hazard (exposure): potentially dangerous
phenomenon & always present
 - Vulnerability (present): condition of
susceptibility to effects
- Capacity (insufficient): resources available
to cope
*Exposure - the degree to which the elements at
riskare likely to experience hazards of diff
magnitude
*Disaster reduction strategies include vulnerability
and risk assessment
Factors that can affect vulnerability:
1) Political - basta govt.
2) Economic - poverty :))
3) Physical - physical environment
4) Social - education
5) Environmental - lack of resources
Disaster Risk Reduction Management
- Application of disaster risk reduction
policies/strategies to prevent disaster risks
Pre-event components
Prevention
- completely avoid potential adverse
impacts through action taken in advance
- Can be in the form of proper land use or
using suitable engineering design
Mitigation
- lessening or limitation of the adverse
impacts of hazards and disasters
Adaptation
- adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual stimuli or their effects
Preparedness
- knowledge and capacities developed to
effectively respond to the impacts of
disasters
Post-event components
Response/relief
- provision of emergency services and
public assistance during or immediately
after a disaster for public safety
- Focused on immediate and short-term
needs
- “Disaster relief”
Recovery
- Restoration of livelihoods
- After emergency phase has ended
- Based on pre-existing strategies
Importance
- Helps think abt emergency response
activities
- Allows communities to design/adjust
activities to become safer and more
disaster-resilient
- DRR approach helps conduct practical
disaster response while reducing risks that
similar disasters will reoccur
Community-Based Disaster Risk Management
(CBDRM)
- Empowers ppl by recognizing the value of
communities and local organizations
Aims
- Create resilient communities which are
able to reduce their vulnerabilities and
exposure and enhance their capacities
before, during, and after disasters
Strategies
Participatory analysis for hazard mapping,
vulnerabilities, and capacities (for both field
experts and local ppl)
- Field experts
● Provide comprehensive info &
assessment of hazards
- Local ppl
● Provide indigenous knowledge
Participatory community counter-disaster
planning (ppl can make plans for DRR)
- Long-term plans
● Essential needs to decrease
vulnerability
- Short-term plans
● Specify the important activities
before, during, after a disaster
Community-based early warning
- Early warning device activated when need
to evacuate
Building of people’s organization and disaster
action teams (must be organized for efficiency)
- Ppl organization
● Serves as medium for
assessment, planning,
mobilization, evaluation activities
● Committees for early warning,
search, mitigation, rescue &
retrieval, evacuation, relief
distribution, relocation & recovery
● Committees for management of
volunteers, citizen’s health,
security, training & education,
welfare of children
Inter and intra-collaboration and coordination 5) Risks - should note factors that might
- Citizens are the focus hinder the completion of the plan to allow
- Non-govt. Orgs, govt., local & intl. for risk management
Humanitarian orgs, church & academe are 6) Evaluation - criteria for determining the
supporting parties that provide assistance success of the plan (checklist: meeting the
- Done thru consultations and coordination sched, staying under budget, filing
w/ community progress reports)
Use of local and indigenous knowledge
- Info & skills are obtained by the members
through education & exp
- Observing the sky, animal behaviors
Framework
1) Disaster prevention and mitigation
- Outright avoidance and reducing
adverse effects of hazards &
disasters
2) Disaster preparedness
- Knowledge and capacities by the
govt. To efficiently respond to
disasters
3) Disaster response
- Provision of emergency services &
public assistance
during/immediately after a disaster
for public safety
4) Disaster rehabilitation and recovery
- “Build back better”
- efforts to reduce disaster risk
- Rehabilitation - measures that
ensure the ability of a community
to restore their normal level of
function

Community preparedness
- Ability of community to prepare and
recover from the short/long-term effects of
disaster
- Should have been laid and understood to
mitigate effects of disasters
Parts
1) Scope statement - general overview of
problem and objs. Of the plan
2) Resources - materials needed, financial &
human resources (justify)
3) Actions - bulk of the content, includes
details of prevention, response, recovery
activities of the comm.
4) Schedules - sched of events, deadlines &
work requirements