CH.NO. TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC NAME INTRODUCTION ABOUT SUBSTATION * Definition = Sub-Station = Types of Substation * 220/132 KV sub-station = About the substation SELECTION OF SITE EQUIPMENT IN A 220KV SUB-STATION = Bus-bar = Insulators = Isolating Switches = Circuit breaker = Instrument Transformer * Current Transformer * Voltage Transformer * Capacitor Voltage Transformer * Metering and Indicating Instrument = Miscellaneous equipment * Transformer Lightening arrestors = Line isolator = Wave trap SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM TRANSFORMER INSULATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR CONTROL AND RELAY ROOM10. WAVE TRAP i. CONCLUSIONCHAPTER-1 (TRODUCTION ‘The present day electrical power system is ac ie. electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of Akernating current, The electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at favorable places, generally quite away fiom the consumers. It is delivered to ‘the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many pce in the line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, acto de, fiequency power factor ete.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station for example, generation voltage (11K V or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high votage (Say 220K V to 132K V) for transmission of eketric power. Similarly near the consumer's localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-stationCHAPTER-2 ABOUT THE SUBSTATION 1. Definition of sub-station: “The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage ac to de freq, pf ete) of electric supply is called sub-station”” 2. Sub-Stai ‘A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industria] or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control ‘A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid As central generation. stations became larger, smaller generating pkinis were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply ffom a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The fist substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, anc were subsidiaries of that power station, 3. Types of Substation: Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the structures used. These categories are not disjointed; to solve @ particular problem, a transmission substation may include significant distribution fimetions, for example. + Transmission substation + Distribution substation + Collector substation + Converter substation + Switching station¢ Transmission substati A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault ckarance or maintenance. A transmission station my have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage controlpower factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can range ffom simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be little more thana bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a large amount of protection and control equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and SCADA systems). Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such as IEC Standard 61850. istribution substation: A distribution substation in Scarborough, Ontario disguised as a house, complete with a driveway, ffont walk and a mown lawn and shrubs in the ffont yard. A warning notice can be clearly seen on the "front door", Disguises for substations are common in many cites. A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the distribution system ofan area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution, The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 KV depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in cither the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may ako be installed along the fineThe downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with high- voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side, © Collector substatio: In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite ditection, from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy of construction the collector system operates around 35 KV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also provide power factor conection if it i needed, metering and control of the wind farm. In some special cases a collector substation can ako contain an HVDC comerter station Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants of comparable output power are in proximity. Examples for such substations are Brauweiler in Germany and Hradec in the Czech Republic, where power is collected from nearby lignite-fired power pkinis. If no transformers are required for increase of voltage to transmission level, the substation is a switching station. © Converter substation: Converter substations. may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction curent, oF intercomected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to change the frequency of current, or eke convert from akernating to direct current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed fiequency to interconnect two systems; such substations today are rare (Switehyard at Grand Coulee Dam, USA, 2006) A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching the current t0 back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure, An example is the switching stations for the HVDC Inga-Shaba transmission line. A switching station may ako be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station. In this case the generators from the power station supply their power into the yard onto the Generator Bus on one side of the yard, and the transmission lines take their power ffom a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard.An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching events may be 'planned” or "unplanned". A transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction, for example, adding or removing a ‘transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, ftom routine testing to adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whoke system running, Perhaps more important, a fault may develop in a transmission line or any other component Some examples of ths: + Aline is hit by lightning and develops an are © Atower is blown down by high wind. The function of the switching station is to isolate the faulted portion of the system in the shortest possible time, De-energizing faulted equipment protects it from further damage, and isolating a faut helps Keep the rest of the eketrical grid operating with stability 4. 220KV Sub-station 220K Sub-Station forms an important link between Transmission network and Distribution network. It has a vital influence of reliability of service. Apart from ensuring efficient transmission and Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration shoukl be such that it enables easy maintenance of equipment and minimum interruptions in power supply. Sub-Station is constructed near as possible to the load center, The voltage level of power transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center. 5. About the substation: 220 KV Barahuwa sub-station is the third largest sub-station of Gorakhpur District, The most important of any substation is the grounding (Earthing System) of the instruments, transformers ete. used in the substation for the safety of the operation personne! as well as for proper system operation and performance of the protective devices. An earths system comprising of an earthing mat buried at a suitable depth below ground and supplemented with ground rod sat suitable points is provided in the substations. These ground the extra high voltage to the ground as it is dangerous to us to go near the instrument without proper earth, Ifthe instruments are not ground properly they may give a huge shock to anyone who would stay near it and also it is dangerous for the costly instrument as they may get damaged by this high vokage.CHAPTER-3 SELECTION OF SITE ‘Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as follows: i) ii) itt) iv) The site chosen shoukd be as near to the load center as possible. It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments. Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost. Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is required for various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and for drinking purposes etc. The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be ckar of public pees, aerodromes, and Miliary / police installations. The land shoukl be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards and store sheds ete. with roads and space for fiture expansion. Set back distances fiom various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should be observed as per the regulations in force. While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt. land over private land. The land should not have water logging problem. Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safé approach /termination of high voltage overhead transmission lines.CHAPTER-4 EQUIPMENT IN A 220KV SUB-STATION The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired. 220KV EHV Sub-Station has the following major equipments: = Bus-bar * Insulators = Isolating Switches * Circuit breaker = Protective relay = Instrument Transformer * Current Transformer * Voltage Transformer * Metering and Indicating Instrument * Miscellaneous equipment = Transformer * Lightening arrestors * Line isolator = Wave trap = Bus-bar: When no, of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus- bar are used, itis made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X-Section) and ‘operate at constant volge The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if'any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a connector between them, This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is baving any ful= Insulators: ‘The insulator serves two purpose, they support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the current to the conductor, The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type ete.) and there used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service requirement. = Isolating Switche: In Sub-Station, itis offen desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an Solating switch or Solator. An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and design to often open a circuit under no load, in other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected carry 1 load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of circuit breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first. = Circuit breaker: A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station, It is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition. ‘There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are (a) SF6 cireuit breakers (b)Spring circuit breakers For the latter operation a relay which is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up to 66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air blast vacuum or SF6 cut breaker are used. ‘The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input kv input, say above 220kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alam bell rings.secondary way consist of a few turns and provides for measuring instruments and relay a voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage. 3. CVT: A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT ) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate @ protective reby. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element wed to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The device has at kast four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at kast one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTS are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers woukl be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor,C2, and hence the secondary terminals. = Metering and Indicating Instrument: ‘There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g, Ammeters, Volt-meters, energy meter etc.) installed in a Substation to maintain which over the circuit quantities. The instrument transformers are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation "Miscellaneous equipment: In addition to above, there may be following equipment in a Substation : i) Fuses ii) —Carrier-current equipment supplies = Transformer:There are four transformers in the incoming feeders so that the four lines are step down at the same time, In case ofa 220KV or more KV line station auto transformers are used, While in case of lower KV line such as less than 132KV line double winding transformers are used Auto transformer. Transformer is static equipment which converts electrical energy fromone voltage to another. As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction, Installation, Operation and Maintenance ako become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble free service throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of 25-35 years Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with the installation, operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions provided by the manufacture diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to earth. Auto transformer: ‘Transformer is static equipment which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the Design, Construction, Installation, Operation and Maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the installation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble fie service throughout the expected life of equipment which of the order of 25-35 years. Hence, it is very essential that the personnel associated with the installation operation or maintenance of the transformer is through with the instructions provided by the manufacture Basi rinciples: ‘The transbrmer is based on two principles: firstly, that an Eketric current can produce a magnetic fick! (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing mignetic field within a coil of Wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic hx induces a vokage in the secondary coil It is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors — the transformer’s coils. Except for air-core transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around separate but magnetically - coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary" winding creates a varying magnetic fick! in the core (or cores) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field induces a varying, electromotive force (EMF) or “voltage” in the "secondary" winding. This effect is called mutual induction Ifa bad is connected to the secondary, an electrie current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will flow from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an. ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) & in proportion to theprimary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to the number of tums in the primary as follows By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be “stepped up” by making NS greater than NP, of "stepped down” by making, NS less than NP. ‘Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbmit-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids, All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical, Poke -mounted single-phase transformer with center-tapped secondary. Note use of the grounded conductor as one leg of the primary feeder. Inductioi Ww: ‘The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calcubted from Faraday's aw of induction, which states that: Where VS is the instantaneous voage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and ® equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil, If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the eross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic fie varies with time according to the excitation, The simplified description above negkets several practical factors, in particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and the contribution to the fiekd due to current in the secondary circuit. Modeb of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of zero resistance, when a voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current; since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctanc ienctizing current is negligible, although still required fo create the magnetic field. ‘The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltage ‘VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs.‘The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EME", This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field, = Lightening Arrester: To discharge the switching and lightening vollage surges to earth = Wave trap: Wave trap isan instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the substation.CHAPTER-5 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD) ‘A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned Eketrical System which includes all the required ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned Work. As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments, The instruments have their usual fimctioning. They are as follows in the single line diagra + Lightening arrestors * CVT Wave trap Isolators with earth switch Circuit breaker * BUS * Potential transformer with a bus isolator % Isokitor Current transformer A capacitor bank attached to the busThe line diagram of the substation: Fig: single line diagram of 220 KY substation Barahuwa This substation has the capacity of 220kv and can step down to 132kv using four input lines through the incoming feeders. The input feeders are namely, «© PGCILSAHJANWA « NTPCTANDA « GKPCKT-1 « GKP CKT-2 These feeders come into the substation with 220kv. The substation of 220kv/132ky has seven outgoing feeders, namely: « MOHADDIPUR « MAU-1 * MAU-2(KAUDI RAM)FCI-1 FCI2 ANAND NAGAR GIDA ‘These out going feeders are of 132kv line. Further, the substation of 132kv/33kv has ten outgoing feeders, name! RUSTAMPUR PGCIL SAHJANWA LAL-DIGGI NAUSAD HARPUR GANGTAHI STATION TRANSFORMER-1 STATION TRANSFORMER-2(COLONY) SAHJANWA GIDA SPARECHAPTER-6 TRANSFORMER ‘Transformer is a static machine, which transform the potential of alternating current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage and high voltage into low volage at same fiequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energy transformed into higher voltage, the transformer is called step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer. i My if ek] Fig: 220/132 KV 160 MVA Transformer at barahuwa sub-station ** TYPES OF TRANSFORMER: = Power Transformer = Instrument Transformer = Auto TransformerFurther, Transformer classified in two types: = On the basis of working = On the basis of structure = POWER TRANSFORMER; Fig: 132/33 KV 40 MVA transformer at barahuwa sub-station= INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: Fig: Instrument Transformer at Barahuwa Sub-Station = Auto Transformer: Primary Secondary side= POWER TRANSFORMER: © Single phase transformer © Three phase transformer = INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: © Current transformer © Potential transformer = AUTO TRANSFORMER: (© Single phase transformer © Three phase transformer = On the basis of working: © Step down: convert HIGH VOLTAGE into LOW VOLTAGE, ©. Step up: convert LOW VOLTAGE. into HIGH VOLTAGE = On the basis of structure: © Core Type © Shell Type Core type Shell typeCHAPTER-7 INSULATORS An eketrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow fieely, and therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an eketric field. This contrasts with other materials, semiconductors and conductors, which conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its resistivity; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors. A perfect insulator does not exist, because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges (charge carriers) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become eketrically conductive when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears electrons away from the atoms. This is known as the breakdown voltage of an insulator. Some materials such as glass, paper and Teflon, which have high resistivity, are very good ekctrical insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for electrical wiring and cables. Examples include rubber-like polymers and most plastics. Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing cwrent through themselves, An insulating material used in bulk to wrap eketrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or transmission lines to utility pokes and transmission towers. They support the weight of the suspended wires without allowing the current to flow through the tower to ground,INS TI MATERIL ‘The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is the flash over, occurs in between line and earth during abnormal over voltage in the system, During the flash over, the huge heat produced by arching, causes puncher in insulator body. PROPERTIES OF INSULATING MATERIAL: For successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as listed below: Ii mast be mechanically strong enough (o carry tension and weight of conductors. Iimust have very high diskectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in High Voltage system Icmast possessed high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current fo the earth, ‘The insulating material nust be ffee from unwanted impurities It should not be porous. ‘There must not be any entrance on the surface of eleetrical insulator so that the moisture or gases can enter in it. There physical as well as electrical properties must be kess affected by changing temperature. vv vvvyY v TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIALS:‘Two types of insulating material are mainly used: i) Porcelain insulator i) Glass insulator ) Porcelain insulator: Porcelain in most commonly used material for over head insulator in present days, The porcelain is aluminium silicate, The aluminium silicate is mixed with plastic kaolin, feldspar and quartz to obtain final hard and gkzed porcelain insulator material ‘The surface of the insulator should be glazed enough so that water should not be traced on it Fig: porcelain insulator ii) Glass insulator: Now days glass insulator has become popular in transmission and distribution system. Annealed tough ghss is used for insulating purpose.glass insulator Advantages of Glass Insulato: Ithas very high diekctrie strength compared to porcelain, Its resistivity is also very high. It has low coefficient of thermal expansion. thas bigher tensile strength compared to porcelain insulator. As it is transparent in nature the is not heated up in sunlight as porcelain, ‘The impurities and air bubble can be easily detected inside the glass insulator body because of its transparency. Glass has very long service life as because mechanical and eketrical properties of glass do not be affected by ageing > Affer all, glass is cheaper than porcelain, vVYYVYY y Disadvantages of Glass Insulator: > Moisture can easily condensed on glass surfice and hence air dust will be deposited on the wed glass surfice which will provide path to the leakage current of the system. > Forhigher vokage glss can’t be cast in imegular shapes since due to imegukar cooling internal cooling. internal strains are caused.TYPES OF INSULATORS ‘There are five types of insulators: 1. Pin type insulator 2. Suspension type insulator 3. Strain type insulator 4, Shackle type insulator 5. Stay type insulator 1. Pin type insulator: Pin Insulator is earliest developed overhead insulator, but still popularly used in power network up to 33 KV system, Pin type insulator can be one part, two parts or three parts type, depending upon application voltage. In 11 KV system we generally use one part type insulator where whole pin insulator is one piece of properly shaped porcelain or glass. As the leakage path of insulator is through its surface, it is desirable to increase the vertical length of the insulator surface area for lengthening kakage path, Fig: pin type insulator 2. Suspension type insulator: In higher voltage, beyond 33KV, it becomes uneconomical to use pin insulator because size, weight of the insulator become more, Handling and replacing bigger size single unit insulator are quite difficult task. For overcoming these difficulties, suspension insulator was developed.In suspension insulator numbers of insulators are connected in series to forma string and the line conductor is carried by the bottom most insulator. Each insulator ofa suspension string is called disc insulator because of their disc like shape, fig: suspension type insulator 3. STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR: When suspension string is used fo sustain extraordinary tensile load of conductor it is referred as string insulator, When there is a dead end or there is a sharp corner in transmission line, the line has to sustain a great tensile load of conductor or strain. A strain insulator must have considerable mechanical strength as well as the necessary electrical insulating properties Fig: strain type insulator 4. SHACKLE TYPE INSULATO!The shackle insulator or spool insulator is usually used in low voltage distribution network. It can be used both in horizontal and vertical position, The use of such insulator has decreased recently after increasing the using of underground cable for distribution purpose. The tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly and minimizes the possibility of breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of shackle insulator is fixed with the help of soft binding wire. Fig: shackle type insulator 5. STAY TYPE INSULATOR: For low voltage lines, the stays are to be insulated from ground at a height, The insulator used in the stay wire is called as the stay insulator and is usually of porcelain and is so designed that in case of breakage of the insulttor the guy-wire will not fall to the ground. Fig: stay type insulatorCHAPTER-8 CIRCUIT BREAKER & ISOLATOR CIRCUIT BREAKER: A circuit breaker is the equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as fault condition. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station Itis so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition. A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by over current or overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to intemupt current flow afier protective relays detect a fault. Fig: SF6 circuit breaker WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER: The Circuit Breaker mainly consist of fixed contacts and moving contacts. In normal “no” condition of circuit breaker, these two contacts are physically connected tp each other due to applied mechanical pressure on the moving contacts. There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating mechanism of circuit breaker which is realized if switching signal is given to the breaker. The potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like by deforming metal spring, by compressed air or by hydraulic pressure.TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER: According to different criteria there are diferent type of cieuit breaker: According to their are quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as: Oil circuit breaker ‘% Air blast circuit breaker ‘% SP6 circuit breaker Vacuum circuit breaker OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the are is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure produced a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent are-strike of the are, ‘The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and because of'intensive cooling by the gases of oll vacuum. Fig: oil circuit breaker> AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER: Fast operations, suitability for repeated operation, auto re-closure, unit type multi break constructions, simple assembly and modest maintenance are some of the main atures of air blast circuit breakers. The compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air receiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railway and are furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breaker is ued for interconnected lines where rapid operation is desired. Fig: air blast circuit breaker High pressure air at a pressure between 20 to 30 kg/cm? stored in the air reservoir. Air is taken from the compressed air system. Three hollow insulator columns are mounted on the reservoir with valves at their basis. The double arc extinguished chambers are mounted on the top of the hollow insulator chambers. The current carrying parts connect the three arc extinction chamber to each other in series and the pole to the neighbouring equipment. Since there exist a very high voltage between the conductor and the air reservoir, the entire are extinction chambers assembly is mounted on insulators. “> SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER: In such circuit breaker, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is used as the are quenching medium. The ‘SF6 is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons.‘The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6 circuit breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating LOMVA. It consists of fixed and moving contacts. It has chamber, contains SF6 gas. When the contacts are opened, the mechanism permits a high pressure SF6 gas from reservoir to flow towards the are imemuption chamber. ‘The moving contact permits the SF6 gas to let through these hoes A typical SF6 circuit breaker consists of interrupter units. Each unit is capable of interrupting currents up to 60 KA and voltage in the range 50-80 KV. A number of units are connected in series according to system voltage. SF6 breakers are developed for voltages range from 115 to 500 KV and power of 1OMVA rating and with interrupting tim: of 3 cycles and less. Fig: SF6 circuit breaker ‘The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high input ky input, say above 220kv and more, The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e, under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen ifthe gis goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings. The spring type of circuit breakers is used for small kv stations, The spring here reduces the torque produced so thatthe breaker can function again. The spring type is used for step down side of 132kv to 33kv ako in 33ky to L1kv and so on, They are only used in low distribution side, “& VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER: ‘Vacuum circuit breakers are the breakers which are used to protect medium and high voltage circuit from dangerous electrical situations, Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers are literally break the citewit so that energy can not continue flowing through i, thereby preventing fires, power surge and other problems which may emerge, These devices have been utilized since the 1920s and several companies have introduced refinements to make them even safer and more effective. Fig: vacuum circuit breaker ISOLATORS: Isokator is used to ensure that an eketrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. In Sub-Station, itis offen desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and repairs, This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator. An isolator is essentially a knife Switch and is design to often open a circuit uncer no load, in other words, isolator Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected carryno load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a circuit breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. must be opened first. “An Tsolator or a disconnector is a mechanical switch device, which provides in the open position, an isolating distance in accordance with special requirements. An isolator is capable of opening and chosing a circuit when either negligible current is broken/mde or when no significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each of the poles of isolator occurs. It is also capable of carrying current under normal circuit conditions and carrying for a specified time, current under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit.” Fig: isolator OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL. LATOR: An isobtor is a mechanical switch that is manually operated. Depending on the requirement of a iven system, there are different types of isolators. With isolators, one is able to see any open circuit physically as compared to circuit breakers where no physical observation can be made. Since no technique for are quenching exists in isolators, the operation of electrical isolators should only be carried out when no possible current is flowing through a circuit, An isolator should not be used to open a completely closed live citcuit, Additionally, live circuits should not be completed and closed using an isolator. This is to avoid large amounts of arcing fom taking place at the isolator contacts. Hence isolators should only be opened after a cireuit breaker is open and should be closed before closing a circuit breaker. Electrical isolators can be operated using a motorized mechanism as well as by hand, Hand operation happens to be cheaper, compared to a motorized arrangement [As no are quenching technique is provided in isolator it must be operated when there is no chance of current flowing through the circuit, No live circuit should be closed or opened by isolator operation, A complete live closed circuit must not be opened by isolator operation and also a live circuit must not be closed and completed by isolator to avoid huge arcing in betweenisolator contacts, That is why isolator must be open after circuit breaker is open and these must be closed before circuit breaker is closed. Isolator can be operated by hand locally as well as by motorized mechanism from remote position, Motorized operation arrangement costs_more compared to hand operation; hence decision must be taken before choosing an isolator for the system whether hknd operated or motor operated economically optimum for the system For voltage up to 145 KV system hand operated isolators are used whereas for higher voltage systems like 245 KV or 420 KV and above motorized. isolator are used. Fig: isolator TANDEM ISOLATORS: Tandem isolator, often called split breaker or double breakers, provides two separate circuits in the space of rectangular sized breaker opening. Every circuit breaker panel has a limited number of circuits available. The problem is that when the openings are all used up and you still need to add another circuit, what do you do you? You could change the electrical panel or double up circuits on a breaker, but this could place to much load ona particular circuit. So what then? The answer that many have found is tandem breaker. This type of breaker is the same size as any other breaker, but it has its dillerence, Fie: Tandem IsolatorCHAPTER-9 CONTROL & RELAY ROOM The control room has various control panels which shows the information like incomming power, outgoing power, frequency, time common to all sub-stations, status of various lines(healthy, faulted, under outage or maintenance), status of various protective instruments like isolators, circuit breaker, temperature of various instruments, working tap of transformer ete. The DAS (Data Acquisition System) is used to accumulate the data received from various sources. The relay room is separate from the control room, Alll relay used here are numerical and are either from Siemens” or ABB". ‘The protection system is so fast that it can detect a fault within 30 ms and hence the circuit breaker can be operated within as less as 80 ms, For 400K side C. allowed in order to clear the faults automatically. ., one time auto reclosure is BATTERY ROOM: v The control panels and relays of the sub-station required DC supply of 110 V. > The DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve normally kept in a separate room called battery room, > The batteries used in this sub-station are Nicke+Cadmium (NI-Cd) batteries. These batteries reused due to their advantages like low maintenance, longer lif (15-20 years) ete. > Each cell is of 2 V and 300 Ah Capacity.= Ce ed = ae Fig: batteries at sub-station d of battery in sub-stati Storage battery system is used in emergency situation for the working of electrical equipments: To open and close the switch gear For indication and control Emergency lighting Relay and interlocking equipments For working of alarm circuit vyvvy Protective Relaying:Protective relays are used to detect defective lines or apparatus and to initiate the operation of circuit interrupting devices to folate the defective equipment. Reltys are ako used to detect, abnormal or undesirable operating conditions other than those caused by defective equipment and either operate an alarm or initiate operation of circuit interrupting devices. Protective relays protect the electrical system by causing the defective apparatus or lines to be disconnected to minimize damage and maintain service contimity to the rest of the system. ‘There are different types of relays: i. Over current relay fi, Distance relay iii, Differential relay irectional over current relay er Current Relay ‘The over curent relay responds to a magnitude of current above a specified value. There are four basic types of construction: They are plunger, rotating disc, static, and microprocessor type. In the plunger type, a plunger is moved by magnetic attraction when the current exceeds a specified value, In the rotating induction-disc type, which is a motor, the disc rotates by electromagnetic, induction when the current exceeds a specified value. Static types convert the current to a proportional D.C mill volt signal and apply it to a level detector with voltage or contact output. Such relays can be designed to have various current-I type of rotating induction-dise relay, called the voltage restrained over current relay. The magnitude of voltage restrains the operation of the disc until the magnitude of the voltage drops below a threshold value. Static over current relays are equipped with multipk curve characteristics and can duplicate almost any shape of electromechanical relay curve. Microprocessor relays convert the current to a digital signal The digital signal can then be compared to the setting values input into the relay. With the microprocessor relay, various curves or multiple time-delay settings can be input to sct the relay operation. Some relays allow the user to define the curve with points or cakeulations to determine the output characteristics. j. Distance Relay}as the overall effect of measuring impedance. The relay operates instantaneously (within a few cycks) on a 60-cycle basis for values of impedance below the set value. When time delay is required, the relays energizes a separate time-delay relay or function with the contacts or output of this time-delay relay or fimetion performing the desired outputfimctions. The rely operates on the magnitude of impedance measured by the combination of restraint voltage and the operating current passing through it according to the settings applied to the relay. When the impedance is such that the impedance point i within the impedance characteristic circle, the relay will trip. The relay is inherently directional The line impedance typically corresponds to the diameter of the cick with the reach of the relay being the diameter ofthe cick i. Differential Relay: The differential rely is a current-operated relay that responds to the difference between two or more device currents above a set value, The relay works on the basis of the differential principle that what goes into the device has to come out .If the current does not add to zero, the error current flows to cause the relay to operate and trip the circuit. The differential relay is used to provide internal fault protection to equipment such as transformers, generators, and buses. Relays are designed to permit differences in the input currents as a result of current transformer mismatch and applications where the input currents come from different system voltages, such as transformers A current differential relay provides restraint coils on the incoming current circuits. The restraint coils in combination with the operating coil provide an operation curve, above which the relay will operate, Differential relays are offen used with a lockout relay to trip all power sources to the device and prevent the device ftom being automatically or remotely reenergized. These relys are very sensitive, The operation of the device usually means major problems with the protected equipment and the likely failure in re-energizing the equipment iv. Directional Over current Relay: A directional over current relry operates only for excessive current flow in a given direction. Directional over current relays are available in clectromechanical, static, and microprocessor constructions. An clectromechanical overcorrect relay is made directional by adding a directional unit that prevents the over current relay from operating until the directional unit has operated. ‘The directional unit responds to the product of the magnitude of current, voltage, and the phase angle between them or to the product of two currents and the phase angle between them, The value of this product necessary to provide operation of the directional unit is small, so that it will not limit the sensitivity of the relay (such as an over current relay that it controls). In most cases, the directional element is mounted inside the same case as the relay it controls. For example, an over current relay and a directional element are mounted in the same case, and the combination is called a directional over current relay. Microprocessor relays often provide a choice as to the polarizing method that can be used in providing the direetion of fault, such as applying residual current or vokage or negative sequence current or volage polarizing fictions to the relay.CHAPTER-10 WAVE TRAP Line trap is also known as wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote sub-station and diverting them to the telecom/tekprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is relevant in power line carrier communication (PLCC) systems for communication among, various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. The line trap offers high impedance to high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substations bus-bars. If there were not to there, then signal loss in more and communication will be inefigctive/probably impossible. Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the substation.CHAPTER-II CONCLUSION ‘Now from this report we can conclude that eketricity plays an important role in our life. We are made aware of how the transmission the tansmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of the substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz generation, transmission and distribution are connected to each other and that too very perfectly. ‘Thus for effective transmission and distribution a substation must: + Ensure steady state and transient stability Effective voltage control # Prevention of loss of synchronism * Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points © Fault analysis improvement in respective field ‘© Establishment of economic load distributionREFERENCES ‘+ "Joint Consultation Paper: Western Metropolitan Melbourne Transmission Conneetion and Subtransmission Capacity” (PDF). Jemena. Powercor Australia, Jemena, Australian Energy Market Operator. Retrieved 4 February 2016. ¢ abc Stockton, Blaine. "Design Guide for Rural Substations" (PDF). USDA Rural Development. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 4 February 2016. © Steinberg, Neil. "Lights On but Nobody Home: Behind the Fake Buildings that Power Chicago". Retrieved 14 December 2013. * “Transformer Fire Video", metacafe. User Eagle Eye. Retrieved 4 February 2016. * ab Donald G. Fink, H. Wayne Beatty Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill 1978 ISBN 0-07-020974-X Chapter 17 Substation Design © Baker, Joseph W.. "Eliminating Hurricane Induced Storm Surge Damage To Electric Utilities Via In-plice Elevation Of Substation Structures And Equipment" (PDF). DIS- ‘TRAN Packaged Substations. Crest Industries. Retrieved 4 February 2016. © John, Alvin, "EE3ST - Substation Design and Layout", The University Of The West Indies at St, Augustine, Trinidad And Tobago. Retrieved 4 February 2016 * RMS. de Oliveira and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho (2009). "Computational Environment for Simulating Lightning Strokes in a Power Substation by Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method". TEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 51 (4): 995—1000. doi 0.1 109/TEMC.2009.2028879. © www.ieeeexplorer.com1s0 9001 : 2015 anc 2 oo KV SUB STATION. ee al do @ SINGLE LINE DA |