hana arendti

ra aris
xelisufleba?

inglisuridan Targmna
giorgi xuroSvilma

Tbilisi
2015
UDC (uak) 1+316
f-562
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universiteti
filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
kvleviTi instituti
samecniero seria
filosofia-sociologiis klasikuri da
Tanamedrove teqstebi

_ Targmanebi _
tomi 4

seriis damfuZnebeli da mTavari redaqtori

Tengiz iremaZe
saredaqcio kolegia:
giorgi baramiZe
baCana bregvaZe
devi dumbaZe
lali zaqaraZe
giorgi TavaZe
guram TevzaZe
dodo labuCiZe-xoferia

© filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa

kvleviTi instituti, 2015
yvela ufleba daculia
pirveli qarTuli gamocema, 2015

ISSN 1987-9660
ISBN 978-9941-457-28-9
gamomcemloba „nekeri“, 2015
 sarCevi

winaTqma .................................................... 5

giorgi xuroSvili
hana arendtis politikuri
azrovnebis sawyisebi ....................... 7

hana arendti
ra aris xelisufleba? ........................ 17
Tavi I. ................................................ 18
Tavi II. ................................................ 47
Tavi III. ............................................... 71
Tavi IV. .............................................. 82
Tavi V. ..............................................100
Tavi VI. .............................................116
SeniSvnebi .........................................129

pirTa saZiebeli ....................................141

3
 winaTqma

grigol robaqiZis saxelobis uni­ ver­

sitetis filosofiisa da socia­ l­
ur mec-
nierebaTa kvleviTi insti­ tu­ti, winamde-
bare samecniero seriis farglebSi, sayo­
velTaod cnobili politikuri moazrovni-
sa da filosofosis, hana arendtis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi naSromis, “What is
Authority?” (1954 w.) pirvel qarTul Targ-
mans sTavazobs mkiT­­xvels. qarTuli Targ-
mani Seasrula da amave gamocemas hana
arendtis politikuri azrovnebis Tavise-
burebebis Sesaxeb Sesavali werili daurTo
Cveni institutis mecnier-TanamSromelma
giorgi xuroSvilma.
hana arendtis naSromi „ra aris xeli­
suf­leba?“ kargi gzamkvlevia Tanamedrove
mkiTxvelisTvis, romelic, arendtis epo­
qis msgavsad, dResac xelisuflebisa da
misi legitimaciis wyaroTa Rrma krizisis
momswrea. am tipis krizisTa gadasalaxad ki
saWiroa iseTi politikuri sivrcis Seqmna,
sadac xelisuflebis legitimuri saTavee-
bi iqneba adekvaturad gacnobierebuli da
dadgenili. vfiqrobT, rom xelisuflebis
5
bunebisa da arsis gagebis urTules Teori­
ul da praqtikul procesSi hana arendtis
es SesaniSnavi esse did daxmarebas gagvi­
wevs.

Tengiz iremaZe
filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
kvleviTi institutis direqtori

q. Tbilisi, 7 agvisto, 2015 weli

6
 giorgi xuroSvili

hana arendtis
politikuri azrovnebis sawyisebi

hana arendti XX saukunis TvalsaCino

politikuri moazrovnea. mis Semoqmedebas
politikuri azrovnebis uaxles istoriaSi
gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. hana arendti
daibada 1906 wlis 14 oqtombers, germania-
Si, qalaq hanoverSi, caristuli ruseTidan
emigrirebuli ebraelebis ojaxSi. bavSvo-
bisa da ymawvilqalobis wlebi man qalaq
kionigsbergSi gaatara, sadac mravali sir-
Tulis gadatana mouwia: jer iyo da Svidi
wlisas mama daeRupa; am ambidan maleve misi
mSobliuri qalaqi I msoflio omis Suagul-
Si aRmoCnda. amgvari garemoebebis gamo, mis
ojaxs mZime socialur pirobebSi uwevda
cxovreba, miuxedavad amisa, arendtebs ki-
onigsbergi ar dautovebiaT. hana arendtma
iqve miiRo saskolo ganaTleba.
1924 wels hana arendti marburgis uni-
versitetSi Cairicxa. Tavdapirvelad, igi
swavlobs Teologias imJamad ukve saxel-
moxveWil rudolf bultmanTan (1888-1976
ww.), Semdeg ki, martin haidegeris (1889-

7
1976 ww.) moswavle xdeba. haidegerma ar-
endtze gansakuTrebuli zegavlena moax-
dina, ris gamoc igi dRemde `haidegeria-
nel moazrovned~ iTvleba. marburgidan
arendti fraiburgSi inacvlebs, sadac
filosofiis saxelganTqmuli profeso-
ris, edmund huserlis (1859-1938 ww.) le-
qciebs eswreba, mogvianebiT ki, swavlas
ganagrZobs haidelbergis universitetSi,
sadac misi maswavlebeli cnobili filoso-
fosi karl iaspersia (1883-1969 ww.). sadis-
ertacio naSromze muSaoba arendtma 1929
wels daasrula, naSromi netari avgustines
azrovnebas eZRvneboda da aseTi saTauri
hqonda: `siyvarulis idea avgustines naaz-
revSi~. am naSromma mowoneba daimsaxura da
arendtma imave wels miiRo filosofiis
doqtoris xarisxi.
1930 wlidan arendti politikur da
sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi CaerTo, igi
germaniis sionistur moZraobasTanac
TanamSromlobda da nacional-sociali-
stebis winaaRmdeg kompromatebis moZie-
basa da gamoqveynebaSi monawileobda,
ris gamoc 1933 wels daapatimres, magram
patimrobidan maleve gaaTavisufles.
1933 weli arendtisTvis sakmaod rTuli
gamodga, masStaburi politikuri wnexisa
da represiebis gamo, sxva ebrael intele-

8
qtualTa msgavsad, germaniis datoveba
masac mouwia da sacxovreblad gadavida
parizSi, sadac ramdenime wlis ganmavloba-
Si ebrael devnilTa sakiTxebze momuSave
organizaciebSi saqmianobda. 1941 wlisT-
vis, germaniis mier safrangeTis okupaciis
gamo, mas parizis datovebac mouwia da ax-
ali TavSesafrisTvis amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs miaSura. swored am etapidan iw-
yeba misi warmatebuli akademiuri kariera
da nayofieri samecniero moRvaweobis pe-
riodi, ramac mas sayovelTao aRiareba
moutana.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi emigra-
ciis Semdeg, Tavdapirvelad, arendti
niu-iorkSi moRvaweobda. aq igi ramden-
ime cnobil JurnalTan TanamSromlobda,
mogvianebiT ki, saqmianoba `socialur kv-
levaTa axal skolaSi~ ganagrZo, sadac
sicocxlis bolomde ikavebda profeso-
ris Tanamdebobas. arendtis akademiuri
kariera ukavSirdeba iseT mniSvnelovan
amerikul universitetebs, rogorebicaa
Cikago, stenfordi, berkli da prinstoni.
am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi igi pirveli
qali iyo, romelsac sruli profesoris
Tanamdeboba ekava. amave periodSi ar-
endtma araerTi safuZvelmdebare naSromi
gamosca, romelTaganac gansakuTrebiT

9
aRsaniSnavia „totalitarizmis saTaveebi“
(1951 w.). es naSromi pirveli masStaburi
mcdeloba iyo im istoriuli da social-
ur-politikuri peripetiebis siRrmiseuli
gaazrebisa, romlebmac germaniaSi hit-
leris, xolo sabWoTa kavSirSi ki stalinis
reJimis warmoqmna ganapirobes. amdenad,
es wigni, mogvianebiT, samarTlianad aRi-
ares XX saukunis erT-erT yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan wignad da arendtis Semoqmedebis
mwvervalad.
miuxedavad amisa, arendtis mraval-
wliani moRvaweobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
da saintereso etapi, albaT, mainc 1960-
iani wlebis pirveli naxevaria. 1960 wels,
israelis dazverva `mosadma~ hitleris re-
Jimis samxedro maRalCinosani adolf aix-
mani (1906-1962 ww.) argentinaSi daapatim-
ra. aixmans holokostis organizatorobas
sdebdnen bralad, misi sasamarTlo procesi
israelSi gaimarTa. Jurnalma „niu-iorker-
ma“ am sasamarTlo procesis gasaSuqeblad
hana arendti miavlina. mogvianebiT, ar-
endtma sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSire-
bul Tavis statiebs Tavis mouyara da 1963
wels gamosca winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis
naSromi, saxelwodebiT _ „aixmani ieru-
salimSi“. arendtis Tanaxmad, aixmans mkv-
lelobis sadisturi survili ar hqonia;

10
igi imitom ki ar sCadioda mkvlelobebs,
rom boroti iyo, aramed imitom rom igi
sistemis nawili iyo da rogorc `kargi~
Cinovniki Tavis `movaleobas~ asrulebda.
am SemTxvevas arendtma `borotebis ba-
naluroba~ uwoda. arendtis amgvar in-
terpretacias araerTgvarovani reaqcia
mohyva. mravalma mkiTxvelma arendtis es
mosazreba ise gaigo, TiTqos igi hitleris
reJims amarTlebda da ebraelTa trage-
dias ar iziarebda. Tumcki, cxadia, rom
arendts msgavsi ganzraxva ar hqonia; man,
rogorc politikurma mecnierma mxolod
da mxolod aRwera da daaxasiaTa procesi,
Tu rogor SeiZleba, rom iseTi tragikuli
da sazareli movlena, rogoricaa adamianis
mkvleloba, banalobad, Cveulebriv praq-
tikad, rutinad iqces. arendtma, rogorc
mecnierma, am SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli
movlenis analizi ganaxorciela, romelic
emociuri, prozauli da religiuri Se-
fasebebisgan Tavisufali iyo da mxolod
racionalur gansjas emyareboda.
aSS-Si, hana aredtma xangrZlivi da
nayofieri pedagogiuri da samecniero
cxovreba ganvlo. igi 1975 wlis 4 dekem-
bers gulis SeteviT, 69 wlis asakSi gar-
daicvala. dakrZales niu-iorkSi, bardis
kolejis ezoSi.

11
 ***

Cvens droSi, hana arendtis politikuri

naazrevi sul ufro da ufro aqtualuri
xdeba. samarTlianad miiCneva, rom XX sau-
kunis Tavbrudamxvevi da tragikuli so-
cialur-politikur movlenebis yvelaze
zusti da siRrmiseuli analizi swored mis
naSromebSia mocemuli. arendti fiqrobda,
rom es movlenebi namdvil saTaves safr-
angeTis revoluciis da napoleonis epo-
qidan iRebda; isini erTgvari reaqcia iyo
erovnuli saxelmwifos ideis dakninebis
procesis mimarT, romelic XIX saukuni-
dan moyolebuli mimdinareobda. Tuki uwin
erovnuli saxelmwifos ideas, erTi mxriv,
Zlieri monarqiuli xelisufleba, xolo,
meore mxriv ki, aseve Zlieri religiuri
instituciebi asazrdoebda, XIX saukuni-
dan moyolebuli am ori mTavari elementis
Tanmimdevruli daqveiTebis procesi dai-
wyo: monarqiuli xelisuflebebi, zog Sem-
TxvevebSi, saerTod gauqmda, xolo, umetes
SemTxvevebSi, mkveTrad SeizRuda, imav-
droulad saxelmwifoebriv Tu sazogadoe-
briv cxovrebaSi tradiciuli, dominanti
religiis roli sagrZnoblad Semcirda da,
amgvarad, evropis didi nawili erovnuli
TviTidentificirebis aSkara problemis

12
winaSe dadga. amgvar viTarebaSi, yvela is
sikeTe, romelic, Tavis droze, ganmana-
Tleblobam moitana, maT Soris, Semwyn-
arebloba, racionalizmi da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis dafuZnebis SesaZlebloba,
faqtobrivad, ugulebelyofili iqna da
evropaSi traibalizmis Zvel praqtikas mi-
hyves xeli (ix. „totalitarizmis saTavee-
bi“, niu-iorki, 1951, gv. 68.).
hana arendtisTvis xelisufleba poli-
tikis pirvelsawyisi elementia. amdenad,
xelisuflebis instituciuri simyare sta-
biluri politikuri sistemis arsebobis
winapirobaa. xelisuflebis klasikuri
cnebis da institutebis cvlilebas uka-
vSirebda igi yvela im politikur ryevas,
romelic XIX saukuneSi daiwyo da TiTqmis
XX saukunis Sua wlebamde gagrZelda. misi
azriT, XX saukunis totalitaruli siste-
mebi xelisuflebis klasikuri cnebis cvl-
ilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. am cvlilebas,
arendti imTaviTve uaryofiT faqtad ar
miiCnevs, uaryofiTad igi am cnebis ganvi-
Tarebis im tendenciebs afasebs, romelmac
sabolood evropa hitlerisa da stalinis
reJimebamde miiyvana.
Tavisi saqmianobis erT-erT mTavar
amocanad arendtma swored xelisuflebis
ZvelTaZveli cnebis rekonstruireba dai­

13
saxa, raTa amis safuZvelze Tanamedroveo-
baSi xelisuflebis cnebis ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobebi gamoekveTa. amdenad, mis
naSromebSi uxvadaa mocemuli msjelo-
bebi antikuri berZnuli politikuri az-
rovnebisa da romauli politikuri siste-
mis Sesaxeb. naSromSi `ra aris xelisufle-
ba?~ arendti dawvrilebiT ganixilavs xe-
lisuflebis cnebis transformacias, rom-
lis saCvenebladac igi platonze, aristo-
teleze, ciceronsa da gviandel romaul
politikur sistemaze erTian konteqstSi
msjelobs. misi azriT, platonTan warmo-
qmnilma xelisuflebis ideam, ganviTarebis
yvelaze sistemur da daxvewil dones ro-
maul socialur-politikur wyobaSi miaR-
wia, xolo romaelTa meSveobiT ki am cnebam
qristianul TemSic SeaRwia da axali reli-
giis institucionaluri xasiaTis Camoyal-
ibebas daudo saTave.
amgvarad, mogvianebiT, swored xelisu-
flebis platonur-romaulma koncefciam
uzrunvelyo klasikuri evropuli monar-
qiuli xelisuflebebis da saeklesio Za-
lauflebis simyare da stabiluroba,
romlis wyalobiTac es ori sistema si-
cocxlisunarianobas xangrZlivi drois
manZilze warmatebiT inarCunebda, vidre
ganmanaTleblobis epoqamde, rodesac yve-

14
la tradiciuli, socialur-politikuri
koncefcia eWvis qveS dadga da maTi gada-
fasebis Seuqcevad process daedo saTave.
dabolos, hana arendti is moazrovnea,
romlis Semoqmedebac interdisciplinur
kvlevebzea dafuZnebuli. misi naSromebi
filosofiis, Teologiis, politikuri
mecnierebis, fsiqologiisa da istoriis
mijnazea Seqmnili da maT erTob origi-
nalur da saintereso sinTezs gvTavazobs.
amgvarad, mkiTxveli maTSi mravalmxriv
da mravalSrian msjelobebs Sexvdeba,
romelTa wyalobiTac safuZvelmdebare
socialur-politikuri sakiTxebis mniSvn-
eloba, Sinaarsi da problematika sistemu-
rad da TvalnaTliv aris warmoCenili.

15