Mole and Stoichiometry

Chapter 3
Kimia Dasar I (CH1101)
2017-2018
References:
Brady, J, E., Jepersen, N. D., Hyslop A., 2012, Chemistry, 7 th Edition, International Student Version, John Wiley and Sons.
Raymond Chang and Kenneth A. Goldsby, 2012, Chemistry, McGraw-Hill
1
Materials
1. Mole and Avogadro’s Number
2. Molar Mass and Calculating Involving Moles
3. Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition
4. Determine Empirical and Molecular Formulas
5. Stoichiometry and Chemical Equation
6. Limiting Reactants
7. Percent Yield

2
Materials
1.Mole and Avogadro’s Number
2.Molar Mass and Calculating Involving Moles
3.Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition
4. Determine Empirical and Molecular Formulas
5. Stoichiometry and Chemical Equation
6. Limiting Reactants
7. Percent Yield

3
1

Mole and Avogadro’s Number

4
Mole

❑ A convenient unit of measure for

counting atoms and molecules
❑ The numerical value of a mole comes
from the number of carbon atoms in
a basic unit of mass.
❑ 12 grams of isotope 12C atoms
exactly contains 6.022 x 1023 carbon
atoms

5
Avogadro’s number (NA)

Number of atoms, molecules, or particles in

one mole substance, which is 6.022 x 1023
atoms or molecules or particles

1 mole He = 6.022 x 1023 atoms He

1 mole H2O = 6.022 x 1023 molecules H2O
1 mole NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 ion Na+
= 6.022 x 1023 ion Cl-

6
2

Molar Mass and

Calculating Involving Moles

7
Molar Mass (MM)

• Mass of 1 mole of substance

(element, molecule, or ionic compound)

1 mol of X = gram ∕ molar mass of X

= 6.022 × 1023 formula units
(atoms, molecules, or ion)

• Unit of MM = g/mol
• Molar mass is conversion factor between mass
(gram) and mole (mol)

8
Molar Mass (MM)
How to know the numerical value of Molar Mass (MM)?
➢Elements or ions
Periodic Table of Elements
1 Mole of

S
C

Hg
Cu Fe

9
Molar Mass (MM)
How to know the numerical value of Molar Mass (MM)?
➢Elements or ions
Periodic Table of Elements
➢Molecules or Polyatomic Ions
Sum of atomic masses of all atoms in compound’s
formula
ex: What is Molar mass (MM) of water molecule?
answer: 2 H atom 1 O atom
H 2O
MM H2O = (2 × MM H) + (MM O) = (2 × 1) + 16 = 18 g/mol
10
Concept Check
What is the molar mass of H2SO4?
(MM H = 1, S= 32, O = 16 g/mol)
A.148 g/mol
B. 89.0 g/mol
C. 73.0 g/mol
D. 112 g/mol
Answer:
E. 98.0 g/mol
MM H2SO4 = (2 × MM H) + (1 × MM S) + (4 × MM O)
= (2 × 1) + (1 × 32) + (4 × 16) g/mol
= 98.0 g/mol

11
Calculations Involving Moles
Start Here
Macroscopic

➢ Use molar mass to convert from grams to mole

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑀𝑀
➢ Use Avogadro’s number to convert from
moles to elementary units
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑁)
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑛) =
𝐴𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜 ′ 𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑁𝐴)
Start Here
Microscopic
12
Example: (Macro → Micro)
How many silver atoms are in a 85.0 g silver bracelet?

What do we want to determine?

85.0 g silver = ? atoms silver

What do we know?
1 mol Ag = 107.87 g Ag (MM)
1 mol Ag = 6.022×1023 Ag atoms (NA)

m Ag ⎯→ n Ag ⎯→ N Ag

Method 1 Method 2

13
Example: (Macro → Micro)
How many silver atoms are in a 85.0 g silver bracelet?
Method 1
What do we know?
1 mol Ag = 107.87 g Ag (MM)
1 mol Ag = 6.022×1023 Ag atoms (NA)

m Ag ⎯→ n Ag ⎯→ N Ag
MM NA
 1 mol Ag   6.022 10 23 atoms Ag 
85.0 g Ag      
 107.87g Ag   1 mol Ag 
= 4.75 × 1023 Ag atoms
14
Example: (Macro → Micro)
How many silver atoms are in a 85.0 g silver bracelet?
Method 2
What do we know?
1 mol Ag = 107.87 g Ag MM = 107.87 g/mol
1 mol Ag = 6.022×1023 Ag atoms NA = 6.022×1023 atoms/mol

m Ag ⎯→ n Ag ⎯→ N Ag
MM NA
𝒎 𝑨𝒈 85.0 𝑔
n Ag = = = 0.788 mol
𝑴𝑴 𝑨𝒈 107.87 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑵 𝑨𝒈 N Ag = n Ag × NA
n Ag = 𝑵𝑨 = 0.788 mol × 6.022 × 1023 Atoms/mol
= 4.75 × 1023 Ag atoms 15
Example: (Micro → Macro)
What is the mass, in grams, of one molecule of
octane, C8H18? (MM C = 12, H = 1 g/mol)
Answer:
N octane ⎯→ n octane ⎯→ m octane
NA MM C8H18
= (8 × 12) + (18 × 1) g/mol
Method 2 = 114 g/mol
𝑁octane 1 molecule
n octane = = = 1.66 × 10-24 mol
𝑁𝐴 6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol

𝑚
n octane = , Thus m = n × MM
𝑀𝑀
= 1.66 × 10-24 mol × 114 g/mol
= 1.89 × 10-22 g 16
Your turn !
1. How many moles of CO2 in 10.0 g CO2 ?
2. What is mass, in grams, of 0.475 mol Pt ?
3. How many molecules of water (H2O) in 10 drop of water? 1
drop water is equal to 0.05 mL water = 0.05 mg water.
4. If we need 0.168 mol Ca3(PO4)2 for conducting one
experiment, how many grams Ca3(PO4)2 should be
balanced?
Data: MM H=1, C=12, O=16, Pt=195, Ca=40, P=30.9 g/mol
Answer:
1. 0.227 mol
2. 92.7 g
3. 1.67 x 1019 molecules
4. 52.11 g
17
3

Chemical Formula and

Percentage Composition

18
Mole-to-Mole Conversion
• Can use chemical formula to relate amount of
each atom to amount of compound

H H H
O ⇔ H
⇔ O

• In H2O there are three relationships (Macro):

• 1 mol H2O ⇔ 2 mol H
• 1 mol H2O ⇔ 1 mol O
• 2 mol H ⇔ 1 mol O
19
Mole-to-Mole Conversion
• Can use chemical formula to relate amount of
each atom to amount of compound

H H H
O ⇔ H
⇔ O

Can also use these on atomic scale:

• 1 molecule H2O ⇔ 2 atom H
• 1 molecule H2O ⇔ 1 atom O
• 2 atom H ⇔ 1 molecule O
20
Concept Check

In N2O5, there are three relationships. Fill the blank

with number !
... mol N2O5 ⇔ … mol N
... mol N2O5 ⇔ … mol O
... mol N ⇔ ... mol O

Answer:
1 mol N2O5 ⇔ 2 mol N
1 mol N2O5 ⇔ 5 mol O
2 mol N ⇔ 5 mol O
21
Coefficient Ratio (subscripts)
of a Compound
AxBy

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵 𝑦

= ; = ; =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵 𝑦 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑦 1 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑦 1

Ex: N2O5
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁 2 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁 2 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂 5
= ; = ; =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂 5 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁2𝑂5 1 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁2𝑂5 1

22
Concept Check
Calcium phosphate is widely found in natural minerals,
bones, and some kidney stones. A sample is found to
contain 0.864 moles of phosphorus (P). How many
moles of Ca3(PO4)2 are in that sample?

What do we want to find?

0.864 mol P = ? mol Ca3(PO4)2

What do we know?
1 mol Ca3(PO4)2 ⇔ 2 mol P 𝑛 𝐶𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 2 1
=
Solution 𝑛𝑃 2
1
n Ca3(PO4)2 = ×𝑛𝑃
2
1
= × 0.864 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.432 mol
2 23
Your turn !
A sample of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is found
to contain 10.8 moles of sodium. How many
moles of oxygen atoms (O) are present in the
sample?
A. 10.8 mol O
B. 7.20 mol O
C. 5.40 mol O
D. 32.4 mol O
E. 16.2 mol O

24
Mass to Mass Conversion
of a Compound
mass A → moles A → moles B → mass B
MM A MM B
Coefficient Ratio
(subscripts)

Ex: Chlorophyll, the green pigment in leaves, has the

formula C55H72MgN4O5. If 0.0011 g of Mg is available to
a plant for chlorophyll synthesis, how many grams of
carbon will be required to completely use up the
magnesium?
25
Example:
C55H72MgN4O5
Answer:
MM Mg = 24.3 g/mol MM C = 12 g/mol
0.0011 g Mg → n Mg → n C → m C
𝒏𝑪 𝟓𝟓
=
𝒏 𝑴𝒈 𝟏
𝑚𝑀𝑔 0.0011 𝑔 _𝟓
n Mg = = = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐨𝐥
𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑔 24.3 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

55 55
nC= x n Mg = x 4.53 x 10_5 mol = 2.49 x 10 -3 mol
1 1
m C = n C x MM C
= 2.49 x 10 -3 mol x 12 g/mol
= 0.0298 g 26
Your turn !
Aspartam adalah pemanis buatan yang 160 kali
lebih manis daripada gula tebu (sukrosa). Rumus
molekul aspartam adalah C14H18N2O5.
a. Hitung massa molar (Mr) aspartam. [3]
b. Berapa jumlah atom karbon yang ada dalam 2,5
mol aspartam. [3]
c. Berapa jumlah molekul yang ada dalam 10,0 g
aspartam. [3]
d. Berapa massa atom nitrogen yang ada dalam
14,7 g aspartam. [3]
e. Berapa massa atom oksigen yang ada dalam 73,5
g aspartam. [3]
Soal UTS Kimia Dasar I 2016-2017 27
Your turn !
Aspartam adalah pemanis buatan yang 160 kali lebih
manis daripada gula tebu (sukrosa). Rumus molekul
aspartam adalah C14H18N2O5.
a. Hitung massa molar (Mr) aspartam. (294,29 g/mol)
b. Berapa jumlah atom karbon yang ada dalam 2,5 mol
aspartam. (210,7 x 1023 atom)
c. Berapa jumlah molekul yang ada dalam 10,0 g
aspartam. (2,07 x 1022 atom)
d. Berapa massa atom nitrogen yang ada dalam 14,7 g
aspartam. (1,39 gram)
e. Berapa massa atom oksigen yang ada dalam 73,5 g
aspartam. (19,98 gram)
Soal UTS Kimia Dasar I 2016-2017 28
Your turn !
Urea [(NH2)2CO] is used for fertilizer and many other
things. Calculate the number of N, C, O, and H
atoms in 1.68 x 104 g of urea.
Answer: MM urea = 60 g/mol
m Urea → n urea → n N → jumlah atom (N) N
= 3,37 x 1026 atom Nitrogen

m Urea → n urea → n C → jumlah atom (N) C

= 1,68 x 1026 atom karbon

m Urea → n urea → n H → jumlah atom (N) O

= 1,68 x 1026 atom Oksigen

m Urea → n urea → n H → jumlah atom (N) H

= 6,74 x 1026 atom Hidrogen 29
Next ...

To Be Continued
.....
30
Materials
1. Mole and Avogadro’s Number
2. Molar Mass and Calculating Involving Moles
3. Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition
4.Determine Empirical and Molecular Formulas
5. Stoichiometry and Chemical Equation
6. Limiting Reactants
7. Percent Yield

31
3

Chemical Formula and

Percentage Composition

32
Percentage Composition
▪ Way to describe relative masses of each element in a
compound
▪ List of percentage by mass of each element

Percentage by Mass
mass of element
% by mass of element = 100%
mass of sample
Example: Na2CO3 is
• 43.38% Na
• 11.33% C
• 45.29% O
• What is sum of the percentages? 100.00%
33
 Example
A sample of a liquid with a mass of 8.657 g was
decomposed into its elements and gave 5.217 g of carbon,
0.9620 g of hydrogen, and 2.478 g of oxygen. What is the
percentage composition of this compound?
Answer:
Analysis: Calculate percentage by mass of each element in sample
Tools: mass of element
% by mass of element =  100%
mass of sample
æ gC ö 5.217 g C
ç
% Mass C = ç ÷
÷ ´ 100% =  100% = 60.26% C
è g total ø 8.657 g
æ gH ö 0.9620 g H
ç
% Mass H = ç ÷ ´ 100% =  100% = 11.11% H
÷ 8.657 g
è g total ø
æ gO ö 2.478 g O
ç
% Mass O = ç ÷
÷ ´ 100% =  100% = 28.62% O
è g total ø 8.657 g
99.99%
34
Your turn !
A sample was analyzed and found to contain only
0.1417 g nitrogen and 0.4045 g oxygen. What is the
percentage composition of this compound?
Answer:
1. Calculate total mass of sample
Total sample mass = 0.1417 g + 0.4045 g = 0.5462 g
2. Calculate % Composition of N
 gN   0.1417 g N 
   100% =    100% = 25.94% N
 g total   0.5462 g 

3. Calculate % Composition of O
 gO   0.4045 g O 
   100% =    100% = 74.06% O
 g total   0.5462 g  35
Theoretical Percentage Composition

▪ Can be calculated from molecular or ionic formula.

▪ Lets you distinguish between multiple compounds
formed from the same two elements
e.g.,

N and O form multiple compounds

N2O, NO, N2O3, N2O4, and N2O5

▪ Can be used to check whether experimental data

is consistent with the proposed chemical formula

36
Example
Are the percentages 27.29 % C and 72.71 % O
consistent with the formula CO2?
Answer:
Procedure:
Calculate theoritical percentage composition
1. Assume one mole of compound
2. Subscripts tell how many moles of each element are
present
• 1 mol C and 2 mol O
3. Use molar masses of elements to determine mass of
each element
4. Calculate % by mass of each element
Compare the calculation to the experimental data
37
Example
Are the percentages 27.29 % C and 72.71 % O
consistent with the formula CO2?
Answer: YES

Mass for 1 mole CO2 = MM CO2 = 44.01 gram

In 1 mole CO2 , there is 1 mole C dan 2 mole O, Thus

Mass C = n C x MM C = 1 mol x 12.01 g/mol = 12.01 g
Mass O = n O x MM O = 2 mol x 16.00 g/mol = 32.00 g

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶 12.01 𝑔
% 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶 = × 100% = × 100% = 27.29% 𝐶
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑂2 44.01 𝑔

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑂 32.00 𝑔
% 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑂 = × 100% = × 100% = 72.71% 𝑂
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑂2 44.01 𝑔 38
Your turn !

1. What is percentage composition of N and O in

N2O4?
30.54 % N dan 69.46 % O

2. A compound which only contains P (56.34%) and

O (43.66%). Is that compound is P4O10?
A. Yes
B. No

39
4

Determine Empirical
and Molecular Formula

40
What is Empirical
and Molecular Formula?
Empirical Formula
✓Simplest ratio of atoms of each element in
compound
✓Obtained from experimental analysis of
compound
Molecular Formula
✓Exact composition of one molecule
✓Exact whole number ratio of atoms of each
element in molecule

glucose Empirical formula CH2O

Molecular formula C6H12O6 41
3 Ways to Calculate
Empirical Formulas
1. From Masses of Elements
e.g., 2.448 g sample of which 1.771 g is Fe
and 0.677 g is O.
2. From Percentage Composition
e.g., 43.64% P and 56.36% O
3. From Combustion Data
• Given masses of combustion products
e.g., The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a
compound of C, H, and O in pure oxygen
gave 7.406 g CO2 and 4.512 g of H2O
42
General Strategy
For Determining Empirical Formula
1. Determine mass in g of each element
2. Convert mass in g to moles
3. Divide all quantities by smallest number of moles to get
smallest ratio of moles
4. Convert any non-integers into integer numbers.
• If number ends in decimal equivalent of fraction, (Such
as:
1.3333 = 4/3, 1.25 = 5/4,
1.5 = 3/2, 1.6667 = 5/3, etc.)
Thus multiply all quantities by the denominator
of the fraction
• Otherwise (Such as 1.1231; 2.221; 1.987, etc), round
numbers to nearest integers 43
Example
1. Empirical Formula from Mass Data
When a 0.1156 g sample of a compound was analyzed,
it was found to contain 0.04470 g of C, 0.01875 g of H,
and 0.05215 g of N. Calculate the empirical formula of
this compound.
Step 1: Calculate moles of each substance
1 mol C
0.04470 g C  = 3.722  10–3 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
0.01875 g H  =1.860  10–2 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol N
0.05215 g N  = 3.723  10–3 mol N
14.0067 g N 44
Example
Step 2: Select the smallest number of moles
• Smallest is 3.722 × 10–3 mole
Step 3: Divide all number of moles by the smallest one

Mole ratio Integer ratio

3.722  10−3 mol C
C= −3
= 1.000 =1
3.722  10 mol C
1.860  10−2 mol H Step 4
H= −3
= 4.997 =5
3.722  10 mol C
3.723  10−3 mol N
N= −3
= 1.000 =1
3.722  10 mol C
Empirical formula = CH5N 45
Your turn !
One of the compounds of iron and oxygen, “black
iron oxide,” occurs naturally in the mineral
magnetite. When a 2.448 g sample was analyzed it
was found to have 1.771 g of Fe and 0.677 g of O.
Calculate the empirical formula of this compound.

Answer:

Empirical Formula = Fe3O4

46
2. Empirical Formula
from Percentage Composition
• New compounds are characterized by elemental
analysis, from which the percentage composition can
be obtained
• Use percentage composition data to calculate empirical
formula
• Must convert percentage composition to grams
• Assume 100.00 g sample, why?
• Convenient
• Sum of percentage composition = 100%
• So, Sum of masses of each element = 100 g
47
Example
2. Empirical Formula from Percentage Composition
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound whose
percentage composition data is 43.64% P and 56.36% O.
Step 1: Assume 100 g of compound, thus we have
P = 43.64 g, and O = 56.36 g

𝑚𝑃 43.64𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃 = = = 1.409 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀 𝑃 30.97𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑃 56.36 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂 = = = 3.523 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀 𝑃 16.00𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Mole P : O = 1.409 : 3.523 = 1.00 : 2.500 = 2 : 5

Thus, Empirical Formula = P2O5 48
3. Empirical Formulas
from Indirect Analysis
• In practice, compounds are not broken down into elements,
but are changed into other compounds whose formula is
known
Combustion Analysis
• Compounds containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen
(O), can be burned completely in pure oxygen gas and
produce only carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

e.g., Combustion of methanol (CH3OH)

2CH3OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 4H2O

49
Combustion Analysis

Classic

Modern CHN analysis

50
3. Empirical Formulas
from Indirect Analysis
• Carbon dioxide and water are separated and weighed
separately
• All C ends up as CO2
• All H ends up as H2O
• Mass of C can be derived from amount of CO2
• mass CO2 → mol CO2 → mol C → mass C
• Mass of H can be derived from amount of H2O
• mass H2O → mol H2O → mol H → mass H
• Mass of oxygen is obtained by difference
• mass O = mass sample – (mass C + mass H)

51
Example
3. Indirect or Combustion Analysis
The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a compound of C,
H, and O in pure oxygen gave 7.406 g CO2 and 4.512 g of
H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
C H H 2O CO2
MM (g/mol) 12.011 1.008 18.015 44.01

1. Calculate mass of C from mass of CO2.

mass CO2 → mole CO2 → mole C → mass C
 1 mol CO 2  1 mol C  12.011 g C 
7.406 g CO 2     = 2.021 g C
 44.01 g CO 2  1 mol CO 2  1 mol C 

52
Example
3. Indirect or Combustion Analysis
The combustion of a 5.217 g sample of a compound of C,
H, and O in pure oxygen gave 7.406 g CO2 and 4.512 g of
H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
C H H 2O CO2
MM (g/mol) 12.011 1.008 18.015 44.01
2. Calculate mass of H from mass of H2O.
mass H2O → mol H2O → mol H → mass H
 1 mol H2 O  2 mol H  1.008 g H 
4.512 g H2 O     = 0.5049 g H
 18.015 g H2 O  1 mol H2 O  1 mol H 

53
Example
3. Indirect or Combustion Analysis
3. Calculate mass of O from difference.
5.217 g sample – 2.021 g C – 0.5049 g H = 2.691 g O
4. Calculate mol of each element
gC 2.021 g gO 2.691 g
nC= = = 0.1683 mol C nO= =
MM C 12.011 g/mol MM O 15.999 g/mol
gH 0.5049 g
nH= = = 0.5009 mol H = 0.1682 mol O
MM H 1.008 g/mol
Preliminary empirical formula C0.1683H0.5009O0.1682
5. Calculate mol ratio of each element
C 0.1683 H 0.5009 O 0.1682
0.1682 0.1682 0.1682 = C1.00H2.97O1.00

Because all values are close to integers, round to

Empirical Formula = CH3O 54
Your turn !
The combustion of a 13.660 g sample of a
compound of C, H, and S in pure oxygen gave
19.352 g CO2 and 11.882 g of H2O. Calculate
the empirical formula of the compound.

A. C4H12S
B. CH3S
C. C2H6S
D. C2H6S3
E. CH3S2
55
Determining Molecular Formulas
• Empirical formula
• Accepted formula unit for ionic compounds
• Molecular formula
• Preferred for molecular compounds

• The subscripts of molecular formula are integer

multiples of those in empirical formula
• If empirical formula is AxBy
• Molecular formula will be A(n× x)B(n× y)

56
Determining Molecular Formulas
• Need molecular mass and empirical formula
• Calculate ratio of molecular mass to mass predicted
by empirical formula and round to nearest integer
molecular mass
n=
empirical formula mass

Example: Glucose
Molecular mass is 180.16 g/mol
Empirical formula = CH2O
Empirical formula mass = 30.03 g/mol
Molecular formula = C6H1257O6
Example
The empirical formula of a compound containing
phosphorous and oxygen was found to be P2O5. If the
molar mass is determined to be 283.9 g/mol, what is
the molecular formula?
Answer:
Step 1: Calculate empirical mass
empirical mass P2 O5 = (2  mass P ) + (5  mass O)
= (2  30.97 g/mol) + (5  16.00 g/mol)
= (61.94 + 80.00) g/mol
= 141.94 g/mol P2 O5
Step 2: Calculate ratio of molecular to empirical mass
283.9 g / mol
n= =2 Molecular formula = P4O10
141.94 g/mol 58
Your turn !
The empirical formula of hydrazine is NH2, and its
molecular mass is 32.0. What is its molecular
formula?

A. NH2
Molar mass of NH2
B. N2H4
= (1 × 14.01) g + (2 × 1.008) g
C. N3H6
= 16.017 g
D. N4H8
E. N1.5H3 32.0
n= =2
16.02

59
Next ...

To Be Continued
.....
60
Materials
1. Mole and Avogadro’s Number
2. Molar Mass and Calculating Involving Moles
3. Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition
4. Determine Empirical and Molecular Formulas
5.Stoichiometry and Chemical Equation
6.Limiting Reactants
7.Percent Yield

61
5

Stoichiometry
and Chemical Equation

62
Using Balanced Equations:
Reaction Stoichiometry

Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2 (g)

Balanced Equation:
▪ Critical link between substances
in a reaction
▪ Gives relationship between
amounts of reactants used and
amounts of products formed

63
Using Balanced Equations:
Reaction Stoichiometry

Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2 (g)

1 2 1 1
Numeric coefficient tells us
▪ The mole ratios for reactions
▪ How many individual particles are
needed in reaction on microscopic
level
▪ How many moles are necessary on
macroscopic level

64
Stoichiometric Ratios

Could be read (Microscopic level) as:

“When 1 molecule of nitrogen reacts with 3 molecules
of hydrogen, 2 molecules of ammonia are formed.”

Molecular relationships 𝑁 N2
=
1
1 molecule N2  2 molecule NH3 𝑁 NH3 2
3 molecule H2  2 molecule NH3 ?
1 molecule N2  3 molecule H2 ? 65
Stoichiometric Ratios

Could also be read (Macroscopic level) as:

“When 1 mole of nitrogen reacts with 3 moles of
hydrogen, 2 moles of ammonia are formed.”

Molar relationships 𝑛 N2
=
1
1 mole N2  2 mole NH3 𝑛 NH3 2
3 mole H2  2 mole NH3 ?
1 mole N2  3 mole H2 ? 66
Using Stoichiometric Ratios
Example: For the reaction N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3, how
many moles of N2 are used when 2.3 moles of NH3
are produced?
• Answer:
2.3 mole NH3 = ? moles N2
𝑛 N2 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 N2
=
𝑛 NH3 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 NH3

𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑁2
n N2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑁𝐻3
× n NH3

1
n N2 = × 2.3 mol = 1.2 mol
2 67
Your turn !
If 0.575 mole of CO2 is produced by the
combustion of propane, C3H8, how many moles of
oxygen are consumed? The balanced equation is
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

A. 0.575 mole
B. 2.88 mole
C. 0.192 mole
D. 0.958 mole
E. 0.345 mole
68
Mass-to-Mass Conversions
in Chemical Equation

• Use molar mass A to convert grams A to moles A

• Use chemical equations to relate moles A to moles B
• Use molar mass B to convert to moles B to grams B
69
Stoichiometry Calculations
Example: What mass of O2 will react with
96.1 g of propane (C3H8) gas, to form
gaseous carbon dioxide and water?
Strategy
1. Write the balanced equation
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
2. Assemble the tools
96.1 g C3H8 → moles C3H8 → moles O2 → g O2
MM C3H8 = 44.1 g/mol
MM O2 = 32.00 g/mol
𝑛 O2 5
=
𝑛 C3H8 1 70
Stoichiometry Calculations
3. Assemble the conversion
m C3H8 → n C3H8 → n O2 → m O2
𝑛 O2 5
MM C3H8 = MM O2
𝑛 C3H8 1

96.1 𝑔
n C3H8 = = 2.179 mol
44.1 g/mol
5 𝑚𝑂
n O2 = × n C3H8 n O2 = 𝑀 𝑂2
1 𝑀 2
= 5 x 2.179 mol m O2 = n O2 × MM O2
= 10.8956 mol = 10.8956 mol × 32 g/mol
= 348.66 g

71
Your turn !
How many grams of Al2O3 are produced when
41.5 g Al react?
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(l )

A. 78.4 g
B. 157 g
C. 314 g
D. 22.0 g
E. 11.0 g

72
6

Limiting Reactant

73
Limiting Reactant
8 wheels 4 Frames

The number of
Bicyces that can be
3 pedal built from these parts
assemblies
is determined by the
“limiting reactant”

3 Bicycles
In this case:
The pedal Assemblies

74
Limiting Reactant

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/439/449969/Media_Portfolio/ch11.html

Limiting Reactant ?? Excess Reactants ??

Bread Lunchmeat + Cheese
75
Your turn !

http://homepage.usask.ca/~adp903/stoicL4.html

76
Molecular Level of Reactions
▪ Consider industrial synthesis of ethanol
C2H4 + H2O ⎯→ C2H5OH

3 molecules ethylene + 3 molecules water react to form 3

molecules ethanol

77
Molecular Level of Reactions
▪ What happens if these proportions are not met?
3 molecules ethylene + 5 molecules of water

All ethylene will be consumed and some water will

be left over
78
What are the differences ??

Limiting Reactant Excess Reactant

✓ Reactant that is completely ✓ Reactant that has some
used up in the reaction amount left over at end
✓ Present in lower number of ✓ Present in higher number of
moles moles
✓ It determines the amount of
product produced
✓ For aboved reaction: ✓ For aboved reaction:
“ethylene” “water” 79
Limiting Reactant Calculations
1. Write the balanced equation
for example: A + 2B → AB2
2. Identify the limiting reagent
✓Asume one of the reactants is limiting reactant, ex: A
✓Calculate mole of reactant A dan B we have
✓Calculate mole of reactant B needed to react with reactant A
mol mol
reactant A reactant B
have need

✓Compare mole of B you need with mole of B you actually

have.
• If need more B than you have, then B is limiting
• If need less B than you have, then A is limiting 80
Limiting Reactant Calculations
3. Calculate the amount of desired product using mole
of limiting reactant

mol
mol mass
limiting
product product
reactant

81
Example
How many grams of NO can form when 30.0 g NH3 and
40.0 g O2 react according to:
4NH3 + 5O2 ⎯→ 4NO + 6H2O
Answer:
1. Write balanced chemical equation (already given)
2. Identify limiting reactant, Asume that NH3 = limiting reactant
m NH 3 30
n NH 3 have = = = 1.767 mol
MM NH 3 17
mO2 40 Mol O2 needed > mol O2 have
n O 2 have = = = 1.25mol O = limiting reactant
MM O 2 32 2

5 5
n O 2 needed =  nNH 3have =  1.767 = 2.21mol
4 4 82
Example
How many grams of NO can form when 30.0 g NH3 and
40.0 g O2 react according to:
4NH3 + 5O2 ⎯→ 4NO + 6H2O
Answer:
3. Determine mass NO produced
Due to O2 = limiting reactant, Thus

n O2 n NO m NO

4 4
n NO =  nO2 available =  1.25 = 1mol
5 5
m NO = n NO × MM NO = 1 mol × 30 g/mol = 30 gram
83
Your turn !
If 18.1 g NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g CuO, what is the
maximum amount of Cu metal that can be formed?
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) → N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)
(MM) NH3 CuO N2 Cu H2O
(17.03) (79.55) (28.01) (64.55) (18.02) (g/mol)
A. 127 g
B. 103 g
C. 73.3 g
D. 108 g
E. 56.5 g

84
7

Percent Yield

85
Theoritical Yield

The maximum amount of product that can be produced is

called the theoretical yield.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/limiting-reagent-stoichiometry/a/limiting-reagents-and-percent-yield
Actual Yield

ACTUAL
YIELD

The actual/real amount of product that can

be produced is called the Actual Yield

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/limiting-reagent-stoichiometry/a/limiting-reagents-and-percent-yield
On Chemical Reaction
• In many experiments, the amount of product is
less than expected (Actual  Theoritical yield)
• Losses occur for several reasons:
• Impurity of reactants
• Mechanical issues – sticks to glassware
• Evaporation of volatile (low boiling) products.
• Some solid remains in solution
• Competing reactions and formation of by-
products.
• Main reaction:
P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) → 4 PCl3(l )
• Competing reaction:
PCl3(l ) + Cl2(g) → PCl5(s) By-product
88
Summary
Actual v.s Theoritical Yield
• Theoretical Yield
• Amount of product that must be obtained if no
losses occur
• Amount of product formed if all of limiting
reagent is consumed
• Actual Yield
• Amount of product that is actually isolated at end
of reaction
• Amount obtained experimentally

89
Percent Yield
✓The way to report actual yield
✓Relates the actual yield to the theoretical yield

It is calculated as:
 actual yield 
percent yield =   100%
 theoretical yield 

Example
3
Hot dog in bun: percent yield =   100% = 75%
4
90
Example
When 18.1 g NH3 and 90.4 g CuO are reacted, the
theoretical yield is 72.2 g Cu. The actual yield is 58.3
g Cu. What is the percent yield?
2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) → N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g)

Answer:

58.3 g Cu
percentage yield = ´ 100% = 80.7%
72.2 g Cu

91
Your turn !
1. A chemist set up a synthesis of solid phosphorus
trichloride by mixing 12.0 g of solid phosphorus
with 35.0 g chlorine gas and obtained 42.4 g of
solid phosphorus trichloride. Calculate the
percentage yield of this compound.

2. When 6.40 g of CH3OH was mixed with 10.2 g of

O2 and ignited, 6.12 g of CO2 was obtained. What
was the percentage yield of CO2?
2CH3OH + 3O2 ⎯→ 2CO2 + 4H2O

92
Stoichiometry Summary

93