Energy, Work & Power (Multiple Choice) QP-merged

1 A skier walks from the bottom of a ski slope to the top and gains 10 000 J of gravitational potential
energy.
She skis down the slope. At the bottom of the slope, her kinetic energy is 2000 J.
How much energy is dissipated in overcoming friction and air resistance as the skier moves down
the slope?
A 2000 J B 8000 J C 10 000 J D 12 000 J
2 A coal-fired power station generates electricity. Coal is burnt and the energy released is used to
boil water. The steam from the water makes the generator move and this produces electricity.
Which words are used to describe the energy stored in the coal and the energy of the moving
generator?
coal generator
A chemical hydroelectric
B chemical kinetic
C geothermal hydroelectric
D geothermal kinetic
3 Four different children run up the same set of stairs.
For which child is the useful power to climb the stairs the greatest?
mass of child / kg time taken / s
A 40 15
B 50 25
C 60 25
D 70 15
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4 Which energy source is one that is used to boil water to make steam in power stations?
A energy from tides

B energy from waves
C hydroelectric energy
D nuclear energy
5 In a factory, two men X and Y try to move identical heavy boxes P and Q.
Man X tries to push box P along the floor. The box does not move because an object is in the
way.
Man Y lifts box Q from the floor onto a shelf.
shelf
box P man X man Y
direction
of force
object
direction of force box Q
Which man does the most work on the box, and which box gains the most energy?
man doing box gaining

most work most energy
A X P
B X Q
C Y P
D Y Q
6 Which energy source is renewable and reliably available at all times?
A coal
B geothermal
C nuclear
D wind
7 Two workers are stacking cans on to a shelf in a shop. The workers lift the same number of
identical cans on to the same shelf from the same level.
Worker P takes 3.0 minutes to lift the cans. Worker Q takes 4.0 minutes to lift the cans.
Which statement about the workers is correct?
A Worker P develops less useful power than worker Q.

B Worker P develops more useful power than worker Q.
C Worker P does less useful work than worker Q.
D Worker P does more useful work than worker Q.
8 Which quantities are measured in the same unit?
A energy, power and work

B energy and power, but not work
C energy and work, but not power
D power and work, but not energy
9 A person in a factory has to lift a box on to a shelf.
high shelf
box
low shelf
Which action involves the person doing the least amount of work?
A lifting the box quickly to the high shelf

B lifting the box slowly to the high shelf
C lifting the box to the low shelf first then lifting it to the high shelf
D lifting the box to the low shelf instead of to the high shelf
10 Which is a non-renewable energy resource?
A coal
B solar
C tides
D wind
11 A ball is dropped on to a hard surface and bounces. It does not bounce all the way back to where
it started, and so has not regained all of its original gravitational potential energy.
ball dropped
from here
ball bounces
to here
hard surface
Which statement accounts for the loss of gravitational potential energy?
A Energy was destroyed as the ball hit the ground.

B Energy was destroyed as the ball travelled through the air.
C The chemical energy and elastic energy of the ball have increased.
D The internal (heat) energy of the ball and its surroundings has increased.
12 Which energy resource is used to boil water to generate electricity?
A hydroelectric
B nuclear fission
C tides
D waves
13 Two farmers use an electrically powered elevator to lift bales of hay. All the bales of hay have the
same mass.
bale of hay
elevator
As sunset approaches, they increase the speed of the elevator so that more bales are lifted up in
a given time.
How does this affect the work done in lifting each bale and the useful output power of the
elevator?
work done in useful output power

lifting each bale of the elevator
A increases decreases
B increases increases
C no change decreases
D no change increases
14 A student measures the length of a spring. She then hangs different weights from the spring. She
measures the length of the spring for each different weight.
The table shows her results.
weight / N length / mm
0 520
1.0 524
2.0 528
3.0 533
4.0 537
5.0 540
What is the extension of the spring when the weight hung from it is 3.0 N?
A 4 mm B 5 mm C 12 mm D 13 mm
15
A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C nuclear
D solar
16 Which source of energy involves the splitting of heavy atoms?
A chemical energy
B geothermal energy
C hydroelectric energy
D nuclear energy
17 A cyclist travels down a hill from rest at point X, without pedalling.
The cyclist applies his brakes and the cycle stops at point Y.
hill
Y
Which energy changes have taken place between X and Y?
A gravitational potential → kinetic → thermal (heat)
B gravitational potential → thermal (heat) → kinetic
C kinetic → gravitational potential → thermal (heat)
D kinetic → thermal (heat) → gravitational potential
18 To calculate the power produced by a force, the size of the force must be known.
What else needs to be known to calculate the power?
the distance the force the time for which the

moves the object force acts on the object
A key
B = needed
C = not needed
D
19 Which form of energy is used to generate electrical energy in a tidal power station?
A chemical energy
B gravitational energy
C internal energy (thermal energy)
D nuclear energy
20 Four different model steam engines each lift a 1.0 kg object from the same laboratory floor to the
same laboratory bench. Each engine takes a different time to lift the object.
How does the most powerful engine compare with the other engines?
speed of lifting
useful work done
object onto bench
A faster more than other engines

B faster same as other engines
C slower less than other engines
D slower same as other engines
21 What needs to be known to calculate the work done by a force acting on an object?
the distance
the time for
the size of the force
which the force
the force moves the
acts
object
A key
B = needed
C = not needed
D
22 Electrical energy may be obtained from nuclear fission.
In which order is the energy transferred in this process?
A nuclear fuel → generator → reactor and boiler → turbines
B nuclear fuel → generator → turbines → reactor and boiler
C nuclear fuel → reactor and boiler → generator → turbines
D nuclear fuel → reactor and boiler → turbines → generator
23 A car is stationary at the top of a hill with the engine switched off. The brakes are released and
the car rolls down the hill.
At which labelled point does the car have the greatest kinetic energy? Ignore friction.
24 Which row gives the energy change in a battery and the energy change in a solar cell?
battery solar cell
A chemical to electrical electrical to light

B chemical to electrical light to electrical
C electrical to chemical electrical to light
D electrical to chemical light to electrical
25 A helicopter takes off from the ground and rises vertically. It then hovers at a constant height
above the ground.
Which sequence of energy changes takes place during the gain in height?
A chemical → gravitational potential → kinetic
B chemical → kinetic → gravitational potential
C gravitational potential → chemical → kinetic
D kinetic → chemical → gravitational potential
26 Four people of equal weight on a beach use different routes to get to the top of a sea wall.
ladder
slipway
sea wall
beach
Which person produces the greatest average power?
person
erson time taken / s
A runs across the beach, then climbs the ladder 8

B walks across the beach, then climbs the ladder 16
C runs up the slipway 5
D walks up the slipway 10
27 Which energy transfer takes place when a matchstick burns?
A chemical to thermal
B chemical to nuclear
C nuclear to chemical
D thermal to chemical
28 Four cars are driven along a road.
The table shows the work done by the engine in each car and the time taken by each car.
Which engine produces the most power?
29 In a hydroelectric power station, one form of energy is stored in a lake or reservoir. This energy is
then transferred in stages to another useful form, which is the output.
Which row gives the name of the stored energy and the name of the output energy?
stored energy output energy
A electrical thermal (heat)

B electrical kinetic
C gravitational electrical
D kinetic electrical
30 A certain machine is very efficient.
What does this mean?
A It produces a large amount of power.

B It uses very little energy.
C It wastes very little energy.
D It works very quickly.
31 The list contains three energy resources P, Q and R.
P geothermal energy from hot rocks

Q nuclear fission in reactors
R sunlight on solar panels
Which of these resources are renewable?
A P and Q only
B P and R only
C Q and R only
D P, Q and R
32 Which movement will require the greatest amount of work to be done?
A a force of 10 N moving an object a distance of 3.0 m

B a force of 10 N moving an object a distance of 5.0 m
C a force of 15 N moving an object a distance of 3.0 m
D a force of 15 N moving an object a distance of 5.0 m
33 When a bicycle lamp is switched on, what is the useful energy change within the battery?
A chemical energy to electrical energy

B electrical energy to chemical energy
C electrical energy to light energy
D light energy to chemical energy
34 A student does some work by pulling a suitcase along a corridor.
She now pulls a second suitcase along the corridor.
Which row indicates that the student is now doing twice as much work?
the force used the distance the

to pull suitcase suitcase is pulled
A is doubled is doubled
B is doubled is halved
C stays the same is doubled
D stays the same is halved
35 The diagram shows a hydroelectric system.
reservoir
pipe
water
power
station
What are the main energy changes taking place?
A chemical energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy
B electrical energy → gravitational energy → kinetic energy
C gravitational energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy
D kinetic energy → electrical energy → gravitational energy
36 An escalator (moving stairs) and a lift (elevator) are both used to carry passengers from the same
underground railway platform up to street level.
escalator lift
The escalator takes 20 seconds to carry a man to street level. The useful work done is W. The
useful power developed is P. The lift takes 30 seconds to carry the same man to street level.
How much useful work is done by the lift, and how much useful power is developed by the lift?
useful work useful power

done by lift developed by lift
A more than W less than P

B more than W P
C W less than P
D W P
37 A car moves along a level road at constant speed. Work is done by the engine and power is
developed by the engine.
Which pair of graphs shows how the work done and the power developed vary with time?
A B
work power work power
0 0 0 0
0 time 0 time 0 time 0 time
C D
work power work power
0 0 0 0
0 time 0 time 0 time 0 time
38 Some energy sources are reliably available at all times, and some are not.
Which row shows three sources all in their correct columns?
39 A woman in a factory has to lift a box on to a shelf.
high shelf
box
low shelf
Which action involves the woman in doing the least amount of work?
A lifting the box quickly to the high shelf

B lifting the box slowly to the high shelf
C lifting the box to the low shelf first then lifting it to the high shelf
D lifting the box to the low shelf instead of to the high shelf
40 An aeroplane is landing. As it descends towards the runway, its speed reduces.
What are the energy changes that take place during the descent?
A kinetic + gravitational → thermal (heat)
B kinetic → gravitational + thermal (heat)
C kinetic + thermal (heat) → gravitational
D thermal (heat) → kinetic + gravitational
41 Energy from uranium is transferred to electrical energy in a nuclear power station.
What is the correct order of the stages of this process?
A boiler → generator → reactor → turbine
B generator → boiler → turbine → reactor
C reactor → boiler → turbine → generator
D reactor → turbine → boiler → generator
42 In which pair of energy sources are both sources renewable?
A oil and coal

B oil and tidal
C tidal and geothermal
D tidal and nuclear fission
43 An object on a thread is swinging between X and Z, as shown in the diagram. It is momentarily at

rest at X and at Z.
thread
X Z
Y
An incomplete word equation about the energy of the object is shown below.
gravitational potential energy = kinetic energy + ……… energy + energy losses

at X at Y at Y
Which form of energy is needed to complete the word equation?
A chemical
B gravitational potential
C internal
D strain
44 Electricity can be obtained from different energy resources.
Which energy resource is used to obtain electricity without producing heat to boil water?
A coal
B gas
C hydroelectric
D nuclear
it started, so it has less gravitational potential energy than when it started.
ball dropped
from here
ball bounces
to here
hard surface
What happens to the ‘lost’ energy?
A It is converted into chemical and strain energy.

B It is converted into internal (heat) energy and sound.
C It is destroyed as the ball rises upwards after hitting the ground.
D It is destroyed when the ball hits the ground.
46 Which row gives an example of the stated form of energy?
form of energy example
A gravitational the energy due to the movement of a train along a level track
B internal the energy due to the flow of cathode rays in a cathode-ray tube
C kinetic the energy due to the position of a swimmer standing on a
high diving board
D strain the energy due to the compression of springs in a car seat
47 Which energy resource is used to generate electricity by first boiling water?
A hydroelectric
B nuclear fission
C tides
D waves
48 Two farmers use an electrically powered elevator to lift bales of hay. All the bales of hay have the
same mass.
bale of hay
As sunset approaches, they increase the speed of the motor so that more bales are lifted up in a
given time.
How does this affect the work done in lifting each bale and the useful output power of the motor?
49 A force F moves a load from the bottom of a slope to the top.
F p
d
loa
The work done by the force depends on the size of the force, and on a distance.
What is this distance?
A p B q C r D p+q
50 Energy is released in some nuclear reactions.
Which nuclear reaction takes place in a nuclear power station, and which nuclear reaction takes
place in the Sun?
51 A lorry of mass 4000 kg is travelling at a speed of 4.0 m / s.
A car has a mass of 1000 kg. The kinetic energy of the car is equal to the kinetic energy of the
lorry.
What is the speed of the car?
A 2.0 m / s B 4.0 m / s C 8.0 m / s D 16.0 m / s
52 A force acts on an object and causes the object to move a certain distance, in the same direction
as the force.
Which row represents a situation in which the largest amount of work is done on the object by the
force?
53 A stone of mass m is held at rest in water. The stone is released and falls vertically a distance h.
The stone reaches a speed v.
Some of the original energy of the stone is transferred to the water. As it falls, resistive forces
cause the temperature of the water and stone to increase.
Which expression gives the work done against the resistive forces?
A 1
2 mv 2
B mgh – 1
2 mv 2
C mgh
D mgh + 1
2 mv 2
54 Which energy resource does not derive its energy from the Sun?
A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C oil
D waves
55 Some processes are more efficient than others.
Which expression gives the efficiency of a process?
total energy output

A × 100%
total energy input
useful energy output

B × 100%
total energy input
wasted energy output

C × 100%
total energy input
wasted energy output

D × 100%
useful energy output
56 Which energy resource does not derive its energy from the Sun?
A hydroelectric
B nuclear fission
C waves
D wind
57 The diagram shows the energy used by a modern lamp.
60 W input of
electrical power
12 W of 48 W of power
useful power wasted in heating
output as light surroundings
Which expression gives the efficiency of the lamp?
12 12 48 48
A × 100% B × 100% C × 100% D × 100%
60 48 60 12
58 Three boxes each weigh 100 N. A man lifts all the boxes together from the ground on to a shelf
that is 1.5 m above the ground. The man takes 2.0 s to do this.
boxes
shelf
1.5 m
How much useful power does the man produce to lift the boxes?
A 75 W B 225 W C 300 W D 900 W
59 The table gives four energy sources and states whether the energy of the source is derived from
the Sun.
Which row is correct?
60 A weight-lifter raises a 2000 N weight through a vertical height of 2.0 m in 0.80 s.
What useful power does he develop in doing this?
A 800 W B 3200 W C 4000 W D 5000 W
61 A wind turbine generates 54 kW of useful power from an input of 180 kW of wind power.
Which calculation gives the percentage efficiency of the turbine?
A 54 000 %
180 000 × 100
B 180 000 %
54 000 × 100
C 54 000 × 100 %
180 000
D 180 000 × 100 %

54 000
62 A car has a mass of 1000 kg and a momentum of 12 000 kg m / s.
What is its kinetic energy?
A 6 kJ
B 12 kJ
C 72 kJ
D 144 kJ
it started, and so has not regained all of its original gravitational potential energy.
ball dropped
from here
ball bounces
to here
hard surface
Which statement accounts for the loss of gravitational potential energy?
A Energy was destroyed as the ball hit the ground.

B Energy was destroyed as the ball travelled through the air.
C The chemical energy and elastic energy of the ball have increased.
D The internal (heat) energy of the ball and its surroundings has increased.
64 The Sun is the original source of energy for many of our energy resources.
Which energy resource does not originate from the Sun?
A geothermal
B hydroelectric
C waves
D wind
1 (a) (i) On Fig. 3.1, draw a graph of extension against load for a spring which obeys Hooke’s law. [1]
extension
0
0 load
Fig. 3.1
(ii) State the word used to describe the energy stored in a spring that has been stretched or
compressed.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a model train, travelling at speed v, approaching a buffer.
model train
buffer
spring
Fig. 3.2
The train, of mass 2.5 kg, is stopped by compressing a spring in the buffer. After the train has
stopped, the energy stored in the spring is 0.48 J.
Calculate the initial speed v of the train.
v = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 6]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a conveyor belt transporting a package to a raised platform. The belt is driven by a
motor.
conveyor belt
package
motor
Fig. 2.1
(a) The mass of the package is 36 kg.
Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the package when it is
raised through a vertical height of 2.4 m.
increase in g.p.e. = [2]
(b) The package is raised through the vertical height of 2.4 m in 4.4 s.
Calculate the power needed to raise the package.
power = [2]
(c) The electrical power supplied to the motor is much greater than the answer to (b).
Explain how the principle of conservation of energy applies to this system.
[2]
(d) Assume that the power available to raise packages is constant. A package of mass greater
than 36 kg is raised through the same height.
Suggest and explain the effect of this increase in mass on the operation of the conveyer belt.
[3]
[Total: 9]
3 An athlete of mass 64 kg is bouncing up and down on a trampoline.
At one moment, the athlete is stationary on the stretched surface of the trampoline. Fig. 3.1 shows
the athlete at this moment.
springs
Fig. 3.1
(a) State the form of energy stored due to the stretching of the surface of the trampoline.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The stretched surface of the trampoline begins to contract. The athlete is pushed vertically
upwards and she accelerates. At time t, when her upwards velocity is 6.0 m / s, she loses
contact with the surface.
(i) Calculate her kinetic energy at time t.
kinetic energy = .........................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the maximum possible distance she can travel upwards after time t.
maximum distance = .........................................................[3]
(iii) In practice, she travels upwards through a slightly smaller distance than the distance
calculated in (ii).
Suggest why this is so.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The trampoline springs are tested. An extension-load graph is plotted for one spring. Fig. 3.2
is the graph.
extension
0
0 load
Fig. 3.2
(i) State the name of the point X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the name of the law that the spring obeys between the origin of the graph and
point X.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 9]
4 An electric train is initially at rest at a railway station. The motor causes a constant force of
360 000 N to act on the train and the train begins to move.
(a) State the form of energy gained by the train as it begins to move.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The train travels a distance of 4.0 km along a straight, horizontal track.
(i) Calculate the work done on the train during this part of the journey.
work done = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The mass of the train is 450 000 kg.
Calculate the maximum possible speed of the train at the end of the first 4.0 km of the
journey.
maximum possible speed = ...........................................................[3]
(iii) In practice, the speed of the train is much less than the value calculated in (ii).
Suggest one reason why this is the case.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) After travelling 4.0 km, the train reaches its maximum speed. It continues at this constant
speed on the next section of the track where the track follows a curve which is part of a circle.
State the direction of the resultant force on the train as it follows the curved path.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
5 (a) The boxes on the left contain the names of some sources of energy. The boxes on the right
contain properties of some sources of energy.
Draw two straight lines from each box on the left to the two boxes on the right which describe
that source of energy.
renewable
solar energy
not renewable
polluting
natural gas
not polluting
[2]
(b) Coal-fired power stations are polluting.
State an advantage of using coal as a source of energy.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) A coal-fired power station generates electricity at night when it is not needed.
Some of this energy is stored by pumping water up to a mountain lake. When there is high
demand for electricity, the water is allowed to flow back through turbines to generate electricity.
On one occasion, 2.05 × 108 kg of water is pumped up through a vertical height of 500 m.
(i) Calculate the weight of the water.
weight = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the water.
energy gained = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) The electrical energy used to pump the water up to the mountain lake is 1.2 × 1012 J.
Only 6.2 × 1011 J of electrical energy is generated when the water is released.
Calculate the efficiency of this energy storage scheme.
efficiency = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
6 Fig. 3.1 shows a skier taking part in a downhill race.
Fig. 3.1
(a) The mass of the skier, including his equipment, is 75 kg. In the ski race, the total vertical
change in height is 880 m.
Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the skier.
decrease in g.p.e. = ...........................................................[2]
(b) The skier starts from rest. The total distance travelled by the skier during the descent is
2800 m. The average resistive force on the skier is 220 N.
Calculate
(i) the work done against the resistive force,
work done = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the kinetic energy of the skier as he crosses the finishing line at the end of the race.
kinetic energy = ...........................................................[2]
(c) Suggest why the skier bends his body as shown in Fig. 3.1.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
1 (a) (i) Define power.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) In the following list, tick the two boxes next to the two quantities needed to calculate the
work done on an object.
mass of the object
force acting on the object
speed of the object
acceleration of the object
distance moved by the object [1]
(b) A lift (elevator) in a high building transports 12 passengers, each of mass 65 kg, through a
vertical height of 150 m in a time of 64 s.
(i) Calculate the power needed to transport the passengers through this height.
power = ...........................................................[4]
(ii) The lift (elevator) is driven by an electric motor.
State a reason, other than friction, why the power supplied by the motor is greater than
the power needed to transport the passengers.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
2 A soft rubber ball of mass 0.15 kg is dropped, in a vacuum, from a height of 2.0 m on to a hard
surface. The ball then bounces.
(a) State the main energy changes taking place when
(i) the ball is falling,
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) the ball hits the surface and is changing shape,
...........................................................................................................................................
(iii) the ball is regaining its shape and is rising from the surface.
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) Calculate the speed with which the ball hits the surface.
speed = .......................................................... [4]
(c) After rebounding from the surface, the ball rises to a height of 1.9 m.
Suggest why the height to which the ball rises is less than the height from which the ball falls.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
3 A scientist finds that the temperature of the water at the bottom of waterfalls is greater than the
temperature of the water at the tops of those waterfalls.
(a) (i) State the type of energy that falling water has because of its motion.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) In one waterfall, the water falls 300 m.
Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of 1.0 kg of water as it
falls through this distance.
decrease in g.p.e. = ........................................................ [2]
(iii) Assume that the increase in internal energy of the 1.0 kg of water is equal to its decrease
in g.p.e.
Calculate the rise in temperature of the water. The specific heat capacity of water is
4200 J / (kg °C).
rise in temperature = ........................................................ [2]
(iv) Suggest a reason why the actual increase in temperature of the water is less than the
value calculated in (a)(iii).
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State why the thermometer used to measure the temperature of the water in the scientist’s
experiment required a high sensitivity.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
4 (a) On a day with no wind, a fountain in Switzerland propels 30 000 kg of water per minute to a
height of 140 m.
Calculate the power used in raising the water.
power = ............................................... [4]
(b) The efficiency of the pump which operates the fountain is 70%.
Calculate the power supplied to the pump.
power = ............................................... [3]
(c) On another day, a horizontal wind is blowing. The water does not rise vertically.
Explain why the water still rises to a height of 140 m.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
5 When a salmon swims up a river to breed, it often has to jump up waterfalls. Fig. 3.1 shows a
salmon jumping above the surface of the water. On this occasion the salmon falls back down into
the river.
salmon
waterfall
river
Fig. 3.1
The salmon has a mass of 2.0 kg.
(a) The salmon leaves the water vertically with a kinetic energy of 16.2 J.
(i) Calculate the speed of the salmon as it leaves the water.
speed = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) Calculate the maximum height gained by the salmon. Ignore air resistance.
gain in height = ........................................................ [3]
(iii) After the salmon has re-entered the river, it has lost nearly all its original kinetic energy.
State what has happened to the lost energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Another salmon, of much greater mass, leaves the water vertically with the same speed.
State and explain how the height of this salmon’s jump compares to the height reached by the
first salmon.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
6 A diver climbs some steps on to a fixed platform above the surface of the water in a swimming-pool.
He dives into the pool. Fig. 2.1 shows the diver about to enter the water.
8.0 m
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the diver is 65 kg. The platform is 8.0 m above the surface of the water.
(a) Calculate
(i) the increase in the gravitational potential energy of the diver when he climbs up to the
platform.
increase in gravitational potential energy = ................................................[1]
(ii) the speed with which the diver hits the surface of the water. Ignore any effects of air
resistance.
speed = ................................................[4]
(b) In another dive from the same platform, the diver performs a somersault during the descent.
He straightens, and again enters the water as shown in Fig. 2.1.
Discuss whether the speed of entry into the water is greater than, less than or equal to the
speed calculated in (a)(ii). Ignore any effects of air resistance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
1 Fig. 4.1 shows a small wind-turbine used to generate electricity.
Fig. 4.1
The wind-turbine drives an electric generator.
The wind blows with a velocity of 7.0 m / s at right angles to the plane of the turbine. The mass of
air passing per second through the turbine is 6.7 kg.
(a) (i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air blown through the turbine per second.
kinetic energy = ............................................... [2]
(ii) Only 8% of this energy is converted to electrical energy.
Calculate the power output of the electric generator.
power output = ............................................... [2]
(b) The volume of air passing through the turbine each second is 5.6 m3 (flow rate is 5.6 m3 / s).
Calculate the density of the air.
density of air = ............................................... [2]
(c) The turbine turns a generator.
Describe the essential action within the generator that produces electricity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
2 Fig. 3.1 shows a long, plastic tube, sealed at both ends. The tube contains 0.15 kg of small metal
spheres.
small metal spheres
Fig. 3.1
A physics teacher turns the tube upside down very quickly and the small metal spheres then fall
through 1.8 m and hit the bottom of the tube.
(a) Calculate
(i) the decrease in gravitational potential energy as the spheres fall 1.8 m,
decrease in gravitational potential energy = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) the speed of the spheres as they hit the bottom of the tube.
speed = ........................................................ [3]
(b) The gravitational potential energy of the spheres is eventually transformed to thermal energy
in the metal spheres. The physics teacher explains that this procedure can be used to
determine the specific heat capacity of the metal.
(i) State one other measurement that must be made in order for the specific heat capacity
of the metal to be determined.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Suggest a source of inaccuracy in determining the specific heat capacity using this
experiment.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) The teacher turns the tube upside down and lets the spheres fall to the bottom 100 times
within a short period of time.
Explain why turning the tube upside down 100 times, instead of just once, produces a
more accurate value of the specific heat capacity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows the descent of a sky-diver from a stationary balloon.
2000 m
sky-diver
parachute
500 m
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The sky-diver steps from the balloon at a height of 2000 m and accelerates downwards.
His speed is 52 m / s at a height of 500 m.
He then opens his parachute. From 400 m to ground level, he falls at constant speed.
(a) The total mass of the sky-diver and his equipment is 92 kg.
(i) Calculate, for the sky-diver,
1. the loss of gravitational potential energy in the fall from 2000 m to 500 m,
loss of gravitational potential energy = .................................................. [2]
2. the kinetic energy at the height of 500 m.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [2]
(ii) The kinetic energy at 500 m is not equal to the loss of gravitational potential energy.
Explain why there is a difference in the values.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State
(i) what happens to the air resistance acting on the sky-diver during the fall from
2000 m to 500 m,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) the value of the air resistance during the fall from 400 m to ground.
air resistance = .................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
4 Water is stored in a reservoir at an average vertical height of 350 m above the turbines of a
hydroelectric power station.
During a 7.0 hour period, 1.8 × 106 m3 of water flows down from the reservoir to the turbines.
(a) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
For this 7.0 hour period, calculate
(i) the mass of water that flows from the reservoir to the turbines,
mass = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the gravitational potential energy transformed as the water flows to the turbines,
energy = .................................................. [2]
(iii) the maximum possible average output power.
power = .................................................. [2]
(b) A hydroelectric power station generates electricity from a renewable energy source.
(i) Explain what is meant, in this context, by renewable.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State two other renewable energy sources.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 9]
5 (a) State the energy changes that take place when
(i) a cyclist rides down a hill without pedalling,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) a cyclist pedals up a hill at a constant speed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) A car of mass 940 kg is travelling at 16 m / s.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [2]
(ii) The car is brought to rest by applying the brakes.
The total mass of the brakes is 4.5 kg. The average specific heat capacity of the
brake material is 520 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the rise in temperature of the brakes. Assume there is no loss of thermal
energy from the brakes.
rise in temperature = .................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]
6 Fig. 3.1 shows a fork-lift truck lifting a crate on to a high shelf in a warehouse.
crate
fork-lift
truck
Fig. 3.1
The fork-lift truck lifts a crate of weight 640 N through a vertical distance of 3.5 m in 4.0 s.
(a) Calculate the useful work done in lifting the crate.
work done = ................................................. [2]
(b) A motor drives a mechanism to lift the crate. The current in the motor is 25 A. The motor
is connected to a 75 V battery.
Calculate
(i) the energy supplied to the motor in 4.0 s,
energy = ................................................. [2]
(ii) the overall efficiency of the fork-lift truck in lifting the crate.
efficiency = ................................................. [2]
(c) Not all of the energy supplied is used usefully in lifting the crate.
Suggest two mechanisms by which energy is wasted.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. ................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
1 A child’s toy launches a model parachutist of mass 0.40 kg vertically upwards. The model
parachutist reaches a maximum height of 8.5 m.
(a) Calculate
(i) the gravitational potential energy gained by the model parachutist,
energy = ................................................. [2]
(ii) the minimum possible speed with which the model parachutist was launched.
speed = ................................................. [3]
(b) In practice, the launch speed must be greater than the value calculated in (a)(ii).
Explain why.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) As the model parachutist returns to the ground, it loses gravitational potential energy.
Explain what happens to this energy as the model parachutist falls through the air at
constant speed.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
2 The Sun is a large sphere of high temperature gas. An extremely large quantity of energy
radiates from the Sun into space every second.
(a) A process releases energy inside the Sun and its temperature stays high.
State the name of this process.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A gardener stores water in a large, cylindrical metal drum. The drum is painted black
and has no lid. On a bright, sunny day, the water evaporates quickly and the water level
in the drum falls.
(i) Suggest how, by using a drum of a different shape, the gardener can reduce the
quantity of water lost by evaporation.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The gardener is told that, by painting the drum white, he can reduce the quantity of
radiation absorbed and so reduce the rate of evaporation.
Describe an experiment to show that black surfaces are better absorbers of

radiation than white surfaces. You may include a diagram.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) State an example of the conversion of chemical energy to another form of energy.
example ...........................................................................................................................
energy conversion ....................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The electrical output of a solar panel powers a pump. The pump operates a water
fountain. The output of the solar panel is 17 V and the current supplied to the pump is
0.27 A.
(i) Calculate the electrical power generated by the solar panel.
power = ................................................. [2]
(ii) The pump converts electrical energy to kinetic energy of water with an efficiency
of 35%.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the water delivered by the pump in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ................................................. [2]
(iii) The pump propels 0.00014 m3 of water per second. This water rises vertically as a
jet. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate
1. the mass of water propelled by the pump in 1 second,
mass = ................................................. [2]
2. the maximum height of the jet of water.
maximum height = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
4 Fig. 1.1 shows a car on a roller-coaster ride.
water
A
Fig. 1.1
mass of car = 600 kg

kinetic energy of car at point A = 160 kJ
(a) Calculate the speed of the car at A.
speed = ................................................. [3]
(b) As the car travels from A to B, it loses 40 kJ of energy due to friction.
The car just manages to roll over the crest of the hill at B.
Calculate the height h.
height h = ................................................. [2]
(c) At C, the car is slowed down by a shallow tank of water and the kinetic energy of the car
is reduced to zero.
Make three suggestions for what happens to this kinetic energy.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
3. ......................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 8]
5 Some builders decide to measure their personal power ratings using apparatus they already have
on site. Fig. 2.1 shows the arrangement they use.
pulley
rope
load
pulley
Fig. 2.1
(a) In the table below, list the three quantities they must measure in order to calculate one man’s
power, and the instrument they would use for each measurement.
quantity to be measured instrument used for measurement
1.
2.
3.
[3]
(b) One workman is measured as having a power of 528 W. His weight is 800 N.
He can develop the same power climbing a ladder, whose rungs are 30 cm apart.
How many rungs can he climb in 5 s?
number of rungs = ...........................................................[3]
(c) The human body is only about 15% efficient when climbing ladders.
Calculate the actual energy used from the body of the workman in (b) when he climbs 20
rungs.
energy used = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
6 Fig. 2.1 shows a conveyor belt transporting a package to a raised platform. The belt is driven by a
motor.
conveyor belt
package
motor
Fig. 2.1
(a) State three types of energy, other than gravitational potential energy, into which the electrical
energy supplied to the motor is converted.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The mass of the package is 36 kg. Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy
(p.e.) of the package when it is raised through a vertical height of 2.4 m.
increase in p.e. = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The package is raised through the vertical height of 2.4 m in 4.4 s. Calculate the power needed
to raise the package.
power = .......................................................... [2]
(d) Assume that the power available to raise packages is constant. A package of mass greater
than 36 kg is raised through the same height. Suggest and explain the effect of this increase
in mass on the operation of the belt.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 9]
1 (a) Energy from the Sun evaporates water from the sea. Some of this water eventually drives a
hydroelectric power station. Give an account of the processes and energy changes involved.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) In a hydroelectric power station, 200 000 kg of water per second fall through a vertical distance
of 120 m. The water passes through turbines to generate electricity, and leaves the turbines
with a speed of 14 m / s.
(i) Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water in 1 second. Use g = 10 m / s2.
potential energy lost = ............................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the water leaving the turbines in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ............................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
2 Fig. 1.1 shows a simple pendulum being used by a student to investigate the energy changes at
various points in the pendulum’s swing.
pivot
string
light sensor 2.000 m

(connected to timing circuit) (from pivot to centre of mass of cylinder)
narrow light beam

small cylinder
mass 80 g light source
Fig. 1.1
(a) When the string is displaced by a small angle from the vertical, the height of the cylinder
changes so that its centre of mass is now 1.932 m below the pivot. Determine the gravitational
potential energy gained by the cylinder. Use g = 10 m / s2.
gravitational potential energy gained = .......................................................... [3]
(b) The cylinder is released from the displaced position in (a). Calculate the expected speed of
the cylinder when the string is vertical.
expected speed = .......................................................... [2]
(c) As the string passes through the vertical, the narrow beam of light is interrupted by the
cylinder for 22 ms. The cylinder has a diameter of 2.5 cm.
(i) Calculate the actual speed of the cylinder.
actual speed = ...............................................................
(ii) Suggest how the difference between the actual and expected speeds could occur.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 8]
3 The racing car shown in Fig. 2.1 uses a Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS). This system
stores within the car some of the kinetic energy lost when the car slows down for a corner. The
driver can later release the stored energy when maximum power is required.
Fig. 2.1
(a) The car approaches a corner and decelerates from 82 m / s to 61 m / s in 0.90 s.

Calculate the deceleration.
deceleration = .......................................................... [2]
(b) (i) The energy lost during the braking in (a) is 8.4 × 105 J. 40% of this lost energy is directed
to the KERS system. Determine the amount of energy stored.
energy stored = ...............................................................
(ii) The driver later uses all of this stored energy to give 60 kW of useful extra power for 3.0 s.
Calculate the energy released.
energy released = ...............................................................
(iii) Calculate the efficiency of the KERS system.
efficiency = ...............................................................
[4]
(c) Suggest a possible device to store energy when a moving vehicle slows down. For this device,
state the change that occurs as more energy is stored.
device .......................................................................................................................................
change ......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
4 Two workmen are employed on a building project, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
workman 1
workman 2
Fig. 5.1
(a) Workman 1 drops a hammer, which falls to the ground. The hammer has a mass of 2.0 kg,
and is dropped from a height of 4.8 m above the ground.
(i) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the hammer when it is dropped.
change in gravitational potential energy = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Describe the energy changes from the time the hammer leaves the hand of workman 1
until it is at rest on the ground.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Workman 2 picks up the hammer and takes it back up the ladder to workman 1.
He climbs the first 3.0 m in 5.0 s. His total weight, including the hammer, is 520 N.
(i) Calculate the useful power which his legs are producing.
power = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) In fact his body is only 12% efficient when climbing the ladder.
Calculate the rate at which energy stored in his body is being used.
rate = ...........................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
5 A car of mass 900 kg is travelling at a steady speed of 30 m / s against a resistive force of
2000 N, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
30 m / s
2000 N
resistive
force
Fig. 2.1
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
kinetic energy = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the energy used in 1.0 s against the resistive force.
energy = ................................................ [2]
(c) What is the minimum power that the car engine has to deliver to the wheels?
minimum power = ................................................ [1]
(d) What form of energy is in the fuel, used by the engine to drive the car?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State why the energy in the fuel is converted at a greater rate than you have calculated
in (c).
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
1 A ball player bounces a ball of mass 0.60 kg. Its centre of mass moves down through a
distance of 0.90 m, as shown in Fig. 1.1. Ignore air resistance throughout this question.
0.90 m
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the ball as it moves down
through the 0.90 m.
decrease in PE = ................................................ [2]
(b) The ball hits the ground at 7.0 m/s.
Calculate the initial energy given to the ball by the player.
energy given = ................................................ [3]
(c) On another occasion, the player throws the ball into the air, to a height of 4.0 m above
the ground. The ball then falls to the ground.
During the impact, 22% of the ball’s energy is lost.
(i) Suggest one reason why energy is lost during bouncing.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the height to which the ball rises after the bounce.
[2]
(iii) An observer who sees the ball bounce says, “That ball should be slightly warmer
after that bounce.”
Explain why the observer’s statement is true.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 9]
2 Fig. 5.1 shows a model cable-car system. It is driven by an electric motor coupled to a gear
system.
gears
m
6.0
2.0 m electric
motor
model
smooth cable-car
pulley
Fig. 5.1
The model cable-car has a mass of 5.0 kg and is lifted from the bottom pulley to the top pulley in
40 s. It stops automatically at the top.
(a) Calculate
(i) the average speed of the cable-car,
average speed = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) the gravitational potential energy gained by the cable-car,
gravitational potential energy gained = .......................................................... [2]
(iii) the useful output power of the driving mechanism.
power = ......................................................... [2]
(b) How would the electrical power input to the motor compare with your answer to (a)(iii)?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
3 A bob of mass of 0.15 kg is tied at the end of a cord to form a simple pendulum 0.70 m long.
The upper end of the cord is fixed to a support and the pendulum hangs vertically. A peg is fixed
0.50 m vertically below the support, as shown in Fig. 2.1.
support
0.50 m
peg
bob 0.10 m
0.20 m
0.30 m
ground
Fig. 2.1
The mass is pulled to the right, until it is in the position shown in Fig. 2.1.
Ignore air resistance throughout this question.
(a) Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the bob, relative to the ground, when the bob is
in the position shown in Fig. 2.1.
gravitational potential energy = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The bob is released and swings to the left.
(i) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the bob.
kinetic energy = ......................................................... [4]
(ii) Calculate the maximum velocity of the bob.
velocity = ......................................................... [2]
(iii) As the pendulum swings to the left of vertical, state the maximum height above the
ground that is reached by the bob.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) On Fig. 2.1, use your ruler to draw carefully the pendulum when the bob is at its maximum
height on the left. [3]
[Total: 12]
4 A boy drops a ball of mass 0.50 kg. The ball falls a distance of 1.1 m, as shown in Fig. 6.1. Ignore
air resistance throughout this question.
1.1 m
Fig. 6.1
(a) Calculate the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the ball as it falls through
the 1.1 m.
decrease in potential energy = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The ball bounces and only rises to a height of 0.80 m.
(i) Calculate the energy lost during the bounce.
energy lost = ......................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest one reason why energy is lost during the bounce.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) On another occasion, the boy throws the ball down from a height of 1.1 m, giving it an initial
kinetic energy of 9.0 J.
Calculate the speed at which the ball hits the ground.
speed = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]
1 A wind turbine has blades, which sweep out an area of diameter 25 m.
25 m
blades
Fig. 5.1
(a) The wind is blowing directly towards the wind turbine at a speed of 12 m / s. At this wind
speed, 7500 kg of air passes every second through the circular area swept out by the
blades.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the air travelling at 12 m / s, which passes through
the circular area in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ................................................ [3]
(ii) The turbine converts 10% of the kinetic energy of the wind to electrical energy.
Calculate the electrical power output of the turbine. State any equation that you
use.
power = ................................................ [3]
(b) On another day, the wind speed is half that in (a).
(i) Calculate the mass of air passing through the circular area per second on this day.
mass = ................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the power output of the wind turbine on the second day as a fraction of
that on the first day.
fraction = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 10]
2 A farmer uses an electric pump to raise water from a river in order to fill the irrigation channels
that keep the soil in his fields moist.
water pours electric

into channel pump
field
water rises 3m
up tube
irrigation
channel
river
Fig. 5.1
Every minute, the pump raises 12 kg of water through a vertical height of 3 m.
(a) Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy of 12 kg of water when it is
raised 3 m.
increase in gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [3]
(b) Calculate the useful power output of the pump as it raises the water.
power = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 6]
3 (a) Name the process by which energy is released in the core of the Sun.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Describe how energy from the Sun becomes stored energy in water behind a dam.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Data for two small power stations is given in Table 2.1.
input to power station output of power station
gas-fired 100 MW 25 MW
hydroelectric 90 MW 30 MW
Table 2.1
(i) State what is meant by the efficiency of a power station.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Use the data in Table 2.1 to explain that the hydroelectric station is more efficient
than the gas-fired power station.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
4 A cyclist rides up and then back down the hill shown in Fig. 3.1.
top of hill
14 m
starting and
finishing point
Fig. 3.1
The cyclist and her bicycle have a combined mass of 90 kg. She pedals up to the top and
then stops. She turns around and rides back to the bottom without pedalling or using her
brakes.
(a) Calculate the potential energy gained by the cyclist and her bicycle when she has
reached the top of the hill.
potential energy = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the maximum speed she could have when she arrives back at the starting
point.
speed = ................................................ [3]
(c) Explain why her actual speed will be less than that calculated in (b).
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
(a) The source of solar energy is the Sun.
Tick the box next to those resources for which the Sun is also the source of energy.
coal
geothermal
hydroelectric
nuclear
wind [2]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a solar water-heating panel on the roof of a house.
copper tubes,
painted black
roof
Fig. 4.1
Cold water flows into the copper tubes, which are heated by solar radiation. Hot water flows
out of the tubes and is stored in a tank.
(i) Explain why the tubes are made of copper and are painted black.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) In 5.0 s, 0.019 kg of water flows through the tubes. The temperature of the water increases
from 20 °C to 72 °C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in 5.0 s.
thermal energy = ...........................................................[3]
(iii) The efficiency of the solar panel is 70%.
Calculate the power of the solar radiation incident on the panel.
power = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
2 A train has a total mass of 7.5 × 105 kg.
(a) The train accelerates from rest at a constant rate along a straight, horizontal track.
It reaches a speed of 24 m / s in 60 s.
Calculate
(i) the train’s acceleration,
acceleration = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the train.
force = .................................................. [2]
(b) The train now travels with a constant speed of 24 m / s along a straight, horizontal track.
The total force opposing the motion due to friction and air resistance is 7.2 × 104 N.
(i) By considering the work done by the train’s engine in 1.0 s, calculate its output
power.
power = .................................................. [2]
(ii) The train begins to travel up a slope.
Explain why the power of the train’s engine must be increased to maintain the
speed of 24 m / s.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
3 A student wishes to work out how much power she uses to lift her body when climbing a
flight of stairs.
Her body mass is 60 kg and the vertical height of the stairs is 3.0 m. She takes 12 s to walk
up the stairs.
(a) Calculate
(i) the work done in raising her body mass as she climbs the stairs,
work = ................................................ [2]
(ii) the output power she develops when raising her body mass.
power = ................................................ [2]
(b) At the top of the stairs she has gravitational potential energy.
Describe the energy transformations taking place as she walks back down the stairs
and stops at the bottom.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
4 Fig. 2.1 shows a track for a model car.
P
S
Q
0.5 m
0.4 m 0.4 m
T R
Fig. 2.1
The car has no power supply, but can run down a sloping track due to its weight.
(a) The car is released at Q. It comes to rest just before it reaches S and rolls back.
(i) Describe the motion of the car after it starts rolling back and until it eventually
comes to rest.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain in terms of energy transformations why the car, starting at Q, cannot
pass S.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) A second car, of mass 0.12 kg, is released from P. It continues until it runs off the track at
T.
Calculate the maximum speed that the car could have at T assuming friction in the car is
negligible.
speed = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 6]
5 An electric pump is used to raise water from a well, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
pump
ground
well
Fig. 3.1
(a) The pump does work in raising the water. State an equation that could be used to
calculate the work done in raising the water.
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The water is raised through a vertical distance of 8.0 m. The weight of water raised in
5.0 s is 100 N.
(i) Calculate the work done in raising the water in this time.
work done = .......................[1]
(ii) Calculate the power the pump uses to raise the water.
power = ........................[1]
(iii) The energy transferred by the pump to the water is greater than your answer to (i).
Suggest what the additional energy is used for.
..............................................................................................................................[1]
[Total : 5]
6 Fig. 3.1 shows water falling over a dam.
dam falling water
7.0 m
Fig. 3.1
(a) The vertical height that the water falls is 7.0 m.

Calculate the potential energy lost by 1.0 kg of water during the fall.
potential energy = ........................[2]
(b) Assuming all this potential energy loss is changed to kinetic energy of the water,
calculate the speed of the water, in the vertical direction, at the end of the fall.
speed = ........................[3]
(c) The vertical speed of the water is less than that calculated in (b). Suggest one reason
for this.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
[ Total : 6 ]
7 Fig. 2.1 shows a simple pendulum that swings backwards and forwards between P and Q.
support
string
P Q
R pendulum bob
Fig. 2.1
(a) The time taken for the pendulum to swing from P to Q is approximately 0.5 s.
Describe how you would determine this time as accurately as possible.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (i) State the two vertical forces acting on the pendulum bob when it is at position R.
1.. .......................................................................................................................... ...
2.. ........................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The pendulum bob moves along the arc of a circle. State the direction of the
resultant of the two forces in (i).
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The mass of the bob is 0.2 kg. During the swing it moves so that P is 0.05 m higher
than R.
Calculate the increase in potential energy of the pendulum bob between R and P.
potential energy = ………………. [2]
[ Total : 6]
1 Fig. 3.1 shows an early water-powered device used to raise a heavy load. The heavy load rests on
piston B.
cylinder A cylinder B
water load
piston A piston B
connecting rod connecting rod
pivot beam
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)
Initially, a large weight of water in cylinder A pushes piston A down. This causes the left-hand end
of the beam to move down and the right-hand end of the beam to move up. Piston B rises, lifting
the heavy load.
(a) The weight of water in cylinder A is 80 kN.
Calculate the mass of water in cylinder A.
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate the volume of water in cylinder A.
volume = ................................................ [2]
(c) Piston A moves down a distance of 4.0 m.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water.
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [2]
(d) The heavy load lifted by piston B gains 96 kJ of gravitational potential energy.
Calculate the efficiency of the device.
efficiency = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
2 On a windy day, a parachutist of mass 85 kg jumps from an aeroplane.
Fig. 3.1 shows the parachutist falling through the air at a constant vertical velocity of 8.4 m / s
downwards.
8.4 m / s
Fig. 3.1
(a) Distinguish between speed and velocity.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) As the parachutist falls, the wind is moving him towards the right of the diagram, at a
horizontal velocity of 6.3 m / s.
(i) On Fig. 3.1, draw an arrow to show the horizontal velocity of the parachutist. [1]
(ii) On the grid below, draw a vector diagram to determine graphically the size and
direction of the resultant velocity of the parachutist.
size = .......................................................
direction = .......................................................
[4]
(iii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the parachutist.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
3 Fig. 3.1 shows a water turbine that is generating electricity in a small tidal energy scheme.
barrage
sea-water level at high tide
3.0 m
water level in tidal basin
turbine connected to
electricity generator
Fig. 3.1
At high tide, 1.0 m3 of sea-water of density 1030 kg / m3 flows through the turbine every
second.
(a) Calculate the loss of gravitational potential energy when 1.0 m3 of sea-water falls
through a vertical distance of 3.0 m.
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................. [3]
(b) Assume that your answer to (a) is the energy lost per second by the sea-water passing
through the turbine at high tide. The generator delivers a current of 26 A at 400 V.
Calculate the efficiency of the scheme.
efficiency = ..............................................% [3]
(c) At low tide, the sea-water level is lower than the water level in the tidal basin.
(i) State the direction of the flow of water through the turbine at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest an essential feature of the turbine and generator for electricity to be
generated at low tide.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
4 (a) State what is meant by the centre of mass of a body.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows an athlete successfully performing a high jump.
Fig. 4.1
The height of the bar above the ground is 2.0 m. The maximum increase in gravitational
potential energy (g.p.e.) of the athlete during the jump is calculated using the expression
g.p.e. = mgh.
Explain why the value of h used in the calculation is much less than 2.0 m.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows, in order, five stages of an athlete successfully performing a pole-vault.
Fig. 4.2
Describe the energy changes which take place during the performance of the pole-
vault, from the original stationary position of the pole-vaulter before the run-up, to the
final stationary position after the vault.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 8]
5 Solar panels are positioned on the roof of the house shown in Fig. 6.1. They use thermal
energy from the Sun to provide hot water in an environmentally friendly way.
solar
panels
Fig. 6.1
Cold water flows to the panels at 15 °C. During the day, the panels supply 3.8 kg of hot water
at 65 °C every hour.
(a) Calculate the average energy that the solar panels deliver to the water in one hour.
Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg °C).
energy = ................................................. [3]
(b) The solar power incident on the roof during this heating period is 170 W / m2. The solar
panels have a total area of 8.0 m2.
Calculate the solar energy incident on the panels in one hour.
solar energy = ................................................. [2]
(c) Calculate the efficiency of the solar panels, stating the equation you use.
efficiency = ................................................. [2]
(d) Explain why solar energy is called renewable energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) State one disadvantage of using solar energy.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
1 Fig. 3.1 shows an aeroplane of mass 3.4 × 105 kg accelerating uniformly from rest along a
runway.
Fig. 3.1
After 26 s it reaches a speed of 65 m / s.
(a) Calculate
(i) the acceleration of the aeroplane,
acceleration = ................................................. [2]
(ii) the resultant force on the aeroplane.
force = ................................................. [2]
(b) Just after taking off, the aeroplane continues to accelerate as it gains height.
(i) State two forms of energy that increase during this time.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State one form of energy that decreases during this time.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State why the total energy of the aeroplane decreases during this time.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) When the aeroplane reaches its maximum height, it starts to follow a curved path at a
constant speed.
State the direction of the resultant force on the aeroplane.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]
2 An ornamental garden includes a small pond, which contains a pumped system that causes
water to go up a pipe and then to run down a heap of rocks.
Fig. 3.1 shows a section through this water feature.
water runs
down rocks
pumped water rises

through pipe
0.8 m
rocks
water inlet
pump to pump
Fig. 3.1
The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. A volume of 1 litre is equal to 0.001 m3.
(a) Calculate the mass of 1 litre of water.
mass = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the work done raising 1 litre of water through a height of 0.8 m.
work = ................................................ [2]
(c) The pump lifts 90 litres of water per minute.
Calculate the minimum power of the pump.
power = ................................................ [2]
(d) The pump is switched off.
Immediately after the pump is switched off, what is the value of the water pressure at
the bottom of the 0.8 m pipe, due to the water in the pipe?
pressure = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
3 Fig. 2.1 shows a rock that is falling from the top of a cliff into the river below.
cliff
falling
rock
river
Fig. 2.1
(a) The mass of the rock is 75 kg. The acceleration of free fall is 10 m/s2.
Calculate the weight of the rock.
weight = …………………[1]
(b) The rock falls from rest through a distance of 15 m before it hits the water.
Calculate its kinetic energy just before hitting the water. Show your working.
kinetic energy = …………………[3]
(c) The rock hits the water. Suggest what happens to the kinetic energy of the rock during
the impact.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
[ Total : 7 ]
4 Fig. 3.1 shows the arm of a crane when it is lifting a heavy box.
1220 N
950 N
40° 30°
box
Fig. 3.1
(a) By the use of a scale diagram (not calculation) of the forces acting at P, find the weight
of the box. [5]
(b) Another box of weight 1500 N is raised vertically by 3.0 m.
(i) Calculate the work done on the box.
work done = ..................................
(ii) The crane takes 2.5 s to raise this box 3.0 m. Calculate the power output of the
crane.
power = ..................................
[4]
[ Total : 9 ]
5 Fig. 1.1 shows a smooth metal block about to slide down BD, along DE and up EF.
BD and DE are friction-free surfaces, but EF is rough. The block stops at F.
B
metal
block
C
F
D A
E
Fig. 1.1
(a) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the speed-time graph for the journey from B to F.
Label D, E and F on your graph. [3]
speed
B
time
Fig. 1.2
(b) The mass of the block is 0.2 kg. The vertical height of B above A is 0.6 m.
The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2.
(i) Calculate the work done in lifting the block from A to B.
work done = ............................
(ii) At C, the block is moving at a speed of 2.5 m/s. Calculate its kinetic energy at C.
kinetic energy = ...............................

[5]
(c) As it passes D, the speed of the block remains almost constant but the velocity
changes. Using the terms vector and scalar, explain this statement.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) F is the point where the kinetic energy of the block is zero. In terms of energy changes,
explain why F is lower than B.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total : 13 ]

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1 A skier walks from the bottom of a ski slope to the top and gains 10 000 J of gravitational potential

A 2000 J B 8000 J C 10 000 J D 12 000 J

3 Four different children run up the same set of stairs.

mass of child / kg time taken / s

A energy from tides

Man Y lifts box Q from the floor onto a shelf.

direction of force box Q

man doing box gaining

6 Which energy source is renewable and reliably available at all times?

Which statement about the workers is correct?

A Worker P develops less useful power than worker Q.

8 Which quantities are measured in the same unit?

A energy, power and work

9 A person in a factory has to lift a box on to a shelf.

A lifting the box quickly to the high shelf

Which statement accounts for the loss of gravitational potential energy?

A Energy was destroyed as the ball hit the ground.

12 Which energy resource is used to boil water to generate electricity?

work done in useful output power

The table shows her results.

16 Which source of energy involves the splitting of heavy atoms?

17 A cyclist travels down a hill from rest at point X, without pedalling.

Which energy changes have taken place between X and Y?

A gravitational potential → kinetic → thermal (heat)

B gravitational potential → thermal (heat) → kinetic

C kinetic → gravitational potential → thermal (heat)

D kinetic → thermal (heat) → gravitational potential

What else needs to be known to calculate the power?

the distance the force the time for which the

A faster more than other engines

22 Electrical energy may be obtained from nuclear fission.

In which order is the energy transferred in this process?

A nuclear fuel → generator → reactor and boiler → turbines

B nuclear fuel → generator → turbines → reactor and boiler

C nuclear fuel → reactor and boiler → generator → turbines

D nuclear fuel → reactor and boiler → turbines → generator

battery solar cell

A chemical to electrical electrical to light

A chemical → gravitational potential → kinetic

B chemical → kinetic → gravitational potential

C gravitational potential → chemical → kinetic

D kinetic → chemical → gravitational potential

Which person produces the greatest average power?

A runs across the beach, then climbs the ladder 8

27 Which energy transfer takes place when a matchstick burns?

Which engine produces the most power?

stored energy output energy

A electrical thermal (heat)

30 A certain machine is very efficient.

What does this mean?

A It produces a large amount of power.

P geothermal energy from hot rocks

Which of these resources are renewable?

32 Which movement will require the greatest amount of work to be done?

A a force of 10 N moving an object a distance of 3.0 m

A chemical energy to electrical energy

She now pulls a second suitcase along the corridor.

the force used the distance the

35 The diagram shows a hydroelectric system.

What are the main energy changes taking place?

A chemical energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy

B electrical energy → gravitational energy → kinetic energy

C gravitational energy → kinetic energy → electrical energy

D kinetic energy → electrical energy → gravitational energy

Energy, Work & Power (Multiple Choice) QP-merged

Energy, Work & Power (Multiple Choice) QP-merged