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    12 views17 pages

    Answers Sociology

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    shivamshukla2300

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PYP Q WITH KEY SOCIOLOGY Answer- Many of us mistakenly believe that sociology is the study of the obvious. Sometimes we think that sociology is nothing but the application of common sense. But equating any science with simple common sense could not be further from the truth! Common sense is not always “common,” nor “sensible.” Statements like “Birds of a feather flock together” and “Opposites attract,” while supposedly based on common knowledge, contradict each other. Because common sense does not always accurately predict reality, people need something else. Not every sociological finding is revolutionary; many findings do appear consistent with common sense. By systematically testing common sense beliefs against facts, sociologists can sort out which popular beliefs hold true and which do not. To accomplish this, sociologists use a variety of social science research designs and methods. Sociology as a discipline is more than common sense. Sociology is a method of inquiry that requires the systematic testing of beliefs against evidence. Sociologists, therefore, make determining whether specific ideas are fact or fiction their job. Differences between sociology and common sense: + Common sense differs from person to person and is influenced by the customs and beliefs of the family one is born into. It, therefore, calls for no social changes and wants the status quo. Sociology, on the other hand, studies the intricate details of evidence as well as the beliefs and decides upon what can be applied and what cannot. It questions the present situation when the opinions and evidence conflict and then supports changes in society. + Common sense of'a person just an assumption. In this case, one has no evidence to back what one believes. Unlike common sense, sociological theories are not mere assumptions but a sociologist concludes upon the theories by collecting evidences and studying thein in- depth. Given this research, the points put forward by these theories are reliable and truly applicable to real life. + Common sense is based on personal experiences. But Sociology looks at the society not with respect to individuals but as a whole. While common sense develops as one experiences various situations but Sociology demands thoughts that are not merely individual experiences. + Sociology is a scientific study of society. But common sense is not. Since Soci , . Sociology i elaborate study of the society (and includes research), itis a science. But since ae a sense doesn’t require the same mmon + In Sociology, while one is researching, one comes across the patterns that can be found everywhere in the world. But common sense is subjective since it differs from one individual to another based on the society one comes from. + Common sense is very limited since the person’s horizon is nowhere beyond the environment in one’s vicinity. But Sociological findings are applicable to a huge number of people who come from varying backgrounds. Sociology calls for a great of research and this allows for the authenticity of the data provided as well as the theories formulated. But this doesn’t imply that common sense is of no use at all. Common sense is very useful and in fact, has helped many sociologists ponder over them and probe into them. So, both common sense and sociology are different but are closely knit. 2. Law is the social fact.comment (ye answer isiliye long rakha h kyo ki ye repeated h) Ansher-According to Durkheim, social facts are the subject matter of sociology. Social facts are is” (meaning of its own kind; unique) and must be studied as distinct from biological and | phenomenon. ‘e ways of thinking, acting and believing that are external to an individual considered tity, exercising the external control on the individual behavior and the outlive the “Social facts’ as a biological individual membs Social facts can be upon individuals. The: form of norms, mores, an folkways. Hence a law sets guidelines \q control enthical behaviour and act as a social fact. need of law for social change- ‘According to Niklas luhmann-“"A}Nollective human life is directly or indirectly shaped by law, Law is like knowledge, an essential ahd all-pervasive fact of the social condition,” Law can be simply defined as a system D€rules that are used to regulate a society or rather control Pe gua fe so far as by virtue of the subjective meaning “Noches tot by acting individual takes account the behaviour of others and is thereby ted in its course it includes all hurnan behaviour when and insofar as the acting individual ‘sa subjective meaning to it”, Max Weber defined four types of ideal actions. But what did he medy by ideal actions? He meant that these actions might not occur similarly in the real world as they Nive been explained in the Weber theory. However, they may exist as @ mixture of @ contaminated form of social action. Types Goal rational action itis goakoriented he goal is derived from the desire ofthe actor. The means and ends are decided by the goal Nat needs to be achieved. The purpose Isto find effective ways to achieve the goal. Efficiency is Central but the action also has to be rational. Rationality is based on logical and scientific grounds. The purpose of the action is to fulfil some other goal and is treated as a means in itself ie. the actign is instrumental. For example, if the goal of an individual is to maximize income, then if th individual chooses to cheat on his income taxes or to sell drugs but in the end can maximize incoke the goal-oriented action is considered purposely rational than someone who requires less mohey. Srson’s value system. Rationality is also judged based on aesthetic, religious or constitutional values. If individuals are valued rational, they commit to 2 certain subjective goal which may or may Nxt result in material benefits. Police, clergy and lawyers take actions and choose goals and means baSed on abstract values like justice, honour and patriotism, The means are chosen for their effitgncy while the ends are justified by their value Conscious belief in the absolute value of some ethical, aesthetic, religious or other value codes define value rational action. ‘The means and goals are defined by a Affective Social Action While the first two types are dependent upon rational systems (goal-oriented and value-oriented), this is considered the most irrational social action as it is motivated by the emotion of the individual. No calculated decision of means and ends is made. Spmetimes the means used may not even serve the end but stil, the action is carried out in the h¥gt of the moment. For example, ia student being bullied chooses to retaliate and hit back itis not either goal-oriented or value-oriented because it does not solve the problem of bullying. Nowever, the bullies might Traditional Social Action ‘Traditional Social Action occurs when the means and ends are not decided by the individual but by the social customs of the society. There are no alternative means to achieve a daytain end comprehensible to the individual except the social code. The means and end for a\certain action are already decided by social convention. For example, all actions done in the presdyce of elders in Asian societies are always respectful and keep social rules in mind. Such actions bevgme second nature to the individual and might need no prompting. For example, doing Namaskar ofranam. Border line cases of community Monastery, convent or prison ‘may be termed as a communi because of certain area of social living. However, a social caste cannot be termed 2s communi Though it has social coherence but lacks territorial basis of commun ity * ASSQCIATION Associatin is a formal group organized for a specialized and specifically stated purpose. An oe & established rules of organization and procedure, a formalized system of leadership and certain com™on interest among its members. An association could be for a temporary period or be permanent systematically. He argues that “as nn is an organization deliberately formed for the t of interests, which its members share. Family trade organization, trade unions, churches, clubs or professional organizations are its examples Bogardus- Association is usually a working together of people to achieve some purposes. lated to one another by the fact that they Ginsberg- An association is a group of social beings ith a view to securing end or specific Possess or have instituted in common an organization ends. Characteristics of Associations I The membership is formal and voluntarily. Il Associations have office bearers who are elected yy appointed for a specific period of time. lil. Associations have fixed and written rules for its funct’ging. IV. Associations are deliberately formed to achieve definite koals. a product of modernity. VL. From Durkheim’s Organic forms of Social Relationship to Tonyie’s Gesschelchaft association is a necessary social organization to run social ode | social groups 7 A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and who share a common identity. Itis easy to see from this definition that we all belong to many types of social groups: our families, our different friendship groups, the sociology class and other courses we attend, our workplaces, the clubs and organizations to which we belong, and so forth. Except in rare cases, itis difficult to imagine any of us living totally alone Even people who live by themselves still interact with family members, coworkers, and friends and to this extent still have several group memberships. Primary and Secondary Groups common distinction is made between primary groups and secondary groups: A primary group is usually small, is characterized by extensive interaction and strong emotional ties, and endures vor time. Members of such groups care a lot about each other and identify strongly with the group. Indeed, their membership in a primary group gives them much of their social identity. ary group is usually small, somewhat larger groups can also act much like primary ‘and sororities come to mind. Although these groups are larger than the typical family or small circle of friends, the emotional bonds their members form arc often auite intense. In some workplaces, coworkers can get to know each other very well and hocome a friendship group in which the members discuss personal concerns and interact outside the workplace. To the extent this happens, small groups of coworkers can become primary Although a pi groups. Here athletic teams, fraternities, groups. secondary groups, which are groups that are larger and more impersonal and exist, often for a relatively short time, to achieve a specific purpose. Secondary group members feel less emotionally attached to each other than do primary group members and do not identify as much with their group nor feel as loyal to it. This does not mean secondary groups are unimportant, as society could not exist without them, but they still do not provide the potential emotional benefits for their members that primary groups ideally do. The sociology class for which you are reading this book is an example of a secondary group, as are the clubs and organizations on your campus to which you might belong. Other secondary groups include religious, business, governmental, and civic organizations. In some of these groups, members get to know each other better than in other secondary groups, but their emotional ties and intensity of interaction generally remain much weaker than in primary groups. Reference Groups Primary and secondary groups can act both as our reference groups or as groups that set a standard for guiding our own behavior and attitudes. The family we belong to obviously affects our actions and views, as, for example, there were probably times during your adolescence when you decided not to do certain things with your friends to avoid disappointing or upsetting your parents. On the other hand, your friends regularly acted during your adolescence as a reference group, and you probably dressed the way they did or did things with them, even against your parents’ wishes, precisely because they were your reference group. Some of our reference groups are groups to which we do not belong but to which we nonetheless want to belong. A small child, for example, may dream of becoming an astronaut and dress like one and play like one. Some high school students may not belong to the “cool” clique in school but may still dress like the members of this clique, either in hopes of being accepted as a member or simply because they admire the dress and style of its members. , In-Groups and Out-Groups Members of primary and some secondary groups feel loyal to those groups and take pride in belonging to them. We cal such groups in-groups, Fraternities, sororities, sports teame, and Juvenile gangs are examples of in-groups. Members of an in-group often end up competing with members of another group for various kinds of rewards. This other group Is called an out-group. The competition between in-groups and out-groups is often friendly, as among members of, intramural teams during the academic year when they vie in athletic events. Sometimes, however, in-group members look down their noses at out-group members and even act very hostilely toward them. Rival fraternity members at several campuses have been known to get into fights and trash each other’s houses. More seriously, street gangs attack each other, and hate groups Such as skinheads and the Ku Klux Klan have committed violence against people of color, Jews, and other individuals they consider members of out-groups. As these examples make clear, in- Broup membership can promote very negative attitudes toward the out-groups with which the in- Broups feel they are competing, ‘1s what is role conflict give at least 2 examples? role, i

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