> ee avLLUWwS Clean power generation No production of green house gases (ex: CO,) No air polluting gases (NOx, SOx) ete. Reduces 10-12% of Global warming effect.Heat evaporates out Metal mesh wick acts | working fluid as return pal working fui Fig. 4-1 3, Heat pipe 2. Recuperators he is 2 type of heat exchanger units which a manufacture om metallic oF ceramic aterials. icati they are used to according to their app te exhaust gases 7 Si passed through @ series of gucts that carry the inlet ait from. : perator for recovering waste heat from flue gases: It is the metallic radiation yecuperator, which consists of two concentric lengths of metal tubing. The inner tube carries the hot exhaust gases vihile the external annulus carries the combustion air a from the atmosphere to the air inlets of the furnace | bi oe urners. The hot gases are cooled by the incoming combustion air which c now carri iti into the combustion chamber. eae eee «© This result in the re cuperator preheating the inlet air which then re-ente: le syste! le en rs the system. Th er that is . By©ogeneration Cog eneration or ¢¢ lization of «| T combined heat and power is th ati Of a heat engine im . at engine for generating both heats as well Ticity si ane Y simultaneously. In general, thermal power stations, as wel " ae ae Ae omnes do not change the existing eo cca tgy. Most of the engines waste half 'Y due to surplus heat. By capturing the surplus heat, combined heat and power utilizes heat that would be wasted in a standard power station, potentially attaining a total efficiency ranges from 80 to 95%, contrasted by at most 40% for the standard power plants. This means that a low fuel to be utilized for producing the equal quantity of required energy. Because there is a high capacity in energy efficiency, CHP is considered to be the main provider to weather change improvement as presenting reasonable as well as consistency benefits on the supply of energy. This is an most efficient method of energy utilization in which 40% energy savings when we compared by the separate acquire of electricity from the national grid as well as a gas boiler. Combine Heat and Power plants are normally situated near to the consumer endso the transportations and distribution losses will be reduced thus it improve performance in the electricity transmission and distribution. ¢ For power consumers where the safety of supply is a significant factor for their power selection manufacture apparatus and gas is plentiful. The cogeneration systems based on gas are it Preferabl i ee ly suited as captive-Ww Power Plant Engineering (MSBTE) 4.2.2 Need of Cogeneration : In India the maximum percentage of electricity is obtained from steam or thermal power plants. The conventional power plant, efficiency is only 35% and 65% of remaining energy is lost. The large amount of heat is rejected and lost to surrounding water or air due to some restriction of conversion process and thermo- dynamic cycles employed in power generation. Also 10 to 15% of losses are due to the transmission and distribution of electricity in the electrical grid. Hence it is necessary to reduce the loss and reduces the manufacturing price and enhances output, The plant efficiency can be progressed . It helps to conserve utilization of water as well as the cost of water.This is used to reduce an air emission of specific material like mercury, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, otherwise, it would lead to the greenhouse effect. These systems are inexpensive when we contrasted to the usual power station. 4.2.3 Components of Cogeneration unit : The fundamental components of a combined heat and power system include the following :a - eee Ce T Veo Plants Coal needs to be stored at various stages of the preparation process, conveyed around the plant facilities, Coal handling is part of the larger field of bulk. Coal delivery equipment is one of the major components of plant cost. The various steps involved in coal handling are as follows: Various step Involved in coal handling 1. Coal delivery 2. Unloading 3. Preparation 4. Transfer 5. Outdoor storage 6. Covered storage 7. Implant handling 8. Bvelprig and ee 9. Feeding the coal into furnace Fig.C.3.1 : The ‘various ‘steps involved in coal handling 1. Coal delivery: The transportation of coal from supply points to power stations situated near to sea or river is delivered by ships while it is supplied by rail or trucks which are—. Large amount of cooling water is required in cooler, therefore, its use limited to the stationary installation or marine used. 3.7.4 Comparison of Open Cycle and Closed Cycle Gas Turbine : Sr.| Open cycle gas turbine | Closed cycle gas turbine ~ Working medium gas is|Working medium — gas changing, it is replaced for}remains the same, it is each cycle. circulated continuously. The exhaust gas from the]}The exhaust gas from turbine is exhausted to|turbine is passed into the atmosphere. cooling chamber. 3. |Only air can be used as a}Any fluid with _ better working fluid. thermodynamic properties [can be used. 4. |The turbine blades wear|It avoid erosion of turbine away earlier as it gets|blade due to contaminated contaminated with air. gases and fouling of compressor blade. Ww TechKnowledgé PunticationsWw Power Plant Engineering (MSBTE) 3- ee eee Sr. | Open cycle gas turbine | Closed cycle gas turbine No. : 5. It’s maintenance cost is|It’s maintenance cost is low. high. 6. |The weight of installation]The weight of installation \-}~ | per kW is less. per kW is more. 7. |This system required less|This system occupy more space. space. Since exhaust is cooled by circulating water it is best is discharge into atmosphere it is best suited for moving vehicle. suited for stationary installation marine use. 8 Components of Gas Turbine Power Plant The main components of plants are : Air Compressor Intercooler and Regenerator as an auxiliary3.9 Methods to Improve Thermal Efficiency of Gas Turbine e The power output and thermal efficiency of a gas turbine plant) can be improved — by providing regenerator, inter cooler and reheater, : ° The improvement sacrifice of simplicity, w cight, space and constant. 3.9.1. Gas Turbine with Regenerator (Regeneration) : e The diagrammatic arrangements of simple cycle with heat exchanger called Regenerator and is accompanied by the corresponding. T-S diagram shown in Fig. 3.9.1. e This shows that the temperature of the compressed gas has been raised form T, to T, in the heat exchanger with a fall in exhaust gas temperature from T, to T,. e The high temperature gases will be discharge by turbine at the end of expansion. e This high temperature waste heat can be utilized to preheat the compressed air before entering the combustion chamber. Regenerator Combustion chamber Compressor Fig. 3.9.1(a)W Power Piant Engineering (MSBTE) wp for poss (b) Functio Fig. 3.9.1 : Regenerative gas turbine cycle with T-S diagram (i) Heat (ii) Heat e The reheating is done in counter flow type of heat exchanger called regenerator. With regenerator there is 3.9.2 no change in compressor work, turbine work and hence net work. ° The ¢ But there is substantial reduction in the fuel ae consumption to bring the air to required turbine in cool temperature, so result in increase in thermal efficiency. « The comy $< the Efficiency interc of co: Pressure ratio : ae Fig. 3.9.2 : Efficiency Vspr. ratio a Fig.3.9.2 shows the thermal efficiency of a regeneration cycle plotted against pressure ratio. The following points should be observed. Combustion chamberver Plant the release of nstable atom and artificial acleus with leased from is used as as turbines el plants. laturally in . These lerated by Tica, each about six were not originally "ge naval nuclear fave rOUUster eas noe the ha ; ; her operating temperalure. : YPe of vy water, with deuterium atoms, . ture. Also another high ‘eactor uses hea’ a a reacto Hence the term light water’ js Used fo moderator. differentiate. 5.1.1 Classification of Nuclear Reactor; The nuclear reactor are classified as follows ; 1. According to of neutron energy : a) Fast reactor : The fission is effected by fas neutrons without use of moderator. b) Thermal reactor : fast neutrons are slowdown by use of moderator, chain reaction of fissionable fue] is control. 2. According to fuel used : a) Natural fuel : In this natural uranium is used as fuel and Heavy Water or Graphite are used as moderated. b) Enriched uranium fuel : In this uranium used contain 5 to 10% Uy35 and water is used as moderator. ed water °C under r circuit, The less steam in t similar ‘tor uses ‘own the nd they 3. According to use of moderator used : a) Water moderated b) Heavy Water moderated c) Graphite moderated d) Beryllium moderate 4. According to Use of coolant : a) Water cooled Teactor b) Liquid Cooled reactorSBTE) jas cooled reactor ° anic | iquid cooled reactor + Both moderator and fuel 4 form. , mixture in fluid s and used represent uniforty These have better heat transfer characteris maintenance have ntrol but repair and dioactive mixture. its co Jem due to highly ra neous reactor + liquid arranged in som rm heat energy: prob b) Heteroge! and coolant is in inserted in moderator order to generate unifo Here solid fuel is used form and fuel rod e regular are 54.2 Operating Principle : f Nuclear Chain tive materia d fusion reaction out an explosion in Reactions of Js) which and + Itworks on the principle fissionable materials (radioac’ prot a process of fission an be controlled and sustained wit ‘nuclear reactor. A . ee power plant differs from a conventional Tiers power plant only in the generating part Oia is no change in the turbo~ The nsing system. m . Ge fuel which is at present I ium, Heat energy evolved by the fissio yy as cor st ta. ee eee much ener? = Je coal. n commercial use nm reaction can5.3 Advantages and Limitations of Nuclear Power Generation 5.3.1 Advantages of Nuclear Power Generation : 1. Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO,). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. 2. This technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed first.oN 5-11 Nuclear Power Plants ssible to generate a high amount of clectricgy energy in one single plant. 5.3.2 Limitations of nuclear power generation : (1) The infrastructure require is more sound and requires high capital cost (2) Raw material available is limited quantity. Uranium, the source of energy for nuclear power, is available on earth only in limited quantities. Uranium is being consumed (i.e. converted) during the operation of the nuclear power plant so it won't be available any more for future generations, This again contradicts the Principle of sustainability, (3) Disposal of radio-active waste is difficult. The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one. The waste from nuclear energy is extremely dangerous and it has to be carefully looked after for several thousand High Tisks: Despite a generally high security standard, accidents can stil] happen. It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% Security. A small probability of failure will always Jast, The consequences of an accident would be absolutely devastating both for human being as for the nature, (4) "Skilled person Tequired for handling the plant. 5.4 Introducti ies oa Teton to Regulating Agenc!Refer Pig S19 Year reactor fission of atom takes piace and contrted muctear fsian hberate Innes amount of beat eneray. Fission ia the splitting of heaviesuniable tom such a Uns, , Tags and V clement Wisyo by bombarding the nucleus wath neutrons. This cnormons release of energy from felatively ematl macs of nuclear fuel make this source enerRy of great importance. mplete fission at one kg of t The energy release by ays 18 equivalent to heat TRY biained by: buming of 4500 tons of high grade ‘al oF 2200 tons of oi rE amount of heat, This heat is hheat exchanger for production of iM produced is then used to drive turbine which is coupled with electric generator as in the conventional power plant Nuclear Fuel Naturally occurring uraniun bf (WO uranium isotopes ranium-238 and tess than uranium-235, The fuel fissionable L235, m is composed almost totally 1 contains more than 99% Ve uranium-235, It is the Senerally used in nuclear reactor are + 54Pu??? and the fuel 5028 and the other wo fuel 4 Pue*? and 9233 two fuel 1d 5 are form in nuclear reactor ‘uring fission process from ygTh?™? due to the absorption of neviron without fission-The fuel rods are made of a corrosion-resistant alloy that encases the partially enriched uranium fuel. For uranium to be used as fuel in a fission reactor, the percentage of uranium-235 must be increased, usually to about 3%. Of Uranium in which the U-235 content is more than 1% is called enriched uranium The enriched UP, gas is collected, cooled until it solidifies, and then taken to a fabrication facility where it is made into fuel assemblies, Bach fuel assembly consists of {vel rods that contain many thimble-sized, ceramic-encased, ¢nriched uranium fuel pellets. Modern nuclear reactors may Contain as many as 10 million fuel pellets. The amount of ‘nergy in cach of these pellets is equal to that in almost a ton f coal or 150 gallons of oil 521 Nuclear Reactor : * Nuclear Reactor Technologies Since the inception of the nuctear power industry, several reactor technologie - have teen developed the world. These technologies differ hy their choice of technelogical uplions. Among them, three key characteristicn are sect tw classify the reactors inta different technologies 1 The type of fi ce plutonium le material used as nucteae fuel, natural uranium, enriched —uraniurn, 2. The coolant used to recover the heat produced in and to transport it, e.g ordinary Pressurised or boiling water, heavy water, carbon dioxide, sodium, helium. the core The moderator, which determines the average energy of the neutrons in the reactor core, e.g. ordinary water, heavy water, graphite A combination of these three components produces Teactors with different characteristics which do not meet the selection criteria ofa reactor technology in the same way. These technical or economic criteria change overtime. For instance, the first technologies developed were Tequired to operate with natural uranium as the fuel, there by limiting the choice of moderator. With the development of uranium enrichment technologies, new reactor technologies operating with enriched uranium were developed. 5.2.1.1 Components of nuclear reactor : 1. Fuel: * The fuel generally used in nuclear reactor are fissionable g3U, 5 Pu"? and The fuel U8 and the other two fuel Pu? and ,,U% are form in nuclear reactor during fission process from ggTh?®? due to the absorption of neutron without fission, © The fuel rods are made of a Corrosion-resistant alloy that encases the partially enriched uranium fuel. 2. Moderator : * The material used in the core perform the role to ‘reduces the kinetic energy of fast neutron to slow down the neutrons released during the fission reaction which ccan otherwise be too energetic to efficiently provoke ‘other fission reaction . Neutrons are slowed down when they go through matter that is composed of atoms with light nuctei3 __ burs up.) PWR control rods are inserted from the top, hich does not absorb, It is usually water, but may be heavy water or graphite, The moderator slows the neutrons down from their initial speed of around 20,000 km/s to a speed of 2 kms. ‘The function of moderator is to increase the probability of reaction, They must have property of corrosion resistance, high melting point, as it work under high pressure and temperature. It should have high chemical stability and not be decomposed due to nuclear radiation, Fig. 6.2.1 : Component of nuclear reactor Control Rods to trap Neutrons : In a reactor, the chain reaction is constantly managed by means of control rods which are made with neutron- absorbing material such as cadmium or boron capable of absorbing neutrons and are inserted reduce the fission rate or withdrawn from the core either to maintain or increase the rate of reaction, or to stop it. In the case of an incident, the rods are dropped into the fuel which almost immediately stops the chain. In some PWR reactors, special control rods are used to enable the core to sustain a low level of power efficiently. (Secondary control systems involve other neutron absorbers, usually boron in the coolant — its concentration can be adjusted over time as the: fuel BWR cruci form blades from the bottom of the core. ne a Coolant : The energy released a8 beat during the fis, og uanium-235 nuclei must be transferred fom reactor core 0 the systems designed t0 transform into electricity ie. the turbine and alternator circulating Muid is a heat transfer medium ys remove the heat generated by the nuclear fil in gy fansfer it for further application, heat core so as tot ‘The coolant can be water, a liquid metal (s lead) ora gas (carbon dioxide or helium), ‘The coolant is also used to maintain the fig) temperature at its nominal temperature that ig ‘compatible with the resistance of the material, In light water reactors the water moderator functions also as primary coolant. Except in BWR, there is secondary coolant circuit where the water becomes steam, A PWR has two to four primary coolant loops with pumps, driven either by steam or electricity. Reflector : Itis always necessary to conserve the neutron to reduce the consumption of fissile material so as to keep the size of reactor small. Some neutron escape from core without absorption and will be lost forever. So to reduces the loss from escape the reactor inner surface is Surrounded by a material which reflect the escaping neutron back into the core, 1 must possesses the property of high resistance to oxidation and irradiation as well as high radiation stability. Shielding : The radiations of radioactive elements are harmful to ‘human life. The common radiation from reactor are a rays, 1 raYS eche a neutrons so to prevent human life from effect of these rays it is necessary to absorb these ‘ays before emitting to environment, The inne lining of the shia is made up of 50 to 60 ‘mm steel plate with a few thickness of concrete and this thermal shield is cooled by circulation of water, ‘The steel lining absorb radiant ‘energy and become hot and prevent the adjust wall of reactor vessel becoming beating. O53Power Plant Engineering (MSBTE) 7. Prossure vossol or prosauro tubos ‘2 Usually a robust steel vessel cont the reactor core arn! moderator/eoolant, but it may be a series of tubes holding the fel and conveying the coolant through the surrounding moderator, 5.2.2 Typos of Reactors : 5.2.2.1 Prossurized water reactor : arrangement of Pressurized Water Reactor with its component is show sis used to develop th «This proci offlght water and moderated reactors, it uses enriched Uranium clad with zirconium alloy as fuel in it + Thedeveloped steam is sed for the further process. ‘Components of Pressurized water reactor ©The pressurized water reactor mainly consist of inger, Turbine and Circulating Reactors, Heat ex-c pump. 1 Reactors : ‘This is used to generate heat energy and this used to heat the water. Heat exchanger : Heat ex-changer helps to transfer the heat from water to generate the steam, 3. Turbine: Turbines convert the steam energy into kinetic energy and further supplied to the generator to produce power. 4. Circulating pump : This used to supply the water from heat ex-changer 0 the reactor by maintaining pressure up to 120 bar. 5. Pressurized water tank with heating coll : This tank is maintain constant pressure in the primary ‘main circuit throughout the load range. The electrical heating coi boils the water to form steam and collected in dome and pressurized the entire coolant circut before starting reactor. Nucloar Powor Pla by i =i is Touma ——] I Working = ‘The water in the primary circuit gets heated by the help of heat energy created through fission reaction in the reactor, the heated water is supplied through the heat ex- changer to heat the water and produce steam, which is centering from another side of heat exchange, by this heat, is supplied to develop steam and used for the further process. ‘The water inside the heat ex-changer used to recirculate with the help of a pump and to maintain pressure up to 120 bar, water which is recirculating contains radioactive material which is not safe who are working near to it, from this it uses the concrete wall o protect the operators. ‘Advantages of Pressurized wator reactor : 1, Water used in it is highly available in nature. 2. Construction is easy. 3, Investment is low. 4, Steam produced by it has no effects. 5, Extract more energy per unit weight of fuel. Disadvantages of Pressurized water reactor : 1. Using Uranium enriched increases the fuel cost. 2, Itproduces radioactive gases which are harmful