QI. Which character does Austen identify with Pride and which ye - with Prejudice? And the terms linked? Give your views and dise [Dec 2008, Q2]|June 2006, é Or Do you think the tithe Pride and Prejudice is appropriate? Discuss, Or Examine the structure of Pride and Prejudice. [Dec 2007, Ans. Pride and Prejudice was originally entitled First Impression. It was and recast and at a later stage, it was given the title Pride and Prejudice. Austen happened to read one novel by Miss Bumey and she felt the rele of Pride and Prejudice’ as title of her own book and thus adopted it. is appropriate and it needs no defence or justification, The title Pride Prejudice indicates her interest in psychological study of the interacti human emotions like pride and prejudice. So the title is apt and appropriat relevant to the theme of the novel. Darcy's Pride Ata superficial level, Darcy, one of the major characters, stands for pri his first appearance, he creates the impression of being "the proude: most disagreeable man inthe world”. This view of Darcy is further con by Wickham who considers it as a filial pride, pride in his father who is He admits that his pride consisted in being selfish and over-bearing. He atu it to the education where he was taught good principles but encouragt parents; he became an embodiment of pride and conceit, selfish and bearing. Consequently, his pride precludes his judgement and he is blind fault of Miss Bingley and Lady Catherine. Probably, the riches he inherit the chief reason of his pride and he develops the habit of looking down the people who are below his social standing and ultimately it is Elizabet makes him realise his tnora! blindness. Elizabeth's prejudices against Darcy Darcy gives the impression of being 2 man of excessive pride in the very meeting of the ball where he refuses to dance with Elizabeth on the that she was not too handsome to tempt him. These humiliating and insult remarks of Darcy to Mr. Bingley were over-heard by Elizabeth and she b prejudiced against him from that very moment. Rest is the story of love hate in the terms of pride and prejudice. Darcy's confession of his implac at Netherfield - "I cannot forget the follies and vices of others so s' ought, nor their offences against myself - My good opinion once lost for ever", These remarks of Darcy further deepen Elizabeth's feeling of pr against him and she beings to misinterpret all his actions, all his utters such extent that she develops a sort of feeling of hatred for him. Wicl slanderous statement about Darcy further accelerates the process of\s well-known for her perceptions but here she fails to understand Darcy in right perspective and becomes totally prejudiced againat him. She even rejects the proposal of Darcy bluntly Darcy's pride founded on wrong assumptions - a price of self discovery The process of self discovery starts at Rosings when he found the vulgarity por his aunt Lady Catherine too much embarrassing and unbearable. Here, he } ‘ y him and Darcy becomes detestable and abominable, Of course, Elizabeth acquires a new vision of life and comes to find reality in its true colour. His complacent belief in the refinement of his own circle received a big jolt when he found Miss Bingley, a hypocritical and selfish lady. He felt equally repugnant wowards Lady Catherine for her ill-manners and a new vision of life dawned upon him that refinement of manners is no monopoly of the elite and all humble and poor people are depraved and deserve contempt was equally his wrong perception. His rejection by Elizabeth compelled him to think over his attitude towards others on the basis of social standing and rank. He soon realised that all his pride was founded on wrong assumptions and he felt repentant for his » behaviour in the past. Elizabeth’s process of self-awakening Flizabeth, too, feels the process of self-awakening over-powering her when she received a letter from Darcy explaining the reason for his objection to Jane-Bingley marriage. She realised the validity of the objection of Darcy on the issue of Jane-Bingley marriage. She was now ashamed of her own conduct to think she had been blind, partial, prejudiced and absurd. First time, she realised how mistaken she was in her perception about others. She had prided on her discernment. When she had all along been blind and wrong she is prepared to revise her opinion. Mrs. Reynold’s testimony further softens her attitude to Darcy. She has wronged a man for wrong assumption flashed upon hermind, Later Darcy’s role in bringing about Lydia’s marriage with Wickham overwhelms her and she is repentant mood. Feeling of prejudice replaced by feeling of love Darcy played very important role in Lydia-Wickham episode and brought about a dramatic change in Elizabeth towards Darcy. It was obvious that Darcy had | shed his pride and was a completely different man. This transformation of character in Darcy brought a complete change in the attitude of Elizabeth towards Darcy. Feeling of prejudice was replaced by intense feeling of love ' and she longed for protestation of love by Darcy. ' Both — victims of Pride and Prejudice : It would be nothing but an over | simplification of the novel if we assume that pride and prejudice refer exclusively to Darcy and Elizabeth. In fact, both are the victim of pride and prejudice. Darcy is proud of his higher social status, his refinement of manners, and \ being economically better off than others as he belongs to upper middle class.of class-conscious society, though Darcy's attitude was most unjust unreasonable. On the other hand, Elizabeth is proud of her perception, feeling of superior personality and the sharpness of her wit and intellect, she realises at the end that she was blind to her own self. Her prejudice agai Darcy stems from her sense of hurt pride. In chapter V, when Charlotte sq. that Darcy has a right to be proud, Elizabeth says, “I could easily forgivetsd pride, if he had not mortified mine.” Jane Austen has well made the plot of Pride and Prejudice and the Precisidiy, simplicity and symmetry of the plot is admired by all critics. There are digressions — moral or philosophical, no distractions, no obstrusive charac and no loose and dangling in the end. There is complete interdependence the main plot and the sub-plots and there is perfect organic unity betw: characters and events. Lawrence J. Clipper compares the various mover of the novel to the movements of dancer in a minuet (a slow stately dan which takes part of its beauty from the over all connections of the gen dances. The ironical reversion in attitude In chapter (XXXVI), when Elizabeth reflects over the contents of Dare} letter, she again refers to her vanity. In the proposal scene, Darcy accu; Elizabeth of pride, while Elizabeth accuses him of prejudice. Elizabeth remi him that he is prejudiced against all those who do not fit in his social world includes Wickham and Jane even. In reply Darcy tells her that she would have been so adamant had not ‘your pride been hurt by my honest confessi The ironic reversal in their attitude to each other is the indication that b suffered from ‘Prejudice and Pride’. Prejudice against the low-bred and humble poor people was a common t Q2. Write a detailed note on the use of wit and irony in Pride and Prejudit [Dec 2006, Q2] Or Do you believe that Jane Austen is a master of irony? Or “Irony is the soul of Jane's Comedy". Discuss it with special refere of the "Pride and Prejudice". | Or What irony of characterisation do you see in this novel? | Ans. Definition of Ireny : Prof. Chevalier has rightly remarked that + basic feature of every irony is a contrast between a reality and an appearany | In the contrast between the two — the apparent and the surface meaning statement and its real intended meaning lies the significance of the irony. Ire is of many kinds — situational irony, verbal irony, irony of the character 4the ironical implications inherent in a statement or a situation. Irony may be tragic or Comic as the ironic writer may look at the contradictions in human nature tragically or comically, Thematic Irony: Superficially, Jane Austen's themes are didactic. Sense and Sensibility may be considered as instructive treatise on the desirability of sense being a moderate, laudable and commendable attribute. On the other hand sensibility is portrayed as a dangerously excessive attribute. But at another level, the themes of these novels of Jane Austen are fit for ironic interpretation, In Sense and Sensibility, if the novelist gives importance to sense, she also values sensibility as well. So the message delivered is that both are desirable and necessary for a whole life but they are mutually exclusive — that is the irony of it. Similarly, Pride and Prejudice illustrates the fault of excessive pride and over-weaning prejudice. But at another level, the theme of the novel Pride and Prejudice can also be interpreted in different ways. We find contrast between intricacy and simplicity as it concerns the major characters. Darcy and Elizabeth are intricate characters and have depth in them which involves them in pride and prejudice. On the other hand, simplicity is represented by Jane and Bingley. They are simple and their simplicity proves to be an asset for them. Perhaps the writer wants to convey the idea that both intricacy and simplicity have their own virtue, but the irony is that they are mutually incompatible. So this type of thematic irony sense through all her novels. Situational Irony: This novel is packed with situational irony. Collins proposes at a time when Elizabeth is inclined towards Wickham. Moreover, she detests Collins and cannot accept proposal at any cost. Here, again irony lies in the fact that Collins is cock-sure that his proposal would be liked by all but the result shows everything happened contrary to his expectations. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth but Elizabeth rejects him on account of his excessive pride. The departure of militia from Maryton was a signal of the end of the relations developing between Lydia and Wickham. But it resulted in the elopement of the Lydia and Wickham. Elizabeth was feeling restless at the thought that her prospects of marriage to Darcy were completely blasted by the infamy of Lydia's elopement, but actually it brings Elizabeth and Darcy closer and unites them in matrimony tie. Lady Catherine attempts to prevent their marriage but only succeeds in hastening it. Irony of character: There are many examples of irony of character in the novel Pride and Prejudice. It is rather more prominent than irony of situation. Elizabeth who considers herself most intelligent and prides on her perception, feels humble when she realises that all her presumptions were wrong and might have brought her own life precariously on the verge of a total failure. Wickham is altogether different and is an unredeemed villain, though apparently he looks like a refined and graceful personality. Bingley's sisters have no lovefor Bennet family for their vulgarity but they themselves are no better. Darcy is not what he looks to be. Elizabeth becomes prejudiced right from the fy | meeting but in the end Darcy helps Bennet family and even marries Elizabeth, ° As a matter of fact, there are incongruities and contradictions inherent jp, nature, and Jane interpreted and portrayed them vividly in her novels for the amusement and moral education of the readers. Jane Austen uses irony in the characterisation to expose the misunderstanding of various characters agains, each other As well as their own self-deception Irony in dialogues: Dialogues are equally full of dramatic irony. These can be interpreted in different ways — one for the speaker and quite another fo, the reader who is in the possession of more information than the speaker, For instance, in chapter XLIII Mrs. Reynold says that she does not know when her master will marry since, “I do not know who is good enough for him,” Actually she is praising him. But these words of Mrs. Reynold have ironic implications in the light of remarks of Darcy about clizabeth that she is no, handsome enough to tempt him. So verbal irony consists in a peculiar use of language in such a way that the meaning really intended is quite opposite to the surface meaning. In fact, verbal irony is the result of the ironic tone of novelists narrative. The very first sentence of the novel is a glaring example of verbal irony. “It is truth universally acknowledged that a single man in the possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.” The ironic implications of this sentence become clear later on, when we see girls hanker after a richman like flies hovering over a beehive. It becomes a sort of husband-hunting campaign for girls of marriageable age. Irony is comic: An important feature of Jane Austen's irony is that it always has a comic effect, a source of rich comedy. She enjoys depicting the incongruities of character which amuse and delight the readers. Moreover, she does not allow ridicule to taint the atmosphere of gaiety and mirth in her novels. Of course, villainous characters play their dirty game but they seldom bring it to catastrophic end. It may not be ignored that the villainous characters like Wickham and Lady Catherine also contribute in their own way in uniting Elizabeth and Darcy, though not directly. Irony as an instrument of moral vision: The other remarkable feature of Jane Austen's irony is that it is never tinged with bitterness and malice. It does not reflect any shade of cynicism or disgust. It is amusing and entertaining but at the same time provokes some deep thinking over important matters of life. Marriage is an important issue of life and it determines our future course of life and ought to be given due importance to all relevant factors which are likely in the hands of Austen neither indifferent nor irresponsible and not for fun sake. An ironist may be "detached but not indifferent, withdrawn but no! removed." So Jane Austen is objective in her observation and deception oflity of life but not in her evaluation of the moral values of governing this lity". She does not play the role of a preacher but somehow or other, her poral vision makes it clear which way lies the solution of our problems She as her own ethos, her own set of values and she pronounces her judgernent ccondingly with appreciable consistency, She is not in favour of a marriage xclusively based on physical beauty or charming and deceptive manners, or under economic pressures but the remedy suggested by her is mutual inderstanding and trust, intellectual understanding and compatibility of emperament of the parties concemed. ronclusion: The importance of love and esteem for cach other can be the sis of a sound marriage, is the impression that we gather, after reading her wels. There is a need of self-awareness, sclf-awakening so that one may not fall in the trap of villainous characters roaming about freely in the world. She kes the readers cautious by exposing hypocrisy and pretentiousness and thus irony becomes in her hand ‘an instrument of moral vision’ and not a echnique of rejection’. She emphasises this point through the novel that one ust be aware of the difference between the appearance and the reality. 3. Write a critical note on the narrative techniques of Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice. [June 2007, Q2] Ans, Narrative, in its most basic source, means the telling of a story or the ‘| recounting of events in a certain sequence. This working definition itself ‘provides two of the most basic features of any narrative — the sequence of events means that the narrative is located in time, and the ‘telling’ of the story presupposes the presence of a teller. The story could be fictional, that is to say, ‘invented’, or it could be factual in the sense of dealing with events which have taken place in the ‘real’ world. (This division is by no means as unambiguous as it might appear, but even if it is perfectly possible for the same narrative to combine the two modes, using both by turns). What is essential is that the narrative describes events, and not just things or persons. |The two features mentioned above in turn open up several others, since the temporal aspect of narrative randomly but in an order provided either by the structure of the text or by a plot within it, while the teller — within the narrative or outside it - offers one or more voices and points of view. By ‘plot’ is meant the order in which the events are presented by the narrative, as distinct from the order in which they take place in the story. \The narratives of different kinds of fiction all use invented stories, but their treatment of plot varies widely. Realist fiction, like Austen’s, hides plot in the way that historical narrative does, trying to present the events as if they really happened, and in just that sequence, instead of, like some other kinds of fiction, showing up its plot and the constructed nature of the sequence of events.Interestingly, both these effects are commonly achieved (though not of co simultaneously) by the same device — the inclusion of references to dates times. The correspondence of these dates to ‘real’ time or events is an j only in historical fiction The last feature of narrative dealt with here as an area for the location g, differences of genre is whether or not a particular narrative is capable of j in its form, which is the way Frank Kermode in The Genesis of Secrecy (\ describes the reversal called ‘peripetcia’, or a deviation from the expec course of events, such as the death of Cordelia in King Lear. Kermode the resultant falsification of expectations and hopes as having the same pl; and effect in narrative that irony has in rhetoric. I do not see this really taki place in the text we are looking at, where the stress seems to be instead on expected end working out. However, Elizabeth's reading of Darcy's letter coy be seen as moment of dramatic irony. David Lodge, in a reading of Jane Austen which dreams upon formalist structuralist criticism, shows how she incorporates elements of the sentim novel and the comedy of manners into the method of realism. He goes on explain the sentimental novel as the didactic, heroine-centered love story, which Richardson's Pamela (1740-41) is the best example, as well as one the most influential in initiating a number of sentimental epistolary novel among them the first version of Sense and Sensibility called Elinor a Marianne. Lodge also sees Jane Austen's prose as crucial in the replac of this epistolary technique by different and more flexible methods o representing the characters’ thoughts and feelings. Structurally the love st consists of the delayed fulfillment of a desire. This delay doesn't just refer the heroine's desire, but also the reader's desire to know whether she will the man she loves or not. The delay puts the heroine under stress and generates the ‘sentiment’ i.e. the feelings, anxieties, and moral choices t forms much of the sentimental novel. Lodge also points out that of all J Austen’s works, Pride and Prejudice comes closest to the form of the classi love story, though the required delay is caused by the lovers’ mistaken "fil impressions", rather than by external obstacles to their marriage. Jane Aust does not use standard plot devices such as confessions, and the discoveries long-lost children or parents, but all her novels have the basic structure of didactic love story, with many variations, modifications, and inversions. She does use the theme of surrogate parents (the Gardiners in Pride and Prejudich and the Bertrams in Mansfield Park) and, in the story of Lydia and Wickham there even appears to be something resembling the conventional seductioy| plot. Three of the principal sources of interest in narrative are suspense, mystey ¢ and irony. The first raises the question what will happen? Mystery raises th iquestion why did it happen? Irony is created when the reader knows the answers to the questions but the characters do not, All re-readings of novels thus tend to create an effect of irony. In Pride and Prejudice the suspense plot jg provided by the story of Bingley and Jane. According to Lodge, it is difficult tocombine comedy with the sentimental novel, and even when it is done in the manner of Fielding, Sterne and Smollett, the comedy tends to be more in the nature of "comic relief” from the main story, and usually takes a farcical form. Jane Austen's comedy on the other hand, is more theatrical and reminds us of Congreve, Moliere and even Shakespeare, because comedy in her novels is placed within the love story rather than outside it. | am not sure how far this is strictly true — characters like Mr. Collins seem to be among the chief sources of comedy in her fiction. A feature that is peculiar to written fiction, and is one of the constituents of fictional realism, is a focalizing of the action through an individual viewpoint, the chosen viewpoint in Pride and Prejudice being Elizabeth's. Thus, the reader is allowed to see Darcy only as she sees him, and is as surprised as she is by the gradual revelation of her misconception of him and thereby creating ‘suspense’ in the sense described above. Jane Austen is also among the first writers to use "free indirect speech" — reporting the thoughts of a character in language that approximates to their own ‘idiolect’. One of the issues faced by writers of novels in the eighteenth century was as to whether or not their medium could appropriate ordinary speech, and in what ways. Jane Austen uses ‘free indirect discourse’ (a combination of reported speech and description) towards this end. This is a parodic technique as becomes clear from passage such as this one, describing Lydia's feelings for her husband. “He was her dear Wickham on every occasion; no one was to be put in competition with him. He did everything best in the world; and she was sure he would kill more birds on the first of September, than anybody else in the country". Jane does not intrude upon the narrative in order to come down on the side of. one character or the other, as she does in Mansfield Park, where she refers explicitly to 'my Fanny’. This works so that some events and speeches remain unsatisfactorily explained despite the fact of closure at the end. One example is Darcy's unexplained inclusion of Mr. Bennet in the letter to Elizabeth when he is citing her family's bad behaviour. We see plenty of instances from the behaviour of Mrs. Bennet, Lydia, Kitty and Mary, to prove the charge true of them, but no such evidence appears in the case of Mr. Bennet's. Many passages, including the dialogues between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet in Pride and Prejudice could be performed as written and have indeed been effectively dramatised on radio, television and film. Action in these novels is social interaction, and it takes place at balls, dinners, walks, parties, excursions, courtesy calls. Suchevents or gatherings as these lend themselves to mimetic presentation, with ary emphasis on “manners” and conversations. Authorial distance is required for irony, and the overturning of expectationy for comedy. One might ask here whether the ability to accept contradictions, inconclusiveness and ambiguity is required in comedy or does it lead insteag to tolerance that makes satire impossible? Jane Austen never uses a first. person narrative voice, or a dramatised narrator. The ending of the novel is important in giving the impression of order and causality, (compare it with the: similar ending of Much Ado About Nothing where all problems are swepp away, at least temporarily, in a wedding dance). Q4. Describe life as a matrimonial game in Jane Austen’s novel. Discuss with reference to the Pride and Prejudice. [Jur e 2008, Q3} Or Discuss the theme of love and marriages in Pride and Prejudice. Or Discuss marriage as a theme in Pride and Prejudice. Refer to Q.No.-1 of this Chapter QS5. What are the special features of Jane Austen’s comic vision? Ans. Jane Austen is a moralist and humourist and there are two distinct strains in her. This is perfectly valid and true assessment of Jane Austen. Jane Austen’s genius was basically humorous and she makes even familiar and commonplace events intensely interesting and amusing. As a matter of fact, her view of human nature is like a satirist who derives pleasure in descriving events in comic style, all her novels are pure comedies. Jane Austen says. “I hope | never ridicule what is wise or good. ‘Follies and nonsense, whims ana inconsistencies, do divert me, | own, and I laugh at them whenever I can.” Domestic and Social Relations Jane Austen depicted the world which she knew well. She was fully acquaintea with the domestic and social relationship of the limited world around her. She exposed the faults and the weaknesses of the middle class people in a humorous way. John Bailey says, “Mr. Darcy is the highest fish that swims in Jane Austen's waters, silly or not, we are enchanted that he should fall into the basket of our dear Elizabeth.” Elizabeth is most intelligent character who impresses the readers with her understanding of human nature and human life. Thus, Jane Austen perceived the absurdities of character and social life. Through her stories, she has tried to interpret them in a humorous ways. She has exposed the absurdity of heavy materialism with an ironic smile. In fact, Pride and Prejudice is criticism of life, a satire of social relationship, a free expression of matrimonia. feelings in terms of comedy.Irony as a forceful weapon She uses irony as a forceful weapon of her comic vision of life. She ridicules the follies, silliness and affectations and snobbery in a comic way. Her comedy is steeped in such instances as show conflict between illusion and reality. There is self-deception, folly and silliness to the extent of ridicul in the in the novel, Pride and Prejudice. The weapon used by Jane Austen to expose the weaknesses and prejudices of various characters against each other is that of irony. Jane Austen’s irony is full of humour and ridicule. It is consummate and all pervasive. Her irony is of various kinds. Sometimes, it is verbal irony and irony of situation and sometimes, it is irony of character and irony of life. The reversal attitude of Elizabeth towards Darcy is full of comic irony, The elopement of Lydia with Wickham brings out a change in the attitude of Elizabeth towards Darcy. Similarly, visit of Catherine De Bourgh serves to bring Darcy and Elizabeth together and makes her visit futile. The irony of character is seen in Wickham and Darcy. Wickham wins admiration from Elizabeth even but his wickedness is soon exposed a man of pride but he proves himself a gern of humanity when he helps Bennet family in the hour of their crisis during Lydia- Wickham elopement. irony of situation is seen in the novel Pride and prejudice at many places. Collins proposes to Elizabeth when her heart was full of love for Wickham. He was.cock-sure that his proposal will be welcomed by all but he was rejected. Miss Bingley teases Elizabeth but it had a reverse effect on her. Mr. Bennet uses the ironical language in his talk with Mrs, Bennet. Irony is the favourite weapon of Jane Austen with which she fights against affections, pride, prejudice and snobbery of the people. Irony makes the readers smile ina silent way. Humour is an essential part of her irony. As a matter of fact, irony in her hands is a potent instrument of the study of the complexities and inherent inconsistencies of human nature. She brings out comic spirit in the character portrayal. Thus, irony of situations and the use of wit and irony in dialogue is another factor that contributes to the comic effect. Irony in the character of Mrs. Bennet : Mrs. Bennet is woman of mean understanding, little information and uncertain temper. She behaves in a funny and ludicrous way all the time that she becomes almost a comic character. Since she is a woman of narrow vision, she cannot perceive the utter incompatibility of Elizabeth and Mr, Collins/She is upset to see the rejection of the proposal of Mr.Collins and is filled with dismay. Her inconsistent behaviour at the turn of events amuses the readers. Mrs. Bennet is always complaining about her weak nerves and the indifferent attitude of Mr. Bennet towards important family matters renders her a comic character, when readers know it full well the real situation. Mrs. Bennet conduct sometimes looks hypocritical and sometimes vastly exaggerated. Moreover, complaining of weak nerveswas a fashion in the age of Jane Austen, Consequently, her complaints maj: her laughable in the eyes of the readers. Mrs. Bennet’s gartulity is another clement. She cannot keep herself in check and often blabber, utterly obvious the delicacy of the situation, which lands her in unsavory situations. So the charac, of Mrs. Bennet is a source of entertainment of the readers to great extent. Comic situation created by Mr. Collins : Mr. Collins is another characig, who provides equally ample opportunities to the readers to enjoy the comig situation created by him. He is a strange mixture of inconsistent traits and bundle of oddities that provide a rich comedy to the readers. He has an inflat notion of self importance that also renders him a comic character. }j obsequiousness, especially with regard to Lady Catherine, makes a laughabj ard funny character. His’sycophancy degenerates into servility and mak him look stupid and worthless person. His complacency that no girl can reje him makes him a comic character and even Elizabeth’s persistent rejection the proposal dies not make him see reason. Collins letters fully in consonance with his personality show him not in bettg) light. The letters prompt Mr. Bennet to remark that Mr. Collins has very stran, notions about Christian forgiveness. Z So character portrayal is one way by which the novelist infuses comic spirit in. the novel, Pride and Prejudice. Minor characters, like Mary Bennet, Mr. Hur and Sir William Lucas have been drawn in the comic vein. Wit and humour ~ a source of rich comedy : The wit of Mr. Bennet and) Elizabeth also contribute to the novel a comic spirit. In contrast with Mp) Bennet, Elizabeth’s wit is more perceptive, more restrained and more effective, Wit and humour are the means of entertainment of source of rich comedy the novel Pride and Prejudice. Ironical reversal of situation : Ironical reversal of situation is also anothi remarkable and potent factor for the comedy of the novel. Wickham who tri to degrade Darcy in Elizabeth’s eyes becomes an important instrument bringing Elizabeth and Darcy together. Lady Catherine’s visit to Elizabeth had the reverse effect and actually it hastens the whole process and results in the marriage of Elizabeth with Darcy. Elizabeth and Darcy’s initial prejudice towards each other and total reversalo, | their attitude in the end is a fine example of ironic reversal that simply amust ) the readers. Conclusion : In conclusion, we can say that comic spirit preponderates th + novel from the beginning to the end and it can be considered to be a classic 0) 1 the ground that it has a convincing portrayal of the complexity of humay1 nature. Moreover, it has its enlightened critique of the man-woman relationshy 4 especially within marriage and has portrayed realistically a particular segmen of contemporary society. —D.W. Harding’s remarks are quite relevant when he says “Caricature served Jane Austen's purpose perfectly, under her treatment one can never say, where caricature leaves off and the claim to serious portraits begins.” She was a comic genius indeed and her most popular novel Pride and Prejudice contains acriticism of life expressed in terms of comedy. Q7. Austen says life is a matrimonial game. How for do you agree with this? Ans. Theme of marriage—the central theme The opening sentence of the novel Pride and Prejudice strikes a keynote of the novel. “It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in search of a wife.” So the theme of marriage with a more or less variation is the central theme of the novel. It becomes almost clear that men are born to inherit great fortunes and the women are born to marry them and settle down their lives. Love — not based on romantic idealism or storminess : Of course, love and marriage is the theme but this love is neither love at first sight, nor does it show romantic idealism or storminess. Here we find a practical world where characters look at things from practical point of view and considerations and aot just victims of blind passions and sensibilities. The writer has conveyed the idea that successful marriages are not made in heaven but are the outcome of practical wisdom and parity of temperament of the persons involved. It is a realistic point of view about matrimonial problem which the writer has dealt with successfully. Of course, the theme of romantic novel — Courtship and Marriage becomes amply clear from the opening sentence. It is a comically ironic statement which reveals the truth that in the present day society when women depend upon man, their hunt for suitable candidates finds full justification. So the theme of romantic novel — Courtship and Marriage sets in motion with the arrival of Charles Bingly, a young man of fortune which creates a lot of excitement in the neighborhood. Matrimonial game : The main theme of her novel is a search for suitable husbands for girls of marriageable age or a young man of fortune waiting for awife. Pride and Prejudice, we find that the girls of marriageable age are keen to trap wealthy life-partner. Some of them succeed but a few fail in the. fulfillment of their aims. Mrs. Bennet thought Mr. Bingley a suitable match for one of her daughters. Mr. Bingley fell in love with Jane, while Darcy drifted away from Elizabeth for some time, pride and prejudice being the main reason. Lydia flirted with an officer and it resulted in elopement. The con‘lict between Darcy and Elizabeth takes the form of conflict between pride and prejudice, Of course, the conflict is resolved which ends in the happy marriage of them ina peaceful atmosphere. Some critic has rightly commented on these varioussituations by saying that ‘the theme of the novel is the conflict between illyy and reality and that life is a matrimonial game’ The Collins-Charlotte episode further illustrates this view point. Jane and Bin, represent possessive love aspiring for matrimonial ties. The sudden depay of Bingley from the Netherfield complicates the matter and further accele; the prejudice of Elizabeth towards Darcy. Lydia-Wickham episode adds element of melodrama and sensation in the story. The novelist uses the instrument of irony against illusion, pride, prejudices snobbery. “The fool proposes to the intelligent woman, a wicked man conscioy improves the chances ofa lover, a jealous mother finds a neighbour succe in marrying her neighbour's daughter. First despite her best efforts and person who considers himself so proud of his blue blood becomes the son law of the vulgar persons whom he hates throughout life.” It is equally true that marriage in society for a girl is an all important matt the life anda slight mistake or slip means life-long repentance and disillusior Our society, which can be called a patriarchal society, where woman do enjoy any rights of inheritance of parents’ property, feel compelled to give consideration and weight age to wealth an fortune of the prospective bridegr As a matter of fact, marriage offers them the best possible cover against threat of economic, dependence and social stigma of being a spinster. In a world where girl find themselves in hostile atmosphere if not blessed happy marriage can best be seen in this novel. It is practical view of life wl Jane Austen has represented it. Those who ignore this fundamental truth life a thorny path, full of misery and disillusionment. So it is natural that wI an eligible bachelor blessed with a large fortune appears at some place, all girls of the marriageable age get activated and make all possible efforts to him. Ironic vision : Moreover, it should not be forgotten that Jane Austen ha ironic vision of life and irony is a perfect instrument of discrimination bet appearance and reality. Here, we find ample use of ironic situations wl complicate the matter instead of bringing out the desired results. Charl Lucas knows it well that she belongs to weaker sections of society. She is romantic and values the security of a home more than.the glamour of romance. Caroline Bingley, Miss De Bourgh and Georgianna Darcy belon altogether different class or upper middle class. They also wish to jud matrimonial problem from financial and economic point of view. Carol Bingley tries to malign Elizabeth in the eyes of Darcy but fails miserably in! attempt. Similarly, Miss De Bourgh has no individuality and attraction but mother being aware of the adventures of uniting the De Bourghs with Darcys, tries hard to pre-empt the Elizabeth Darcy marriage. But hereirony of the situation that she brings Elizabeth and Dargy closer, instead of creating a gulf of misunderstanding between the two. ; Suange enough, love that ought to be the hasis of marriage, is missing altogether in the World of the artist. Of course, one exceptional case is that of Elizabeth and to some extent Jane also seems to be falling in love with Mr, Bingley. The happy ending of Pride and Prejudice makes it clear that at the cost of social and financial risk, a girl must not marry where her heart is not engaged, Loy and mutual understanding and trust is the basis of happy and sucess marriage. i Prime consideration to financial factor: But we find majority of the beanie give prime consideration to financial factor. Materialism strangles feelings and both Charlotte and Lydia marry without giving consideration to other aspects. With the result, they meet failure and find themselves. in. the most embarrassing and disgraceful situations. It is only Jane, and Elizabeth whose marriages promise emotional fulfillment and their success seems somewhat ‘fantasy come true’. orl Asa domestic noyel : As a matter of fact, Jane Austen became successful as a noyelist of domestic life. Her novels are a; study of men.and women)in relation to each other within the family circle. dt is primarily a story of a few families who indulge in-the game of matrimonial alliance. Dayid Cecil remarks , inthis connection, “Jane Austen’s English drawing rooms are theatres in. whioh ; elemental human folly and inconsistency play out their eternal comedy.” David Cecil further says, “It was wrong to marry for money, but it was silly to | marry without it. She was impatient of people with heart of gold and heads of wood.” | tis also equally true to say that Jane Austen has feminised the English novel. { She takes those matters which chiefly concern women and thein activities. ; The apparent theme - husband hunting : Apparently, Pride and Prejudice is concerned with husband hunting game. Mrs. Bennet is always thinking of suitable matches for her daughters. The Lucas family is facing: the: same problem. Miss Bingley is eager to secure Darcy's hand for aerself. Lady Catherine wants her daughter’s marriage with Darcy. So the action:of the novel enters round thé theme of love and marriage in which success comes to | those who have intellectual understanding and emotional compatibility and not | just the allurement of money. Mr. Bennet marries for' good looks but is | disillusioned very soon. Mrs: Bennet, on the other hand, neglected and often made target of his sareastic witticism, is reduced to a bundle of nerves; Similarly We notice not marital bliss but a tinge of bitterness in the relationship:of Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas. Lydia also commits an erfor and feels infatuated with Wickham’s handsomeness without giving the least consideration aboutthe fidelity of the man she marries. The result such an ill-match is ObViOus ang Lydia's dream of a happy married life is doomed QS. Pride and Prejudice is a domestic novel that lack social consclousnesg { Elaborate. Ans. As a matter of fact, Pride and Prejudice may be considered as a domesiy novel. As a domestic novel it deals with the homely life of a family, its range, extremely narrow. Since Jane Austen moved into a narrow circle and had p, contact with the outside world, she remained confined to a world where peag, and harmony prevailed and there were no signs of social and political upheavag in the country-side where she passed most of her life. Jane Austen oney remarked about herself, “I may boast myself to be, with all possible vanity, the most unlearned and uninformed female who ever dared to be an bead This statement of Jane Austen may be true but she had the genius of a gr novelist, blessed with intuitive perception and keen observation. She discover themes of great moral significance scattered around her and she transformeg her commonplace experience into literary master-pieces. It should not be forgotten that Jane Austen lived in age of transition whey industrialisation had its impact on society. Moreover, society was founded of very rigid class distinctions. There were three distant classes—the indo aristocracy and settled gentry; the new industrialist class and the workers the labourers. Upper middle class and middle class proper : In her novels, she deals with neither the aristocracy at the helm of the affairs nor the poor working clasg She identifies herself with upper middle and the middle class proper—th@ ; circle which she know well, their various involvements, their clasheg | adjustments and so these became the material of her novels in general well in Pride and Prejudice. Jane Austen was a homely type of girl who pass much of her early childhood days in walking, riding, playing and singin trimming and stitching, etc. She also loved dancing and she ritually a the various balls in the neighborhood. She was considered as “the prettiest, silliest, most affected, husband hunting butterfly” in the Steventon area. S¢ this early background clearly shows her interest in rural life with simple folk leading peaceful life, undisturbed by social movements and political upheavals Since Jane Austen knew this life well, she was able to depict it admirably tru to nature in very interesting and amusing way. No Jack of social consciousness ; To say that she lacked social consciousnes would be misleading and wrong as she did project the social life she happens, to see around people her in her own limited way. The rich people were behavin, like snobs and treated the lower classes with contempt is amply clear in Pria and Prejudice. Class consciousness never goes from the mind of aristocratpeople like De Bourgh Catherine. She could not think of Bennet family competing with high-class people and pressurised Elizabeth not to marry Darcy. similarly, economic security made the girls of marriageable age indulge in husband-hunting campaigns as they were always dependent upon male members. Marriage in rich and respectable family was the only way out. Money was the chief consideration in match-making activity and Jane Austen detested this trend. As a matter of fact, her moral vision shows her full consciousness of social problems also. Hypocrisy, snobbery, vanity and affectations are the social evils, one should avoid and shun. In fact, she had the vision of society free from social vices and evils where, equality, fraternity | and feeling of oneness prevail. There is no class distinction and none is degraded for his low and humble calling. These ideas which come through her novel do not justify the charge that she lacked social consciousness. Ofcourse, there is no evidence to prove that Jane Austen was equally keen to bring out the social problems and the conflict and clashes between various sections of society and how the slogan of equality, fraternity and humanism were exercising every sensitive mind which resulted in many revolutions and reforms. The society was re-shaped with democratic government fully established everywhere. Since a country-bred, little-educated girl who was not fully conversant with the ideologies and philosophical thoughts of the day, she strictly followed her chosen path - “Two inches wide of ivory” Her narrow range : Moreover, Jane Austen was fully conscious of her potentialities and limitations and she tried to work within her narrow range. She confined her creative activity to the depiction of whatever fell within her range of personal experience. This range being very narrow she worked on a small canvas. This thought may be given due to importance that she was a daughter of a country person and she lived most of her part of her life in small village unaffected by the great political upheavals and revolutionary changes in the social structure. She had observed the domestic involvements of the | parishioners and tried to depict them in her novels. tn brief, we can say Pride and Prejudice is a domestic novel which takes no cognizance of the social movements or political upheavals that were taking {place and affecting the general tenor of life everywhere. So there is nothing philosophic in it to give it depth and no crime or suspense to make it exciting and sensational. Its characters are all pedestrian, homely people given to a {narrow range of interests. The usual theme of a domestic novel is love and i marriage and the various stresses and strains of married life. (Agripping drama of universal import : However, it should not be forgotten sthat love and marriage are equally important social theme. Love and marriage are the pivots of life and the society exists in small family units. Thus, Pride and Prejudice is a domestic novel and presents a gripping draina of universalimport, Jane Austen, by her touch of superb artistic skill renders it a novey great moral dimension and presents it, so dramatically that one finds integ *: being sustained throughout. It may be noted that Jane Austen's world-vie essentially ironic, She is an amused observer of the follies and whimsical) incongruities and contradictions of human behaviour, ; The theme of parenthood and social consciousness : To some crit besides love. and, marriage, the theme of parenthood has also b, comprehensively dealt within hennoyel Pride and Prejudice, She has foc attention on the destructive effect of deficient parenthood on the lives, children, The result of inadequate upbringing of children by parents is; elopement of Lydia with Wickham., This is the other social problem which has emphasised in the novel. Parents,should not be indulgent; marriages be based on love, mutual understanding and not purely on monet, considerations — are the theme which reveals Jane Austen's not only m consciousness but sovial consciousness as well. How we are deceived apparent show while reality is quite different and it leads to horrible cri sometimes, is the other lesson we leam from her novel Pride and Prejudi Conclusion ; As a matter of fact, her.noyel is a criticism of life, criticisy society, in which disparity and distinctions between man and man on ¢| basis ruin many lives. She has a moral vision, in which all should lead ha peaceful harmonious life, free from, crimes, free from affectations pretensions, vanity and prejudice, social-evils and follies. This vision J Austen cherished and tried to give a glimpse of that world through her no in, very interesting and amusing way. Q9. Write a.note on the love growth between Elizabeth and Darcy. Ans. It is true that the love story of Darcy and Elizabeth is the story misunderstanding, Darcy has ‘pride’ and Elizabeth ‘prejudi misunderstanding is caused by too much reliance on first impressions. Elizat develops a dislike for Darcy at her first meeting with him. Darcy on his forms a poor opinion of Blizabeth and her family at the first sight. This beco the cause of their misunderstanding. ot leie. The title of the novel has a direct bearing on the love story of Elizabeth and Dag It is Darey’s ‘pride’ and Elizabeth's ‘prejudice; which.¢lash,in the very beginny It makes both of them miserable. Gradually. the \clouds,clear and the weal become sunny. Misunderstanding clears and the two-beeome husband and w Separation between Elizabeth and Dargy.is,caused,by mings ineidents, Prejua takes shape within Elizabeth at the ball, Darcy behaves very, rudely. His refy to dance, with her helps it to grow. And his.remarks,)“‘She,is quite pretty; not enough to tempt me” enrages her, His subsequent behaviour only helps strengthening her prejudice. iw4 However, Darey begins to change, He starts getting more and more interested in Blizabeth, Some mysterious power seems to be pulling him towards her. He ¢ does NOT Vike this, Mia pride is still there. The conduct of the other members of whe Mhrily another discouraging faetor, Mrs. Bennet and her two youngest dengitters appear to him hatefil i behaviour, Darey is ina state of coMflict, Meanwhile Elizabeth happens to meet Wickham. 1 He gives an account of Darcy’s cruelty and pride: It incites Elizabeth against him. She begins to fecl sympathy for Wickham. She almost falls ih love with him. Just then she comes to know of Wickham’s wickedness. Truth dawns apon her and she undergoes a process of change. After a few months Elizabeth meets Darcy at Rosings. One day Darcy proposes to her. It is a very strange way of proposing to a woman. Darcy expresses his sense of shame over the whole affair. He does not like in the least to have | connections with Elizabeth’s family. But love has made him helpless. Elizabeth, | naturally, does not appreciate this insulting way of talk. To make matters worse Darcy made a reference to his role in separating Bingley from Jane. He declares that he is proud of being responsible for it. No wonder therefore that Elizabeth flatly rejects his proposal. The next day marks a favourable turn in the course of their love. Mr. Darcy hands over Elizabeth a letter explaining the reasons of his conduct of various occasions. This letter makes Elizabeth see things in a new light. She also begins to understand Darcy’s position with regard to Mr. Wickham. Then comes the development of Lydia with Wickham, Darcy plays a good role. He helps in arranging marriage between Lydia and Wickham. Elizabeth is full of gratitude for Darcy. For the first time Elizabeth discovers the true nobility of Darcy’s character. Meanwhile she visits Pemberly she meets Darcy's house-keeper. This old woman showers praises on her young master. It leaves | a good impression on her. ‘Thus all the misunderstanding is cleared. Elizabeth is now waiting for a renewal of the proposal. Soon after it comes and is gladly accepted. The marriage between them is celebrated along with that of Bingley and Jane. Q10. What happens when Elizabeth rejects Darcy’s proposal? ‘Ans. The course of love between Darcy and Elizabeth was really a very strange one. Their love was born out of mutual dislike. Towards the end of the story we find both of them making an extraordinary shift in attitude, and getting ( married. It springs a big surprise. The failure of their love in its early stages was the result misunderstanding. Darcy’s pride had created all this misunderstanding, It had produced a very «unfavourable impression in Elizabeth’s mind about him. As for himself, hispride had stood in the way of his open confession of love. Darey and Elizabeth meet for the first time at a ball. Mr. Darcy had come along with his friend Bingley. Within a few minutes after his arrival he become the most unpopular man present there. His insolent behaviour offended the feelings of every lady. Elizabeth had felt an instant disliki him. His refusal to dance with her was taken by her an insult. When Bi had asked him to dance with Elizabeth, his reply was “She quite pretty; but} enough to tempt me.” Elizabeth had overheard this remark while passing al Mr. Bingley’s amiable nature had made Darcy more unpopular by cont Mr. Darcy’s next opportunity for close contact with her was at an ev party given by Sir William Lucas. By the time, Darcy’s opinion of Eli had started changing. Her beautiful dark eyes, her intelligent face and slender figure had begun to attract him. Sir William suggested that he s| dance with Elizabeth. Even Darcy was willing. But i’ was Elizabeth who unwilling now. She had not forgotten the remarks about her. She was with strong prejudices against him. There was new development. Mr. Wickham arrived on the scene. Eliz: became friendly with the amiable, handsome, young man. What she appreciaféy most was his complete contrast with Darcy. Mr. Wickham’s report about Darcy’s cruelty towards him melted her She was all sympathy for Wickham and all hatred for Darcy. She started seriously thinking of falling in love with Wickham. However, the rept Mrs. Wickham’s growing interest in another lady put a stop to it. She real that Wickham was not as innocent as her pretended to be. Bingley and his friend suddenly left Netherfield. Jane was very much with the news. Elizabeth began to suspect Darcy’s hand in it. She knew: Darcy did not like his friend’s connections with the Bennets family. A few months after, her suspicion was confirmed. She got the confirms from Mr. Darcy himself. It came along with his declaration of love for ht was at Hunsford that Darcy had proposed to Elizabeth. He admitted thi had a poor impression of Elizabeth and her family. This was insult enoug] self-respecting girl could bear this kind of insult. Darcy did not stop here. He boasted of his role in separating Bingley Jane. This was the last straw on the camel’s back. Elizabeth could no | tolerate his talk. She flatly rejected his proposal. She spoke out in clear te her dislike for him, and declared, “After I had known you for a month I fel you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be persuaded to These were the circumstances leading to the rejection of Darcy’s pro The proposed was ill-fated. It was expressed in a haughty language. The chosen was unfavorable and the way of presenting was foolish.1 QU. Write short notes on the following : (a) Love affairs of Jane and Bingley {b) The growth of love between Lydia and Wickham (c) The Circumstances leading to the rejection of Mr. Collins’ proposal by Elizabeth (d) The title of the Novel Pride and the Prejudice (e) Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice (f) The portrayal of female behaviour Ans. (a) Love affairs of Jane and Bingley The love - story of Jane and Bingley runs parallel to the Elizabeth - Darcy love affair. It keeps a balance in the play. It also reveals that the course of love never runs smooth. Jane and Bingley meet for the first time at the ball at Meryton. Even before that, Jane has seen Bingley. No sooner they meet than they begin to admire each other. Jane is one of the prettiest girls Bingley has ever met. Her pleasant manners are an additional attraction. He is a charming, young man. He is handsome as well as amiable. Mrs. Bennet is a woman of little intelligence. Her only business in life is to get her daughters married. She is delighted to know that a man of fortune has come to settle in the neighbourhood. She is sure that Bingley will fall in love with Jane and that their marriage will take place soon. Her constant talk about this naturally has enhances Jane’s interest in the man. Bingley’s conduct at the ball makes it clear that Jane’s beauty has captivated him. Not only Mrs. Bennet and Elizabeth, but all the ladies in the neighbourhood noted Bingley’s admiration for Jane. Bingley’s sisters do not take the affair seriously. They take their brother’s interest in Jane as a passing fancy. Later on, they discover that it is developing into a serious affair. By the time, Mr. Darcy also begins to feel some apprehensions about it. The result of it is that Bingley one day suddenly leaves Netherfield. The news of his sudden departure naturally comes as a big shock to Jane. Itis, in fact, because of Mr. Darcy’s pressure that Bingley leaves Netherfield. Darcy had warned him against having connections with such a low family. Also he was not sure of the depth of Jane’s feelings. And Bengley has the highest regard for Darcy’s opinions. Even in his love affairs he is ready to act according to Mr. Darcy’s wishes. Miss Bingley has sent a letter to Jane, in which she has referred to Bingley’s Proposed marriage with Miss Darcy. This letter destroys all hopes of Jane about Bingley returning to Netherfield. Elizabeth however still is having hopes. She does not believe in what Miss Bingley had said about her brother. Many months pass after that, certain new developments take place, Elizabeth’s rejection of Darcy’s proposal. Lydia’s elopement also happens. In course oftime Darcy and Blizabeth come closer, Their misunderstandings 4isappeap With this the course of Bingley’s love, also, takes a, favourable turn. Dar withdraws his objection to Bingley marrying from the Bennet family. He has do it because he himself wanted to marry a member of that family. Soon after, with Darcy’s full approval, Bingley returns to Netherfield, broken threats of love are.soon taken up and joined. Within a few days Bingley proposes to Jane. It is the happiest event of her life. The marriage betwe Jane and Bingley takes place along with that of Elizabeth and Darcy. For one y they stay on in Netherfield. Later they.settle down in a place near Pemberl Thus, love between Jane and Bingley flourishes and culminates in marriage. (b) The growth of love between Lydia and Wickham : The love story of Lydia and Wickham is an important part of the plot. It ed to the sorrow of the family and complicates the situation. Lydia was a foolis girl who was fond of flirting. She had a great admiration for army officers. Meryton a whole regiment |.ad been stationed for some months. That was gala season for Lydia. It was there that she had come into contact with Wickha Wickham was supposed,to have come to Meryton for joining the army. Wickham’s first object of interest was Elizabeth. Later he switched over hi affection to Miss King. Her chief attraction was her immense wealth. Afi that Elizabeth had lost all interest in him. She withdrew from his company. Hi honour was thus saved.” It came to be known that the regiment stationed at Meryton was to move i , Brighton. It was shocking news to Lydia. She. could not afford to lose t company of officers. She could not sleep or eat for many days. She felt ve restless. What was next heard was the elopement of Lydia with Wickham. Lydia hi run away after leaving a note to Mrs, Forster, In it she had written about h plans to marry Wickham, Mr. Bennet, Mr, Gardiner and Mr. Darcy started t search for the two lovers. Ultimately it was Darcy who could get into tou with them. His attempts to persuade Lydia to leave Wickham ended in failu Lydia was so mildly in love with Wickham that she was ready to stay with hit even as his mistress. Darcy was in a fix. He wanted to solve the problem of Bennet family in honourable way. He decided to try for quick marriage between them discussed the matter with Wickham. After much bargaining they were able come to some agreement on the point. Mr. Darcy, according to the agreem had to pay off Mr. Wickham’s debts. He also to arrange a commission f him in the army, In accordance with this agreement their marriage w: performed at London. Everyone connecte with the Bennet family heaved? sigh of relief. Elizabeth was full of gratitude for Darcy,There was evilin Wickham so he did not change even after marriage He had very hitle love for Lydia Lydia on the other hand, was full of admiration for her husband Recauce of theit recklew ways of spending their married life was often on the brink of disaster But since Lydia had rich brothers in-law they could always find a way out of theit financial difficulties Thus, they were clever enough to manage their financial problems (c) The Circumstances leading to the rejection of Mr. Collins’ proposal by Elizabeth Mr. Collins’ proposal to Elizabeth is one of the most comic passages in the whole novel literature. He made the proposal with the full approval arid encouragement of Mrs. Bennet. He was full of confidence in the success of his venture. This was because he had a very high opinion of himself. His association with Lady Catherine, in his opinion, had made him an object of admiration, for all. Especially the Bennet girls were expected to look upon him as a big fish to catch Mr. Collins made his declaration of love with a long, prepared speech. He first of all expressed his admiration for Elizabeth's modesty. He then started explaining the reasons for his decision to marry. The first was that according to him, every clergyman should set an example by marriage. Secondly, he was convinced that marriage would add to his happiness. Thirdly, Lady Catherine had advised him to do so. Her exact words were: “Find an active, useful sort of a woman, bring her back to Hunsford and I will visit her.” Mr. Collins then went on to explain why he had decided to look for a wife at Longbourn. His great generosity towards the Bennet family was behind the decision. Elizabeth at this stage decided to speak out. She said “Thank you for the honour you have paid me, but it is impossible for me to accept it.” This however did not discourage Mr. Collins in the least. He had expected to hear such a refusal. He took it only as a sign of Elizabeth's modesty. Elizabeth had, therefore, to repeat her declaration. Even then Mr. Collins could not take it seriously. It seemed to him impossible that a lady in her position could refuse his offer. He therefore reminded Elizabeth of her great limitations. He was sure that she would never get another such chance in her life. Unable to convince Mr. Collins, Elizabeth had to rush out of the room, speechless with anger. Mrs. Bennet was waiting to congratulate Mr. Collins. Mr. Collins accepted her congratulations and told her the details of the conversation. Mrs. Bennet was alarmed on hearing it. She at once forced Mr. Bennet to interfere in the matter. Mr. Bennet thercupon summoned Elizabeth before him, and in his typical way, declared ; “An unhappy choice is before, Elizabeth. From this day you must be a stranger to one of your parents. Your mother will never see you again if you will not marry Mr. Collins; and I will never see you again if ununy IndiaStudvPaint.camyou do!” Collins pastures. alised the position soon after, He therefore decided to seek fj at settled the matter, as far as Elizabeth was concerned. Even ‘i re (d) The title of the Novel Pride and the Prejudice The novel Pride and Prejudice had the first title First Impression. The title w quite appropriate because the whole story had been built upon first impressio, Similar was the case with many other characters. Mrs. Wickham was amo, them. In all cases the folly of relying on first impressions was realised la Darcy revised his first opinions on Elizabeth and Jane. Elizabeth revised opini on Darcy and Wickham. The story, on the whole, proves that first impressi are not often the best impressions. The second title of the novel is equally appropriate. The title Pride and Prejudi refers to the central characters in the novel. ‘Pride’ stands for Darcy ‘Prejudice’ for Elizabeth. The clash between Darcy’s pride and Elizabe prejudice is what the story deals with. Ultimately Darcy’s pride as well Elizabeth’s prejudice disappears. Those were the two obstacles in the path § their love. The obstacles are removed and the marriage takes place betwegy - Darcy and Elizabeth. Elizabeth observed Darcy very minutely. She studied him from every angl She knew that the man was full of pride. She shattered his pride and brou, him to the plane of reality. Darcy admitted that his parents had spoiled him an only son. They had encouraged him to be sel fish and proud. They h taught him to look down upon all others. Till his twenty-eighth year this hal had continued in him. It was Elizabeth who taught him the bitter lesson ofl Darcy says. “You showed me how all may pride could not please a wom who was worth pleasing.” Thus Darcy’s pride melted and he became the most agreeable man. Now he was a fit match for Elizabeth. Similarly Darcy destroyed Elizabeth’s ‘Prejudice’. Because of this prejudiagy she had totally misunderstood his nature. After the rejection his proposal b Elizabeth, he learnt a new lesson. He decided to turn a new leaf in life. Insteag of sneering at all people he decided to help everyone. His silent and selfley services ultimately won the heart of Elizabeth. She realised how much she ha. misunderstood the man. She began to feel guilty about it. Her gratitude to Dary began to grow day by day. At end she found herself madly in love with him. | Jane Austen was fond of putting things in their abstract forms. Instead giving the names of the hero or heroine directly as titles, she preferred expressin things in abstract forms. In her novels it is not the men and women who ay important, but the qualities and outlooks they represent. If the novel Pride an Prejudice had been given the title “Mr. Darcy” or “Elizabeth”, it would hav !certainly looked inappropriate, What Jane Austen really analyses in the novel are abstract qualities like pride and prejudice. Thus, the title of the novel Pride and Prejudice is apt and appropriate. It is very suggestive. It has all the balance and beauty of construction. It is and will remain a great novel of Jane Austen (e) Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Iris correct to say that Jane Austen's heroines have no other occupation than the business of getting married. Hence marriage and love is one of the major themes of the novel Pride and Prejudice. The writer discusses the subject of marriage and defines good reasons and bad reasons. As many as four new marriages take place in the novel. The writer also discusses the old marriage between Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet. These marriages form the basis of the novel. Jane and Bingley : Jane and Bingley are sincere lovers. Their love is ‘Love at first sight’. Both of them are sweet and gentle. They seem to be made for each other. There is no ill-will or malice in their love. There may be some obstacles in their way, but they are willing to forgive and forget. Their love is higher than any other thing in this world. Bingley is a rich man, But he is not a snob. He does not despise anyone. Jane, on her part, does not think ill of anyone. She is calm and full of grace. Such a pair will certainly make their marriage a successful affair. They are sure to lead a happy life. Elizabeth and Darcy : Darcy and Elizabeth make another pair of lovers. They are different from Jane and Bingley. Darcy takes pride in his power and position. Elizabeth, on the other hand, is prejudiced against Darcy. They love each other, but they are not ready to forgive and forget. Both take a rigid stand. Darcy likes Elizabeth for her physical charms and the beauty of her mind. But his ‘Pride’ stands in the way of his love. Elizabeth develops a dislike for she is filled with prejudices against him. Thus, a gulf is created between the two lovers. Darcy refuses to dance with Elizabeth at the ball, and Elizabeth refuses to accept his proposal. Darcy's ‘pride’ and Elizabeth's ‘prejudice’ begin to appear on the surface. A change is visible in the lovers. They begin to admire each others qualities. The result is that they are drawn to each other. Mutual love and respect are the two values that count most in favour of their marriage. Elizabeth says, “It is settled between us already that we are to be the happiest couple in the world.” Lydia and Wickham : Marriage of Lydia with Wickham is a kind of bad marriage. Lydia elopes with Wickham. It shows that Lydia is a girl who is attracted by the external glamour of Wickham’s personality. Unlike Elizabeth she is a poor judge of men. She proves to be an irresponsible woman. She brings a bad name to herself and shame to her family. It is Darcy who makessincere efforts in persuading Wickham to marry Lydia. He succeeds in his mission ang - the two are married. It is not a happy marriage and it is bound to fail. Charlotte and Collins ; It is another pair of lovers, Charlotte needs financi; security. She is willing to destroy her own life by accepting the proposal of foolish man. beth rejects Collins and Charlotte accepts the same as her husband. She does not think of love, She accepts Collins under econ pressure. The novel clearly reveals that female was indeed a victim of th economic system of the 19th century, There is: economi¢ inequality’ an Charlotte has to marry an undesirable male. She is in need of financial securi Such a marriage is not to be recommended. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet : Mr. and Mrs. Bennet make an interesting pair husband and wife. It is hard to imagine that they have enjoyed the blessings their married life. There is a gulf between the two. Mr. Bennet is critical of hi wife. He is sharp and witty, whereas Mrs. Bennet is vulgar and indisc1 They constitute an ill-matched couple. Again, Mr. Bennet is brief-spoken, an a man of understanding. His wife is talkative. The only business of her life ig to see her daughters happily married. Mr. Bennet does not like her on accou of her intellectual bankruptcy and narrowness of vision. Hence, she does n make an ideal wife. The writer remarks, “To his wife, he was very litt otherwise indebted, that her ignorance and folly bad contributed to hit amusement.” Thus, there are many marriages in the novel. All are intended to reveal the requirement of good and bad marriages: (f) The portrayal of female behaviour 1 Jane Austen is a great woman novelist. She understands women’s behavioi and writes about women. She exposes the follies and weakness of womer She gives minute accounts of feminine habits of match-making gossiping day-dreaming. She deals with only the superficialities of life. Even with regard to women she does not care to analyze and comment upon their deeper passions, _ “Her business is not half so much with the human heart as with the human eyes, , mouth, hand and feet.” This view is true to a very: large extent. Jane an portrays in her novels things like niceties of decorum, petty jealousies, vanity and | affection. She shows a great skill in portrayal of female behaviour. In Pride and Prejudice Mrs. Bennet is a typical female character. The passionat interest she shows in arranging marriages for her daughters, her selfis! her jealousy and her showiness — all mark her out as a typical middle clas mother. This is how the novelist sums up Mrs. Bennet’s character: “Ht business in life was to get her daughters married. Her:pleasure was visiti and gossiping with her friends.” witdai in xeqola Another typical feminine character is Lydia, She represents the foolish ang fashionable modem girl. The novelist portrays her as a pukka flirt. Referring